THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM IN THE REHABILITATION

OF PERSON DEPRIVED OF A PERSON DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY IN

SAN JOSE CITY JAIL

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of

The College of Criminal Justice Education

PHINMA Araullo University

San Jose City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

Castillo, Jerome Renz B.

De Guzman, Adrian Joseph D.
Mabanta, G-Kimberly T.
Morales, Julie Ann M.
Pallasigue, Jenesis A.

September 2023
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

A person deprived of liberty (PDL) is an individual who has been restricted or taken

away from their freedom and autonomy. This deprivation of liberty can occur for various reasons

and in different contexts. The deprivation of liberty is a serious matter and is subject to legal and

ethical considerations. International human rights standards, national laws, and legal procedures

often dictate the conditions under which a person can be deprived of their liberty and the rights

they retain even when detained. These rights may include access to legal representation, due

process, humane treatment, and the right to challenge the legality of their detention.

The government has seen the huge impact of being unemployed and lack of access to

livelihood and work programs in people, which is why they commit crimes; in that case, the

government provides different rehabilitation programs for PDL, particularly livelihood

programs, to address the problems of committing crimes due to being unemployed.

Rehabilitation is needed for those who have been deprived of their liberty, such as those in

prisons or detention facilities, for a variety of reasons, including reducing recidivism, addressing

root causes, restoring dignity and humanity, and cost savings. Rehabilitation should be adapted

to the requirements and circumstances of that individual. To provide the most suitable and

productive interventions, effective rehabilitation programs consider requirements such as the

nature of the offense, the individual's previous, and special needs.

Generally, the program provides livelihood training, equipping PDLs with skills and

knowledge related to entrepreneurship and income-generating activities. This feature empowers

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 3

PDLs to explore economic opportunities and prepares them for a successful transition into the

workforce upon release. They also explored strategies for long-term project sustainability,

including securing funding, engaging with local authorities, and promoting the program’s value

and impact. (Cagas, 2023).

The livelihood program provides income-generating activities to Person Deprived of

Liberty throughout their imprisonment, allowing them to earn money for their personal needs as

well as financial help for their families. The funding for the livelihood project comes from

either, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) for BJMP-financed projects or the

common funds of a group of PDL for non-BJMP-funded projects. PDL's most popular and

ongoing livelihood initiatives are bags and purses, beaded bonsai, pastries, carpets, paper crafts,

and wood crafts. To assist the PDL in earning from these livelihood initiatives, the prison unit

Welfare and Development Officer (UWDO) arranges the sale of the items in display centers or

livelihood caravans hosted by local government units and other service providers.

Providing livelihood programs for Persons Deprived of Liberty is an important aspect of

their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. These programs aim to equip PDL with skills

and knowledge that can help them secure employment, generate income, and lead productive

lives after their release.

Overall, livelihood programs play a crucial role in the holistic approach to the

rehabilitation and reintegration of PDL. They address not only the immediate needs of PDL but

also focus on their long-term well-being and success in becoming productive members of society

upon their release.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 4

It is important to tailor programs for livelihoods to the PDL population's different needs

and interests, taking into consideration their individual experiences, skills, and prospective career

prospects in their communities. These programs should be intended to provide PDL with

practical skills that will help them lead more productive lives.

SAN JOSE CITY – This northern Nueva Ecija city has emerged as Nueva Ecija’s crime

capital, posting 561 crime incidents in the first eight months of the year, accounting for roughly

10 percent of the total crime volume in the province. Crime incidents in the city were more than

the combined crime volume in Talavera and Guimba of 460. The city emerged no. 1 with the

most number of robberies (44), thefts (176), carnapping (38), homicide (14) and physical injuries

(267). It was second to Cabanatuan in terms of rape incidents with 15. Cabanatuan recorded the

most number of murders with 17 followed by Aliaga with 17 and Gapan City and Talavera with

eight each. The city was second only to San Jose in homicide cases with 11 followed by Talavera

with nine. Records from the Nueva Ecija Provincial Police Office showed that the province –

involving five cities and 27 municipalities – recorded 5,652 crime incidents over the period of

which 2,429 or 43 percent were solved and 4,250 (75%) were cleared. (De Asis, 2014).

The San Jose City Jail offers a livelihood program that assists PDL with their

rehabilitation in terms of self-sufficiency and well-being. San Jose City Jail continued to provide

livelihood programs to assist the PDL in reintegrating into society and actively participating in

positive socioeconomic activity upon their release.

This study specifically aims to know the effectiveness of livelihood programs in the

rehabilitation of PDL in San Jose City Jail, as well as to establish an action plan for

circumstances such as if the said livelihood program proves no effectiveness in the rehabilitation

of PDL in San Jose City Jail. As criminology students, they will someday be part of the uniform
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 5

service, particularly in (BJMP), and this study will serve as their guide to be well informed about

the programs that BJMP provides in the rehabilitation of PDL. However, none of the researchers’

experience of jail administration in San Jose City Jail has been used.

