KENDRIYA VIDYALA O.N.G.C.

AGARTALA, TRIPURA

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

STUDY ON CANCER

SUBMITTED BY: -

ADRIJA DAS

XII, B

ROLL. NO: - 17

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 Certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology Investigatory Project”

on the topic “STUDY ON CANCER” has been

successfully completed by ADRIJA DAS of class XII-B

under the guidance of SOMRITA DAS

In particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central

Board of Secondary Education (CBSC) leading to the

award of annual examination of the year 2022-23.

Signature of Signature of Signature of

External examiner Principal Internal examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals.

I would like to thank my Principal

and school for providing me with facilities required to do my
project.

I am highly indebted to my Biology Teacher,

for her invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts
in all the stages of this project work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous
support and encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow
classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the
project and to the people who have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.

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 INDEX

SL. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Certificate 2
2. Acknowledgements 3
3. Aim / Objective 5
5. introduction 6
6. classification of cancer 8
7. How does cancer start in our body 9
8. What are the risk factors of cancer 11
9. what are the symptoms of cancer 13
10. Types of cancers 16
11. how to diagnose cancer 18
12. Stages of cancer 21
13. How physicians treat cancer 23
14. cancer side effects 25
15. when one should consult a Healthcare provider 28
16. Conclusion 29

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 AIM / OBJECTIVE
My aim of this project is :-
1. To study on cancers
2. To discuss on their classification
3. To know how it develops in our body
4. it’s risk factors
5. Symptoms
6. types of cancer
7. how to diagnose cancer
8. stages of cancer
9. how to treat cancer
10. side effects and when to
consult healthcare provider.

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 INTRODUCTION

CANCER
Learning that you have cancer can be stressful and
frightening. Knowing what to expect — from diagnosis to
recovery — can empower you and help you take control of your
health. This is a general overview of what cancer is, symptoms to
watch for, how it’s detected, treatments and post-treatment care.

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What is cancer?
Cancer is a large group of diseases with one thing in common: They
all happen when normal cells become cancerous cells that multiply and
spread.

Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the U.S. But
fewer people are dying of cancer now than 20 years ago. Early detection and
innovative treatments are curing cancer and helping people with cancer live
longer. At the same time, medical researchers are identifying independent
risk factors linked to developing cancer to help prevent people from
developing cancers.

Cancer happens when normal cells become cancerous cells that

multiply and spread. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in
the U.S. But fewer people are dying of cancer now than 20 years ago. Early
detection and innovative treatments are curing cancer and helping people
with cancer live longer.

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What is the difference between a normal cell and a
cancerous cell?

Normally, cells follow instructions provided by genes. Genes set down

rules for cells to follow, such as when to start and stop growing. Cancerous
cells ignore the rules that normal cells follow:

 Normal cells divide and multiply in a controlled manner. Cancerous

cells multiply uncontrollably.
 Normal cells are programmed to die (apoptosis). Cancerous cells
ignore those directions.
 Normal cells for solid organs stay put. All cancerous cells are able to
move around.
 Normal cells don’t grow as fast as cancerous cells.

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How does cancer start in your body?

Cancer starts when a gene or several genes mutate and create

cancerous cells. These cells create cancer clusters, or tumors. Cancerous cells
may break away from tumors, using your lymphatic system or bloodstream
to travel to other areas of your body. (Healthcare providers call
this metastasis.)

For example, a tumor in your breast may spread to your lungs, making it
hard for you to breathe. In some types of blood cancer, abnormal cells in
your bone marrow make abnormal blood cells that multiply uncontrollably.
Eventually, the abnormal cells crowd out normal blood cells.

How common is cancer?

