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exists, then the line passing through the point P(c, f (c)) 4 −1 4−3
with slope m is the tangent line to the graph of f at the (b) The slope of the tangent line at (1, 2) equals f ′(1).
point P. This slope is steeper than the slope of the line
f ( 4)− f (1)
2. Some alternative notations for f ′( x ) are through (1, 2) and ( 4, 5). So, < f ′(1).
4 −1
dy d
f x , and Dx [ y ].
dx ( ) 9. f ( x) = 3 − 5x is a line. Slope = −5
, y′,
dx
2 23
3. The limit used to define the slope of a tangent line is also 10. g ( x) = 3x
+ 1 is a line. Slope =
used to define differentiation. The key is to rewrite the
difference quotient so that Δx does not occur as a factor
f ( 2 +Δ x) − f ( 2)
of the denominator. 11. Slope at ( 2, 5) = lim
Δ x →0 Δx
4. If a function f is differentiable at a point x = c, then f
2( 2 + Δ x) − 3 − 2( 2) − 3
2 2
Δ x→0 Δx
5. At ( x1 , y1 ), slope = 0. 8Δ x + 2( Δ x)
2
= lim
Δ x→0 Δx
At ( x2 , y2 ), slope = 5
2.
= lim (8 + 2Δx) = 8
Δ x →0
6. At ( x1, y1 ), slope = 2
3.
f (3 +Δx) − f (3)
At ( x2 , y2 ), slope = − 2 . 12. Slope at (3, − 4) = lim
5
Δx → 0 Δx
5 − (3 + Δx) − (− 4)
2
7. (a)–(c) f (4) −f (1)
4 − 1 (x − 1) + f (1) = x + 1 = lim
y=
y Δx → 0 Δx
3
6
f (1)
5 f (4) = 5 =2
2 (4, 5)
(1
4 ,2
)
114 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Δx → 0 Δx
=
Δx → 0 Δx lim
1
4−1=3
= lim (− 6 − Δx) = − 6
Δx → 0
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
f (0 +Δt ) − f (0)
Slope at 0, 0 = lim
f (1)
13. ( )
(d) Δt → 0 Δt
f ( 4)− f (1)
y =
4 −1
( x − 1) + 2
3 3( Δt ) − ( Δt ) − 0
= (x − 1) + 2 = lim
3 Δt → 0 Δt
= 1( x − 1) + 2 = lim (3 − Δt ) = 3
Δt →0
= x +1
114 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sectio n 2.1 The Derivati ve an d th e Tangent Lin e Problem 115
= lim Δx →
Δt →0 Δt 7( x +Δx) − 3 − (7 x − 3)
= lim Δx
= lim 1 + 2( Δt ) + (Δt ) + 4 + 4(Δt ) − 5
2
Δx → 0
Δt →0 7x + 7Δx − 3 − 7x + 3
Δt
= lim Δx
= lim 6(Δt) + (Δt)
2 Δx → 0
Δt →0 7( Δx)
Δt = lim Δx
Δx → 0
= lim (6 + Δt) = 6
Δt →0 = lim 7 = 7
Δx → 0
15. f ( x) = 7
2
19. h( s ) = 3 + s
f ( x +Δx ) − f ( x )
f ′( x ) = lim 3
Δx → 0 Δx h( s+Δs ) − h( s )
h′( s ) = lim
7 −7 s 0 Δs
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx Δ →
( s + Δs) − 3 + 23 s
2
3+
= lim 0 = 0 3
Δx → 0 = lim
Δs → 0 Δs
16. g ( x) = −3 3+
2 2 2
s + Δs − 3 − s
= lim 3 3 3
g ( x +Δx) − g ( x)
g′( x) = Δxlim Δs → 0 Δs
→0 Δx 2
Δs
−3 − ( −3) 2
= lim = lim 3 =
Δx →0 Δx Δs → 0 Δs 3
0
= lim = 0
Δx 2
f ( x) = 5 −
Δx → 0
20. x
3
f ( x +Δx ) − f ( x) Δx → 0 Δx
f ′( x) = Δxlim
+ Δx) − 5 − x
Δx 2 2
→0
5− (x
− 5( x + Δx) − ( − 5x) = lim
3 3
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
−5x − 5Δx + 5x 2 2 2
= lim 5− x − Δx − 5 + x
Δx → 0 Δx = lim 3 3 3
− 5Δx
Δx → 0 Δx
= lim 2
Δx → 0 Δx − (Δx)
3
= lim ( −5) = −5 = lim
Δx → 0 Δx
Δx → 0
2 2
= lim − = −
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Δx → 0 3 3
21. f ( x) = x 2 + x − 3
f ( x +Δx) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = Δxlim
→0
Δx
= Δxlim
( x +Δx) + ( x + Δx) − 3 − x 2 + x − 3
2
( )
→0
Δx
x 2 + 2 x( Δx) + ( Δx) + x + Δx − 3 − x 2 − x + 3
2
= Δxlim
→0
Δx
( ) ( ) 2
= lim 2
Δx → 0
x Δx + Δx + Δx
Δx
= lim ( 2x + Δx + 1) = 2x + 1
Δx → 0
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Conclusion.
John Emery Bucher was born near Hanover, Pa., August 17,
1872. He entered Lehigh University in 1888 and graduated in 1891.
During the past three years he has been a graduate student in the
Johns Hopkins University.
Subjects: Chemistry, Mineralogy and Mathematics.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN
EXAMINATION OF SOME METHODS EMPLOYED IN
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