Biostatistics Laboratory Sampling Error

- difference between the value

SAMPLING of the parameter being
investigated and estimates of
Terminologies: this value based on different
sample.
Population
Sampling
- group/collection of individual - process or technique of
items or units that are subject selecting a suitable
of investigation (universe) representative part of a
population for the purpose of
Sample determining the character of
a population.
- representative from the
population. Reasons for Sampling

Target Population a. Economical Reasons

b. Timeliness
- group that we want to study c. Large size of the population
for research d. Inaccessibility to population
e. Destructive nature of
Sampling Population observation
f. Accuracy
- group where the target
population coming from Steps in Sampling
(respondents) a. Define the target population
b. Determine a sample
Sampling Unit population
c. Choose a sampling design
- divide the sampling
d. Determine the sample size
population e. Execute the sampling design
Sampling Frame Websites: Raosoft.com & EpiInfo

- collection of all sampling units Sampling Methods

Elementary Unit/Element Types of Sampling

- object or person from which a a. Probability Sampling

- bigger chance to be selected
measurement is actually taken
or an observation is made.
b. Non-probability
E.g: - no chance

Probability Sampling
Target Population: Parents
Sampling Population: Parents in A.C 1. Simple Random Sampling
Sampling Frame: LIST of Parents in - Individuals of the population
A.C have an equal chance of
Sampling Unit: household being chosen
Elementary Unit: Parents in each - The probability that an
household individual is selected is:
1 K= period/interval
N= population size
𝑁
Steps:
a. Prepare sampling frame
b. Number all the population
elements in the sampling
frame chronologically from 1
to N, where N is the population
size
c. Determine the required
sample size, n.
d. Select n numbers at random
between 1 and N, using either
the lottery method or random
numbers generated by a
calculator, Excel, EpiInfo, or
taken from the table of
random numbers.
e. The population elements in the
list whose numbers
corresponds.
Advantages
- Simple design and analysis
Disadvantages
- Not cost efficient because
elementary units maybe too
widespread
- Requires a sampling frame
that includes all elementary
units of the population.
2. Systematic Sampling
- sampling taken from
systematic sampling may not
be representative of the whole
population.
- the same with sample random
sampling except in interval is
followed in the selection.
- period is determined by the
ratio of the population size to
the sample size.
𝑁 population numbers, we start
𝐾=
𝑛
N= population size
N= sample size
Steps:
a. Start with a sampling frame
b. Each member of the
population is assigned a
unique identification number.
c. A period between selections is
determined to identify the
sample of the group.
Example Problem:
It is required to select a sample of 12
individuals from a population of 96
by using systematic sampling.
(Assume that the first individual
selected is the 17th)
Since: N= 96 and n= 12
Sampling Fraction:
96
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = = 𝟖
12
d. A number will be randomly
chosen as the starting member ®
of the sample and the interval will
be added to the random
number.
Example Problem:
It is required to select a sample of 12
individuals from a population of 96
by using systematic sampling.
(Assume that the first individual
selected is the 17th).
Solution:
Since N = 96 and n = 12, the period is
8. The individuals selected will have
ranks:
17, 25, 33, 41, 49, 57, 65, 73, 81, 89, 97
As 97 lies outside the range of the
subtracting 8 from the rank of the first
selected observation to obtain the
remaining individuals.
9, 1, -7
NOTE: -7 also lies outside the range
(therefore we stop selection).
Sample Population:
1, 9, 17, 25, 33, 41, 49, 57, 65, 73, 81,
89
Advantages
- Less time consuming and
easier to perform.
- Sometimes can result in a
more representative sample.
Disadvantages
- Units could be widespread-out
- Systematic bias
NOTE: Repeat to appropriate
representative sample.
3. Stratified Sampling
- ensures proportional
representation of individuals
within each strata or
classification.
- OKAY to exceed
Example Problem:
If there are 70% males and 30%
females with a N=200, to ensure
proportional representation there
could be n=140 males n=60 females.
- The population is first divided
into non-overlapping groups
called stratum and then a
simple random sample is
drawn per stratum.
- This design is used when the
investigator wants to:
 Ensure that groups of
interest or subsections of
the population considered
important for the study are
adequately represented.
 Derive reasonably
accurate estimates for
important subsections of
the population.
Steps:
a. Identify the stratification
variable.
b. Classify the population
elements accdg. to the
categories of the stratification
variable.
c. Number the population
elements chronologically form
1 to N, within each category
of the stratification variable.
d. Determine the sample size
needed for each stratum.
e. Within each stratum, select the
required number values by
simple random sampling.
 Population Size Sample
Town
Number % Size
A 3,000 15.0 57
B 10,500 52.5 198
C 6500 32.5 122
Total 20000 100.00 377