According to the American Cancer Society, 1 in 2 men and people

assigned male at birth (AMAB) and 1 in 3 women and people assigned
female at birth (AFAB) will develop cancer. As of 2019, more than 16.9
million people in the U.S. were living with cancer. The most common
cancers in the United States are:

 Breast cancer: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer. It

mostly affects women and people AFAB. But about 1% of all breast
cancer cases affect men and people AMAB.
 Lung cancer: Lung cancer is the second most common cancer. There
are two types of lung cancer: non-small cell cancer and small cell lung
cancer.
 Prostate cancer: This cancer affects 1 in 9 men and people AMAB.
 Colorectal cancer: Colon cancer and rectal cancer affect different parts
of your digestive system.
 Blood cancers: Leukemia and lymphoma are the most common blood
cancers.

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What are the risk factors
and causes of cancer?

Anything that may cause a normal body cell to develop abnormally

potentially can cause cancer. Many things can cause cell abnormalities and
have been linked to cancer development. Some cancer causes remain
unknown while other cancers have environmental or lifestyle triggers or
may develop from more than one known cause. Some may be
developmentally influenced by a person's genetic makeup. Many patients
develop cancer due to a combination of these factors. Although it is often
difficult or impossible to determine the initiating event(s) that cause cancer
to develop in a specific person, research has provided clinicians with a
number of likely causes that alone or in concert with other causes, are the
likely candidates for initiating cancer. The following is a listing of major
causes and is not all-inclusive as specific causes are routinely added as
research advances.

Chemical or toxic compound exposures: Benzene, asbestos, nickel, cadmium,

vinyl chloride, benzidine, N-nitrosamines, tobacco or cigarette smoke
(contains at least 66 known potential carcinogenic chemicals and toxins),
asbestos, and aflatoxin.

Ionizing radiation: Uranium, radon, ultraviolet rays from sunlight, radiation

from alpha, beta, gamma, and X-ray-emitting sources.

Pathogens: Human papillomavirus (HPV), EBV or Epstein-Barr
virus, hepatitis viruses B and C, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus
(KSHV), Merkel cell polyomavirus, Schistosoma spp., and Helicobacter pylori;
other bacteria are being researched as possible agents.

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Genetics: A number of specific cancers have been linked to human genes
and are as follows: breast, ovarian, colorectal, prostate, skin, and melanoma;
the specific genes and other details are beyond the scope of this general
article so the reader is referred to the National Cancer Institute for more
details about genetics and cancer.

It is important to point out that most everyone has risk factors for
cancer and is exposed to cancer-causing substances (for example, sunlight,
secondary cigarette smoke, and X-rays) during their lifetime, but many
individuals do not develop cancer. In addition, many people have genes
that are linked to cancer but do not develop it. Why? Although researchers
may not be able to give a satisfactory answer for every individual, it is clear
that the higher the amount or level of cancer-causing materials a person is
exposed to, the higher the chance the person will develop cancer. In
addition, people with genetic links to cancer may not develop it for similar
reasons (lack of enough stimulus to make the genes function). In addition,
some people may have a heightened immune response that controls or
eliminates cells that are or potentially may become cancer cells. There is
evidence that even certain dietary lifestyles may play a significant role in
conjunction with the immune system to allow or prevent cancer cell
survival. For these reasons, it is difficult to assign a specific cause of cancer
to many individuals.

Recently, other risk factors have been added to the list of items that
may increase cancer risk. Specifically, red meat (such as beef, lamb, and
pork) was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a
high-risk agent for potentially causing cancers; in addition processed meats
(salted, smoked, preserved, and/or cured meats) were placed on the
carcinogenic list. Individuals that eat a lot of barbecued meat may also
increase risk due to compounds formed at high temperatures. Other less-
defined situations that may increase the risk of certain cancers

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include obesity, lack of exercise, chronic inflammation, and hormones,
especially those hormones used for replacement therapy. Other items such
as cell phones have been heavily studied. In 2011, the World Health
Organization classified cell phone low-energy radiation as "possibly
carcinogenic," but this is a very low-risk level that puts cell phones at the
same risk as caffeine and pickled vegetables. Proving that a substance does
not cause or is not related to increased cancer risk is difficult. For example,
antiperspirants are considered to possibly be related to breast cancer by
some investigators and not by others. The official stance of the NCI is that
"additional research is needed to investigate this relationship and other
factors that may be involved." This unsatisfying conclusion is presented
because the data collected so far is contradictory. Other claims that are
similar require intense and expensive research that may never be done.
Reasonable advice might be to avoid large amounts of any compounds even
remotely linked to cancer, although it may be difficult to do in complex,
technologically advanced modern societies.

