Problem Set on Thermochemistry

CHEM 015 Chemistry for Engineers

Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila

NAMES OF STUDENTS: SCORE:

1. Hermocilla, China E.

2. Tanquintic, John Zandro D.

3.

4.

Submitted to: Engr. Florence Joie Floresca-Lacsa

Date of Submission: _______________________

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Print the accomplished copy in long bond paper, in black and white ink.
2. Deadline of submission is before the start of the quiz on Thermochemistry which will be
announced at least week before through the Google Classroom.
3. Every minute of delayed submission will mean 5-point deduction from the raw score.
4. Submission is to be done individually but must be clipped by groups. This is to make sure
that each of the group members has their own copies for documentation purposes.
5. This problem set was designed to explore various factors that affects the energy
released by different substances and their effect on the environment. Enjoy the learning
process.
 1. Fill in the table (except for the last column) below with the data that can be obtained
through the following links:

a) methane: https://.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74828&Mask
b) propane: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74986&Mask=1
c) n-pentane: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C109660&Mask=1
d) isopentane: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C78784&Units=SI&Mask=7
e) neopentane: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C463821&Mask=1
f) 1-propanol: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C71238&Mask=2
g) 2-propanol: https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C67630&Mask=2

TABLE 01: Physical Data of Some Fuels

Fuel *Other names Molecular **Chemical Molecular ***Average Heat Heat of
Formula Structure Weight of Combustion Combustion
(based from (based on bond
webbook.nist.gov enthalpy)
)
Methane (gas) Marsh gas; CH4 16.0425 -890.8 kJ/mol -716kJ
Methyl hydride;
CH4

Propane (gas) n-Propane; C3H8 44.0956 -2213 kJ/mol -1733 kJ

Dimethylmethan
e; Freon 290

1- propanol Propyl alcohol; C3H8O 60.0950 -2020 kJ/mol -1568.5kJ

(liquid) n-Propan-1-ol;
n-Propanol

2-propanol 2-Propanol; sec- C3H8O 60.0950 -2005.9 kJ/mol -1568.5kJ

(liquid) Propyl Alcohol;
Alcojel

n-pentane n-Pentane; C5H12 72.1488 -3536 kJ/mol -2750kJ

(gas) Skellysolve A; n-
C5H12

isopentane iso-Pentane; C5H12 72.1488 -3528.6 kJ/mol -2750kJ

1,1,2-
Trimethylethane
; 2-
Methylbutane;
iso-C5H12
neopentane Propane, 2,2- C5H12 72.1488 -3514.1 kJ/mol -2750kJ
dimethyl-; tert-
Pentane;
Tetramethylcarb
on
*Include only the first three other names
**Show the bonds between elements. You may paste photos from the internet. Just make sure
that they are to be included in the reference section of this paper.
***Omit the expression of measurement uncertainties (the numbers after the +/-) in the
calculations.
***Show your manual calculations for methane, 1-propanol and neopentane. For the
calculation of the rest of the fuels, use Microsoft Excel.

2. Calculations for the average heat of combustion:

A. Methane

B.

1-propanol

C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
Neopentane
3. Screenshot photo(s) of the excel file for the calculation of the average heat combustion for
the seven (7) substances.

4. Fill in the table with the bond enthalpy data that is needed in the calculation for the net
energy released during the combustion of one mole of each of the substances. Use the data
from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps
/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/
Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Bond_Energies

TABLE 02: Values of Bond Enthalpy

X-Y Bond Enthalpy

C—H 413 kJ/mol

O=O 495 kJ/mol

C=O 745 kJ/mol

O—H 467 kJ/mol

C—C 347 kJ/mol

C—O 358 kJ/mol

5. Calculate for the Heat of Combustion for the seven substances using the bond enthalpies that
you obtained from the given source. Write your calculated values at the leftmost part of Table
01. Show your manual calculations for methane, 1-propanol and neopentane. For the
calculations of the rest of the fuels, use Microsoft Excel. Paste the screenshot of your
calculations in the Appendix Section if you chose this method.

6. Calculations for the average heat of combustion from bond enthalpies.

A. Methane

B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
1-propanol
 C. Neopentane

7. Screenshot photo(s) of the excel file for the calculation of the average heat combustion for
the seven (7) substances based on the given bond energies.
8. Calculate for the amount of carbon dioxide produced (in liters) at Normal Temperature and
Pressure (NTP) for the seven substances. Show your manual calculations for methane, 1-
propanol and neopentane. For the calculation for the rest of the fuels, use Microsoft Excel.

