Cou

rse:PHL1
01
-I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOPROBL
EMSOFPHI
LOSOPHY1

Topi
c:Nor
mat
iveet
hic
alt
heor
iesCon
td.

Depar
tmen
t:Depar
tmen
tofPh
il
osop
hy,O.
A.U.
,I
le-
If
e.

Pr
epar
edbyDr
.N.Ok
ori
e

I
nth
elas
tcl
assn
ote,wewer
eabl
etodef
inen
ormat
iveet
hic
sason
eoft
het
radi
ti
onals
ub-
di
vi
si
onsofet
hi
cs.Th
ena
tur
ean
dfeat
uresofn
ormat
iveet
hic
alt
heor
ieswer
edi
scu
ssed
.Th
e
t
wo v
ari
ant
sofn
ormat
ive et
hic
alt
heor
ies(
con
seq
uen
tial
i
stan
dnon
-con
seq
uen
tial
i
st)wer
e
c
lear
l
ydef
ined.

Today
,wewi
l
lbel
ook
ingatac
las
sic
alex
amp
leofac
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
stt
heor
y.Th
ats
amp
le
t
heor
yis Et
hic
alu
til
i
tar
ian
ism.E
thi
calu
til
i
tar
ian
ismi
sa c
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
stt
heor
y.E
thi
cal
u
til
i
tar
ian
ismemp
has
izest
hef
oll
owi
ng:(
i)Todet
ermi
net
her
ig
htn
essorwr
ong
nes
sofh
uman
ac
ti
ons
,we f
ir
stofal
ldet
ermi
net
hev
alu
e oft
hec
ons
equ
enc
esofs
uchac
ti
on;(
ii
)In
det
ermi
ni
ngt
hev
alu
eofc
ons
equ
enc
es,wedoi
tac
cor
din
gtot
heef
fec
tst
hos
econ
seq
uen
ces
h
aveont
hep
eop
let
hatt
heac
ti
ona
ffec
t.

Th
efoc
usofu
til
i
tar
ianet
hic
sist
hep
rodu
cti
onofg
oodc
ons
equ
enc
esan
dth
eredu
cti
onofbad
c
ons
equ
enc
es.Th
eor
ig
ina
lut
il
i
tar
ianp
rin
cip
lewasf
ormu
lat
edbyJ
eremyBen
tham an
dJoh
n
St
uar
tMi
l
l.I
tisk
nownas“
thep
rin
cip
leofu
til
i
ty”
.Th
epr
inc
ipl
est
atest
hat“
anac
ti
oni
sri
ghti
f
i
tpr
omot
est
heg
reat
estamou
ntofh
app
ines
sorp
leas
uref
ort
heg
reat
estn
umberofp
eop
le
c
onc
ern
edoraf
fec
tedbyt
heac
ti
on,ot
her
wis
ewr
ong
.ForJ
eremyBen
tham,n
atu
reh
asp
lac
ed
manu
ndert
wos
over
eig
nmas
ter
s-p
leas
urean
dpai
n.F
oru
til
i
tar
ian
s,c
ons
equ
enc
esdef
ineor
det
ermi
net
heh
umanwor
thofanac
ti
on.Ac
cor
din
gtoBen
thaman
dMi
l
l,c
ons
equ
enc
esou
ghtt
o
beev
alu
atedac
cor
din
gtot
hep
rin
cip
lesof“
pl
eas
urean
dpai
n”.F
ort
hem,mor
alag
ent
ssh
oul
d
s
tri
vet
opr
odu
ceasmu
chp
leas
urea
spos
sibl
ewh
il
eav
oidi
ngp
ainasmu
chasp
oss
ibl
e.E
thi
cal
u
til
i
tar
ian
ismi
saf
orwar
d-l
ook
ingt
heor
y,t
hati
s,i
tfoc
usesonc
ons
equ
enc
esorou
tcomes
eman
ati
ngf
romac
ti
onsi
nor
dert
odet
ermi
nei
tsr
ig
htn
essorwr
ong
nes
s.