HOW CAN I REDUCE MY RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER ?

You can reduce your risk by changing some of your lifestyle choices:

 If you smoke or use tobacco, try to stop. Ask a healthcare provider

about smoking cessation programs that can help you quit tobacco.
 Follow a diet plan that’s healthy for you. If you want help managing
your weight, ask a healthcare provider about nutritional guidance and
weight management programs.
 Add exercise to your daily routine. Exercise may boost your immune
system so it provides more protection against cancer.
 Avoid toxins, including asbestos, radon and pesticides.
 Protect yourself against sun damage.
 Have regular cancer screenings.

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 .

What are cancer symptoms?

Cancer is a complicated disease. You can have cancer for years
without developing symptoms. Other times, cancer may cause noticeable
symptoms that get worse very quickly. Many cancer symptoms resemble
other, less serious illnesses. Having certain symptoms doesn’t mean you
have cancer. In general, you should talk to a healthcare provider anytime
there’s a change in your body that lasts for more than two weeks.

First symptoms of cancer

Some common early cancer symptoms include:

 Unexplained weight loss.

 Chronic tiredness.
 Persistent pain.
 Fever that occurs mostly at night.
 Skin changes, particularly moles that change shape and size or new
moles.
 Change in bowel or bladder habits.
 sore throat that does not heal.
 unusual bleeding or discharge (for example, nipple secretions or a
"sore" that will not heal that oozes material).
 Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, or elsewhere.
 Indigestion (usually chronic) or difficulty swallowing.

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  Nagging cough or hoarseness

Other signs or symptoms may also alert you or your doctor to the possibility of

your having some form of cancer. These include the following:

 Unexplained loss of weight or loss of appetite

 A new type of pain in the bones or other parts of the body that may be
steadily worsening, or come and go, but is unlike previous pains one
has had before
 Persistent fatigue, nausea, or vomiting
 Unexplained low-grade fevers may be either persistent or come and go
 Recurring infections which will not clear with usual treatment.

Anyone with these signs and symptoms should consult their doctor; these
symptoms may also arise from noncancerous conditions.

Many cancers will present with some of the above general symptoms
but often have one or more symptoms that are more specific for the cancer
type. For example, lung cancer may present with common symptoms of
pain, but usually, the pain is located in the chest. The patient may have
unusual bleeding, but the bleeding usually occurs when the patient coughs.
Lung cancer patients often become short of breath and then become very
fatigued.

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 Because there are so many cancer types (see next section) with so many
nonspecific and sometimes more specific symptoms, the best way to learn
about the signs and symptoms of specific cancer types is to spend a few
moments researching symptoms of a specific body area in question.
Conversely, a specific body area can be searched to discover what signs and
symptoms a person should look for in that area that is suspected of having
cancer. The following examples are two ways to proceed to get information
on symptoms:

 Use a search engine (Google, Bing) to find links to cancer by listing the
symptom followed by the term "cancer" or if you know the type you
want information about, (lung, brain, breast) use MedicineNet’s
search option. For example, listing "blood in urine and cancer" will
bring a person to websites that list possible organs and body systems
where cancer may produce the listed symptoms.
 Use a search engine as above and list the suspected body area and
cancer (for example, bladder, and cancer), and the person will see sites
that list the signs and symptoms of cancer in that area (blood in
urine is one of several symptoms listed).
 Be aware that many websites are not necessarily reviewed by a health
care professional and could contain information that is not accurate.
Your health care professional is ultimately the best resource if you
have concerns.

