Diffusion:

The netmovementof molecules of a

gas or liquid from an area high
of to an area of

low concentration down a concentration gradientas a resultof the random movement

of the molecules
↳
Molecules stop diffusing when itreaches an

equilibrium (spread out

evenly)
↳
passive cells
movement do notneed energy
to move the molecules

energy comes from kinetic energy random

of

movementof molecules and ions

Factors thataffectthe rate of diffusion:

1) distance that molecules have to travel-cell membranes are very thin

2) concentration gradient-maintain a steep concentration gradient

3) surface area- large surface area

4) temperature -
diffusion is faster atwarmer temperatures

Everything transported in plants and animals has to dissolve in water and mostof the

chemical reactions thatoccur in cells happen in water

solution:made up of solute and solvent

OSMOSIS:
The diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration dilute
solutions to a
region of their lower concentration (concentrated solutions through a

partially permeable membrane:

molecules to pass butnotlarge solute molecules

through
he
allows small

-> water molecules diffuses down a water potential gradientfrom a

region of

higher water potential to a region of lower water potential

Osmosis is importantfor plantsupport: Turgid cell:water enters by osmosis, vacuole

swells and pushes againstcell wall ->

plasmolyzed cell:extreme water loss from plantcell with lower water potential than its

surroundings

S
cells, the membrane and cytoplasm will absorb

will detach from the

Wall

Flacid cell:Water loss from cell,

vacuole

->
plant
shrinks, cell

cell thathas
loses

higher
shape y pressure from vacuole:Tugor pressure

water potential than its surroundings

will lose water

High water potential more =

water

molecules

Low water potential = less water

molecules
Osmosis in red blood cells:

Turgid then burstChaemolysis):no cell wall

shrinks serenated) as water is passed to stop the

swelling -> bursts ->
haemolysed
out by Osmosis

&
↓

size
normal;notchanged in

as they are in

solution with the same

a
/Hypotonic:higher
cell
water potential outside the

water potential Isotonic:same water potential

Hypertonic:higher water potential inside the

Importance osmosis:
of (e)

plants:
he
transportwater to leaves for photosynthesis
-> ensure thatall cells and structures within a
planthave correct water pressure and

volume

↳
tugor pressure needed to maintain their rigidity and sturdiness

Animalcells and tissues:

-> influence the distribution of nutrients and the release ofmetabolic waste products
such as urea

dialysis tubing
practical
Active transport:
The movement of ions or molecules across the cell membrane, against a concentration

gradient, using energy from respiration

->
substances can continue to move even after reaching an equilibrium
↳ The cell membrane contains carrier proteins thatchanges its shape to
carry
the particles

Energy from respiration enables the

S
Molecule or ions carrier protein to change
combines with a its shape to carry the

protein
carrier ion or molecule to the

inside of the membrane

↑
molecule or ion is released to the inside of the

membrane and the carrier protein reverts to its

original shape

Factors affecting active transport:

1) relies on respiration -
lackofoxygen-reduce rates

2) increase in temperature -
greater rate

3) presence ofpoison -
stops itcompletely

Examples ofactive transport:

plants:concentration of minerals in soils is lower than inside, minerals are absorbed againsta
concentration gradient
humans:continue the transportofthe small amounts of remaining nutrients thatthe villiin

the small intestine absorb