Computations:

%: Number/Total Number x 100

Sample size: Percentage x Total Regions and
Sample Size/ 100 Provinces>>Districts>>Communities>
>Villages>>Households
Advantages
Advantages
- Ensure subgroups are
- Easy to implement
adequately represented
- Cost effective
- Accurate estimates for each
stratum can be obtained Disadvantages
- Produces more reliable results
- Imprecise
Disadvantages - Difficult to compute an
interpret results
- May require very large sample
STRATIFIED VS CLUSTER
4. Cluster Sampling
- Natural subgroupings of a
population are called clusters.
- Choose random sample of
clusters & then select
members randomly within the
selected clusters,
- selection of groups o study
units(clusters) instead of the
selection of study individually
- Clusters are usually the same
and the characteristics are
homogenous/similar.
5. Multistage Sampling
- Procedure carried out in
phases (successive stages)
and usually in values more
than one sampling method.
- Often used in community-
based studies with a wide
coverage.

Advantages

- Cost efficient design

 - Sampling frame for all
elementary units not required
- Sample easier to collect
Disadvantages
- More complicated to
implement
- Need for bigger sample size to
achieve precision
Non-Probability Sampling
1. Convenience Sample
- Or ACCIDENTAL
SAMPLING/HAP HAZARD
SAMPLING
- Sample individuals are
selected through convenient
contact
- Used for collecting preliminary
data
- Not used for statistical
inference
- Samples are not constructed
Advantages
- Least experience
- Least time consuming
- Most convenient
Disadvantages
- Selection bias
- Sample not representative
- Not recommended by
descriptive or casual research
2. Judgment/Purposive Sampling
- Samples to be taken from a
population is selected on the
basis of knowledge of a
subject matter, expert with
knowledge of the process
being studied
Advantages
- Low-cost
- Convenient
- Not time- consuming
- Ideal for exploratory research
design
Disadvantages
- Does not allow generalization
- Subjective
3. Quota Sampling
- samples of a fixed size(quota)
are obtained from pre-
determined subdivisions of the
population
Steps:
a. Determine the classification
included in your sampling
group
b. Determine the number of
individuals needed to satisfy
your sampling group
c. Select your sample group in
accordance to the
predetermined values that
were set.
Example Problem
We wish to ensure that the
distribution of participant’s ages in
our sample is similar to that of the
population. With a desired
population size of 300 and a
population census with 30% are
under the age of 20, 40% are
between 20 and 49, and 30% are 50
years of age and older.
*compute for the pre-determined
sample values
Predetermined values:
n= 90 persons under the age of 20
n= 120 between the age of 20 and
49
n= 90 who are 50 years of age and
older
d. Sampling continues until the
totals or quotes of the
sampling group are reached
STRATIFIED VS QUOTA

Stratified

- Population list
- Group
- Choose in random

Quota

- No population list
- Identity

Advantages

- Sample can be controlled for

certain characteristics

Disadvantages

- Selection bias
- No assurance

4. Snowball Sampling
- or CHAIN REFERRAL SAMPLE
- method used when the
sample for study is very rare or
is limited to a very small
subgroups of population

Advantages

- can estimate characteristics

Disadvantages

- time-consuming

God bless Future RMT 

-shanamae