Besides, if the cancer type is known (diagnosed), then even more specific
searches can be done listing the diagnosed cancer type and whatever may
be questioned about cancer (symptoms, tumor grades, treatments,
prognosis, and many other items).

One's research should not replace consulting a health care provider if

someone is concerned about cancer.

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What are the five different types of
cancer?
There are over 200 types of cancer; far too numerous to include in this
introductory article. However, the NCI lists several general categories (see
list in the first section of this article). This list is expanded below to list more
specific types of cancers found in each general category; it is not all-
inclusive and the cancers listed in quotes are the general names of some
cancers:

 Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or

cover internal organs -- "skin, lung, colon, pancreatic, ovarian
cancers," epithelial, squamous and basal cell carcinomas, melanomas,
papillomas, and adenomas
 Sarcoma: Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood
vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue -- "bone, soft tissue
cancers," osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma, angiosarcoma,
rhabdosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma
 Leukemia: Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone
marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be
produced and enter the blood -- "leukemia," lymphoblastic leukemia
(ALL and CLL), myelogenous leukemia (AML and CML), T-cell
leukemia, and hairy-cell leukemia
 Lymphoma and myeloma: Cancers that begin in the cells of the
immune system -- "lymphoma," T-cell lymphomas, B-cell lymphomas,
Hodgkin lymphomas, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and
lymphoproliferative lymphomas
 Central nervous system cancers: Cancers that begin in the tissues of
the brain and spinal cord -- "brain and spinal cord tumors," gliomas,

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 meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, vestibular schwannomas, primary
CNS lymphomas, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

Not included in the above types listed are metastatic cancers; this is
because metastatic cancer cells usually arise from a cell type listed above
and the major difference from the above types is that these cells are now
present in a tissue from which the cancer cells did not originally develop.
Consequently, if the term "metastatic cancer" is used, for accuracy, the
tissue from which the cancer cells arose should be included. For example,
a patient may say they have or are diagnosed with "metastatic cancer"
but the more accurate statement is "metastatic (breast, lung, colon, or
another type) cancer with spread to the organ in which it has been
found." Another example is the following: A doctor describing a man
whose prostate cancer has spread to his bones should say the man has
metastatic prostate cancer to bone. This is not "bone cancer," which
would be cancer that started in the bone cells. Metastatic prostate cancer
to bone is treated differently than lung cancer to bone.

What specialists treat cancer?

A doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer is called an
oncologist. He or she may be a surgeon, a specialist in radiation therapy, or
a medical oncologist. The first uses surgery to treat cancer; the second,
radiation therapy; the third, chemotherapy and related treatments. Each
may consult with the others to develop a treatment plan for the particular
patient.

In addition, other specialists may be involved depending upon where

the cancer is located. For example, ob-gyn specialists may be involved with
uterine cancer while an immunologist may be involved in the treatment of
cancers that occur in the immune system. Your primary care physician and

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main oncologist will help you to determine what specialists are best to be
members of your treatment team.

How do healthcare providers diagnose cancer?

Healthcare providers begin a cancer diagnosis by doing a comprehensive physical
examination. They’ll ask you to describe your symptoms. They may ask about your
family medical history. They may also do the following tests:

 Blood tests.
 Imaging tests.
 Biopsies.

Blood tests

Blood tests for cancer may include:

 Complete blood count (CBC): A CBC test measures and counts your
blood cells.
 Tumor markers: Tumor markers are substances that cancer cells
release or that your normal cells release in response to cancer cells.
 Blood protein tests: Healthcare providers use a process called
electrophoresis to measure immunoglobulins. Your immune system
reacts to certain cancers by releasing immunoglobulins.
 Circulating tumor cell tests: Cancerous tumors may shed cells.
Tracking tumor cells helps healthcare providers monitor cancer
activity.