The Setting of the Study

San Jose City, located in the province of Nueva Ecija, within the Central Luzon region of

the Philippines is a component city. It lies in the part of Nueva Ecija bordering Pangasinan to the

west and Nueva Vizcaya to the north. The city landscape predominantly consists of rolling

terrain with use in certain areas. Agriculture plays a role in San Jose City economy with notable

crops being rice, corn, onions and other agricultural produce. Livestock and poultry farming also

contribute significantly to the economy. Furthermore there has been growth and urbanization due

to development in commercial and industrial sectors.

According to data from the Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA) based on the 2020

Census of Population and Housing it is estimated that San Jose City population stands at 150,917

individuals. However it's important to note that population figures can fluctuate over time due to

factors such, as birth rates, migration patterns and other demographic trends.

Malasin is one of the 38 barangay in the city of San Jose, Nueva Ecija province.

According to the 2020 Census, its population was 8,614. This accounted for 5.71% of San Jose's

total population. Specifically the San Jose City Jail can be located at RX5X+MGX in

Brgy,Malasin San Jose City, Nueva Ecija 3121. Where the researcher’s will conduct their study.

For a representation of where the study took place please refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2

showcasing maps.
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 6

Figure 1.

Map of the setting of the study

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 7

Theoretical Framework

This research is to ascertain whether the BJMP of San Jose City Jail livelihood program

is effective in well-being and readiness for re-orientation in society. Livelihood programs can be

implemented in an institution like jail. This can be attained by providing them seminars and

trainings regarding livelihood skills. Programs such as this have the potential for successful

transitioning inmates from prison to the world of work. Through the programs, inmates may also

learn.

The significance of adopting theories of any author is to prove theory is fictional or non-

fictional. The formulation of the theories is to prove its basis or to present its facts to validate its

existence.

As Pedreset et al., (2011) concluded, livelihood programs of the San Jose City Jail were

very much attained. The Administration provides the needs of detainees regarding the livelihood

programs, to help their family on their financial needs.

Additionally, the effect of livelihood program, the inmates become more responsible and

productive individuals. They are able to help their families who are outside the jail. Their income

also gives them source for financial needs for their personal supplies like soap, shampoo and the

like (Maximo,2010).

Meanwhile, one of the effects of livelihood programs as believed by Montejo is that this

program can provide new trainings and skills to inmates that they could use to provide income

from their families. Moreover, through the livelihood programs inmates can develop skills to

become more productive and it can also help them to ease their boredom and avoid acquiring

vices inside jail (Saludar,2014).

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 8

Conceptual Framework

In this study, however, the researcher is accounted for the socio-economic influence of

BJMP livelihood programs and the social lives of Persons Deprived of Liberty. The researchers

is optimistic in engaging with the effectiveness of livelihood program in the rehabilitation,

investigating their daily lives, it will be possible to explore their pressing needs, socio-economic

influences of BJMP livelihood programs to their lives and be able to know various difficulties

they face in the processes of adjustment into society.

To further discuss the study's conceptual framework, figure 1 presents the

paradigm, the input, the process and the output. The input deals with identifying the profile

of the respondents, ascertain the effectiveness of livelihood program in well-being and

readiness for re-reorientation in society. Moreover, the process deals with the method that

was employed by the researchers in gathering data for study. It includes the interview

guide question, questionnaire checklist, collection of data, tabulation of data, statistical

treatment of data, evaluations of data, interpretation pf data and presentation of data. And

lastly, the output based on the findings is what action plan is needed is order to guarantee

the effectiveness of livelihood program.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 9

Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Identifying the Interview Proposed action

profile Questionnaire plan is needed in
respondents order to guarantee
Collection of data in effectiveness of
Assessing the
Tabulation of data livelihood
degree of
program.
effectiveness of Statistical
livelihood treatment of data
program in well-
being and Evaluation of data
readiness of re- Interpretation of
orientation in data
society.
Presentation of
data

FEEDBACK

Figure 2.

Paradigm of the Study

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 10

State of the Problem

The objectives of this research is to ascertain whether the BJMP of San Jose City Jail

livelihood program is effective in well-being and readiness for re-orientation in society

Specifically it sought to answer the following sub-problems:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

1:1 Age

1:2 Gender

1:3 Civil Status

1:4 Years/Month in Prison

1:5 Years/Month in Service

2. What is the effectiveness of livelihood program in the rehabilitation of Persons

Deprived in Liberty inside of the San Jose City Jail?

3. How do the respondents deal with the effectiveness of livelihood program for their

rehabilitation?

4. What action plan is needed is order to guarantee the effectiveness of livelihood

program?
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 11

Hypothesis

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no significant difference between the responses of the two groups of respondents

Significance of the Study

Community. This study will broaden the understanding of the people in the community and

provide insights on the livelihood programs that will encourage them to participate and improve

their way of living.

The City Cooperative and Livelihood of San Jose. This research shall provide first hand

information regarding the status of the existing livelihood program as perceived by its being

beneficiaries in terms of support of the trainers, implementers and city government.

The Implementers of the Livelihood Program. The findings of the study will unearth the

problems encountered in the implementation of the livelihood programs as well as the solutions

to address these problems.

