“I.E.S.

Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION TECNOLOGIO PUBLICO

CONTRALMIRANTE MANUEL VILLA OLIVERA – ZORRITOS

DIDACTIC UNIT:

Business Communication.

THEME:

Prostate cancer

TEACHER:

Lic. Enf. Violet valleys urdaniga

MEMBERS:

God Balladares Yamilex Saraí.

Lezama Atoche Deyver.

ACADEMIC PERIOD:

V SEMESTER

Zorritos, tumbes, Perú

2021
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

RESUME
Introduction: the increase in oncological diseases claims more and more lives in
the world and in Cuba, without distinction of race and age. At present, this
disease occupies an increasingly prevalent place worldwide and is the leading
cause of death. Prostate cancer is the second cause of death in men worldwide
and ranks fifth among malignant tumors, with an estimated 30,000 new cases
per year in the world. Correo Científico Médico de Holguín Testosterone and
prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate carcinoma. Prostate cancer is
cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small, walnut-shaped gland
found in men that produces seminal fluid that nourishes and carries sperm.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. In many cases,
prostate cancer grows slowly and is confined to the prostate gland, where it
may not cause serious damage. However, while some types of prostate cancer
grow slowly and may need minimal or even no treatment, other types are
aggressive and can spread quickly. Prostate cancer that is found early (when it
is still confined to the prostate gland) has the best chance of being treated
successfully. Prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm of significant
heterogeneity. Clinical behavior, response to treatments, and survival vary from
patient to patient. More than 95% of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas,
variants that are not can be divided into two groups based on their cellular
origin: epithelial and non-epithelial. The epithelial variants are more
differentiated and biologically less aggressive, while the non-epithelial ones
have a very invasive behavior. Its treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms,
controlling their expansion and increasing the chances of cure.
Objective: Reduce the number of people who die from the disease or totally
eliminate deaths caused by cancer. Reduce the number of people who have the
disease. Including thus the prevention provided to each patient that they are
prevented in the future if they suffer from it.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

INTRODUCTION

The urogenital system is divided into two different morphophysiological

components: urinary excretory system and genital system. Urogenital
physiology represents an important integration in man since the lower portion of
the prostatic urethra and the penile urethra serve, in common, for the function of
urinary and semen excretion, just as the penis constitutes the copulatory organ.
The anatomical structures of this system are vulnerable to the appearance of an
important group of diseases, within them, tumor lesions are frequent and the
prostate is one of the most affected structures, currently increasingly
predominant, thus being one of the leading cause of death in different countries.
Prostate cancer is a hormone dependent tumor that constitutes the second
cause of death in man worldwide and occupies the fifth place in the causes of
death from Malignant Tumors. The prostate is a hard, gray, tubuloalveolar
exocrine gland that surrounds the initial portion of the male urethra; it presents
endocrine, testicular and hypothalamic interrelationships and a high degree of
oncogenic potentiality. Prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm that
is the second cause of death in man worldwide and ranks fifth among the
causes of this condition, with an estimated 330,000 new cases per year in the
world. Before the age of 50, this disease is not frequent, it rarely occurs before
the age of 45, and its prevalence increases after the fifth decade of life. The true
cause of prostatic carcinoma is unknown, but it is clear that its growth is
influenced by sex hormones. It is common for the symptoms of prostate
carcinoma to appear late in its evolution and are usually due to local obstructive
infiltration, distant metastases, and urinary infection caused by chronic stasis.
This disease is important for two main reasons: on the one hand there is its
frequent appearance throughout the world, with a tendency to affect individuals
under 50 years of age and on the other hand, the absence of symptoms in its
initial phase, which together with slow growth of the tumor, makes it go
unnoticed by the patient, so its diagnosis is made when it has already spread
outside the gland and this markedly reduces the chances of an evolution
towards tumor regression
The issue of prostatic carcinoma is little known by a part of the medical
community outside the Oncology Specialty, both in the province of Holguín and
in Cuba. The present review aimed to provide more up-to-date information on
this disease, the new perspectives regarding its early detection and its
therapeutic advances that guarantee a longer life expectancy for these patients.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