Imaging tests

Imaging tests may include:

 Computed tomography (CT) scan: CT scans check for cancerous

tumors’ location and impact on your organs and bones.
 X-rays: X-rays use safe amounts of radiation to create images of your
bones and soft tissues.
 Positron emission test (PET) scan: PET scans produce images of your
organs and tissues at work. Healthcare providers may use this test to
detect early signs of cancer.
 Ultrasound: An ultrasound uses high-intensity sound waves that
show structures inside of your body.

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  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): MRIs use a large magnet, radio
waves and a computer to create images of your organs and other
structures inside of your body.
 Iodine meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIGB): This nuclear imaging test
helps detect cancer, including carcinoid tumors and neuroblastoma.

Biopsies

A biopsy is a procedure healthcare providers do to obtain cells, tissue,

fluid or growths that they’ll examine under a microscope.

 Needle biopsy: This test may be called a fine needle aspiration or fine
needle biopsy. Healthcare providers use a thin hollow needle and
syringe to extract cells, fluid or tissue from suspicious lumps. Needle
biopsies are often done to help diagnose breast cancer, thyroid cancer
or cancer in your lymph nodes.
 Skin biopsy: Healthcare providers remove a small sample of your
skin to diagnose skin cancer.
 Bone marrow biopsy: Healthcare providers remove a small sample of
bone marrow so they can test the sample for signs of disease,
including cancer in your bone marrow.
 Endoscopic or laparoscopic biopsy: These biopsies use an endoscope
or laparoscope to see the inside of your body. With both of these
methods, a small cut is made in your skin and an instrument is
inserted. An endoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the
tip, along with a cutting tool to remove your sample.
 Excisional or incisional biopsy: For these open biopsies, a surgeon
cuts into your body and either the entire tumor is removed (excisional

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 biopsy) or a part of the tumor is removed (incisional biopsy) to test or
treat it.
 Perioperative biopsy: This test may be called a frozen section biopsy.
This biopsy is done while you’re having another procedure. Your
tissue will be removed and tested right away

GENETIC TESTING
Cancer may happen when a single gene mutates or several genes that
work together mutate. Researchers have identified more than 400 genes
associated with cancer development. People who inherit these genes from
their biological parents may have an increased risk of developing cancer.
Healthcare providers may recommend genetic testing for cancer if you have
an inherited form of cancer. They may also do genetic testing to do therapy
that targets specific cancer genes. They use test results to develop a
diagnosis. They’ll assign number or stage to your diagnosis. The higher the
number, the more cancer spread.

How do physicians determine

cancer staging?
There are a number of different staging methods used for cancers and the
specific staging criteria vary among cancer types. According to the NCI, the
common elements considered in most staging systems are as follows:

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  Site of the primary tumor
 Tumor size and number of tumors
 Lymph node involvement (spread of cancer into lymph nodes)
 Cell type and tumor grade (how closely the cancer cells resemble
normal tissue cells)
 The presence or absence of metastasis

However, there are two main methods that form the basis for the more
specific or individual cancer type staging. The TMN staging is used for most
solid tumors while the Roman numeral or stage grouping method is used
by some clinicians and researchers on almost all cancer types.

The TNM system is based on the extent of the tumor (T), the extent of
spread to the lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M).
A number is added to each letter to indicate the size or extent of the primary
tumor and the extent of cancer spread (a higher number means a bigger
tumor or more spread).

The following is how the NCI describes the TNM staging system:

1. Primary tumor (T)

o TX - Primary tumor cannot be evaluated
o T0 - No evidence of primary tumor

Tis - Carcinoma in situ (CIS; abnormal cells are present but have not spread
to neighboring tissue; although not cancer, CIS may become cancer and is
sometimes called pre-invasive cancer)

o T1, T2, T3, T4 - Size and/or extent of the primary tumor

2. Regional lymph nodes (N)
o NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
o N0 - No regional lymph node involvement

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 o N1, N2, N3 - involvement of regional lymph nodes (number of
lymph nodes and/or extent of spread)
3. Distant metastasis (M)
o MX - Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated (some clinicians do
not ever use this designation)
o M0 - No distant metastasis
o M1 - Distant metastasis is present

Consequently, a person's cancer could be listed as T1N2M0, meaning it is a

small tumor (T1), but has spread to some regional lymph nodes (N2), and
has no distant metastasis (M0).

