Wireless Body Area Network WBAN PDF

Yarmouk University – Telecommunication Engineering
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

Done By: Hamza Abusiam, Mosab Smadi, Mohammad sameeh, Ahed Araidah
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Wireless Networks
The development of wireless networks has enjoyed tremendous growth over the past
decades. Wireless network communication can be said to be the communication of
nodes of elements of a communication system without any form of wire. This
communication could be between the elements of the same network or to larger
networks or to even the Internet [1].
The drive for wireless networks arises as the result of:
 Ease of deployment and comparatively low cost.
 Ease of upgrading and low maintenance cost relatively to cabled networks.
 Its superior mobility and flexibility features.
Although wireless networks seem to have a slight edge over cabled networks in terms
of mobility, flexibility, cost and convenience it poses its own bottlenecks. These
challenges such as :
 Interference from other electronic and electrical equipment operating on the
same or similar frequency can possess a great deal to communication between
a transmitter and a receiver.
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 Privacy and security Security are of a major concern when it comes to wireless
communication. This is because the medium for communication is radio waves
and hence anyone within the coverage area of a wireless network can attempt
to access the network.
 Health risk although the RF emitted by wireless devices have not been proven
to pose a danger, there is always health concern about the level of radiations.
 Frequency regulations the available frequencies are almost occupied and
therefore there is a need for effective coordination and a more prudent use of
the available spectrum [1].
1.2 Types of Wireless Networks
Wireless networks can be grouped either by coverage area or when they were
developed, referred to as generation. Grouping enable the identification of specific
needs and hence the development of standards to meet these needs. Wireless networks
can be classified into four major groups, namely:
 Wireless LANs.
 Wireless MAN.
 Wireless WANs.
 Wireless PANs [1,2].
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A wireless LAN provides the exchange of data and information locally between
computers and devices through a radio wave medium. Basically, most wireless LANs
consists of transmitters/receivers known as transceivers and referred to as access point
and a wireless Network Interface Card (NIC). The access point provides the bridging
between the wired network and wireless network. The access point does the receiving,
buffering and transmission of data between the wireless and wired network. Wireless
LANs are short-range wireless networks that may span a few meters [2].
Wi-Fi is an IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless local area network (WLAN). Generally,
Wi-Fi technology comes with four standards (802.11 a/b/g/n) that runs in ISM band
2.4 and 5 GHz with a modest coverage of 100 meter. Wi-Fi permits users to transfer
data at broadband speed when connected to an access point (AP) or in ad hoc mode.
Wi-Fi network where Wi-Fi sensor nodes and users can transfer data using internet by
standard Wi-Fi router. In some modified version, Wi-Fi devices can be used in data
acquisition applications that allow a direct communication between the sensors and the
smart phones PC even without an intermediate router [2].
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) are point – to – point or point–to–
multipoint networks that can span over a metropolitan city providing wireless
connectivity to users at different locations. These networks are larger than the WLANs
but smaller than WWANs [2].
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Wireless WANs are computer data networks that may receive and transmit data using
radio signals over a large geographical area. This type of wireless network employs
cellular networks such as GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE and satellite communication to
transmit data [2].
A wireless PAN is a short-range wireless network designed to support mobile
computing and portable devices for communication. It provides an infrastructure for
home appliances to interconnect, enabling them to access the Internet in some cases.
Examples of such technologies are Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) [2].
1.3 Internet of Things
The concept of Internet of Things (IOT) has evolved rapidly in various ways, as now
with the help of this huge number small networks which can remain connected to each
other and can directly send data to the main network without any human interaction.
Quality of service in healthcare has always been under constant criticism in the modern
era, as it is a very touchy subject. Health monitoring specially for elderly people is a
concern and as most people in the modern times are job holders and have so hectic life.
It is difficult to manage to keep a constant watch on the elderly of the house. Keeping
a nurse or housekeeper is also a very costly issue nowadays. In this situation, remote
health monitoring based on IOT can help to solve the problem [1,3].
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IOT is providing the means by which it is possible to collect and analyze data remotely
without any human interaction. So, this indicates that it is possible to detect and prevent
any future hazard with precision and possible to aware the concerning authority like
the family member or the physician if there is any alarming situation. The basic two
reasons IOT is important for this project is firstly it is automated, so no human
interaction is needed. And secondly, because of automation the process has less chance
of having errors i.e. having a more efficient system indicating a better quality in service
[4].
Monitoring health of elderly people is basically model for monitoring using different
sensors. The reason we chose elderly people for monitoring is because, elderly people