Future Researchers. This study will encourage future researcher on their desire to have a look

at the city's livelihood programs their operations and contributions to the community resident's

skill enhancement for self-reliant projects as source of income to up-lift their life as a whole
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 12

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on the effectiveness of livelihood program in the rehabilitation of

Persons Deprived of liberty inside the San Jose City Jail, in the chosen jail in San Jose City,

Nueva Ecija. The respondents of the study were composed of fifty (50) Persons Deprived of

Liberty. That are located and ten (10) Jail officers in BJMP of San Jose City Jail. Each of the

respondents is given the same questionnaires to answers. The result of this study will be

applicable only to the respondents. This study was limited to the profile of the respondents.

Ascertain whether BJMP of San Jose City jail livelihood program is effective in well-being and

readiness for re-orientation in society in order to deal with the livelihood program in the

rehabilitation of Persons Deprived of Liberty inside the San Jose City Jail.

Definition of Terms

For a better grasp of the study, the researchers hereby provide meanings, both conceptual

and operational, to the following words that will bring about understanding of the current study:

Assessment. In this study, it refers to the process of conducting an evaluation on the

relevance of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija.

Bureau of Corrections- It refers as an agency of the Department of Justice which is charged

with the custody and rehabilitation of national offenders, who have been sentenced to three years

of imprisonment or more.

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)- in this study, it refers to an attached

agency of the Department of the Interior and Local Government mandated to direct, supervise
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 13

and control the administration and operation of all district, city and municipal jails in the

Philippines with pronged tasks of safekeeping and development of its inmates, officially classed

as persons deprived of liberty (PDL).

Community- In this study, it refers to the set of people who utilize a resource extraction

regulation.

Crime- in this study, it refers as an act who committed in violation of law for which punishment

is imposed upon conviction.

Deprivation of liberty- in this study, it means taking someone's freedom away. It is any form of

detention or imprisonment or the placement of a person in a public or private custodial setting,

from which that person is not permitted to leave at will, by order of any judicial, administrative

or other public authority.

Detainee- It refers to a person who is accused before a court or competent authority and is

temporarily confined in jail while undergoing or awaiting investigation, trial or final judgment.

Development- It refers as the gradual process of advancement or growth through the use of

series of interrelated activities such as exercise, trainings or group dynamics for the purpose of

refining or transforming a person into a useful and productive individual.

Evaluation- It refers to a program activity designed to obtain objective information about

program or project activities to assess their effectiveness, significance and efficiency.

Implementation- It refers to conduct or the affectivity of the livelihood programs and projects.

It simply means putting something into effect or action.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 14

Inmate- It is a generic term used to refer to a detainee or prisoner, deprived of liberty against his

will by confinement, captivity or by forcible restraint.

Livelihood- In this study, it refers as a livelihood comprises people, their capabilities and their

means of living, including food, income, and assets. Assets may be tangible assets such as

resources and stores, or intangible assets such as claims and access.

Livelihood Programs- It refers as activities undertaken by the city designed to provide income

for the participants of the programs as a tool to alleviate poverty and to reduce crime in the

community. Livelihood programs are initiatives that aim to provide support to individuals or

communities in starting or improving their livelihood activities.

Status- In this study,it refers as a condition that is subject to change which includes the aspect of

the livelihood's program manpower capability strategies, management support and community

response.

Person Deprived of Liberty (PDL)- it refers to a person confined in a jail, whether. Under

going preventive imprisonment or serving sentence by reason of. a final judgment of conviction,

who is not under the authority of the. BUCOR; and. (l) PPA - Parole and Probation

Administration.

Rehabilitation- it refers to care that can help you get back, keep, or improve abilities that you

need for daily life.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 15

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the literature and previous studies both foreign and local that are

used to identify what is known and what is about to be known in the present study.

Foreign Literature

Livelihood program has one of the biggest impact in the rehabilitation of Person deprived

of liberty, In Ethiopia one of the Country in East Africa the prisons are involved in program

known as “The Mekelle Prison Project”. A program creating sustainable livelihood opportunities

for women and youth, reducing crime and poverty through cooperatives and skills development

and introducing in prison financial service. With a strong belief that education, skills

development access to finance and financial literacy are key drivers for eliminating poverty and

creating sustainable livelihoods, the Prison Administration is actively engaged in creating decent

work through cooperatives, through microfinance and micro insurance. Prison officers also been

trained in management and leadership so that they are able to better appreciate the value of

transforming women and men to become successful members of their communities. (Gandolfi

and Bonalomi, 2020)

In the article of United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) in Pakistan, Bashir is a

28-year-old man who belongs to Sarjani Town in Karachi. Does not have any formal education.

