BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC:
CANCER

NAME :SANIA SUSAN JACOB

CLASS 12-A
GR.NO: 54224
 TOPICS PAGE . NO.

Certificate 1

Acknowledgement 2

Study of Cancer 3

Common types of cancer 4

Characteristics of normal 5
and cancer cell
Main causes 6

How does cell activate ? 7

Development of Cancer 8

Sign and symptoms 9

Treatment of Cancer 10 & 11

Prevention of cancer 11

Bibliography 12
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that " Sania Susan Jacob " a
student of class 12th has successfully completed
the research project on the topic " CANCER " under
the guidance of
MRS . NAZIA MAAM .
This project is absolutely genuine and does not
indulge in plagiarism of any kind . This reference
taken in making this project has been declared at
the end of this project.

Date : School seal :

Signature ( subject teacher) :

Signature (principal):

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to present my investigatory project in Biology on

the topic " CANCER " . This project would not have been
possible without the proper rigorous guidance of Biology
teacher Mrs. Nazia Ma'am .

Thereby, I would like to thanks Mrs. Nazia Ma'am for guiding

me on a systematic basis and ensuring that in completed all
my research with ease. Rigorous hard work has put in this
project to ensure that it proves to be the best . I hope that it
proves to be the best . I hope that this project will prove to
be a breeding ground for the next generation of students
and will guide them un every possible way .
 STUDY OF CANCER
What is Cancer actually?
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth
with a potential to invade to other parts of the body. In
contrast benign tumors do not spread to other parts of
the body.

They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor

is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated
growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be
distributed diffusely.
Cancer cells stealing
energy from normal healthy
cells. Cancer develops when
the cell’s genetic material
gets damaged or mutated
 Common types of Cancer
 Bladder Cancer
 Breast Cancer
 Colorectal Cancer

 Kidney Cancer
 Lung Cancer
 Lymphoma- Non Hodge skin
 Melanoma
 Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer
 Pancreatic Cancer
 Prostate Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
 Uterine Cancer
 Brain Cancer
 Main Causes of Cancer
 Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of
cancer deaths.
 Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet,
lack of physical activity, excessive
drinking of alcohol.
 Nearly 20% of cancer cause is due to
hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human
papillomavirus.
 Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to
inherited genetic defect from person’s
parents.
How Does Cancer cells activate?

It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged

DNA. Because DNA is encoded with the instructions
for cell behavior, damaged DNA can alter cell
processes including those that regulate growth and
division. This is supported by the fact that tissues
which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and
lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.
Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can
be turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free
radicals have the ability to break DNA strands which
can result in some genes being permanently switched
on, such is the case with cancerous cell growth.
Although it is often taught that the DNA mutations that
lead to cancer happen at random, research suggests
there are epigenetic triggers that may increase
prevalence of DNA damage.
Development of Cancer
 Signs and Symptoms
It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer, the
actual symptoms starts when there is a mass growth or
Ulcerates. People may become anxious or depressed post-
diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is
approximately double.

Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus

resulting in cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancer
can cause narrowing of the Esophagus, making it difficult
or painful to swallow; and Colorectal Cancer may lead to
narrowing or blockages in the Bowel, affecting bowel
habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce
observable lumps. Ulceration can cause bleeding that, if it
occurs in the lung, will lead to coughing up blood, in the
bowels to anemia or rectal bleeding, in the bladder to
blood in the urine and in the uterus to vaginal bleeding.
These are some local symptoms which can show up the
growth of cancer cells. Ulcerates: Sore on the
skin or a mucous membrane
accompanied by disintegration
of tissue. Results in complete
loss of epidermis.
Treatment of Cancer:

 SURGERY : Surgery, when used to treat

cancer, is a procedure in which a surgeon
removes cancer from the patient’s body. 

 RADIATION THERAPY : It is a type of

cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink
tumors.
 CHEMOTHERAPY : It is a type of cancer treatment
that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. 
 

 IMMUNOTHERAPY :  It is a type of cancer

treatment that helps your immune system
fight cancer. 
 Prevention Steps:
DNA is vital for cell function and the body has
mechanisms by which it protects DNA from being
damaged. One of the most important mechanisms is the
one responsible for the production of antioxidants. A
major step in the prevention of DNA damage, and
therefore cancer, would be to optimize antioxidant
activity. Research has suggested that this can be
achieved through the adoption of a diet that
incorporates antioxidant rich foods or extracts.
Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant
activities of the body. Evidence shows that this
molecule alone has the ability to influence cancer risk
in a directly correlative manner. This means that by
increasing your body’s supply of glutathione, you are
drastically improving its ability to control free radicals
before they damage cells. There are several ways in
which you can increase your supply of glutathione.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.thoughtco.com
www.cancer.net
www.healthtap.com
www.cancerresearchuk.org
www.academia.edu

www.quora.com