are usually more vulnerable to sickness and other aging factors. So, usually it becomes
difficult for working people to monitor the senior members of the family the whole
time. Even if it is possible to take care of the elderly during, they stay at home, it
becomes rather difficult to observe their activities and condition during the working
hours. Thus, it was eminent to come with a solution that is to make a health monitoring
system which can observe the daily basic activities of elderly people. A threshold value
will already be provided to the system. The system will collect data of daily activities
through sensors which will be placed according to the needs of the system. The
retrieved data will then be compared with the provided threshold values [5].
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1.4 Body Area Network (BAN)
A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless body area network (WBAN)
or a body sensor network (BSN) or a medical body area network (MBAN), is a wireless
network of wearable computing devices. BAN devices may be embedded inside the
body, implants, may be surface-mounted on the body in a fixed position Wearable
technology or may be accompanied devices which humans can carry in different
positions, in clothes pockets, by hand or in various bags. A WBAN system can use
WPAN wireless technologies as gateways to reach longer ranges. Through gateway
devices, it is possible to connect the wearable devices on the human body to the
internet. This way, medical professionals can access patient data online using the
internet independent of the patient location.
In modern technology wireless communication provides a lot of possibilities to be able
to share its information to each other at anytime and anywhere. Intelligent mobile
communication network and WLAN, Wi-Fi are applied to various sectors such as
education; health care service and industry in order to provide people a convenient way
to communicate with each other. As the demand of ubiquitous network is increased,
the devices for home, office and other information devices that can communicate
wireless in short range have been getting more attention. The standard and technique
development of ubiquitous network has rapidly put itself into the world market.
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is becoming a special application of such
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technique. WBAN differs with other wireless sensor networks (WSN) with some
significant points. First difference between a WBAN and WSN is mobility. In WBAN
user can move with sensor nodes with same mobility pattern whereas WSN is generally
used to be stationary. Energy consumption is much less in WBAN than other WSNs
arrangement. In addition, WBAN sensor devices are found cheaper than WSNs. For
reliability, node complexity and density, WBAN nodes are however traditional. WSNs
do not tackle specific requirements associated with the interaction between the network
and the human body [1].
The WBAN performs like Virtual Doctor Server, by keeping the different
responsibilities like- maintain the history of the patient, giving advices to the patient
in general/emergency (first aid help from second person) case etc. To understand the
communication approach of this emerging WBAN technology, we first need to know
the conceptual structure of WBAN so that, one can easily know the flow of
communication within the system and to the outside world, this has been achieved by
the demonstration of a simple WBAN communication architecture. Where this
architecture is mainly comprised with three different layers namely: Tier 1, Tier 2 and
Tier3 and these are further described better in the given figure 1.1 [6].
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Figure 1.1: Architecture of Wireless BAN Communication.
1.5 Wireless Body Area Network
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) refers to such a network where data from
sensor nodes are collected wirelessly and may be stored in database for further
specification. In the medical sector wireless services play a formidable role. Patient
Health Monitoring systems can be built under such concept. For remotely monitoring
patient BAN (Body Area Network) provides a platform for the doctors. A doctor may
not be able to monitor a patient being physically present all the time. But if a system
is built using WBAN where there is going to be a part of sensors and then a part of
web server to store data coming from the sensors part and the doctor has the access to
view his patient information it will work wonders. Wireless communication without
any laptop, computer in between the WBAN-based device and the web server is the
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main functionality of a WBAN system. Body Area Network is basically wearable
computing devices. Such computing devices can work wirelessly. WBAN offers
independent movement of the device. The sensors attached to body can be carried
anywhere the patient moves. Such flexibility of the wireless body area network puts
forward many other challenging applications of it. [6].
1.6 WBAN Architecture
WBAN is designed with special purpose sensor which can autonomously connect with
various sensors and appliances, located inside and outside of a human body.
Figure 1.2 demonstrates a simple WBAN architecture where the architecture is divided
into several sections. Here we have classified the network architecture into four
sections. The first section is the WBAN part which consists of several numbers of
sensor nodes. These nodes are cheap and low power nodes with inertial and
physiological sensors, strategically placed on the human body. All the sensors can be
used for continuous monitoring of movement, vital parameters like heart rate. and the
surrounding environment. There are vast monitoring systems are being used already
based on wired connections. Any wired connection in a monitoring system can be
problematic and awkward worn by a person and could restrict his mobility. So, WBAN
