THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY

PROGRAM OF BAYUGAN CITY JAIL

A Research Proposal Presented to

The Faculty of College of Criminal Justice Education

Southway College of Technology

San Francisco, Agusan del Sur

_______________________

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

____________________

Amoguis, Algem Mae

Casal, Mayjean
Gozo, Christian
Maglinte, Kim Harvey
Santuya, Frank

March 2023
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Frist, a rehabilitation program called the Therapeutic Community Modality

Program (TCMP) employs peer assistance to assist inmates in changing their behavior

and attitudes. Inmates may serve in both client and counselor capacities under the

TCMP. When a prisoner is having behavioral issues or is in distress, they get

assistance and support from others as clients. A convict who is serving as a counselor

provides assistance and support to other prisoners. It has been shown that the TCMP is

successful in lowering recidivism rates. However, there are several difficulties in putting

the TCMP into practice. One difficulty is that after prisoners are released from jail, it

might be challenging to oversee them. This is because those on parole have often

committed more severe offenses than people on probation, and they can thus constitute

a bigger danger to the community. It might be challenging for the TCMP to strike a

balance between the objectives of crime prevention, offender management, and

rehabilitation. This is due to the fact that most prisoners will ultimately reenter society,

thus it's critical to ensure their effective reintegration. The TCMP is a beneficial

rehabilitation program that may aid in lowering recidivism rates despite these difficulties.

To assist people who are jailed in making changes in their life and becoming

contributing members of society, programs like the TCMP must be developed and

implemented in the future (H.J. Chan, 2021).

Second, Therapeutic Community Modality Program is a "self-help program" with

the goal of altering convicts' beliefs and actions that justify bad habits. The therapy
sessions involve both individual and group work and include topics including drug abuse

and managing anger and sorrow. The Therapeutic Community Modality Program works

to get inmates ready for life after prison by fostering good character and providing them

with knowledge. Positive social ties will be used in the program to change inmates'

conduct (BJMP 2020). It is simpler for staff to interact with and build relationships with

detainees since the Therapeutic Community Modality Program modifies their behavior.

In addition to these functions, the Therapeutic Community Modality Program promotes

prison discipline by setting up routines for inmates to lessen "buryong" (boredom),

which increases PDL's risk of mental illnesses that motivate them to participate in illegal

activity (Narag 2005).

Third, the program promotes prisoner camaraderie and fraternity, making it a vital

component of the community. Community-based prisons have emerged to address

these problems by reducing the risk that prisoners would commit another crime, as

opposed to just rehabilitating them. As a consequence, the parole and probationary

systems were implemented by the Philippine government. Liberty is a supervised

conditional release from jail that is granted before to the end of the period of

incarceration, while probation is a punishment meted out to convicted adults or

sentenced teenagers that takes place outside of jail or prison (H.J. Chan, 2021).

Fourth, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) shall assume

oversight and control of all district, city, and municipal facilities going forward. Section 2

of the 2015 BJMP Manual describes the Bureau as an innovative organization known

for its long-term compassionate care and development of offenders. The Therapeutic

Community and Modality Program (TCMP) was used as a model while implementing
the Inmates Welfare and Development initiative. TC aides in the promotion of change,

particularly in relation to relational or interpersonal behavior management, affective,

emotional, or psychological change, cognitive, intellectual, or spiritual change, and

psychomotor or vocational-survival skills change.

Lastly, several studies have been carried out to ascertain the level of

effectiveness of therapeutic community modality programs, it is important to

comprehend the current state of research, particularly in the area surrounding Bayugan

City jail in Agusan del Sur. The researchers' decision to perform this study was also

motivated by the need to solve this (D. J. James, 2002).

Research Objectives

This study aims to determine The Level of Effectiveness of the Therapeutic

Community Modality Program of Bayugan City Jail, Agusan del Sur. Specifically, the

study attempts to answer the following:

1. To determine the demographic profile of the inmates of Bayugan City Jail, Agusan del

Sur in terms of:

a. age

b. sex/gender

c. ethnic affiliation

d. educational attainment

e. program under

f. duration of treatment
2. To measure the Level of Effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality

Program of Bayugan City Jail in terms of:

a. relational-behavior management

b. emotional and psychological management

c. vocational and survival

d. intellectual and spiritual

3. To determine the significant relationship between demographic profile of inmates and

the Level of Effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program of Bayugan

City Jail.

Hypothesis

This study will be guided by a single null hypothesis tested at a 0.05 level of

significance.

H01. There is no significant relationship between demographic profile of inmates and the

Level of Effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program of Bayugan City

Jail, Agusan del Sur.

Review of Related Literature

This section contains a review of the literature study, publications, and other data

that the researchers collected for this study. Readers and scholars will be able to

discover more about the study through to this information. The independent variable is

demographic profile of the inmates that is composed of, age, sex/gender, ethnic

affiliation, educational attainment, program under, and duration of treatment. On the

other hand, Therapeutic Community Modality Treatment is the dependent variable

composed of four parts, namely: relational or behaviour management, emotional and

psychological aspects, vocational or survival aspects, and intellectual or spiritual

aspects (H.J Chan, 2021).

Demographic Profile

In order to determine which those who participated in an investigation are an

accurate representation of the population being studied for extrapolation purposes,

demographic information about the participants in the study is required. As independent

variables in the research design, demographics or research participant characteristics

are typically reported in the methods portion of the research report. Since they cannot

be changed, demographic variables are by definition independent variables(M. Lee & C.

M. Schuele, 2016). This study will use age, sex/gender, ethnic affiliation, educational

attainment, program under, and duration of treatment as the demographic profile.