Before his incarceration over alleged involvement in a theft, he drove a public transport bus in

Karachi. Bashir enrolled in a motorcycle repair course offered by UNDP’s Youth Empowerment

Programme for young offenders in the prisons of Karachi. He enrolled for the course after

realizing that he will not be hired as a bus driver again because of the criminal charges against
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 16

him. The only way to earn a living would be to start his own business and applying the

knowledge that he attained in the program mentioned above. (Saeed, 2020)

Another livelihood program from Japan called “Sales of Prison Labor Products”. The

Blue Stick soap, a popular laundry soap made by prisoners at correctional institutions across

Japan, is being sold online at over three times the list price due to new coronavirus restrictions on

prison work. Officials believe scalpers are buying the soap in bulk to make a profit through

resale. The soap is made at the Yokosuka Branch Prison in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, and

was sold in fiscal 2022. The Japanese Correctional Association Prison Industry Cooperation

(CAPIC), a public-interest organization selling prison-made goods under the CAPIC brand, set a

purchasing limit after customers complained they could not find the soap. CAPIC Shop Nakano

in Tokyo's Nakano Ward limited purchases to two sets per family when the soap was particularly

in short supply. On the CAPIC online shop, customers are allowed to buy only one set per day.

The CAPIC products are characterized as cheap and of high quality, and the Japanese

Correctional Association cannot allow them to be traded at an inflated price, as it will hurt the

brand's image. (Watanabe, 2023)

The most recent study on prison labor shows the effectiveness of employment

programming on post prison employment outcomes have been consistently positive. The

aforementioned evaluation of the PREP program found that prison employment increased post

prison employment by 14 percent. In an evaluation of the Affordable Homes Program (AHP), a

prison work crew program that trains Minnesota prisoners in the construction trade, researchers

indicated that AHP participants did have significantly higher odds of gaining employment in a

construction-related field than members of the comparison group, but they did not have

significantly higher odds of gaining employment in “any field.” The recent evaluation of prison
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 17

labor in Minnesota showed that it not only improved the odds of obtaining post prison

employment but also led to increases in hours worked and wages earned. (Duwe, 2018)

Moreover, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS’s) Census of State and

Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, more than 98% of prisons had work programs in 2019.

Work programs are available in all 50 states and in both federal and state prisons. Prison

operations are the most common type of work program, available in about 95% of prisons.

Prison industries (such as license plate, wood product, or textiles manufacturing) are available in

about half of all prisons. Every type of work program reported by BJS was more common in

public facilities than in private facilities. In 2019, there were 1,079 public prisons and 82 private

prisons. Among public prisons, prison operations and prison industries were more common in

federal prisons, while public works and farming or agricultural work were more common in

state-run prisons. In 2019, there were 111 federal prisons and 968 state prisons. (Maruschak,

2021)

In order to guarantee the effectiveness of livelihood program in the rehabilitation of

Person deprived of liberty, the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of

Prisoners (UNODC), of which UNODC is the guardian. But to contribute to a more lawful and

peaceful world of the Global Programme for the Implementation of the Doha Declaration that

assures that they will teach prisoners a variety of useful vocations, and help them improve their

self-esteem, decision-making capacities, and confidence in their future. Importantly, these

vocations will increase their employability and offer them better work prospects, or better

entrepreneurial skills to support them in the case of self-employment. Enabling their smooth

transition from incarceration to freedom, prison administrations provide convicts with external
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 18

certification for their practical training, with documents which do not indicate that the skills were

learned in prison. (Archana, 2019)

Local Literature

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in

Muslim Mindanao (2017) one of its objective is to provide Livelihood Program to presents

income-generating activities to PDL during their confinement where they are able to earn for

their personal upkeep and for financial support to their families. The capital for the livelihood

project are either from BJMP for BJMP-funded projects or from the common fund of a group of

PDL for non-BJMP funded projects. Examples of continuing and most popular livelihood

projects of PDL are bags and purses, bonsai made of beads, pastries, rugs, paper crafts, and wood

crafts. To help the PDL earn from these livelihood projects, the jail unit Welfare and

Development Officer (UWDO) facilitates the sale of the products in display centers or livelihood

caravans organized by the local government units and other service providers. In addition, online

or e-marketing of PDL products is also run by the jail unit Welfare and Development Office.

Edo (2021) throughout his time in the Davao City Jail since 2016, Jail Captain Edo

Lobenia of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) in the Davao area has heard

numerous stories of jail convicts who have returned to prison several times. Most of them were

unable to obtain suitable professions after serving their first term and were rejected by their

immediate relatives. As a result, they elected to re-enter the criminal world. "The social stigma

that many former jail inmates face after their release can be more punishing than the

incarceration itself," Edo added.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 19

As a response to this concern, Edo founded “Second Chance Philippines,” a post-release

employment services program for former PDLs in collaboration with BJMP Davao Region. He

piloted the program as part of his fellowship at the Asian Institute of Management’s (AIM)

Future Bridging Leaders Program (FBLP) that ran from October 2019 to November 2020.

Mentored by AIM faculty and partners from the AIM Team Energy Center for Bridging

Leadership, Edo co-created the design of the program with various stakeholders to sustain its

implementation in the coming years.

The Las Piñas Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) female dormitory is

offering a livelihood program to around 104 of its inmates or persons deprived of liberty (PDL).