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can be a very effective solution in this area especially in a healthcare system where a
patient needs to be monitored continuously and requires mobility [7].
Figure 1.2: WBAN Architecture.
The next section is the coordination node where the entire sensor nodes will directly
be connected with a coordination node known as Central Control Unit (CCU). CCU
takes the responsibility to collect information from the sensor nodes and to deliver to
the next section. For monitoring human body activities there is no such wireless
technology is fixed for targeting WBAN. Most popular wireless technologies used for
medical monitoring system are WLAN, Wi-Fi, GSM, 3G, 4G, WPAN (Bluetooth).
Except Cellular network standard all of these technologies are commonly available for
short distance communication. WMTS (Wireless Medical Telemetry Service) \ and
Ultra-Wide Band are another technology that could be used for body monitoring
system as they operate in low transmission power [7].
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The third section is the WBAN communication which will act as a gateway to transfer
the information to the destination. A mobile node can be a gateway to a remote station
to send Mobile Message to a cellular network using GSM/3G/4G. A router or a PC can
be a remote node to communicate via email or other service using Ethernet. The last
section will be a control center consists of end node devices such as Mobile phone for
message, PC for monitoring and email and server for storing the information in the
database [7].
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Chapter 2: Hardware Components
This chapter discusses the hardware required for the project implementation. To conduct this
project, we need sensors so that we can monitor the health condition of the people. In order to
do so, we chose different criteria to monitor the people. The criteria’s we chose are body
temperature, pulse heart rate of the host. So, for those criteria’s we chose the following sensors.
2.1 Temperature sensor
For collecting the temperature data from the host, we chose the model DS18B20. The
DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature
measurements and has an alarm function with nonvolatile user-programmable upper
and lower trigger points (Measures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C (-67°F to
+257°F)). The DS18B20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that requires only one data
line for communication with a central microprocessor. In addition, the DS18B20 can
derive power directly from the data line eliminating the need for an external power
supply. This sensor is very easy to work with and provides with accurate data of
temperature. The sensor provides data in Celsius temperature scale, but we later
converted it to the Fahrenheit scale for our convenience. Whenever the host touches
the sensor, the sensor saturates itself with the body temperature of the host and shows
that temperature [8].
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Figure 2.1: Temperature Sensor DS18B20
2.2 Pulse Heart Rate
A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/her’s heart contracting or
expanding as they force blood from one region to another. The number of times the
heart beats per minute (BPM), is the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart that can
be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin is the pulse. Heart Beat can be measured
based on optical power variation as light is scattered or absorbed during its path
through the blood as the heart beat changes using a sensor.
The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo plethysmography. It measures
the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change
in the light intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications
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where heart pulse rate is to be monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important.
The flow of blood volume is decided by the rate of heart pulses and since light is
absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are equivalent to the heart beat pulses.
The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a detector like a light
detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses cause a variation in the flow
of blood to different regions of the body. When a tissue is illuminated with the light
source, i.e. light emitted by the led, it reflects (a finger tissue). Some of the light is
absorbed by the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is received by the light
detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in that tissue. The
detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional to the heart beat rate.
BPM (Beats per minute) = 60*f, where f is the pulse frequency [9].
For collecting the pulse rate data from the host, we chose the model SEN-11574. The
Pulse Sensor is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by anyone
who wants to easily incorporate live heart-rate data. Essence it is an integrated optical
amplifying circuit and noise eliminating circuit sensor. It is very easy to use by clipping
the Pulse Sensor to the hosts earlobe or fingertip and plug it into the Arduino. This
sensor can give data’s like Pulse Rate, Cardio Graph and Inter Beat Interval. However,
for our convenience we only used the Pulse Rate per minute from the sensor. The data
from the sensor can be retrieved from the host via the host’s fingertip [9].
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Figure 2.2: Pulse heart rate (model SEN-11574)
2.3 Wi-Fi Module
For the purpose of this project, we chose ESP-8266. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a
self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any
microcontroller for our case the Arduino access to Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions
from another application processor. Each ESP8266 module is pre-programmed with
an AT command set firmware, meaning, it can be simply connected with the Arduino
