Now begin work on the questions.

1. During the early period of ocean navigation, … any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.
(A) so that hardly
(B) when there hardly was
(C) hardly was
(D) there was hardly

2. Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes … they both emit hot liquids from below the Earth’s
surface.
(A) due to
(B) because
(C) in spite of
(D) regardless of

3. After the First World War, the author Ana Ys Nin became interested in the art movement know
as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both … her novels and short stones.
(A) in which the influence
(B) of which influenced
(C) to have influence
(D) its influence in

4.The decimal numeral system is one of the … ways of expressing numbers.

(A) useful most world’s
(B) world’s most useful
(C) useful world’s most
(D) most world’s useful

5.Nebraska has floods in some years, …

(A) in others drought
(B) droughts are others
(C) while other droughts
(D) others in drought

6. A politician can make a legislative proposal more by

Giving specific example of what its effect will be.
(A) to understanding
(B) understanding
(C) understandable
(D) when understood

7. The swimming instructor came... if the apartment was still available.

A. see
B. seeing
C. saw
D. for seeing

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8. . The manager won't be able to attend the shareholders' meeting tomorrow because....
A. he must to give a lecture
B. he will be giving a lecture
C. of he will give lecture
D. he will have giving a lecture

9. . East Kalimantan relies heavily on income from oil and natural gas, and....
A. Aceh province also.
B. Aceh province too.
C. Aceh province is as well.
D. so does Aceh province.

10. Professor Baker told his students that...

A. they can turn over their reports on Mondays.
B. the reports can turn over on Monday.
C. they could hand in their reports on Monday.
D. the reports they can hand in on Monday.

STRUCTURE

1. If you buy one box at the regular price, you would receive
A B C
another one at no extra cost.
D

2. Located in the cranial cavity in the skull, the brain is the larger largest
A B
mass of nerve tissue in the human body.
C D

3. Professor Duncan recommended that we be are present at the reception

A B
this afternoon in order to meet the representatives from the Ford Foundation.
C D

4. There have has been little change in the patient's condition since she was
A B C
moved to the intensive care unit.
D

5. As a new employee, your duties are mailing the correspondence,

A
receiveing phone calls, and calling the members before meeting.
B C D

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6. Passengers are able to clearly seeing the outline of the whole isolated island
A B C D
from the air plane.

7. Like others other from energy, natural gass may be used to heat homes, run
A B C
automobiles, and cook food.
D

8. Neither of the two candidates who had applied for the Industrial
A B
Engineering Department were had been eligible for the scholarship.
C D

9. Having choose choosing the topic for their essays, the students were instructed
A B C
to make either a preliminary outline or a rough draft.

10. If he would have lived a little longer, he probably would have won
A B C D
the presidential election.

Questions 1-9
The ocean bottom – a region nearly 2.5 time greater than the total land area of the Earth – is a
vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted.Until about a century ago, the deep-
ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep.
Line Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hunders of time greater than at the Earth’s
(5) surface, the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and
remote as the void of outer space.
Although researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for over a
century,
the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not actually start until 1968, with the
beginning of the National Science Foundation’s Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Using techniques fist
(10) developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar challenger, was able
to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting sample of
sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
The Gicunar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that ended in
November 1983. During this time, the vessel logged 600.000 kilometers and took almost 20,000 core
(15) samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites around the world. The Glomar Challenger’s
core samples have allowed geologists to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundreds of
millions
of years ago and to calculat what it will probably look like millions of years ‘in the future. Today,
largely
on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenge’s voyages, bearly all earth
scientists

3
 agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological
(20) processes that shape the Earth.
The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar challenger have also yielded information critical to
understanding the world’s past climates. Deep-ocean sediments provide a climatic record stretching
back hundreds of millions of years because they are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and
the intense chemical and biological activity that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past
(25) climates. This record has already provided insight into the patterns and causes of past climatic change
…. information that may be used to predict future climates.
1.The author refers to the ocean bottom as
a “frontier” in line 2 because it … (C) rock formations in outer space are similar
(A) is not a popular area for scientific research those found on the ocean floor
(B) contains a wide variety of life forms (D) techniques used by scientists to explore outer
(C) atrtacts courageous explorers space were similar to those used ocean
(D) is an unknown territory exploration
4.Which of the following is true of the Glomar
2.The word “inaccessible” in line 3 is closest Challenger?
in meaning to … (A) it is a types of submarine.
(A) unrecognizable (B) It is an ongoing project.
(B) unreachable (C) It is has gone on over 100 voyages.
(C) unusable (D) It made its first DSDP voyage in 1968.
(D) unsafe 5.The word “extracting” in line 12 is closest meaning
3.The author mentions outer space in line 6 to …
because … (A) breaking
(A) the Earth’s climate millions of years ago (B) locating
was similar to conditions outer space (C) removing
(B) it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien (D) analyzing
to the human environment

4
6.The Deep Sea Drilling was significant because
it was …
(A) an attempt to find new sources of oil
and gas
(B) the first extensive exploration of the
ocean bottom
(C) composed of geologist from all over
the world
(D) founded entirely by the gas and oil industry

7.The word “strength” in line 18 is closest

in meaning to …
(A) basis
(B) purpose
(C) discovery
(D) endurance

8.The word “ they” in line 23 refers to …

(A) years
(B) climates
(C) sediments
(D) cores

9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the

passage as being a result of the Deep Sea
Drilling Project?
(A) Geologists were able to determine the
Earth’s appearance hundreds of millions
of years ago.
(B) Two geological theories became more
widely accepted by scientists.
(C) Information was revealed about the Earth’s past climatic changes.
(D) Geologists observed forms of marine life
never before seen.

Questions 1-10
Read the passage. Then answer the questions below. After you have answered the first 10
questions you will answer a 'Summary Question'.

The Creators of Grammar

5
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word
sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate
tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has
taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle
differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language. All languages,
even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee
pronoun system, for example, can distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I'
and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude
pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how
widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many linguists is - who created grammar?
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is
created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its
emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier
languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed,
the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however,
this is possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves
from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since
they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language
called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They
have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when
an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need to use circumlocution in
order to make their meaning understood. [B] Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to
become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they
learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not simply copy the strings of words uttered by
their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language. [D] Complex
grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are invented by
children.
Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are
not simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in
spoken languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation

6
of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people
were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf.
Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they
began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was
basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar.
However, children who joined the school later, when this inventive sign system was already
around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the
older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilised a
large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the children used the
signs in the same way. A new creole was born.
Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first.
The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once
have been 'It end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were
partly created by children. Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their
brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them.
Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar
present for them to copy.

1 In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
A To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
B To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
C To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language

2 What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?

A It contained complex grammar.
B It was based on many different languages.
C It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D It was created by the land-owners.

3 All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
A The language has been created since 1979.
B The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C The language incorporates signs which children used at home.
D The language was perfected by younger children.

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4 In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardised word orders and grammatical markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the
language of the colonizers.
A
B
C
D

5 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

A from the very beginning
B in simple cultures
C by copying something else
D by using written information

6 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:

A complicated and expressive
B simple and temporary
C extensive and diverse
D private and personal

7 Which sentence is closest in meaning to the highlighted sentence?

Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is.
A All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain grammar.
B Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that contain a little.
D The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.

8 All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:
A All children used the same gestures to show meaning.
B The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
C The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
D New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.

9 Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?

A English was probably once a creole.
B The English past tense system is inaccurate.
C Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D Children say English past tenses differently from adults.

10 Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the following?
A natural
B predictable

8
C imaginable
D uniform