Jail Senior Insp. Hernand Amor Macoy, chief of the Regional Community Relations Service

Section, said the 104 female (PDL) confined at the Las Piñas BJMP are facing 82 drug cases,

one for murder, six for human trafficking, six for qualified theft, one robbery with homicide, one

for estafa, one for parricide, one for arson, and one for carnapping.

Macoy said the livelihood program for inmates started on June 5, 2021 to help them earn

money to support their family while inside the jail. He said the female inmates were able to bake

butterscotch and brownies, handmade macrame bags, beaded sling bags, facemask holder, tissue

holder, Christmas decors, and others.

The BJMP female dormitory came out with a concept of livelihood programs for the

female inmates to acquire new knowledge, harness their innate talents and skills, and help them

ease tension and stress. The program will also help ease their boredom, boost their morale and

self-esteem, and earn a living while under detention. Macoy said female inmates were given

training by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). (Fernando,

2022)
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 20

In San Jose de Buenavista, the capital of Antique province, undergoes training in

Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM) National Certificate II. Karyn Duay, Technical

Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Antique Provincial Training Center

head, said on Tuesday (Jan. 24, 2023) the training is intended to equip the PDLs with skills for

them to be employed as barangay electricians after serving their sentence.

Twenty-five persons deprived of liberty (PDLs) under the Bureau of Jail Management

and Penology (BJMP) here are now equipped with skills in electrical installation and

maintenance (EIM) after a 25-day training. Karyn Duay, head of the Technical Education and

Skills Development Authority (TESDA) Antique provincial training center, in an interview on

Tuesday, said the trainees belong to the special sector who availed of the training on EIM

National Certificate II held at the BJMP premises starting Dec. 9, 2022 until Feb. 1, 2023. “The

skills training is being conducted so that the PDLs, upon their release from the BJMP, could find

also a source of living as barangay electricians,” Duay said.

As part of their training, the inmates also attended an entrepreneurial lecture to improve

their marketing skills if they would prefer to be self-employed once they leave the facility. Duay

said the funding for the TESDA training under the Special Training for Employment Program

(STEP) scholarship for the PDLs was an initiative of Antique Representative Antonio Agapito

Legarda. “The PDLs are being given allowance of PHP160 per day, tool kit, free assessment,

aside from the entrepreneurship training,” she added. TESDA has been conducting skills training

for PDLs at the BJMP here and Culasi town but was temporarily shelved due to the health

pandemic. “The EIM training is the first that we are conducting at the BJMP post-pandemic,”

she said. The Antique Electric Cooperative, the lone power distributor in the province, has
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 21

ongoing hiring of barangay electricians who are holders of the TESDA EIM National Certificate

II. (Pentinglay, 2023)

Livelihood programs have a significant impact on inmates, transforming them into

individuals who are more accountable and productive. These programs not only benefit the

inmates themselves but also extend their support to their families who are not incarcerated. By

participating in these programs, inmates are able to generate income which not only helps them

meet their personal needs like soap and shampoo, but also contributes to their financial

responsibilities outside of the prison. This newfound sense of responsibility and productivity not

only positively impacts the inmates' lives but also facilitates their reintegration into society upon

release (Estillore and Aoas, 2020)

Foreign Studies

Jobholders themselves have internalized this insight: A 2016 Pew Research Center

survey, “The State of American Jobs,” found that 87% of workers believe it will be essential for

them to get training and develop new job skills throughout their work life in order to keep up

with changes in the workplace. This survey noted that employment is much higher among jobs

that require an average or above-average level of preparation (including education, experience

and job training); average or above-average interpersonal, management and communication

skills; and higher levels of analytical skills, such as critical thinking and computer skills.

This study entitled "Persons Deprived of Freedom: From Condemnation to the Socio-

professional Reintegration" (Dragomir, 2014) identifies the lack of support given to people

deprived of their liberty in order to integrate them socially and professionally. The study

observes the factors that determine the individual's criminal behaviour, and also mentions
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 22

methods that experts working in prison have identified in order to prevent their relapse. It also

focuses on how the family supports the reintegration of the inmate, but it also searches solutions

concerning the recovery of people deprived of liberty. The study uses a qualitative approach and

applies the following methods of research: interview, observation and document analysis. The

people interviewed were: 20 prison inmates.

According to the sustainable career framework presented by De Vos et al. (2020), three

dimensions determine career sustainability: the person, the context, and the (development over)

time. First, the person dimension refers to the individual’s responsibility and accountability for

their career development. This places the individual as the primary agent managing their career

trajectories and career-related outcomes. Second, the context dimension asserts that people

always operate in a broader social context, where various factors (e.g., home, work,

organizations, and labor market dynamics) shape career trajectories. The individual may

encounter opportunities or constraints due to the interactions with the context in which they

operate, affecting career sustainability over time. Third, the time dimension stresses that every

career implies the movement of an individual through time, resulting in a dynamic career

development process. For career sustainability, this means that individuals experience a variety

of patterns of continuity and change over time, which interact with individual and contextual

elements to shape someone’s career sustainability.