device. The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost-effective board. The module helps
to transmit the sensor data to Blynk cloud storage. It remains connected with the
Arduino and connects with the server via internet and sends the data to that server [10].
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Figure 2.3: ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
The module can work both as an Access point (can create hotspot) and as a station (can
connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload it to the internet making
Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data from internet using API’s
hence could access any information that is available in the internet, thus making it
smarter. Another exciting feature of this module is that it can be programmed using
the Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user friendly. This version of the module
has 8 pins (Ground, TX, RX, GPIO-2, CH_EN, GPIO - 0, Reset, RX, Vcc) [10].
Figure 2.4: ESP8266 Pinout
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ESP8266-01 Features:
 Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module.
 Power Supply: +3.3V only.
 Current Consumption: 100mA.
 I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max).
 I/O source current: 12mA (max).
 Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz.
 512kB Flash Memory.
 Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined.
 Supports Deep sleep (<10uA).
 Supports serial communication hence compatible with many development
platforms like Arduino.
 Can be programmed using Arduino IDE or AT-commands or Lua Script.
2.4 Arduino Uno
Arduino is an open source programmable circuit board. This board contains a
microcontroller which is able to be programmed to sense and control objects in the
physical world. By responding to sensors and inputs, the Arduino is able to interact
with a large array of outputs such as LEDs, motors and displays. Because of its
flexibility and low cost. The programming of Arduino is done in C, C++. The IDE
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provides various built in examples and codes that make working with Arduino an
effortless task [11].
We used Arduino Uno for the purpose of this project. All the sensors are connected
with the Arduino. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P.
It has 14 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs, 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and
a reset button. The sensors are powered from the Arduino Uno so is the Wi-Fi module.
The Wi-Fi module is getting the data from the sensors through this Arduino Uno [11].
Figure 2.5: Arduino Uno
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Some of the digital I/O pins have special functions which are describe below:
 Pins 0 and 1 are used for serial communication. They are used to receive and
transmit serial data which can be used in several ways like programming the
Arduino board and communicating with the user through serial monitor.
 Pins 2 and 3 are used for external interrupts. An external event can be triggered
using these pins by detecting low value, change in value or falling or rising
edge on a signal.
 As mentioned earlier, 6 of the 14 digital I/O Pins i.e. 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 can
provide 8-bit PWM output.
 Pins 10, 11, 12 and 13 (SS, MOSI, MISO AND SCK respectively) are used for
SPI communication.
 Pin 13 has a built-in LED connected to it. When the pin is HIGH, the LED is
turned on and when the pin is LOW, it is turned off.
Arduino Uno has 6 analog input pins which can provide 10 bits of resolution i.e. 1024
different values. The analog pins on the Arduino UNO are labelled A0 to A5.
Additionally, some analog pins have specialized functionality. Pins A4 and A5 are
used for I2C communication.
There are different ways in which we can power the Arduino UNO board. The USB
cable, which is used to program the microcontroller, can be used as a source of power.
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The UNO board has on-board voltage regulators for 5V and 3.3V, which can be used
as power supply for small external devices like LEDs [11].
2.5 Circuit Connection
The ESP-8266 has eight ports, one of them is the power port which is used to supply
power to the module, and this was connected with the Arduino’s 3.3v. ESP-8266 is
very sensitive to high power so it was not connected to the 5v power besides it works
better at 3.3v. Another port of the ESP-8266 is the ground port which is connected with
the Arduino’s ground. ESP-8266 sends and receives data with 2 different ports these
ports are called TX and RX ports. ESP-8266’s TX port was connected with Arduino’s
digital port number 0 and ESP 8266’s Rx port was connected with Arduino’s digital
port 1. There is a reset port on the ESP 8266 which was not used as we did not need it,
there is a port called ch-pd on ESP-8266 which is connected to the Arduino’s 3.3v port.
There are 2 GPIO ports on the ESP-8266, the GPIO1 is connected with the Arduino’s
3.3v and the other port, GPIO0 is left unused. The ESP8266 circuit diagram shown in
figure 2.6.
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Figure 2.6: Circuit of ESP8266
The DS18B20 has 3 pins to operate. One pin, Vcc is for power and another pin is for
ground. The DS18B20 can operate with power from 3.0v to 5.0v. The Vcc port is
connected with the Arduino’s 5v through a 4.7kohm register. The ground port is
connected with Arduino ground. The other port of the DS18B20 is the data port. This
port is used to send temperature data to the Arduino, this port can also take power from
the Arduino if it needs any extra. The data port of the DS18B20 is connected to the
Arduino digital pin 2 through the same 4.7kohm register. So, basically one end of the
4.7kohm register is connected with the Vcc port and the other end of the register is
connected with the data port. This register is put with both these ports so that
overpower cannot harm the DS18B20 as the data port also may take power from the
Arduino.