A. Methane

B. 1-propanol

C. Neopentane
9. Calculations for the amount of carbon dioxide produced from the burning of 1 kilogram of
the fuel.
A. Methane
B. 1-propanol

C.
Neopentane
10. Screenshot photo(s) of the excel file for the amount of carbon dioxide produced from the
burning of 1 kilogram of the fuel.
11. Plot graphs that show the relationships between the given factors below and write brief but
concise interpretation and analysis of each of the graphs. Please use the data obtained from
webbook.nist.gov.

a) The relationship between the molecular weight and the average Heat of Combustion

Note: The negative sign only indicates that the heat of combustion is an exothermic reaction

The given data represents the relationship between the molecular weight and the
average heat of combustion for different hydrocarbons. The heat of combustion is a measure of
the energy released when a substance undergoes complete combustion. In this context, it
appears that there is a trend between the molecular weight of the hydrocarbons and their
respective heat of combustion. Methane, the lightest molecule, has a relatively lower heat of
combustion at -890.8 kJ/mol. As the molecular weight increases with propane, 1-propanol, and
its isomer 2-propanol, there is a notable escalation in the heat of combustion, reaching -2213
kJ/mol, -2020 kJ/mol, and -2005.9 kJ/mol, respectively. This pattern persists with n-pentane,
isopentane, and neopentane, where the highest molecular weights in the series correspond to
the highest heats of combustion, registering at -3536 kJ/mol, -3528.6 kJ/mol, and -3514.1
kJ/mol, respectively. The clear upward trajectory in heat release suggests that larger molecules
possess a greater capacity to yield energy during combustion So, in simple terms, the weight of
the fuel affects how much heat it gives off when it's burned.
 b) The trend of the average heat of combustion among the following:

1. Propane, methane and n-pentane

The graph illustrates the average heat of combustion for propane, methane and n-
pentane. It illustrates that n-pentane has the highest heat of combustion, followed by propane
and methane, which has the lowest value. This trend can be attributed to the molecular
structures of these fuels. N-pentane consists of a longer carbon chain with five carbon atoms,
whereas propane has a three-carbon chain, and methane contains only a single carbon atom.
This structural difference influences the energy released during combustion. Longer
hydrocarbon chains, like those in n-pentane and propane, tend to release more energy upon
combustion compared to shorter chains, such as methane.

2. 1-propanol and 2-propanol

 The graph illustrates the difference in the average heat of combustion between 1-
propanol and 2-propanol, indicating that 1-propanol has a slightly higher heat of combustion
than 2-propanol. This disparity comes from their structural differences. Specifically, 2-
propanol's branched structure contributes to a lower heat of combustion, while 1-propanol's
linear structure results in a higher heat of combustion. This trend emphasizes the correlation
between molecular structure and heat of combustion.
 3. Neopentane, isopentane and n-pentane

The graph illustrates the difference in the average heat of combustion among
neopentane, isopentane, and n-pentane. Neopentane displays the least heat of combustion,
followed by isopentane, and finally, n-pentane shows the highest. Neopentane, due to its highly
branched structure, exhibits the lowest heat release, followed by isopentane with fewer
branches, and lastly, n-pentane's linear molecular structure results in the highest heat of
combustion. This trend shows the connection between molecular structure and the heat of
combustion.
 c) The difference between the calculated heat of combustion from webbook.nist.gov and
the calculated heat of combustion based on bond energies.

The observed differences between the experimentally determined heat of combustion

values from webbook.nist.gov and those computed based on bond energies suggest
discrepancies in the two methods of assessment. The differences between the two data given
shows that the ways they calculate it don't match exactly. Generally, the webbook values are
lower than the bond energy values for all substances listed. This could be because real-world
combustion is more complicated than what the bond energy method considers. Factors like
actual experimental conditions, impurities, or the limits of the bond energy model might be
causing this difference. Even though there's a gap, the consistent pattern of lower values in
webbook data suggests that combining both real-world measurements and theoretical
calculations is important for a full understanding of how combustion works.
 d) The relationship between the molecular weight of the fuel and the amount of carbon
dioxide produced from the burning 1 kilogram of the fuel.

The provided data reveals a relationship between the molecular weight of various
fuels and the amount of carbon dioxide produced when burning one kilogram of each
fuel. We can see that when the fuel is heavier (has a higher molecular weight), it tends
to produce more carbon dioxide when burned. For example, Methane, which is lighter,
produces less carbon dioxide compared to n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane,
which are heavier fuels. So, in general, the weight of the fuel is connected to how much
carbon dioxide it makes when it's burned.

REFERENCES:

https://cdn4.vectorstock.com/i/1000x1000/76/33/methane-structural-formula-vector-
20607633.jpg

https://previews.123rf.com/images/luisrftc/luisrftc1811/luisrftc181100034/113851183-the-
illustration-of-the-propane-structural-formula.jpg

https://5.imimg.com/data5/EZ/SQ/MZ/SELLER-25045300/n-propanol-500x500.jpg

https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/
isopropyl_alcohol_lewis5952117544564736331.png
https://d2cyt36b7wnvt9.cloudfront.net/exams/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/23203839/
image996.png