Sal
i
entPoi
ntsy
ous
hou
ldn
oteabou
tet
hic
alu
til
i
tar
ian
ism

(
i) E
thi
calu
til
i
tar
ian
ismi
san
ormat
iveet
hic
alt
heor
y
 (
ii
) E
thi
calu
til
i
tar
ian
ismi
sac
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
stt
heor
y,i
.
e.i
tdet
ermi
nest
her
ig
htn
essor
wr
ong
nes
sofac
ti
onst
hrou
ght
hec
ons
equ
enc
esorou
tcomest
hatf
oll
owt
heac
ti
on.

(
ii
i) Ut
il
i
tar
ian
ism c
lai
ms t
hat i
tist
hed
uty of mor
alag
ent
stop
romot
egood
c
ons
equ
enc
esan
dtoav
oidbadc
ons
equ
enc
es.

(
iv
) Ut
il
i
tar
iant
heor
ymeas
uresg
ood c
ons
equ
enc
esi
nter
msofei
therh
app
ines
sor
p
leas
urewh
il
ebadc
ons
equ
enc
esar
emea
sur
edi
nter
msofp
ain
.

(
v) Th
eth
eor
yisan
chor
edont
hep
rin
cip
leofu
til
i
tywh
ichs
ayst
hatanac
ti
oni
sri
ghti
f
i
tpr
omot
est
heg
reat
estamou
ntofh
app
ines
sorp
leas
uref
ort
heg
reat
estn
umber
ofp
eop
lec
onc
ern
edwi
thoraf
fec
tedbyt
heac
ti
oni
namor
alu
niv
ers
e.

(
vi
) E
thi
calu
til
i
tar
ian
sag
reet
hatt
hev
alu
eofac
ti
onss
hou
ldbedet
ermi
nedbyt
he
c
ons
equ
enc
es,h
owev
er,t
heydon
otag
reeabou
tth
enat
ureoft
hec
ons
equ
enc
es.
Th
erear
ehedon
ist
ican
dnon
-hedon
ist
icu
til
i
tar
ian
s.

(
vi
i) Th
eth
eor
yisaf
orm ofu
niv
ers
ali
sm.I
tisu
niv
ers
albec
aus
eits
ayst
hati
tsk
ey
p
rin
cip
le-t
hep
rin
cip
leofu
til
i
tyou
ghtt
obeu
niv
ers
all
yap
pli
ed.

TwoVar
ian
tsofEt
hic
alUt
il
it
ari
ani
sm

Th
erear
etwov
ari
ant
sofet
hic
alu
til
i
tar
ian
ism;ac
t-u
til
i
tar
ian
isman
dru
le-
uti
l
it
ari
ani
sm.

Ac
tut
il
it
ari
ani
sm:Th
isi
sak
indofu
til
i
tar
ian
ismt
hats
ti
pul
at
est
hatt
her
ig
htn
essorwr
ong
nes
s
ofac
ti
onss
hou
ldbedet
ermi
nedbyj
udg
ingt
heg
oodn
essorbadn
essoft
hec
ons
equ
enc
esof
t
heac
ti
ondi
rec
tl
y.

Ru
le-
uti
l
itar
ian
ism:Th
ish
oldst
hatt
her
ig
htn
essorwr
ong
nes
sofanac
ti
ons
hou
ldbedet
ermi
ned
byl
ook
ingatt
hec
ons
equ
enc
est
hatwi
l
lfol
l
owf
romt
heap
pli
cat
ionoft
her
ul
esoft
heac
ti
on
u
nderwh
icht
heac
ti
onf
all
s.

SomeObj
ect
ion
sag
ain
stet
hic
alu
til
i
tar
ian
ism

(
i) E
thi
calu
til
i
tar
ian
ism asa mor
alt
heor
ydoesn
otr
ecog
niz
eth
ein
ter
estoft
he
mi
nor
it
y.
 (
ii
) I
tisdi
ffi
cul
ttodec
idea
llt
heex
actc
ons
equ
enc
esofanac
ti
onbef
orep
erf
ormi
ng
s
uchac
ti
on.

(
ii
i) Th
eth
eor
yfai
l
stomak
eadi
st
inc
ti
onbet
weenmot
iveori
nten
tionofanac
ti
onan
d
c
ons
equ
enc
esofanac
ti
on.