The pulse sensor has three pins; one of them is the Vcc pin to power the pulse sensor
as usual. This pin is connected with Arduino’s 5v power supply. There is also a ground
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pin in the pulse sensor which is connected with the Arduino’s ground port. The other
pin of the pulse sensor is the data pin. This pin sends analog data to the Arduino, so
we had to attach this pin with the Arduino’s analog pin 0. This way the Arduino will
be converting the analog data to digital and we can avoid using an extra analog to
digital converter. The complete circuit diagram of our project is shown in figure 2.7.
Figure 2.7: The complete circuit diagram of our project.
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Chapter 3: Software Implementation
The Arduino IDE that allows you to program the Arduino UNO using the Arduino IDE and
its programming language.
3.1 Arduino Integrated Development Environment Overview
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is incredibly minimalistic,
yet it provides a near-complete environment for most Arduino-based projects. The top
menu bar has the standard options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font,
copy, paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and programming), “Tools” (useful options
for testing projects), and “Help”. The middle section of the IDE is a simple text editor
that where you can enter the program code. The bottom section of the IDE is dedicated
to an output window that is used to see the status of the compilation, how much
memory has been used, any errors that were found in the program, and various other
useful messages [12].
The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is
written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and upload programs to
Arduino board. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules
of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring
project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code
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only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop,
that are compiled and linked with a program stub main () into an executable cyclic
executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution.
The Arduino IDE employs the program argued to convert the executable code into a
text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware. Because programming a microcontroller is
somewhat different from programming a computer, there are a number of device-
specific libraries (e.g., changing pin modes, output data on pins, reading analog
values, and timers). This sometimes confuses users who think Arduino is
programmed in an “Arduino language.” However, the Arduino is, in fact,
programmed in C++. It just uses unique libraries for the device [12].
3.2 Mobile Application (Blynk Application)
Blynk is a platform with iOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and
the likes over the Internet. It's a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic
interface for your project by simply dragging and dropping widgets. It's really simple
to set everything up and you'll start tinkering in less than 5 mins. Blynk is not tied to
some specific board or shield. Instead, it's supporting hardware of your choice.
Whether your Arduino or Raspberry Pi is linked to the Internet over Wi-Fi, Ethernet
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or this new ESP8266 chip, Blynk will get you online and ready for the Internet of Your
Things. As shown in figure 3.1 [13].
Figure 3.1: Blynk app overview
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can
display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things. There
are three major components in the platform:
1. Blynk App: It allows you to create amazing interfaces for your projects using
various widgets which are provided.
2. Blynk Server: It is responsible for all the communications between the
smartphone and hardware. You can use the Blynk Cloud or run your private
Blynk server locally. It’s open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices
and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
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3. Blynk Libraries: It enables communication, for all the popular hardware
platforms, with the server and process all the incoming and outcoming
commands [13].
Now imagine, every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels to
the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware. It works the same
in the opposite direction and everything happens in a Blynk of an eye. As shown figure
3.2 [13].
Figure 3.2: Blynk cloud architecture.
Characteristics of Blynk are:
 Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices.
 Connection to the cloud can be done using Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, BLE
and USB (Serial).
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 Set of easy-to-use Widgets.
 Direct pin manipulation with no code writing.
 Easy to integrate and add new functionality using virtual pins
 History data monitoring via History Graph widget
 Device-to-Device communication using Bridge Widget
 Sending emails, tweets, push notifications, etc.
3.3 Upload Code
Upload the code using Arduino IDE.
The code:
#define USE_ARDUINO_INTERRUPTS true // Set-up low-level interrupts for most acurate BPM math.
#include <PulseSensorPlayground.h> // Includes the PulseSensorPlayground Library .
//Variables
const int PulseWire = 0; // PulseSensor PURPLE WIRE connected to ANALOG PIN 0
int Threshold = 500; // Determine which Signal to "count as a beat" and which to ignore.
// Use the "Gettting Started Project" to fine-tune Threshold Value beyond default setting.
// Otherwise leave the default "550" value .
#include "OneWire.h"
#include "DallasTemperature.h"
OneWire oneWire(2);
DallasTemperature tempSensor(&oneWire);
PulseSensorPlayground pulseSensor;
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <ESP8266_Lib.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleShieldEsp8266.h>
//You should get Auth Token in the Blynk App.