The first domain is age. Although aging in prison is not something anyone wants

to experience, there is no upper age limit for criminal activity or punishment. Although

an early release for an elderly prisoner is occasionally an option, the process can be

drawn out and tiresome. Section 6 of R.A. 9344 states that “Minimum Age of Criminal

Responsibility. - A child fifteen (15) years of age or under at the time of the commission

of the offense shall be exempt from criminal liability. However, the child shall be

subjected to an intervention program pursuant to Section 20 of this Act.”

 More than half of prisoners between the years of 2002 and 2012 belonged to the

22 to 39-year-old age group. However, in 2014, the proportion of inmates in this age

range dropped to 19,888, or less than 50%, of the overall prison population of 40,745.

In 2002, more than 30% of detainees at the eight prison facilities mentioned

above were between the ages of 40 and 59. The number of prisoners in this age group

climbed dramatically from only 6,973 in 2002 to 12,358 in 2012, reaching 17,472 in

2014. The most recent estimate represents 43% of all prisoners in 2014. Since 2002,

the two age ranges -- 22 to 39 years old and 40 to 59 years old -- collectively represent

87 to 90% of all convicts in these eight facilities. However, from 902 in 2002 to 2,831 in

2014, there were more prisoners in prisons managed by the Bureau of Corrections who

were 60 or older. Through the years, the number of inmates aged 19 to 21 has

fluctuated: According to BuCor, it decreased from 2,234 in 2002 to 957 in 2008,

increased to 1,097 in 2010, and then decreased once again to 389 in 2014 (S. M.

Sanchez, 2017).

As of November 2022, approximately 26.5 thousand inmates in prison facilities in

the Philippines were between the age of 40 to 59 years old based on the survey of

Statista in 2022.

The second domain is sex/gender. Five Southeast Asian nations—Thailand, the

Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Myanmar—were among the top 10 nations with

the highest proportion of female prisoners according to the World Prison Brief in 2017

(Walmsley, 2017). Women make up 9.9 per 100,000 prisoners worldwide on average,

or about 7% of the total prison population. In the Philippine context, the data from
Bureau of Corrections-Correctional Institution for Women, as of September 2018, of the

total women deprived of liberty, 26.45% committed crimes against property and 4.40%

of that percentage are those who committed estafa / swindling.

On the other hand, as of June 30, 2022, more than 89 percent of those being

held and serving sentences in jail cells in the Philippines were men, while only about 11

percent of them were women. The number of people incarcerated in the nation at this

time was above 131,000 (Statista Research Department, 2022).

The third domain is ethnic affiliation. The limitations of a colors distinction are

further highlighted by the possibility of turbulent interactions amongst white convicts of

various nationalities. There were incidents described that showed ingrained prejudices

and resentments flowing from the "road" into the prison. As a result, when racially

tensions emerged as flash points and regular confrontations in prison life, the ethnic

solidarity mentioned previously also became dividing lines (Edgar et al., 2003).

In contrast, locals made up the majority of the detainees of the National Bilibid

Prison in the Philippines as of November 2022, and they were housed in the maximum

security prison complex. Comparatively, 259 foreign prisoners were housed at the same

highest degree of security(Statista Research Department, 2023).

The fourth domain is educational attainment. The amount of criminal activity of a

person is not significantly influenced by the number of years of education completed or

the achievement of a high school diploma, according to Witte (1997). This result is

based on a small number of research, like those by Witte and Tauchen (1994) and
Helen Tauchen et al. (1994), which found no evidence of a connection between

education and crime after adjusting for a range of personal factors.

On the other hand, individual rates of risk aversion or time preference may

change as a result of education. In other words, education may make people more

patient or risk-averse (as demonstrated by Gary S. Becker and Casey B. Mulligan,

1997). Individuals with greater patience and risk aversion would give more weight to the

likelihood of future penalties. Education may also influence criminal preferences by

directly increasing the psychological costs of violating the law. (Kenneth Arrow, 1997).

Data from the Bureau of Corrections from 2002 to 2014 reveal that more than

half of all convicts in Philippine jail institutions had only completed elementary school.

prisoners with access to basic education as of 2014 were 20,712 or 51% of all

prisoners, with some having completed elementary school. A third of all inmates in jail

are high school graduates or those who have recently completed their studies. One in

ten offenders, or 10%, had the opportunity to attend college, but very few of them did so

and even fewer graduated or obtained degrees. One to two percent of prisoners were

enrolled in vocational or other types of education, a tiny percentage. Five percent of the

remaining prisoners have no schooling at all. 2,117 prisoners were illiterate in 2014, up

from 1,483 in 2002.

The fifth domain is program under. Whenever all beneficial initiatives for convict

recovery and reintegration are carefully addressed, the therapeutic community may be

operational. Every activity, as well as interpersonal and social interactions, are viewed

as significant possibilities to support personal improvement. Positive peer interactions in

a setting of mutual aid may also play a significant role in the therapeutic process

(Warren, Doogan, De Leon, Phillips, Moody, & Hodge, 2013). The creation of social

networks via beneficial social interactions and bonding that may provide support during

treatment and after a person leaves the official treatment environment is a crucial

component of living in a Therapeutic Community and the mutual-help process.

Participants establish a hierarchy within the therapeutic community since social learning

is prioritized. People who have improved in modifying their attitudes and actions serve

as examples of "right living" and support those who are still recovering from their

addictions (Perfas & Spross, 2007).

