Data Analysis: Formulas Sheet

Probability Sampling: Non-probability sampling: I. Probability Sampling:

all the subjects of the population get an opportunity to be in the sample. it is not known if a given individual will be in the sample or not.
1. SRS Sampling:
● SRS Sampling: Simple random sampling ● Judgmental sampling
● Systematic sampling ● Quota method
● PPS sampling: Sampling with probability ● Route sampling
proportional to size
● Proportionate stratified random sampling
● Cluster sampling
● Multistage sampling

Confidence interval of an SRS sample

Confidence interval of level 1 − α of the SRS sample mean:

Remark: When the variable of interest is binary of type yes or no (0

or 1) the problem will be an estimation of a proportion ˆp. In such
case:

Remark: In both cases we assume that the

● Optimal sample size
sampling is without replacement. However, when
Let ε the wished accuracy for a confidence level of 1 such accuracy is:
the sampling rate is very small (< 1%) the two
The optimal sample size to reach
ways of sampling converge to the same result.
For the mean: For a proportion :

Remark: If there is no information about a

When the reference population size is very large. The optimal sample size will be: previous value of pn, we consider the extreme
● For the mean: For a proportion : case: pn(1-pn) = 1/4.
 2. Systematic sampling 3. Sampling with probability proportional to size:
● Determine the Sampling Interval (K): The formula is K = N / n. PPS sampling
● Randomly Select a Starting Point (d): start by selecting a random number The probability that a unit is selected depends on its size (or
between 1 and K. called "d". weight) in the population.
● Select the Sample Units: The units selected are of the form: The unit with larger size has the greatest chance of being
d, d + K, d + 2K, d + 3K, .., d + (n − 1)K included in the sample

4. Proportionate stratified random sampling

The population is subdivided into strata (relatively homogeneous groups) which are mutually exclusive.
From each strata the same proportion of individuals is drawn.
The sampling rate is the same in all strata.
5. Disproportionate stratified sampling
The only difference between proportionate and disproportionate stratified random sampling is their sampling fractions. With disproportionate
sampling, the different strata have different sampling fractions.
● Accuracy Estimation
Estimation:

Accuracy:

2
 6. Cluster sampling
Separate the population into subgroups called clusters.
A random number of clusters are selected.
All elements of these clusters are part of the sample: it is like we are doing a census inside each cluster.

Estimate: Accuracy:

7. Multistage sampling
Similar to cluster sampling, except that in this case a sample is taken from each cluster.
We have at least two degrees.
● The First one identifies large clusters (primary units): A9alim
● In the second degree, within each cluster, the units (secondary units) that will be part of the sample are selected. Cities

II. Non-probability sampling:

1. Judgmental sampling
Sample selection based on some
judgments about the entire population
2. Quota method
Consists of ensuring the representativity of a
sample by assigning it a structure similar to that of
the base population.
The main difference between this type of sampling
and the strati ed one is that it is the investigator
who decides which units form the sample.
3. Route sampling
For each randomly-chosen sampling points
(e.g., urban units, small cities, or voting
districts), interviewers are assigned with a
starting location and provided with
instructions on the random walking rules