The Roman numeral or stage grouping method is described by the NCI as

follows:

As mentioned above, variations of these staging methods exist. For example,

some cancer registries use surveillance, epidemiology, and end results
program (SEER) termed summary staging. SEER groups cancer cases into
five main categories:

 In situ: Abnormal cells are present only in the layer of cells in which
they developed.
 Localized: Cancer is limited to the organ in which it began, without
 Regional: Cancer has spread beyond the primary site to nearby lymph
nodes or organs and tissues.
 Distant: Cancer has spread from the primary site to distant organs or
distant lymph nodes.
 Unknown: There is not enough information to determine the stage.

Staging of cancer is important; it helps the physician to decide on the most

effective therapeutic protocols, provides a basis for estimating the prognosis
(outcome) for the patient, and provides a system to communicate the

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patient's condition to other health professionals that become involved with
the patients' care.

How do healthcare providers treat cancer?

Healthcare providers may use several different treatments, sometimes
combining treatments based on your situation. Common cancer treatments
include:

 Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is one of the most common cancer

treatments. It uses powerful drugs to destroy cancer cells. You may
receive chemotherapy in pill form or intravenously (through a needle
into a vein). In some cases, providers may be able to direct
chemotherapy to the specific area affected.
 Radiation therapy: This treatment kills cancer cells with high dosages
of radiation. Your healthcare provider may combine radiation therapy
and chemotherapy.
 Surgery: Cancerous tumors that haven’t spread may be removed with
surgery. Your healthcare provider may recommend therapy. This
treatment combines surgery with chemotherapy or radiation to shrink
a tumor before surgery or to kill cancer cells that may remain after
surgery.
 Hormone therapy: Sometimes, providers prescribe hormones that
block other cancer-causing hormones. For example, men and people
assigned male at birth who have prostate cancer might receive
hormones to keep testosterone (which contributes to prostate cancer)
lower than usual.
 Biological response modifier therapy: This treatment stimulates
your immune system and helps it perform more effectively. It does
this by changing your body’s natural processes.
 Immunotherapy for cancer: Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment
that engages your immune system to fight the disease. The treatment
may be called biological therapy.
 Targeted therapy for cancer: Targeted therapy is a cancer treatment
that targets the genetic changes or mutations that turn healthy cells
into cancer cells.
 Bone marrow transplant: Also called stem cell transplantation, this
treatment replaces damaged stem cells with healthy ones. Autologous
transplantation uses your supply of healthy stem cells. Allogeneic
transplantation uses stem cells donated by another person.

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What are cancer treatment side effects?

Healthcare providers work to balance the treatment so it destroys cancer

without harmful or lasting side effects. Even so, all cancer treatments have
side effects. Some treatments cause side effects that last for years after
treatment is completed. Many people benefit from palliative care that eases
cancer symptoms and treatment side effects. The most common cancer
treatment side effects are:

 Anemia.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Fatigue.
 Pain.

What are cancer survival rates?

Survival rates are estimates based on the experiences of large groups of

people who have different kinds of cancer. Like prognoses, cancer survival
rates vary based on cancer type, stage and treatment. According to the most
recent data from the National Cancer Institute, 68% of people with any kind
of cancer were alive five years after their diagnosis.

What is the prognosis/outlook for cancer?

Right now, more people are being cured of cancer or living longer with
cancer. In general, people with cancer that were diagnosed and treated
before it could spread have a good outlook.

But you’re unique, and so is your cancer prognosis. Your healthcare

providers will base your prognosis on factors such as:

 Your overall health.

 The type of cancer you have.
 The stage of your cancer.
 How you may respond to treatment.
 Your overall health, the type of cancer that you have, its stage and
how you respond to treatment all affect your prognosis.

Your healthcare provider is your best resource for prognosis information.