In connection to this, The Philippines' criminal justice system understands the

value of rehabilitating and reintegrating condemned criminals into society. Evidently, as

one of the cornerstones of the Philippine Criminal Justice System (PCJS), Improvement

has adopted a number of programs for rehabilitation, including the following: (a) Moral

and Spiritual Program; (b) Education and Training Program; (c) Work and Livelihood

Program; (d) Sports and Recreation Program; (e) Health and Welfare Program; and (f)

Behavior Modification Program, which includes Therapeutic Community (V. C. Bondad,

2018).

The last domain for demographic profile is the duration of treatment. In a study

conducted in Colorado, male prisoners who were randomized to a 12-month TC for co-

occurring disorders (some of whom selected to keep receiving community-based TC

therapy after release) experienced lower rates of returning to prison (9%) in contrast to

those that obtained psychological therapy during their time in prison (33%) and a

greater decrease in substance abuse (Sacks et al., 2004). In comparison to those

whose underwent psychological therapy, criminals who engaged in both in-prison TC

and aftercare showed reduced rates of recidivism, any criminal conduct, and substance-

related criminal behavior. According to Sullivan, McKendrick, Sacks, and Banks (2007),

men who returned within the period after being released at prison had a 49 percent vs a

19 percent increased risk of committing a new crime.

When participating in a transitional TC for three months prior to three months in

the workrelease program, ex-offenders demonstrated a greater level of prohibition from

drugs and alcohol when compared with prisoners who received typical oversight during

work-release. The work-release program in Delaware's correctional system gives

offenders employment in the outside world about six months before their release dates,

but they are required to return there while they cannot work.

Offenders who took part in the transitional TC relapsed in an average of 28.8

months over the five years after their release from prison, compared to 13.2 months for

those who got conventional monitoring. As of 18 years following prisoner release, the

Delaware research has shown a sustained and significant decline in new arrests among

TC participants (Martin, O'Connell, Paternoster, & Bachman, 2011). Although they

haven't taken part in an in-prison TC, according to research, criminals who have

returned to society may benefit from TC-based aftercare (Burdon, Dang, Prendergast,

Messina, & Farabee, 2007). Both inpatient and outpatient aftercare options are

available from TCs for former criminals, and research has shown that both are helpful

(Burdon et al., 2007). Longer TC therapy periods (greater than 90 days) are associated

with lower returning to prison rates (Sacks et al., 2012).

Therapeutic Community Modality Program

The Therapeutic Community (TC) is a developed helpful implementing method of

therapy built on informal views like "responsible love and concern", "honesty", "humility",

"forgiveness", "pride in quality", and "no free lunch", and its primary objective is to

transition individuals from "wrong living" to "right living." It is being demonstrated and

noticed the fact that TC has been successfully an effective tool within facilitating the

recovery for substance abuse people by means of its major therapy categories or

components, namely: Behavior Management; Intellectual/ Spiritual; Psychological/

Emotional; Vocational/ Educational; along with the fact that the participants seemed

accommodating toward the TC process of treatment by conducting their involvement in

the various program elements(J. Verdadero, 2020).

Since it was founded by a group of adolescent substance abusers and an ex-

alcoholism, the therapeutic community has through several changes. The legacy of

voluntary or independence, individual responsibility, responsible concern, societal duty,

and values associated with family has still continued. It has created a highly useful

method for modifying behavior among individuals via a process of social community-

based education (Bandura, 1986). The social learning dynamics that occur in

therapeutic groups are well captured by the idea of mutual determinism. The impacts of

institutionalization, which encourage clients' reliance on medical therapists for the

transformation process, are avoided in therapeutic communities. As a substitute, it

focuses on the major source of healthcare idea known as "community as doctor"

(quoted in Jones, 1968) by Rapoport, or the community as mere treatment (De Leon,

2000).
 Moreover, with regard to interconnected or behavioral control, affective,

emotional, or psychological change, cognitive, intellectual, or spiritual change, and

psychomotor or vocational-survival skills change, Therapeutic Community aids in the

promotion of change. The correction-based therapeutic community (TC), which was first

focused on drug abusers, is an extensively discussed therapy option (Hiller, Knight, &

Simpson, 1999; Lurigio, 2000). Its roots may be found in two significant distinct

traditions: the British democratic Maxwell Jones-type Therapeutic Community and the

American drug-free hierarchical concept-based Therapeutic Community (De Leon,

2000; Kennard, 1998). According to De Leon (2010) and Sacks, Chaple, Sacks,

McKendrick, & Cleland (2012), Therapeutic Community focuses on altering unhelpful

thinking and behavior patterns and on enhancing self-efficacy so that participants come

to see themselves as the main agents of their own change processes. Participants in

Therapeutic Community are urged to take responsibility for their actions and to develop

objectives for their own well-being, productive engagement with the larger community,

and life beyond treatment. Helping patients recognize, express, and control their

emotions in healthy ways is a key therapy objective. Participants in group activities put

more emphasis on acting in ways that are appropriate in the Therapeutic Community

than on how they have acted in the past. The Parole and Probation Administration

employs Therapeutic Community as a tool to get the client ready for reintegration into

society as a productive, drug-free, and law-abiding member of society.

As mentioned above, the institutions follow the advice of the UN resolution, which

was published and calls for reforming prison services via education (United Nations

Human Rights, 1990). The Therapeutic Community Modality Program, a policy

established by the National Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), is

implemented in conjunction with this. TCMP is a nationwide initiative for all Philippine

jails and penal farms. This program aims to regulate prisoners' conduct while also

providing them with intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and psychological support as well

as training in survival and employment skills. The Bureau of Jail Management and

Penology National Headquarters (2010) describes this organized program as being

presented to voluntary participants and being conducted by professional jail employees.

