Hydrocarbons

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 1
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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 2
 Hydrocarbons
❖ Hydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and
hydrogen atoms, and they can be classified as follows depending on
the bond types that are present within the molecules.

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 3
 Alkanes
❖ Hydrocarbons having single bonds are classified as alkanes.
❖ The carbon atoms of the molecule are arranged in chains (alkanes) or in
rings (cycloalkanes).

• All alkanes have the general molecular formula : CnH(2n+2) suffix: -ane
❖ A group derived from an alkane by removal of one of its hydrogen atoms
is known as an alkyl group, for example the methyl group (-CH3) from
methane (CH4).

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 4
 Alkanes

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 5
Alkanes

Hydrocarbons… Nomenclature

1.Trivial Name (common) 2.IUPAC Name

(International Union of
Practical & Applied
Chemistry)

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 6
 Systematic Nomenclature (IUPAC System)
Alkanes
Prefix-Parent-Suffix
Parent- number of carbons
Prefix- substituents
Suffix- functional groups
Naming Alkanes General Formula: CnH(2n+2)
suffix: -ane
Parent Names:
1 CH4 Methane CH4
2 CH3CH3 Ethane C2H6
3 CH3CH2CH3 Propane C3H8
4 CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane C4H10
5 CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane C5H12
6 CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane C6H14
7 CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane C7H16
8 CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane C8H18
9 CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane C9H20
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10 CH3(CH 2)8CH
Organic 1_introducton_Dr.
3 Decane
Ahmed M El- morsy C10H22 7
Alkanes

Alkyl substituents (group): carbon chains which are a

substructure of a molecule

R= Rest of the molecule (main chain)

1 CH3-R Methyl
2 CH3CH2-R Ethyl
3 CH3CH2CH2-R Propyl
4 CH3(CH2)2CH2-R Butyl
5 CH3(CH2)3CH2-R Pentyl
6 CH3(CH2)4CH2-R Hexyl
7 CH3(CH2)5CH2-R Heptyl
8 CH3(CH2)6CH2-R Octyl
9 CH3(CH2)7CH2-R Nonyl
1-6-2021 10 CH3(CH )8CH2-R AhmedDecyl
Organic21_introducton_Dr. M El- morsy 8
 Rules for Systematic Nomenclature of Alkanes
1. Find the parent chain
a. Identify the longest continuous carbon chain as the
parent chain.
CH3

CH2
7 carbons = hept-
H
CH3 CH C CH2 CH3

CH2 CH2 CH3

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 9
3. Substituents
a. Identify and number the substituents and list
them in alphabetical order.
9 8
Parent C-9 = nonane
CH3 CH2 H3C CH2 CH3
3- ethyl
4-methyl 4,7-dimethyl
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3 7-methyl
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

b. Substituents are listed in alphabetical order

c. If two or more identical substituents are present use the
prefixes: di- for two
tri- for three
tetra- for four

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Organic 1_introducton_Dr. Ahmed M El- morsy 10
 9 8
CH3 CH2 H3C CH2 CH3
3- ethyl-4,7-dimethylnonane
CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

N.B Numbers are used only for systematic names, never for common
names

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 Nonsystematic (trivial) Names:
3-carbons: H C 3

Parent CH
Chain
H3C
Isopropyl-
(1-methylethyl)
4-Carbons: H3C CH3
Parent Parent
CH H3C CH CH2 Parent
Chain Chain H3C C Chain
H3C CH2
CH3
CH3
sec-butyl- Isobutyl- tert-butyl-
(1-methylpropyl) (2-methylpropyl) (1,1-dimethylethyl)

5- Carbons:H C 3
CH3 CH3

Parent Parent Parent

CH CH2 CH2 H3C C CH2 H3C CH2 C
Chain Chain Chain
H3C
CH3 CH3
Isopentyl-, isoamyl neopentyl- tert-pentyl-, tert-amyl
(3-methylbutyl) (2,2-dimethylpropyl) (1,1-dimethylpropyl)

Alphabetizing trivial names:

Iso- and neo are part of the alkyl group name and are used for
alphabetizing.
sec- and tert- are not included in the alphabetical order.

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 “classes of carbons”
primary carbon (1o) – a carbon bonded to one carbon
secondary carbon (2o) – a carbon bonded to two carbons
tertiary carbon (3o) – a carbon bonded to three carbons
quaternary carbon (4o) – a carbon bonded to four carbons

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 Draw the structure

• Two substituents: isopropyl & methyl

• Add hydrogens to complete the structure

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