//Go to the Project Settings (nut icon).
char auth[] = "0510efd646ed48148ae99d3b281b1026;"
//Your WiFi credentials.

//Set password to "" for open networks.
char ssid[] = "TTA";
char pass[] = "tta.2016.";
//Hardware Serial on Mega, Leonardo, Micro...
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#define EspSerial Serial
//or Software Serial on Uno, Nano...

#//include <SoftwareSerial.h>
//SoftwareSerial EspSerial(2, 3); // RX, TX
//Your ESP8266 baud rate:

#define ESP8266_BAUD 115200
ESP8266 wifi(&EspSerial);
void setup)(
{
// Debug console
Serial.begin(9600);
tempSensor.begin;)(
// Set ESP8266 baud rate

EspSerial.begin(ESP8266_BAUD);
Blynk.begin(auth, wifi, ssid, pass);
//Configure the PulseSensor object, by assigning our variables to it .

pulseSensor.analogInput(PulseWire (
// pulseSensor.blinkOnPulse(LED13); //auto-magically blink Arduino's LED with heartbeat.
pulseSensor.setThreshold(Threshold);
// Double-check the "pulseSensor" object was created and "began" seeing a signal .
if (pulseSensor.begin{ ))(
Serial.println("We created a pulseSensor Object !");
}
void loop)(
{
int myBPM = pulseSensor.getBeatsPerMinute(); // Calls function on our pulseSensor object that returns BPM as
an "int."
// Serial.println(x); // "myBPM" hold this BPM value now .
if (pulseSensor.sawStartOfBeat() ) { // Constantly test to see if "a beat happened ."