The first domain is relational-behavior management. The Therapeutic Community

Modality Program (TCMP) has a component called behaviour management that

explains the idea and workings of various shaping tools, such as Morning Meeting, to

make managing and shaping residents' conduct easier. This demonstrates the

fundamental components and relevance of the tools that would serve as a common

language for the community, foster cohesion, and adapt to the moral and behavioral

standards of the tool's use. The hierarchy of the behavior-shaping tools is set up to

provide for opportunity for individual development and learning. The community acts as

a dynamic force that inspires the person to make a change for the better in their

conduct(TCU_CCJ_CA3Lesson6_MMMonis Page 1).

Additionally, the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) is used by

BJMP to control and alter the behavior of PDL with the intention of modifying their

thinking and conduct for the better using controlled collaborative procedures. The

curriculum aims to promote pro-social ideals, healthy choice-making, and beneficial

methods of coping through instruction and modeling. Through the program, PDL are

taught socially appropriate methods to interact with visitors, staff, and other PDL,
developing a therapeutic correctional surroundings, and upholding a tranquil community

setting(BJMP Programs).

Second domain is emotional and psychological. Aspects of psychological

equilibrium are highly important in the service of a Therapeutic Community. Given that

in a broader sense people are mentally and physically sluggish, easily offended, desire

to be successful by itself, gloomy, uneasy, and melancholy. The aforementioned issue

renders it challenging for individuals to integrate into society. In this scenario, the

Therepeutic Community provides services that help inhabitants control their emotional

and psychological stability. This might be accomplished by activities such as individual

therapy, corporate direction, and someone else(DIALOKA: Student Scientific Journal of

Da'wah and Islamic Communication, Vol. 01, No. 01 (June), 2022)

In the study of Dr. Tara Wyne, clinical psychologist and clinical director of

LightHouse Arabia, imprisonment is a painful reality regardless of the circumstances.

"The suppression of liberty, decisions, respect, privacy, the severing of connections

from loved ones, and the sense of helplessness that occurs is retribution enough," she

said. "Acclimatization to prison also includes harsh and inhumane treatment by other

inmates and guards alike." There is frequently an ecosystem and hierarchy that must be

learned and followed. Inmates' daily diet is frequently violent attacks and retaliation."

In a similar vein, decisions can be used to increase a negative mood or decrease

a happy emotion, both of which are related with insanity. Regardless of whether our

choices are adapted or not, we usually experience novel emotions (e.g., elation,
surprise, and regret; Coughlan & Connolly 2001, Mellers 2000, Zeelenberg et al. 1998).

Simply said, emotions and making choices go together in hand.

The third domain is vocational and survival. It appears that certain behavior

patterns contribute more than others to a person's work adjustment. When these

essential patterns are absent, a person will likely have difficulty adjusting to the

workplace. The term survival implies that learners who possess these skills are

successful to some degree. Instead of teaching all the skills that appear beneficial for

job placement, the program should concentrate on a number of activities that have

immediate and strong team benefits for the trainee: survival skills. When contemplating

survival skills, it is essential to focus on those that lead to immediate practical

outcomes, such as acquiring and maintaining employment(J. Fargher, 1984).

In relation to the aforementioned, the development of vocational and survival

skills begins with performance in job responsibilities in the Therapeutic Community that

have significant value to the individual. Its goal is not only to jail or confine residents, but

also to challenge them to develop vocational skills in preparation for their reintegration

into the society. By making good adjustments, vocational rehabilitation assists the client

in becoming less reliant, adapting himself, and being more independent(LESSON 7.

BJMP TCMP).

The fourth and last domain is intellectual and spiritual. The BJMP states

“Intelligence and spirituality ultimately follow the same path. By embracing intellect to its

fullest extent, one will eventually arrive at a sense of spirituality. Our actions are

governed by intelligence; we achieve the best results when we make the most intelligent
decisions. But if we go home, meditate, and begin asking questions like, "What is the

purpose of my life?" we have to load up a different set of rules. Now we've supposedly

left the territory of the intellect and entered the spiritual realm. We try to interact

intelligently with our outer world and spiritually with our inner world.” while a result, while

the BJMP strives to implement Therapeutic Community Modality programs in all jails

across the country, the Intellectual and Spiritual Component wants to improve the

spiritual and intellectual dimensions of the residents by offering chances to people to

cultivate dignity and functionality(TCU_CCJ_SY2021-2022 Page | 1 Outcome-Based

Module for Therapeutic Community Modalities).

In addition, spirituality is defined as anything in life which demonstrates or brings

out the best in a person. Spirituality at TCMP is intended to react to people' inner need

for greater faith, wherein they are able to establish oneself within their inability to

discover purpose to their lives. It encapsulates a man's interactions with one another

and the Supreme Being. The spiritual component provides programs for residents to

explore the significance and reason of being alive and their unique role in the world.

The intellectual section, contrary to popular belief, reacts to basic human features

such as a desire for information in order to achieve a greater degree of comprehension.

An organized and effective Intellectual Component contributes to the establishment of a

Therapeutic Community for the inhabitants. It assists individuals regain their self-esteem

by opening their eyes to novel concepts and feeding their intellectual appetite on an

open and honest discussion of thoughts. Offering important chances to engage in

learning/education will aid in their recovering their humanity and self-respect, resulting

in self-realization that becoming constitutional and efficient, both while they're in their
facility and after their eventual incorporation into societys commonplace, is the real core

and indicators of economic growth(TCU_CCJ_SY2021-2022 Page | 1 Outcome-Based

Module for Therapeutic Community Modalities).