GROWTH.
Cancer starts when cells in the body start to grow out of control. Cells in almost
any part of the body can turn into cancer cells and can then spread to other
areas of the body. For more information about cancer, how it starts and
spreads. The prostate is a gland that only men have. This gland produces part
of the fluid that makes up semen. The prostate is below the bladder (the hollow
organ where urine is stored) and in front of the rectum (the last part of the
intestines). Just behind the prostate are glands called seminal vesicles, which
make most of the fluid in semen. The urethra, which is the tube that carries
urine and semen out of the body through the penis, runs through the center of
the prostate.
Prostatic carcinoma is a malignant tumor derived from the acinar and ductal
epithelium of the prostate, which can vary considerably in its glandular
differentiation, anaplasia, behavior, metastatic patterns, and responses to
therapy.
Histology: The cytological characteristics of this neoplasm are characterized by
the presence of hyperchromatic and enlarged nuclei in its cells, with abundant
cytoplasm and stained blue. The absence of keratin immunohistochemical
staining in the basal cells of the prostate is consistent with a prostate
adenocarcinoma. Although this cancer is usually multifocal, it occurs mostly in
the peripheral area of the gland. Penetration of the prostate capsule is a very
common event that occurs along the perineural spaces.
.
Grade Classification of Prostate Cancer
Pathologists grade prostate cancers using the Gleason system, which assigns a
Gleason grade using numbers one to five, which depend on how much the cells
in cancer tissue resemble cells in normal prostate tissue. . If the cancerous
tissue closely resembles normal prostate tissue, it is assigned grade 1. If the
cancer cells and their growth patterns look very abnormal, it is called a grade 5
tumor. Grades 2 through 4 have characteristics between these extremes.
Because prostate cancers often have areas of different grades, a grade is
assigned to the two areas that make up most of it. These two grades are added
together to give the Gleason score (also known as the Gleason sum). ). The
Gleason score can be between 2 and 10. Cancers with a Gleason score of six
or less are often called well-differentiated or low-grade cancers. Cancers with a
Gleason score of 7 are called moderately differentiated or intermediate grade.
Cancers with a Gleason score of eight to ten are called poorly differentiated or
high-grade cancers. The higher your Gleason score, the more likely the cancer
will grow and spread quickly.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

Symptoms
Prostate cancer may not cause signs or symptoms in its early stages. Prostate
cancer that is more advanced can cause signs and symptoms such as:
 Problems urinating.
 Decreased force of urine flow.
 Blood in the urine.
 Blood in the semen.
 Bone pain.
 Weight loss without trying.
 Erectile dysfunction
Causes
The causes of prostate cancer are not clear. Doctors know that prostate cancer
begins when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA
contains instructions that tell it what to do. The changes tell cells to grow and
divide faster than normal cells do. The abnormal cells continue to live in
conditions that other cells would die.
The accumulation of abnormal cells forms a tumor that can grow and invade
nearby tissues. Over time, some abnormal cells can break off and spread
(metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Risk factor's
A risk factor is anything that increases your risk of developing a disease, such
as cancer. Different types of cancer have different risk factors. Some risk
factors, like smoking, can be changed. Other factors, such as age or family
history, cannot be changed. However, having one or even more risk factors
does not mean that you will get the disease. Many people with one or more risk
factors never get cancer, while others with the disease may have few or no
known risk factors.
 Old age. The risk of prostate cancer increases with age. It is more
common after age 50.
  Race. Black people have a higher risk of prostate cancer than people
of other races. In black people, prostate cancer is also more likely to be
aggressive or advanced.
 Family history. If a blood relative, such as your father, brother or child,
was diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. Also, if
you have a family history of genes that increase the risk of breast cancer
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

(BRCA1 or BRCA2) or a strong family history of breast cancer, your risk

of prostate cancer may be higher.

 Genetic changes: Various inherited genetic changes (mutations)

appear to increase the risk of prostate cancer, but are probably only
responsible for a small percentage of cases overall. For example:
  Inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are linked
to an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families, can
also increase the risk of prostate cancer in men (especially BRCA2
mutations).
 Men with Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer or HNPCC), a condition caused by inherited genetic
changes, are at increased risk for several types of cancer, including
prostate cancer.
 Obesity. Obese people are at higher risk for prostate cancer than
people who are considered to be at a healthy weight, although study
results are mixed. In obese people, the cancer is more likely to be more
aggressive and to come back after initial treatment.
  Diet: The exact role that diet plays in the development of prostate
cancer is unclear, although several factors have been studied. Men who
consume a lot of dairy products appear to be slightly more likely to
develop prostate cancer. Some studies have suggested that men who
consume a large amount of calcium (from food or supplements) may
have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, most
studies have found no such association with calcium levels found in an
average diet. Additionally, it is important to note that calcium is well
known to provide other important health benefits.
 Smoking: Most studies have not found a link between smoking and
prostate cancer. Some research has linked smoking with a possible
small increase in the risk of
 die from prostate cancer, although this finding needs to be confirmed
by other studies.
 Inflammation of the prostate: Some studies have suggested that
prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be associated with an
increased risk of prostate cancer, although other studies have not found
such an association. Inflammation is often seen in samples of prostate
tissue that also contain cancer. The association between the two is
unclear, and it is an active area of investigation.
 Sexually transmitted infections: Researchers have studied whether
sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) could
increase the risk of prostate cancer, because they can cause
inflammation of the prostate. So far, the studies have not agreed, and no
firm conclusions have been reached.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