Serial.println("♥ A HeartBeat Happened ! "); // If test is "true", print a message "a heartbeat happened."
Serial.print("BPM: "); // Print phrase "BPM " :
Serial.println(myBPM/2); // Print the value inside of myBPM .
Blynk.virtualWrite(V0,myBPM/2);
delay(20);// considered best practice in a simple sketch.
}
tempSensor.requestTemperaturesByIndex(0);
Serial.print("Temperature:");
Serial.print(tempSensor.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" C");
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1,tempSensor.getTempCByIndex(0));
delay(10);
Blynk.run;)(
}
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Chapter 4: Results and Conclusions
4.1 Results
In this chapter after implementing the code we will discuss how it is displayed in the
Blynk account of a user. First of all, you need to download the Blynk app. It is available
for both Android and IOS. After downloading, open the app. It will ask you to log in.
In the Blynk server it takes 5 second delays for each data entry. The data entered in the
storage is then graphically portrayed in the display. The data entered in the storage is
the channel's doctor. The patient who is under observation of that doctor is then
appeared in the doctor’s channel. Figure 4.1 shows the log in Blynk account.
Figure 4.1: Log in Blynk account
January 17, 2018 29

The temperature we send is in degree Celsius scale. So, our retrieved data for
temperature remains in Celsius scale. Figure 4.2 shows the temperature with a human
touch and again goes back to room temperature when touch is removed along with the
time of entry.
Figure 4.2: Temperature remains in Celsius
For the convenience of this project we only selected the pulse rate data as a criterion
for monitoring. After implementing the ESP-8266 code with this pulse sensor data, it
January 17, 2018 30

is formed in the Blynk as shown in figure 4.3. Initially there are some values which are
a little high because of noise. But, with time normal pulse starts to appear as we can
see in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3: Pulse Heart Rate graph
4.2 Conclusion
Our main objective in this project was to successfully monitor the basic two criteria’s
namely temperature and pulse, and their reaction during emergency situation. We
January 17, 2018 31

wanted to make a mark on the field of IoT with the health sector. With the rise demand
of IoT, the era of technology is moving towards a far superior dimension. In order to
keep pace with new technologies, this project can sure make a way for the advancement
in this sector. Though our model is tested and implemented, it will be difficult to
continue the project without superior quality hardware support along with a lot of new
integration. The real benefit of this work can only be fully realized when it can be
implemented in full scale.
4.3 Challenges
There are three basic challenges we face during the project implementation.
 ESP-8266 Wi-Fi Module
The Wi-Fi module works in its own specific language. So, we had to face a lot
problem regarding the ways of its language. Sometimes the Wi-Fi module itself
cannot connect with the local network, as a result the data sending got
interrupted many times. So, a better hardware support for Wi-Fi module is
expected to send data smoothly.
 Pulse Sensor
January 17, 2018 32

The data that is retrieved from the pulse sensor can give some error reading
sometimes. Due to unavailability of better pulse sensor in Jordan. This delayed
our implementation of the project in some ways as pulse sensor is an integral
part of this project.
 Temperature sensor
The data that is retrieved from the Temperature can give some error reading
sometimes. Due to inaccuracies in the sensor readings.
4.4 Future works
 Integrating more sensors for more specific data acquisition and analysis.
 Will be applicable in army services in active situation.
 Will be used to provide health service to rural areas in affordable price.
 Huge database will be built for doctors to diagnose people from different areas
and cultures.
Our project can be considered as platform to develop in the field of IoT on the health
sector. In developing countries like ours, this kind of innovative and cost-effective
project can improve the future of technology. So, we are looking forward to
implementing the project in order to make an impact in this new era of technology.
January 17, 2018 33