Theoretical Framework

In Social Learning Theory, social behavior is acquired by paying attention to and

imitating the behavior of others. As an alternative to the earlier work of fellow

psychologist B.F. Skinner, noted for his influence on behaviorism, in the year 1977

psychologist Albert Bandura developed the social learning theory. While behavioral

psychology focuses on how the environment and reinforcement influence behavior,

Bandura proposed that individuals might learn behavior by observing others. Research

and intervention are two areas where social learning theory is used in social work. The

idea can be used by researchers to better understand how aggressiveness and violence

are transmitted through observational learning. The idea can also be used to explore

how positive role models can encourage desirable behaviour and social change. A

social worker can use social learning theory as an intervention method to encourage

good new behaviors by changing the reinforcement. Associated with the root of the

problem, whether positive or bad. It is vital to emphasize that in order to effectively

implement social learning theory concepts as an intervention, a social worker must also

employ other work approaches such as symbolic coding, stress management, and

vicarious reinforcement.

Another theory is the Theory of Reasoned Action, which became the Theory of

Planned Behavior in 1991 by Icek Ajzen, was developed in 1980 to forecast people's
intentions to participate in certain behaviors at certain times and locations. The theory

was developed to describe all actions that humans may exercise self-control over. This

model's most important element is behavioral intent, which is impacted by attitudes

about the probability that an action will result in the desired end and a subjective

assessment of the risks and advantages of that outcome.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework simplified the study direction and the interactions

between multiple variables, where the independent variables of the study comprised of

demographic profile of respondents in terms of: age or the length of time that a person

has lived, sex/gender or usually categorized as female or male, ethnic affiliation or

being related to or characteristic of a group of people who share specific ethnic,

religious, linguistic, and other qualities, educational attainment or the highest level of

education that an individual has completed, program under or presentation of an event

or several accomplishments, typically at a set time, and duration of treatment or the

length of time an individual ought to receive treatment (for example, days, weeks,

months, or years), connected with the line towards the Level of Effectiveness of the

Therapeutic Community Modality Program as the dependent variable, and it has four

indicators namely: relational-behavior management or the negotiation's intended

behaviors that encourage the emergence of a partnership., emotional and psychological

or the mind and feelings, vocational and survival or strategies employed to keep life

going, intellectual and spiritual or increasing one's comprehension of being spiritual.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Demographic Profile Level of Effectiveness of the

Therapeutic Community
Modality Program
 age  relational-behavior
 sex/gender
management
 ethnic affiliation
 educational attainment  emotional and
 program under psychological
 duration of treatment management
 vocational and survival
 intellectual and spiritual

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Significance of the study

This study will be beneficial to the following:

First, to the Administrators of Bayugan City Jail, this study will give them

guide and vision of how the Therapeutic Community Modality Program changes the

lives of those people who committed crime. Second, the Family of incarcerated

person, his study will provide them with insight on how the Therapeutic Community

Modality Program affects the life of their family member inside the jail. Third, the

student, this study could be useful in determining the effectiveness of Therapeutic

Community Modality Program to the incarcerated people in Bayugan City Jail. Fourth,

the community, this study will benefit the people in the community as this study will

data regarding the effectiveness of therapeutic community modality program. Fifth, the

police, this will give them ideas on how to strategize solutions and enhancements on

the programs offered in therapeutic community modality program. Sixth, the

researchers, the study's findings would enable the researchers to meet the study

objectives, which include determining levels of effectiveness of therapeutic community

modality program. This would also serve as an inspiration to the researchers to either

pursue a relative study or further the purpose of the study. And lastly, the future

researchers, this study could potentially be used as a reference for additional

investigation into the ideas that are pertinent to the study of the future researchers.

Definition of Terms

For the purpose of explanation, the main words used in this research were then

clarified. The following definitions apply:

Demographic Profile- As used in this study it refers to age, sex/gender, ethnic

affiliation, educational attainment, program under, and duration of treatment that will

determine the profile of the respondents.

Therapeutic Community Modality Program- As used in this study it refers to

relational or behavior management, emotional and psychological management,

vocational or survival aspects, and intellectual or spiritual aspects.

 CHAPTER 2

METHOD

This chapter will present the methods for accessing the research study. The

following topics will be covered: research design, research locale, research participant,

research instrument, data collection procedure, data analysis, and ethical

considerations.

Research Design

The researchers will use a correlational research design as part of a logical

method that involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject without

influencing it in any way (Tan, L., 2014). In addition, the researchers will utilize a

quantitative research approach because it can provide numerical data and generally

seeks to establish straightforward relationships between at least two parameters, using

measurable techniques to assess the quality and significance of the correlations.

Quantitative research employing techniques that take into account the assessment of

factors within a group of individuals or groups and producing numerical data subject to

factual analysis. It is the research of specific topics through numerical depictions and

factual analysis (Creswell, 2002).

The researchers will collect data using a descriptive study approach that includes

surveys and descriptive statistics. This research design will be used since the main

goal of this study is to determine the level of effectiveness of the therapeutic community

modality program in Bayugan City Jail.

Research Locale
 The researchers will conduct this study at Bayugan City Jail, Bayugan City,

Agusan del Sur. A building designated or regularly used for the confinement of

individuals who are sentenced for minor crimes or who are unable to gain release on

bail and are in custody awaiting trial.