Meanwhile, the study entitled "effect of Livelihood Programs in Prison on the well-being

of Inmates", While serving their sentences, the long sentence prisoners are supposed to be

trained in various industrial trades 15 such as carpentry and joinery, wood processing, leather

work, taxidermy, soap manufacturing, mechanics, Blacksmith, upholstery, sign writing and other

industries which are expected to be widely marketable. These inmates also sit for various trade
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 23

tests in prison so that they can easily secure employment after release. Prison authorities argue

that inmates are given a chance to select the type of training they would like to settle on while in

prison. Prisoners sentenced for less serious offenses are held in short-term medium security

prisons and are expected to train in agriculture, livestock rearing and simple industry involving

carpentry, simple repairs and tailoring. This is because apart from learning to feed themselves

from the farm produce while in prison, it is expected that by the time of their release, prisoners

will have learned some techniques in commercial and subsistence farming which they would

practice on release, taking into consideration that Kenya is mainly an agricultural country. The

actual operation of the prisons was being inspected to determine whether prison conditions had

worsened the problems of crime in Kenya. When released, prisoners work on the outside world.

Unfortunately, the ex-prisoners find that the equipment and techniques used in prison are

obsolete and that few acquired skills were transferable in the world of sophisticated technology.

In the prisons, there are no qualified personnel to train prisoners in the needed skills which

would enable ex-prisoners to compete effectively in today’s highly competitive job market. Most

prisons involve at least some prisoners in work activities necessary to operate and maintain the

institution; But because of the nature and structure of this work, it has few benefits to prisoners

beyond keeping some busy (Deigh John, 2013)

Local Studies

In the study conducted by Escabel, et.al (2014) published European Journal Research in

Social Science entitled "Effectiveness of Therapeutic Commun ity Modality Batangas Jail,

Program Implemented in City Philippines, through the Provincial Government-Environment and

Natural Resources 0ffice (PG-ENRO) program, inmates can learn how to make bags and other

fashion accessories with the used of trash.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 24

Additionally, the study conducted by Punaduan (2017), unemployment is one serious

problem that was experienced by most participants, despite their having the necessary skills and

qualifications. Many participants indicated that a history of criminal conviction and serving a

sentence has a negative impact on their employment prospects. All interviewed released inmates,

except those who were residing at the New Beginnings Care Centre, were unemployed. One

participant reported having secured three different jobs, but eventually got fired from all those

jobs once employers got to know of the criminal record (Punaduan, 2017). Due to this study, the

proponent became interested to the conduct of the effects of the livelihood programs to the

inmates, in order to know the impact of this program to the life of the inmates and to know the

problems encountered by the jail and the inmates in implementing these programs. Moreover,

this endeavor will serve as a realization on the part of jail management and penology and

Correctional Institution that the Livelihood programs has positive or negative effects in the life

of the prisoners.

Furthermore, this study will be beneficial to the BJMP Cabarroguis District Jail. Through

this study, they will be informed on what livelihood programs is effective and that is very much

needed by the inmates and in their released. Secondly, it is beneficial to the released inmates in a

way that they will know what livelihood program will be useful that they will be used in their

daily lives. Also, it is beneficial in a way that it will help the released inmates to voice out their

problems and be able to express their part regarding the skills learned during their incarceration.

Lastly, to future employer, they will be informed about the life of released inmates regarding on

their rehabilitation program most especially on the livelihood training availed, with that this

study serves as a basis whether or not to employ a released inmates. Hence, this study puts

forward a significant impact along the lives of the released inmates as they will be guided on
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 25

their paths towards a noble life. The researcher embodies care and affection regarding the life of

the released inmates and thus, this study will give unwavering benefit among the BJMP

personnel and other concerned agencies as it provides data on the effects of the livelihood

programs they are offering to release inmates. In this study, however, the researcher is accounted

for the socio-economic influence of BJMP livelihood programs and the social lives of released

inmates.

As the effect of livelihood program, the inmates become more responsible and productive

individuals. They are able to help their families who are outside the jail. Their income also gives

them source for financial needs for their personal supplies like soap, shampoo and the like

(Maximo,2010).

According to Saludar (2014), one of the effects of livelihood programs as believed by

Montejo is that this program can provide new trainings and skills to inmates that they could use

to provide income from their families. Moreover, through the livelihood programs inmates can

develop skills to become more productive and it can also help them to ease their boredom and

avoid acquiring vices inside jail.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 26

CHAPTER 3

Method and Procedures

This chapter presents the research method used in the conduct of the investigation. It also

outlines the population and sampling scheme, description of the respondents, research

instruments, validation of instruments, procedures in the collection of data and statistical

treatment of the data.

Research Design

The researcher will use quantitative design to execute the effectiveness of livelihood

program. In this type of research, diverse numerical data are collected through various methods

and then statistically analyzed aggregate the data, compare them or show relationship among the

data. According to Aliaga and Gunderson (2002:81), Quantitative research is ‘Explaining

phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods

(in particular statistics). In another definition according to Muijs (2004:2) quantitative research is

essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a particular phenomenon.

The purpose of quantitative research is to test a predefined theory or hypothesis and

eventually either accept or reject it based on the results. Quantitative research is the process of

collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict or control variables of interest.