(
iv
) Th
eph
ras
e“anac
ti
on”i
stooi
ncl
usi
ve.Wi
thi
t,an
yac
ti
onc
oul
dbej
ust
if
iedt
obe
r
ig
hti
ncl
udi
ngac
ti
onst
hatar
epop
ular
l
ykn
ownt
obewr
ong
.

(
v) Ut
il
i
tar
ian
ism asa t
heor
ydoesn
otg
iveas
ati
sfac
tor
yac
cou
ntofdu
tiesan
d
Gr
ati
tude.Th
inkofs
omeot
herobj
ect
ion
s.

E
thi
calEg
ois
m:E
thi
caleg
ois
misan
oth
erc
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
stt
heor
y.Asac
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
stt
heor
y,i
t
s
ayst
hatmor
alg
oodc
ons
ist
sinl
ook
ingaf
teron
e’ss
elf
-i
nter
est
.Anet
hic
aleg
ois
tiss
omeon
e
wh
oseac
ti
onsar
ebas
ical
l
ymot
ivat
edbys
elf
-i
nter
est
.Toaneg
ois
t,anac
ti
oni
smor
al
lyr
ig
hti
f
i
tleadst
oth
esat
is
fac
ti
onorp
romot
ionofon
e’ss
elf
-i
nter
est
,ot
her
wis
ewr
ong
.Wh
ats
hou
ld
wedot
oar
ri
veatamor
al
lyr
ig
htac
ti
on?Aneg
ois
tan
swer
sth
atweou
ghtt
odowh
atp
romot
e
s
elf
-i
nter
estoft
hemor
ala
gen
t.Th
isi
swh
ati
sri
ghtt
odo,ot
her
wis
ewr
ong
.Toaneg
ois
t,i
tis
n
eces
sar
yan
dsu
ffi
ci
entf
oranac
ti
ont
obemor
al
lyr
ig
htbymax
imi
zi
ngon
e’ss
elf
-i
nter
est
.An
eg
ois
tisac
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
st.Th
ati
s,i
ndec
idi
ngt
hemor
alr
ig
htn
essorwr
ong
nes
sofac
ti
ons
,we
mu
stf
ir
stdec
idet
hev
alu
eofc
ons
equ
enc
esr
esu
lt
ingf
roms
uchac
ti
on.I
fth
egoodorben
efi
ci
al
c
ons
equ
enc
esp
romot
eth
esel
f-
int
eres
toft
hemor
alag
ent
,th
eac
ti
oni
smor
al
lyr
ig
ht,ot
her
wis
e
wr
ong
.

SomePr
obl
emswi
thEt
hic
alEg
ois
m

(
i) E
thi
caleg
ois
mpr
omot
esi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm.

(
ii
) Th
eth
eor
ycou
ldbes
elf
-def
eat
ingi
fpu
shedt
oth
eex
treme.

(
ii
i) E
thi
caleg
ois
mmayr
ul
eou
tth
evi
rt
ueofg
ener
osi
ty
.

Th
inkofs
omeot
herpr
obl
emswi
thet
hic
aleg
ois
m.

As
sig
nmen
t

(
i) Cl
ear
lydef
inen
ormat
iveet
hic
s.
 (
ii
) Wh
atar
enor
mat
iveet
hic
alt
heor
ies
?

(
ii
i) Men
tion at l
eas
tth
ree di
ffer
enc
es bet
ween c
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
st an
d n
on-
c
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
st.

(
iv) Al
lut
il
it
ari
ansar
econ
seq
uen
tial
i
stsbu
tnotal
lcon
seq
uen
tial
i
stsar
eut
il
it
ari
ans
.Do
y
ouag
ree?I
fyes
,wh
y?I
fNo,wh
ynot
?

I
n ou
rnex
tcl
ass(
nex
tweek
),we wi
l
lbe l
ook
ing ata c
las
sic
alex
ampl
e of a n
on-
c
ons
equ
ent
ial
i
stt
heor
y.Read t
hen
otet
hor
oug
hlyan
dgetbac
kto me wi
thy
ourg
ood
q
ues
tion
s.

Th
anky
ou.