Figure 2. Geographical location of the study
Population and Sample

The respondents of this study are the inmates of Bayugan City Jail, Bayugan

City, Agusan del Sur. The participants will be chosen by total population sampling which

is a type of purposive sampling technique that involves examining the entire population

that have a particular set of characteristics. A purposive sample is a non-probability

sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the

study. This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need to reach a

targeted sample quickly. At least 100 samples is needed for a correlational research to

be valid.

Research Instrument

This study will utilize the questionnaire of Hearty Joy Chan, 2021, the 40- item

questionnaires used were adapted from the Therapeutic Community Modality Treatment

Model and consisted of four parts, namely, relational or behavior management,

emotional and psychological aspects, vocational or survival aspects, and intellectual or

spiritual aspects as a survey instrument on the basis of extensive literature subject

matter of the level of Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality Program that

will be translated into Cebuano to be fully understood by the respondents. The

instrument will be submitted to the adviser for content validation. Thereupon,

suggestions are taken into consideration. The questionnaire was likert scale design so

that respondents could easily complete it. There were response options available to the

respondents in this kind of questionnaire. These choices represented the participants'

level of agreement or disagreement with each question item.

 The instruments utilized are composed of two parts. Part 1 are demographic profile

of the respondents in terms of agesex/gender, ethnic affiliation, educational attainment,

program under, and duration of treatment. Part 2 the Level of Effectiveness of the

Therapeutic Community Modality Program.

Part 2- Level of Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality Program

Point RANGE VERBAL DESCRIPTION INTERPRETATION

Score

5 4.76-5.00 Strongly Agree Therapeutic Community

Modality Program is
observed much effective

4 3.76-4.75 Agree Therapeutic Community

Modality Program is
observed effective

3 2.76-3.75 Disagree Therapeutic Community

Modality Program is
observed less effective

2 1.76-2.75 Strongly Disagree Therapeutic Community

Modality Program is
observed not effective

1 0.0-1.75 Neither agree nor disagree Therapeutic Community

Modality Program is
observed not at all
Data Gathering Procedure

First a letter of consent will be written to the research adviser and the dean

asking permission to conduct the study. Next, the researchers will visit and ask

permission to the administrators of Bayugan City Jail and respondents before for the

data collection process. The consent form includes clauses stating that participation in

the study is entirely voluntary and that, should they choose to join, their personal data

will be kept private and used exclusively for educational purposes. After that, the

researchers will then conduct the survey using the survey questionnaire, and tabulate

the scores for the data analysis procedure.

Statistical Treatment

The statistical tools employed in this study are the following:

Weighted Mean. This will be utilized to determine the mean of the level of the

effectiveness of therapeutic community modality program.

Pearson – Rho. This will be used to determine the significant relationship

between the demographic profile of the respondents and level of the effectiveness of

therapeutic community modality program.

 Survey Questionnaire

The Level of Effectiveness of The Therapeutic Community Modality Program of

Bayugan City Jail

Direction: For each statement please indicate check (✔) on the box provided.

Part 1- Demographic Profile

Age:

□ Young Adults (18-35)

□ Middle-Aged Adults (36-55)
□ Older Adults (55+)

Sex/Gender:

□ Male
□ Female

Ethnic Affiliation:

□ Christian
□ Muslim

Educational Attainment:

□ Elementary Level/Graduate
□ High School Level/Graduate
□ Vocational Course/College Level/Graduate/with MA/MS

Program Under:

□ Parolees
□ Probationer

Duration of Treatment:

□ 6 months
□ 6-12 months
□ 12-18 months
□ 1-2 years
□ 2-6 years
Part 2- Level of Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality Program

Direction: For each statement please indicate check (✔) if it is Strongly Agree, Agree,
Disagree, Strongly Disagree, and Neither agree nor disagree in the space or box
provided.

5- Strongly Agree

4- Agree

3- Disagree
Relational-Behavior Management 5 4 3 2 1

1. The activity assisted 2-

theStrongly
clients toDisagree
sort out
their problems, identify solutions, reconcile
conflicts and help resolve them. agree nor disagree
1- Neither
Cebuano: Ang kalihokan nakatabang sa
mga kliyente sa paghan-ay sa ilang mga
problema, pag-ila sa mga solusyon, pag-uli
sa mga panagbangi ug pagtabang sa
pagsulbad niini.
2. Bonding, identification, and trust with the TC
family were established.

Cebuano: Ang pagbugkos, pag-ila, ug

pagsalig sa pamilya sa TC natukod.
3. Seminars/lectures were conducted to instill
awareness and concern among clients in
preserving ecological balance and
environmental health.

Cebuano: Ang mga seminar/leksyon gihimo

aron masilsil ang kahibalo ug pagpakabana
sa mga kliyente sa pagpreserbar sa balanse
sa ekolohiya ug kahimsog sa kinaiyahan.

4. The clients are expected to complied

probation/parole conditions during the whole
program.

Cebuano: Ang mga kliyente gilauman nga

motuman sa probation/parole kondisyon sa
panahon sa tibuok nga programa.
 5. Services in the community such as tree
planting, beautification drives, cleaning and
greening of surroundings, maintenance of
public parks and places, garbage collection,
blood donation and similar socio-civic
activities were rendered by clients for the
benefit of society.

Cebuano: Ang mga serbisyo sa komunidad

sama sa pagpananom og kahoy,
pagpatahom, pagpanglimpyo ug paglunhaw
sa palibot, pagmentinar sa mga
pampublikong parke ug lugar, pagkolekta sa
basura, donasyon sa dugo ug susamang
socio-civic nga kalihokan ang gihatag sa mga
kliyente alang sa kaayohan sa katilingban.
6. There were no seminars/lectures conducted
on anti-smoke belching campaign, organic
farming, waste management, segregation
and disposal and proper care of the
environment.