They know your situation and they know you.

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How do I live with cancer?

Self-care is an important part of living with cancer. Some self-care

suggestions include:

 Establish good eating and exercise habits. Ask to speak with a

nutritionist for healthy menu ideas.
 Fatigue is a common symptom and treatment side effect. Pay attention
to your body and rest when you need to, not just when you can.
 You may be living with cancer for a long time. That’s good news, of
course, but chronic illness may be challenging. Talking to a mental
health professional or finding a support group may help you navigate
challenges.

What is cancer survivorship?

If you have cancer, you are a cancer survivor. Cancer survivorship starts the

day you receive a cancer diagnosis and continues for the rest of your life. As
a cancer survivor, you’re likely to experience many challenges or
complications.

Cancer that comes back

Sometimes, cancer treatment doesn’t eliminate all cancerous cells. Those

cells can become new cancerous tumors. Cancer that comes back, or
recurrent cancer, may appear at the same place as the original cancer, in
nearby lymph nodes or spread to organs and tissues far away from the
original site.

Second cancer

A second cancer is a new cancer. People who have second cancers may have
cancer in the same organ or area of their body as the first cancer, but it’s a
different type of cancer from what it was before. They may also have cancer
in different areas of their bodies. Second cancers are more common, as more
people live longer with cancer.

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Cancer fatigue

Cancer fatigue is an overwhelming sense of tiredness that isn’t helped by

getting more rest. Some people have chronic cancer fatigue that continues
after they’ve finished treatment.

Cancer pain

Some cancer treatments have lasting side effects that may cause pain. One
study found that 39% of people who completed cancer treatment had
chronic pain. Peripheral neuropathy is an example of pain that may persist
after treatment.

Chemotherapy brain fog

Chemotherapy brain fog (chemo brain) happens when cancer or cancer

treatment affects your ability to remember or act on information. About 75%
of people receiving cancer treatment tell their healthcare providers that they
have issues with memory, concentration and their ability to complete task.

When should I see my healthcare provider?

Talk to your healthcare provider about any issues you experience while
you’re undergoing cancer treatment. Call your oncology team if you notice:

 A fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.33 degrees Celsius) or higher.

 Severe headaches.
 Chills.
 Persistent cough.
 Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
 Sores on your lips or in your mouth.
 Sudden weight loss greater than five pounds.
 Excessive vomiting (three times an hour for three hours or more).
 Blood in your urine (pee) or feces (poop).
 Excessive bleeding or bruising.

What questions should I ask my healthcare provider?

Knowledge is power. If you’ve been diagnosed with cancer, you’ll want to
gather as much information as you can. Here are some questions to ask your
healthcare provider:

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  What type of cancer do I have?
 Has the cancer spread to other areas of my body?
 Is my cancer genetic?
 What are my chances of survival?
 Which treatments do you recommend?
 What are the risks and benefits of my treatment?
 How long will treatment take?
 Will I be able to work during cancer treatment?
 Will cancer treatment affect my fertility?
 Will I need to stay in the hospital for my treatment?
 Would a clinical trial be a good option for me?

CONCLUSION

Hence cancer is second leading cause of deaths following heart

diseases one should care about its prevention before the occurrence of
diseases by varies examinations and if diseases already exists then one
should go for its regular treatment. Recent treatment mainly includes
radiation therapy, cell based immunotherapy, gene therapy, chemotherapy
are most widely used methods used for treatment of various type of cancers.

BIBILOGRAPHY
www.chronicdisease.isdh.in
www.cancer.gov
www.chronicdisease.isdh.in.gov
http://www.essense-of-life.com/moreinfo/minerals/cesium.htm
http://www.advancedhealthplan.com/2cesiumchlorideforcancer2.html
http://www.medicalnewstodays.com/info/cancer-oncology
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/
http://www.who.int/cancer/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12194-cancer
https://www.medicinenet.com/dpr/cancer/what-is-genomic-testing

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nn

THANK
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YOU

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