CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Literature review
This chapter mostly focuses on what other scholars wrote about the design and construction of
sand sieving machines. It also focuses on the different existing designs of the sand sieving
machines there designs and construction.

Sand is a naturally occurring, finely divided rock, made up of small particles or granules called
sand grains. It can vary in composition, but along non-tropical coasts and in inland areas, the
most common constituent is silica (silicon oxide). Sand is transported by wind or water and
deposited in various forms, such as beaches, dunes, sand spits and sand bars. In most deserts,
sand is a dominant constituent of soil.

Concrete sand, pit sand, natural or river sand manufactured sand(M-sand), utility sand and fill
sand are the most common forms of sand used in construction. These sands have distinct
qualities that make them appropriate for a variety of construction projects.

Sand sieving:

Sieving: this is a method used for separating particles of different sizes. It involves passing a
mixture of particles of different particles through a sieve, which is essentially the device with
uniform holes of different sizes. the particles smaller than the sieve’s mesh size pass through the
holes while the larger particles remain on top.

Sand sieving: is the process of using a sieve or a mesh to separate sand particles of different
sizes.

Categories of sand sieving machines:

Hand sieve:

This is the traditional way sand sieving has been done up to date. It involves the use of a flat,
broad wooden frame with a fine mesh or net stretched tightly across it. This hand sieve can as
well be used when its inclined at a certain angle. This causes a relative motion between the
particles and the sieve. Depending on their size the individual particles either pass through the
sieve mesh or retained on the sieve surface.
Limitations.

 Labor intensive i.e. it is physically demanding and time consuming especially for large
quantities of material, making it impractical for industrial-scale operations.
 Inconsistent results, this is because manual shaking may result in inconsistent sieving
leading to variations in the particle size distribution of the sieved material.
 Limited capacity. Usually hand sieving is suitable only for relatively small quantities of
material.
 Achieving very fine sieving results manually can be challenging as it requires a higher
degree of precision and control that may not be feasible with the traditional hand sieving
method.
 Slow process: hand sieving is relatively slow compared to mechanical or automated
methods, which can significantly impact productivity especially in large-scale industrial
applications.

Rotary sand sieves:

The rotary sand sieving machine was fabricated with the help of parts like a motor, bearing,
caster wheels, drum(cylinder), frame and support structure, sieve(mesh). The sand separator
machine is worked on the basis of rotary mechanism. Here, it is attached to the sieve box the
power is given by motor through pulley belt arrangement. The rail track is attached at the base in
which the sieving drum moves in it. The sieving box fixed with the crank shaft in order to move
when the crank shaft rotary. The sieving drum is placed inside the rail track and the machine is
started. When the sieving box moves in the rotary motion the sieving process is performed.
Rotary sand sieves are of two categories;

Manual rotary sand sieve machines: these are operated manually and are suitable for small
scale sieving operations that do not require significant power or output capacity.
Motorized rotary sand sieving machine: these machines are equipped with motors or engines
to facilitate automated sieving making them suitable for larger-scale operations that demand high
throughput and efficiency.
Limitations of rotary sand sieving machines
one sieve can be used at the time.
Cannot be easily transported.
Vibratory sand sieving machine:
In this type, the sieving will be done by the vibration of the screening table of the machine.
Unlike the rotary type, these machines are only power driven. Sand is poured over the vibratory
table and the sieved sand gets collected in the sloppy tray provided at the bottom, which
separates them in different directions.
They are classified into two main types according to their vibratory motion i.e. a linear vibratory
screening machine or circular vibratory screening machine which is more efficient compared to
the other.
The linear vibratory sieve utilizes a linear motion to move the material along the sieve surface.
The material is fed in on one direction and the sieving is carried out with the help of a vibrating
motor that causes the sieve to vibrate.
The circular vibratory sand sieving machine on the other hand, employs the circular motion. The
circular vibrating motion is generated by an eccentric weight which creates centrifugal force and
helps in the separation process.

Horizontal Reciprocating Sand Sieving Machine:

This involves the back and forth movement of the sieve bed. The machine is equipped with a
horizontal sieve bed that is set in a reciprocating motion through the use of a motor or an
engine.as the motor or the engine powers the mechanism, the sieve bed moves in a reciprocating
manner ensuring that the sand placed on the sieve bed is efficiently sifted and separated based on
their respective sizes.
The working principle of the Sieving Machine mainly depends on converting the rotary motion
provided by the D-C motor into the sliding motion of the sieving bracket (a slider-crank
mechanism). The motor is provided with pulley and pulley belt arrangement to provide the
required motion as it rotates the shaft connected to the movable framing portion does backxv and
forth motion as such the mesh attached to it when moves or slides separate the particles and other
foreign Particles of required size based on the size of the mesh.
The homogeneous mixture of sand and pebbles are fed from the slider which falls on the sieve
net fixed on the rotating shaft. Then due to relative motion between particles and rotating sieve,
the particles smaller are passed through the net and remaining particles falls on the other side.
Most of the horizontal reciprocating sand sieves are inefficient because the operator is required
to stop the process in order to remove the unwanted particles that remain on the sieve.

Related project design

1. OLADEJI AKANNI OGUNWOLE, in his Design, Construction and Testing of a Dry
Sand Sieving, Machine Sand sieve is of multiplayer and highly efficient. It can screen
the materials into multiple levels products according to the different materials grain size.
(McCave and Syvitcki, 199). The machine is to drive vibrator through v-belt under the
power of ordinary motor, so that the screen body along the vibrating power direction to
 make a cyclical reciprocating, the material in the screen surface to make round
movement, so as to make the materials sieved. (www.alibaba.com, June 2010).

2. Jyoshi Anil Kumar1, V S Lakshmi Ravuri2, V Harshitha in their fabrication of a solar

based sand sieving machine. A demonstration of design and fabrication of solar based
sand sieving system is done. This system puts forward a fully automated sand filtering
and separator that automatically filters the sand poured on it. For this a motorized shaft
is mounted horizontally on the mounts. The shaft is connected to a filter frame with a
mesh below and enclosed frame on sides which operates the motor when switched on.

The working principle of the Sieving Machine mainly depends on converting rotary motion
provided by D-C motor which runs either by 3-9volt battery or using 24v DC adapter which is
used to convert AC to DC and applies current to the motor. The motor is provided which
different gears to provide the required motion as it rotates the shaft connected to the movable
framing portion [8] does back and forth motion as such the mesh attached to it when moves or
slides separates the particles such as screws, Bolt & nuts, Dusts and other foreign Particles of
required size based on the size of mesh. This process can be used for as many numbers of
different sizes of nuts.