Cebuano: Walay seminar/lectures nga

gipahigayon bahin sa anti-smoke belching
campaign, organic farming, waste
management, segregation and disposal ug
saktong pag-atiman sa kinaiyahan.
7. Behavior shaping tools were not fully applied
to the clients.

Cebuano: Ang mga himan sa paghulma sa

pamatasan wala hingpit nga gigamit sa mga
kliyente
8. The activity did not make possible for the
clients to refrain from use of prohibited drugs.

Cebuano: Ang kalihokan wala makahimo sa

mga kliyente sa paglikay sa paggamit sa
gidili nga mga drugas.
9. The program did not involve some family
members in the rehabilitation activities.

Cebuano: Ang programa wala mag-apil sa

pipila ka sakop sa pamilya sa mga kalihokan
sa rehabilitasyon.
10. Individual and group interaction with the
probation and parole officers of the agency is
not build up.

Cebuano: Ang indibiduwal ug grupo nga

interaksyon sa probation ug parole nga mga
opisyal sa ahensya wala matukod.

Emotional and Psychological Management 5 4 3 2 1

1. There were identified variety of groups in a

treatment center including static, extended
marathon, probes and specialty, or theme
oriented groups as well as their particular
applications as a group.

Cebuano: Adunay giila nga lain-laing mga

grupo sa usa ka sentro sa pagtambal lakip
na ang static, extended marathon, probes
ug specialty, o theme oriented nga mga
grupo ingon man ang ilang partikular nga
aplikasyon isip usa ka grupo.
2. Drug dependency test and laboratory
examinations were also provided in the
program.

Cebuano: Ang drug dependency test ug

laboratory examinations gihatag usab sa
programa.
3. Motivational interviewing and counseling
utilizing the principle of coercion and
dissonance as well as the knowledge of
the stage and process of change among
clients were conducted.

Cebuano: Ang motivational interview ug

counseling gamit ang prinsipyo sa
coercion ug dissonance ingon man ang
kahibalo sa yugto ug proseso sa pagbag-o
sa mga kliyente gipahigayon.
4. A definite time of spiritual retreat was
spent away from one's normal life for the
 purpose of reconnecting, usually in prayer,
with God.

Cebuano: Ang usa ka tino nga panahon

sa espirituhanong pag-atras gigahin gikan
sa normal nga kinabuhi sa usa ka tawo
alang sa katuyoan sa pagkonektar pag-
usab, kasagaran sa pag-ampo, uban sa
Dios.
5. The clients were taught to accept one’s
responsibility for their personal change.

Cebuano: Gitudloan ang mga kliyente sa

pagdawat sa responsibilidad sa usa alang
sa ilang personal nga pagbag-o.
6. There were no counseling tools utilized to
increase client insights that compliment
the effects of behaviour shaping strategies
and reinforce behaviour change among
the clients.

Cebuano: Wala’y gamit sa pagtambag

nga gigamit aron madugangan ang mga
panan-aw sa kliyente nga nagdayeg sa
mga epekto sa mga pamaagi sa paghulma
sa pamatasan ug pagpalig-on sa pagbag-
o sa pamatasan sa mga kliyente.
7. Good grooming and personal hygiene
were not shown to the clients.

Cebuano: Ang maayong pamostura ug

personal nga kahinlo wala gipakita sa mga
kliyente.

8. Each client is not assigned to a counselor

for a specific counseling session.

Cebuano: Ang matag kliyente wala gi-

assign sa usa ka magtatambag alang sa
usa ka piho nga sesyon sa pagtambag.
9. Medical and health services including
physical examination and treatment, free
 medicines and vitamins, dental
examination and treatment were not
provided.

Cebuano: Mga serbisyong medikal ug

panglawas lakip na ang pisikal nga
eksaminasyon ug pagpatambal, libreng
tambal ug bitamina, eksaminasyon sa
ngipon ug pagtambal wala gihatag.
10. There are no psychological testing’s and
evaluation as well as psychiatric treatment
provided for by the Agency’s Clinical
Services Division and referrals to other
government accredited institutions in case
of distance.

Cebuano: Walay psychological testing ug

evaluation ingon man psychiatric
treatment nga gihatag sa Agency's Clinical
Services Division ug mga referral ngadto
sa ubang accredited nga institusyon sa
gobyerno kung layo.

Vocational and Survival 5 4 3 2 1

1. Vocational and technical trade classes such

as refrigeration, automotive mechanic,
radio/television and electronic repairs,
tailoring, dressmaking, basic computer
training, etc were availed.

Cebuano: Vocational ug technical trade

classes sama sa refrigeration, automotive
mechanic, radio/television ug electronic
repairs, tailoring, dressmaking, basic
computer training, ug uban pa ang nagamit.
2. The clients demonstrated responsibility
through performance of assigned tasks.

Cebuano: Gipakita sa mga kliyente ang

responsibilidad pinaagi sa paghimo sa gi-
assign nga mga buluhaton.
3. Client associations are served to provide
some structure to the lives of clients where
 they re-learn the basics of working within a
group with hierarchy, authority and
responsibility much like in the bigger society

Cebuano: Ang mga asosasyon sa mga

kliyente gisilbihan aron mahatagan ang pipila
nga istruktura sa kinabuhi sa mga kliyente
kung diin nahibal-an nila pag-usab ang mga
sukaranan sa pagtrabaho sulod sa usa ka
grupo nga adunay hierarchy, awtoridad ug
responsibilidad sama sa mas dako nga
katilingban.
4. Client self-help organization are established
wherein the clients form cooperatives and
associations as an economic group to
venture on small-scale projects.

