KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AFS

BEGUMPET

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

“STUDY OF CANCER”

NAME: M AYAAN
CLASS: XII
SECTION: A
ROLL NO: 12148
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT M AYAAN OF
CLASS XII-A HAS SUCCESFULLY COMPLETED
THE RESEARCH ON THE MENTIONED UNDER
THE GUIDANCE OF MRS. E. JANNET
[SUBJECT TEACHER] DURING THE YEAR
2023-2024 IN PPARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION.

SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF SUBJECT TEACHER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AS A STUDENT OF CLASS XII, I DID THIS PROJECT AS A PART OF
MY STUDIES ENTITLED “STUDY OF CANCER”. I OWE A DEEP
SENSE OF GRATITUDE TOWARDS MY BIOLOGY TEACHER MRS.
E. JANNET, WHOSE VALUABLE ADVICE AND GUIDANCE HELPED
IN DOING THIS PROJECT FROM CONCEPTION TO COMPLETION.

AT THE SAME TIME, I CANNOT FORGET TO EXPRESS MY

GRATITUDE TOWARDS OUR SCHOOL PRINICPAL MR. SANKAR
FOR EXTENDING HIS GENEROUS, PATRONAGE AND CONSTANT
ENCOURAGEMENT.

FINALLLY I AM THANKFULL TO MY PARENTS FOR HELPING ME

ECONOMICALLY, AND ALL MY FRIENDS FOR BEING A HELPING
IN EVERY STEP OF THIS PROJECT
S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 WHAT IS CANCER ACTUALLY?
2 COMMMON TYPES OF CANCER
3 SING AND SYMPTOMS
4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL CELL AND
CANCER CELL
5 HOW DOES THE CANCER CELL ACTIVATE
6 DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER
7 MAIN CAUSE OF CANCER
8 TREATMENT OF CANCER
9 PREVENTION OF CANCER
10 BIBLOGRAPHY
 STUDY OF CANCER
1. What Is Cancer Actually?
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with a
potential to invade other parts of the body. In contrast benign
tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.
They form a subset of neoplasm. A neoplasm or tumor is a
group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will
often form a mass or lump but may be distributed diffusely.
Malignant tumors also starve normal cells by competing for
vital nutrients. Cells sloughed from such tumors reach distant
sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body,
start a new tumor there.
2. Common types of Cancer.
• Bladder cancer
• Lung cancer
• Breast cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Colorectal cancer
• Melanoma
•Lymphoma-Non hedge skin
•Oral and Oropharyngeal cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Brain cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Uterine cancer
3. Signs and symptoms
It produces no symptoms at the beginning of cancer; the actual
symptoms start when there is mass growth or ulcerates. People
may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The risk of
suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.

Mass effects from lung cancer can block the bronchus resulting
in cough or Pneumonia; Esophageal Cancer can cause
narrowing of the Esophagus, making it difficult or painful to
swallow; and Colorectal Cancer may lead to narrowing or
blockages in the Bowel, affecting bowel habits. Masses in
breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. Ulceration
can cause bleeding that, if it occurs in the lung, will lead to
coughing up blood, in the bowels to anemia or rectal bleeding.
Ulcerates: Sore on the skin or a mucous membrane
accompanied by disintegration of tissue result in complete
loss of epidermis.
4. Difference Between Normal and Cancer cells

NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS

Cell reproduction is These cells may have gene
needed to replenish the mutations or chromosome
cell population that ages mutations that affect the
or becomes damaged or reproductive properties of
destroyed. Normal cells the cells. They don't
reproduce properly experience biological aging
and maintain their ability
to replicate and grow.
4. How Does the Cancer Activate.
It is well known that cancer is preceded by damaged DNA.
Because DNA is encoded with the instructions for cell behavior,
damaged DNA can alter cell processes including those that
regulate growth and division. This is supported by the fact that
tissues which have a high cell-division rate, such as bone and
lymph, are the most common sites for cancer.

Some genes, encoded on DNA, act as a switch that can be

turned on or off depending on cell needs. Free radicals have the
ability to break DNA strands which can result in some genes
being permanently switched on, such is the case with
cancerous cell growth. Although it is often taught that the DNA
mutations that lead to cancer happen at random, research
suggests there are epigenetic triggers that may increase
prevalence of DNA damage.
6. Prevention Steps.
DNA is vital for cell function and the body has mechanisms by
which it protects DNA from being damaged. One of the most
important mechanisms is the one responsible for the
production of antioxidants. A major step in the prevention of
DNA damage, and therefore cancer, would be to optimize
antioxidant activity. Research has suggested that this can be
achieved through the adoption of a diet that incorporates
antioxidant rich foods or extracts.
Glutathione plays a major role in the antioxidant activities of
the body. Evidence shows that this molecule alone has the
ability to influence cancer risk in a directly correlative manner.
This means that by increasing your body's supply of
glutathione, you are drastically improving its ability to control
free radicals before they damage cells. There are several ways
in which you can increase your supply of glutathione.
7. Development of Cancer.

8. Main Causes of Cancer.

• Tobacco use is the cause of about 33% of cancer deaths.

• Another 10% is due to Obesity, lack of Physical activity,
excessive drinking of alcohol, poor diet.
•Nearly 20% is due to Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human
papillomavirus.
•Approximately 5-10% of cancer is due to inherited genetic
defect from patient’s parents .
9. Treatment of Cancer.

RADIATION THERAPY

- Tumor cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the

normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass
CHEMOTHERAPY
- Several drugs are used to kill the tumors.
-Some drugs are even specific to some tumors.
-Many of these drugs have side effects like hair loss, etc.

IMMUNOTHERAPY
- Immunotherapy is a type of treatment for cancer that helps your
immune system to fight cancer. The immune system helps you fight
infections and other diseases. It is made up of white blood cells and
organs and tissues of the lymph system.

THANKYOU