The researcher just use one class to find and collect the data. There is only one stage to

collecting the data. This stage was done by distributing the text of test. Distributing the test was

done to know the effectiveness of livelihood program to the PDL's.

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 27

Respondents

The respondents of the study were total of sixty (60) persons coming from San Jose City

Jail. The breakdown of the respondents includes fifty (50) Person Deprived of Liberty from San

Jose City Jail and ten (10) San Jose City Jail Officers. The San Jose City Jail Officers will

choose the PDL respondents for this study and the researchers will chose the jail officers on duty

to become their respondents. For that reason, the researchers believed that the chosen

respondents, such as the PDL selected by the jail officers and the jail officers on duty in San Jose

City Jail were able to provide the data required for this study.

Sampling Method

In this study, the researcher used purposive sampling to obtain the sample. According to

Hadi (1990) Sampling adalah cara yang digunakan untuk mengambil sampel, (sampling is the

ways of doing to get sample). Sampling was constituted to choose some of individual process in

research so they or individual as a voluntary. The purpose of sampling is use some of individual

to get information about population. Sampling is the way to take sample. In this research

sampling technique was used to take sample is purposive sampling. According to Arik unto

(2010), purposive sampling is the process of selecting sample by taking subject that is not based

on the level or area, but it is taken based on the specific purpose.

Research Instrument

In this study, the researchers used a questionnaire checklist and an interview guide to

conduct the study. The questionnaire checklist was formulated with the help research panelist

and research adviser. This was the main instrument used in this study. A questionnaire checklist

refers to a set pf printed questions with a choice of answers. The instrument used is a structured
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 28

questionnaire developed by the researchers, which consist of items that the selected respondents

have to answer in a set format.

To obtain data needed to answer the specific problems in the study a questionnaire checklist

will utilize. The following steps will utilize in the construction and validation of the

questionnaire

Part 1- SOP1/Instrument No. 1- Profile of the respondents

This instrument will be used to describe the profile of the two (2) groups of respondents

for PDLs’ and Jail Officers in terms of age, gender, civil status, and years/month in

prison/service.

Part II- SOP 2/Instrument No.2- Effectiveness of the livelihood program in the

rehabilitation of Persons Deprived of Liberty inside the San Jose City Jail

This was composed of ten (10) It checklist that deals in what are the effectiveness of

livelihood program in the rehabilitation of Persons Deprived of liberty inside the San Jose city

jail.

The responses on each items will be evaluated using the checklist Scale Scoring as shown

below:
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 29

Scale Numerical equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Very Effective (VE)

3 2.51-3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76-2.50 Ineffective (I)

1 1.00- 1.75 Very Ineffective (VI)

PART III- SOP 3/ Instrument No.3 - Dealing with the effectiveness of livelihood program

in the rehabilitation of Persons Deprived of liberty inside the San Jose City Jail.

The responses on each items will be evaluated using the likert's Scale Scoring as shown below:

Scale Numerical equivalent Interpretation

4 3.26-4.00 Very Effective (VE)

3 2.51-3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76-2.50 Ineffective (I)

1 1.00- 1.75 Very Ineffective (VI)

To further support the questionnaire checklist, the researchers conducted an interview

questionnaire that gave remedies to the livelihood program in the rehabilitation of Persons

Deprived of liberty in the questionnaire checklist.

Data Gathering

During the proposal, the researchers asked permission for approval of this research study

though a series of recommendations and healthy criticism from the panelist and with the help
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 30

also of the research adviser. After that, during pre-oral defense, the researchers present their

research study from chapter 1 to chapter 3, along with the draft of the questionnaire checklist. All

the corrections, comments, and suggestions in this study were used by the researchers to improve

their research study. The researcher conducted an interview to gather the information on how the

livelihood program is effective in well-being and readiness for re-orientation in society. The

researchers present a letter of approval to their research adviser to gather data from San Jose City

Jail. In checking the credibility of the instrument specifically, the questionnaire checklist the

researchers presented it from their research adviser and all the suggestion given by the panelist

during the pre-oral defense was devised to improve the questionnaire checklist. And lastly, the

researchers made a tally sheet, encoded, and tabulated the results of the survey.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data that will be gathered, collected, evaluated and analyzed by means of the

following statistical treatments:

1. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

The information recorded in the questionnaire checklist pertains to the socio-

demographic background of the individuals who participated in the survey. To analyze this

data, the frequencies and percentages of the respondents were calculated and presented in

distribution. Following that, the collected data underwent a thorough examination,

discussion, and analysis in order to identify any substantial findings or trends that emerged.

Frequency distribution. This was used by categorizing and tabulating the frequency of

each occurrence. Frequency distribution is an organized tabulation/graphical representation of

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 31

the number of individuals in each category on the scale of measurement. In this way, the table

summarizes the distribution of values in the sample.

Percentage. This was used to get the portion of a part of the whole.