Cebuano: Ang organisasyon sa pagtabang

sa kaugalingon sa mga kliyente gitukod diin
ang mga kliyente nagporma ug mga
kooperatiba ug asosasyon isip usa ka grupo
sa ekonomiya aron manimpalad sa gagmay
nga mga proyekto.
5. Vocational and trade classes were not
coordinated and supported with local
Barangays, parish centers, schools and civic
organizations.

Cebuano: Ang mga klase sa bokasyonal ug

pamatigayon wala gi-coordinate ug
gisuportahan sa mga lokal nga Barangay,
mga sentro sa parokya, mga eskwelahan ug
mga organisasyong sibiko.

6. The client is not referred for work or job

placement through the officer’s own personal
effort, contact or information.

Cebuano: Ang kliyente wala gi-refer alang sa

trabaho o pagbutang sa trabaho pinaagi sa
personal nga paningkamot, kontak o
impormasyon sa opisyal.
7. The program did not provide seminars and
skills training classes like food preservation
and processing, candle making, novelty items
and handicrafts making etc., to help the
 clients earn extra income.

Cebuano: Ang programa wala maghatag ug

mga seminar ug skills training classes sama
sa food preservation and processing, candle
making, novelty items ug handicrafts making
ug uban pa, aron matabangan ang mga
kliyente nga makakuha ug extra income.
8. The goal, focus and purpose of jobs within
the treatment model were not understood by
the clients.

Cebuano: Ang tumong, focus ug katuyoan

sa mga trabaho sulod sa modelo sa
pagtambal wala masabti sa mga kliyente.
9. Payment of obligations is not still instilled in
the minds of the clients especially with their
responsibility and the consequences of the
harm they inflicted to others.

Cebuano: Ang pagbayad sa mga obligasyon

wala pa gisilsil sa hunahuna sa mga kliyente
labi na sa ilang responsibilidad ug sa mga
sangputanan sa kadaot nga ilang nahimo sa
uban.
10. The payment of civil liability or
indemnification to victims of offenders are
pursued despite the economic status of
clients.

Cebuano: Ang pagbayad sa civil liability o

indemnification sa mga biktima sa mga
nakasala gipadayon bisan pa sa kahimtang
sa ekonomiya sa mga kliyente.

Intellectual and Spiritual 5 4 3 2 1

1. There are active NGOs, schools, civic and

religious organizations are tapped to facilitate
the activities and ensure its continuity.

Cebuano: Adunay mga aktibo nga NGO,

eskwelahan, civic ug relihiyosong
 organisasyon ang gi-tap aron mapadali ang
mga kalihokan ug masiguro ang pagpadayon
niini.

2. Literacy teach-ins during any sessions were

conducted for clients to become part of the
module and become functional literate.

Cebuano: Literacy teach-in sa bisan unsang

sesyon gihimo para sa mga kliyente nga
mahimong bahin sa module ug mahimong
functional literate.

3. The program identified personal strengths

and weaknesses and helps resolve to
change specific negative behaviours and
attitudes of the clients.

Cebuano: Ang programa nag-ila sa personal

nga mga kalig-on ug mga kahuyang ug
nagtabang sa pagsulbad sa pag-usab sa
piho nga negatibo nga kinaiya ug kinaiya sa
mga kliyente.

4. Faith in God as the primary source of help in

order to change themselves.

Cebuano: Pagtuo sa Dios isip nag-unang

tinubdan sa tabang aron mabag-o ang ilang
kaugalingon.
5. Seminars, lectures or trainings offered or
arranged by the agency forms the moral,
spiritual, values formation of the clients.

Cebuano: Ang mga seminar, mga lektyur o

mga pagbansay nga gitanyag o gihikay sa
ahensya nagporma sa moral, espirituhanon,
mga mithi nga pagporma sa mga kliyente.
6. Insights of the clients were not developed on
their rehabilitation program through
reflections.

Cebuano: Ang mga panabut sa mga kliyente

wala mapalambo sa ilang programa sa
rehabilitasyon pinaagi sa mga
pagpamalandong.
 7. The clients did not acquire knowledge of the
TC concepts, tools and processes during the
whole sessions.

Cebuano: Ang mga kliyente wala makakuha

og kahibalo sa mga konsepto sa TC, mga
himan ug mga proseso sa tibuok nga mga
sesyon.
8. There were no linkages with educational
foundation, other GOs and NGOs for free
school supplies, bags and uniform for client’s
children and relatives.

Cebuano: Walay kalambigitan sa educational

foundation, ubang GOs ug NGOs alang sa
libreng school supplies, bag ug uniporme
para sa mga anak ug kabanay sa kliyente.
9. Activities that provide physical exertion like
sports, games and group play were not
conducted to enhance the physical well-being
of the clients.

Cebuano: Ang mga kalihokan nga naghatag

ug pisikal nga pagpaningkamot sama sa
sports, dula ug dula sa grupo wala gihimo
aron mapalambo ang pisikal nga kaayohan
sa mga kliyente.

10. Adult education classes were not availed and

helped clients learn basic writing, reading
and arithmetic.

Cebuano: Ang mga klase sa edukasyon sa

mga hamtong wala magamit ug nakatabang
sa mga kliyente nga makakat-on sa batakang
pagsulat, pagbasa ug aritmetika.

Adopted from: H. J. Chan, 2021. Assessment on the Therapeutic Community Modality

Program in Parole and Probation Administration Office in Iligan City, Philippines.
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