References
[1] www.wikipedia.com.
[2] www.commotionwireless.com.," Types of Wireless Networks".
[3] www.hindawi.com.," Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and Applications",
Pallavi Sethi and Smruti R. Sarangi, 2017.
[4] www.talend.com.," Sensors, Environment and Internet of Things (IoT)", Zeeshan Javeed,
December 2016.
[5] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.," Remote Health Monitoring for Older Adults and Those with
Heart Failure: Adherence and System Usability", Jun 2016.
[6] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.,"A Review on Telemedicine-Based WBAN Framework for
Patient Monitoring", Aug 2013.
[7] www.file.scirp.org.," Wireless Body Area Network: An Overview and Various
Applications", Md. Taslim Arefin, Mohammad Hanif Ali1, A. K. M. Fazlul Haque, 2017.
[8] www.components101.com.," DS18B20 Temperature Sensor", May 2018.
[9] www.elprocus.com.," Heartbeat Sensor – Working & Application".
[10] www.instructables.com.," ESP 8266 Wi-Fi".
[11] www.arduino.cc.," Introduction".
January 17, 2018 34

[12] www.digikey.com.," Introduction to the Arduino IDE", by Maker.Io Staff, 2018.
[13] www.blynk.cc,.
January 17, 2018 35

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Yarmouk University – Telecommunication Engineering

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

1.1 Wireless Networks

decades. Wireless network communication can be said to be the communication of

nodes of elements of a communication system without any form of wire. This

communication could be between the elements of the same network or to larger

networks or to even the Internet [1].

The drive for wireless networks arises as the result of:

 Ease of deployment and comparatively low cost.

 Ease of upgrading and low maintenance cost relatively to cabled networks.

 Its superior mobility and flexibility features.

 Interference from other electronic and electrical equipment operating on the

same or similar frequency can possess a great deal to communication between

a transmitter and a receiver.

January 17, 2018 1

communication. This is because the medium for communication is radio waves

to access the network.

 Frequency regulations the available frequencies are almost occupied and

the available spectrum [1].

1.2 Types of Wireless Networks

developed, referred to as generation. Grouping enable the identification of specific

can be classified into four major groups, namely:

 Wireless PANs [1,2].

January 17, 2018 2

consists of transmitters/receivers known as transceivers and referred to as access point

smart phones PC even without an intermediate router [2].

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs) are point – to – point or point–to–

but smaller than WWANs [2].

January 17, 2018 3

transmit data [2].

A wireless PAN is a short-range wireless network designed to support mobile

computing and portable devices for communication. It provides an infrastructure for

Examples of such technologies are Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) [2].

1.3 Internet of Things

January 17, 2018 4

reasons IOT is important for this project is firstly it is automated, so no human

January 17, 2018 5

1.4 Body Area Network (BAN)

body, implants, may be surface-mounted on the body in a fixed position Wearable

technology or may be accompanied devices which humans can carry in different

WPAN wireless technologies as gateways to reach longer ranges. Through gateway

internet independent of the patient location.

In modern technology wireless communication provides a lot of possibilities to be able

to communicate with each other. As the demand of ubiquitous network is increased,

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is becoming a special application of such

January 17, 2018 6

and the human body [1].

communication approach of this emerging WBAN technology, we first need to know

the demonstration of a simple WBAN communication architecture. Where this

January 17, 2018 7

Figure 1.1: Architecture of Wireless BAN Communication.

1.5 Wireless Body Area Network

January 17, 2018 8

main functionality of a WBAN system. Body Area Network is basically wearable

forward many other challenging applications of it. [6].

1.6 WBAN Architecture

based on wired connections. Any wired connection in a monitoring system can be

January 17, 2018 9

patient needs to be monitored continuously and requires mobility [7].

Figure 1.2: WBAN Architecture.

short distance communication. WMTS (Wireless Medical Telemetry Service) \ and

system as they operate in low transmission power [7].

January 17, 2018 10

to send Mobile Message to a cellular network using GSM/3G/4G. A router or a PC can