Formula: (%) = f/n x 100

Where: (%) = Percentage of frequency

f = Frequency

N = Total of Respondents

2. For effectiveness of livelihood program in the rehabilitation of Person Deprived of

liberty in San Jose City Jail, the following statistical formula was used:

Weight mean. This was used to multiplying the weight (or probability) associated with a

particular event or outcome with its associated outcome and then summing all the

products together. It is very useful when calculating theoretically expected out where

each outcome has a different probability of occurring, which is the key feature that

distinguishes the weighted mean from the arithmetic mean.

Formula: WM = TWF/N

Where: WM = Weight mean

TWF = Total Weight Formula

 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 32

N = Total of Respondents

3. On how the respondents deals with the effectiveness of livelihood program in their

rehabilitation, the following statistical formula was used:

Weight mean. This was used to multiplying the weight (or probability) associated with a

particular event or outcome with its associated outcome and then summing all the

products together. It is very useful when calculating theoretically expected out where

each outcome has a different probability of occurring, which is the key feature that

distinguishes the weighted mean from the arithmetic mean.

Formula: WM = TWF/N

Where: WM = Weight mean

TWF = Total Weight Formula

N = Total of Respondents
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 33

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

PHINMA ARAULLO UNIVERSITY

SAN JOSE CITY, NUEVA ECIJA

As part of our research thesis at PHINMA Araullo University, We were conducting a

Survey Questionnaire that investigates “The Effectiveness of Livelihood Program in the

Rehabilitation of a Person Deprived of Liberty in San Jose City Jail.” We will appreciate if you

complete the following Question and Table. Any information obtained with the connection of

this study that can be identify with you will remain confidential.

Direction: Please read the questions carefully and answer truthfully. Put a check (✔) inside

the box corresponding to your answer if it not applicable leave it blank.

Name (Optional): ________________________________________

1. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents.

Age: Civil Status: 5 Years and Above

25– 30 Years old Single Years/Months in Service:
31 – 40 Years old Married 6 months
41 - 50 Years Old Separated or 6 months – 1 Year
Divorced
51 and Above
Widowed 1 – 5 Years
Sex:
Years/Months in Prison: 5 Years and Above
Male
6 months
Female
6 months – 1 Year
1 – 5 Years
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 34

Question 2. Effectiveness of livelihood program in the rehabilitation of Person Deprived of

liberty in San Jose City Jail.

Directions: Put a Check (✔) on the column that corresponds to your response in the following

statement, 1 being the lowest and 4 being the highest.

Rating scale to used are:

4- Very Effective (VE)

3- Effective (E)

2- Ineffective (I)

1- Very Ineffective (VI)

Suggested Statement 1 2 3 4
Very Ineffective Effective Very
Ineffective Effective
2:1 The livelihood program reduced
recidivism rates among PDLs.
2:2 The Persons Deprived of Liberty become
more responsible and productive individuals.
2:3 The program cost-effective in terms of
the benefits it provides in reducing
recidivism and promoting rehabilitation.
2:4 The program be integrated with
community-based initiatives to provide
additional support and opportunities for
PDLs.
2:5 When the Person Deprived of Liberty
served their sentenced, they may continue to
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 35

do this work and earn money.

2:6 The program monitored to prevent abuse
or exploitation of PDLs.
2:7 The mentors, counselors, or support
groups help participants overcome
challenges.
2:8 Participants seen an improvement in their
financial situation.
2:9 The livelihood program provides them
source for financial needs for their personal
supplies.
2:10 The program dedicated to addressing
the mental health needs of PDLs
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 36

Question 3. How the respondents deals with the effectiveness of livelihood program in their

rehabilitation.

Directions: Put a Check (✔) on the column that corresponds to your response in the following

statement, 1 being the lowest and 4 being the highest.

Rating scale to used are:

4- Very Effective (VE)

3- Effective (E)

2- Ineffective (I)

1- Very Ineffective (VI)

Suggested Statement 1 2 3 4
Very Ineffective Effective Very
Ineffective Effective
2:1 Changes or improvements in your life
have you attributed to your participation in
the livelihood program for rehabilitation.
2:2 The livelihood program impacted your
sense of purpose and self-worth during your
rehabilitation journey.
2:3 Positive changes in your mental well-
being as a result of participating in the
livelihood program.
2:4 The livelihood program helped you in
terms of acquiring new skills or knowledge
that can contribute to your rehabilitation and
reintegration into society
 The Effectiveness of Livelihood... 37

2:5 Feel that the livelihood program has

provided you with a support network or
community that has been beneficial in your
rehabilitation process
2:6 Encountered any challenges or obstacles
in the program that you believe need
improvement to enhance its effectiveness
The program monitored to prevent abuse or
exploitation of PDLs.
2:7 Perceive the role of the livelihood
program in reducing the likelihood of
reoffending and promoting successful
reintegration into society
2:8 The livelihood program could be further
improved to better support the rehabilitation
of participants like yourself.
2:9 Some PDLs may take on leadership roles
within the program or community, indicating
their commitment to its success.
2:10 Provide direct feedback to program
staff, either through formal feedback
mechanisms or informally during
interactions.

Thank you for your participation!