 Vasectomy: Some studies have suggested that men who have had a
vasectomy (minor surgery to become sterile) have a slightly increased
risk of.
 • Inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are linked to
an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families, can also
increase the risk of prostate cancer in men (especially BRCA2
mutations).
 • Men with Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer or HNPCC), a condition caused by inherited genetic
changes, are at increased risk for several types of cancer, including
prostate cancer.
  Obesity. Obese people are at higher risk for prostate cancer than
people who are considered to be at a healthy weight, although study
results are mixed. In obese people, the cancer is more likely to be more
aggressive and to come back after initial treatment.
  Diet: The exact role that diet plays in the development of prostate
cancer is unclear, although several factors have been studied. Men who
consume a lot of dairy products appear to be slightly more likely to
develop prostate cancer. Some studies have suggested that men who
consume a large amount of calcium (from food or supplements) may
have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. However, most
studies have found no such association with calcium levels found in an
average diet. Additionally, it is important to note that calcium is well
known to provide other important health benefits.
  Smoking: Most studies have not found a link between smoking and
prostate cancer. Some research has linked smoking with a possible
small increase in the risk of
  die from prostate cancer, although this finding needs to be confirmed
by other studies.
  Inflammation of the prostate: Some studies have suggested that
prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be associated with an
increased risk of prostate cancer, although other studies have not found
such an association. Inflammation is often seen in samples of prostate
tissue that also contain cancer. The association between the two is
unclear, and it is an active area of investigation.
  Sexually transmitted infections: Researchers have studied whether
sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) could
increase the risk of prostate cancer, because they can cause
inflammation of the prostate. So far, the studies have not agreed, and no
firm conclusions have been reached.
  Vasectomy: Some studies have suggested that men who have had a
vasectomy (minor surgery to become sterile) have a slightly increased
risk of prostate cancer, although other studies have not found this.
Research is continuing on this possible link.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

Complications
The complications of prostate cancer and their treatments are these:
 Cancer that spreads (metastasizes). Prostate cancer can spread to nearby
organs, such as the bladder, or spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic
system to the bones or other organs. If prostate cancer spreads to the bones, it
can cause pain and fractures. Once prostate cancer has spread to other areas
of the body, it may still respond to treatment and can be controlled, but it is not
likely to be cured.
 Incontinence. Prostate cancer and its treatment can cause urinary
incontinence. Treatment for incontinence depends on what type you have, how
severe it is, and how likely it is to get better over time. Treatment options
include medications, catheters, and surgery.
 Erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction can arise from prostate cancer or its
treatment, for example surgery, radiation, or hormonal treatments. Medications,
vacuum devices that help to achieve an erection, and surgery can be used to
treat erectile dysfunction.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of prostate cancer by:
 Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables. Eat a variety of
fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Fruits and vegetables contain many
vitamins and nutrients that can help improve your health.
Whether you can prevent prostate cancer through diet has yet to be
conclusively proven. But eating a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and
vegetables can improve your overall health.
 Choose healthy foods over supplements. There are no studies that
have shown that supplements play a role in reducing the risk of prostate
cancer. Instead, choose foods rich in vitamins and minerals so that you
can maintain healthy levels of vitamins in your body.
 Exercise most days of the week. Exercise improves general health,
helps you maintain weight, and improves your mood. Try to exercise
most days of the week. If you've never exercised before, start out slow
and gradually increase your exercise time each day.
 Maintain a healthy weight. If your current weight is healthy, eat a
balanced diet and exercise most days of the week to maintain it. If you
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

need to lose weight, increase the amount of exercise and reduce the
number of calories you eat each day. Ask your doctor to help you create
a healthy weight loss plan.
 Talk to your doctor about your increased risk of prostate cancer. If
you are at very high risk for prostate cancer, you and your doctor may
consider medications or other treatments to lower your risk. Some
studies indicate that taking 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, including
finasteride (Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart), can reduce the
overall risk of developing prostate cancer. These drugs are used to
control an enlarged prostate and hair loss.
However, some evidence indicates that people who take these drugs may have
a higher risk of developing a more serious form of prostate cancer (high-grade
prostate cancer). If you are concerned about your risk of developing prostate
cancer, talk to your doctor.

CONCLUSIONS

It is an apatology of worldwide distribution, frequent, aggressive and

incapacitating over time and that affects the global environment of those who
suffer from it; even so, its signs without indistinct and even asymptomatic.
Therefore, prevention once again retakes its role of radical importance in the
timely detection directed to the population with more risk factors such as older
men and those with a hereditary history of the disease since it is well known
that among more family members and the closer the relationship, the greater
the probability that the disease will recur.
In the natural evolution of the disease, neighboring and progressively distant
anatomical structures will be affected, although from their initial stages these
can already be anticipated as not very well defined symptoms, their apparent
passivity or their intermittency and especially the lack of culture in The medical
attention on the part of the patient makes this evolution an obstacle for its better
detection, which complicates the general panorama of the disease as well as
the daily life of the patients due to the limitations that condition it.

One of these simple and as simple as they are useful and essential is the digital
rectal examination; By performing these, the clinician can initiate the conduct for
a timely diagnosis, however this same measure is subject in our population to
masculinity taboos, which is why the persuasion of patients is presented as an
added challenge for the first level doctor. , contrasting the above with those in
which it is more necessary to perform the recall touch that is in the adult
population in which this measure can be perceived as an aggression or a
humiliation.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

There is, as seen in the development of this topic, a wide range of possibilities
and diagnostic means for this pathology such as PSA and its different
measurements, and images from USG to CT and others, although it has been
mentioned that it is essential to combine all these in order not to get carried
away by a first false negative as a diagnostic orientation since, as it was also
reviewed, the androgenic stimulus remains constant, this being the main cause
of the disease so if it has not affected prostate growth, over time, it will .