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malxaz macaberiZe

sabWoTa kavSiri
komunisturi totalitarizmis
aRzeveba da dacema

gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi 2023

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malxaz macaberiZe. sabWoTa kavSiri. komunisturi totalitarizmis aR-
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naSromSi ganxilulia sabWoTa kavSiris Camoyalibebisa da transformaciis
ZiriTadi etapebi; komunisturi reJimis ideologiuri da politikuri
cvlilebebi. naCvenebia sabWoTa kavSiris krizisi da daSlis garduvaloba.
naSromi gankuTvnilia specialistebisa da sakiTxiT dainteresebuli mkiT-
xvelebisTvis.

m. macaberiZe, 2023
gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2023
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4, : 5(99) 17 22 30; 5(99) 33 52 02
(PDLOXQLYHUVDO#\PDLOFRPJDPRPFHPOREDXQLYHUVDOL#JPDLOFRP

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sarCevi
Sesavali........................................................................................................................17
nawili pirveli.
bolSevikebi: gza xelisuflebisken
Tavi ,. bolSevizmi rogorc ideologia da praqtika............................21
1.1. saxelmwifo socializmis idea.........................................................................21

1.2. bolSevizmis rogorc ideologiuri da politikuri mimdinareobis
daxasiaTeba............................................................................................................22
1.3. bolSevizmis dabadeba ........................................................................................22
1.4. bolSevikebis mosvla xelisuflebis saTaveSi............................................24
1.5. sabWoTa wyobileba ..............................................................................................25
1.6. `wiTeli terori~ cifrebsa da faqtebSi.......................................................27
Tavi ,,. bolSevikebi da èrovnuli sakiTxi~ .............................................29
2.1. erovnuli sakiTxis marqsistuli xedva ........................................................29

2.2. bolSevikebis damokidebuleba erovnuli sakiTxisadmi ..........................29
2.3. erovnuli sakiTxis `bolSevikuri~ gadawyveta: 1918ʝ 1921 wlebi .........30
2.4. samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikebis gamarjveba da sabWoTa sistemis
teritoriuli gafarToeba ...............................................................................31
nawili meore.
sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna
Tavi ,,,. sabWoTa kavSiri rogorc ideologiuri da

politikuri proeqti ....................................................................................34
3.1. bolSevikebi ìmperiul~ da àdgilobriv~ nacionalizms Soris ...........34

3.2. sabWoTa respublikebis àvtonomizaciis~ gegma........................................35
3.3. àvtonomizaciis~ gegmis ganxilva sabWoTa respublikebis
xelmZRvanelobis mier .......................................................................................37
3.4. v. leninis gegma `suverenuli respublikebis~ kavSiris Seqmnis
Sesaxeb .....................................................................................................................39

3.5. sabWoebis pirveli sakavSiro yriloba. sabWoTa kavSiris
xelmZRvaneli organoebis formireba...........................................................43
3.6. sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis miReba ........................................................45
3.7. cvlilebebi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi (1920-iani wlebi) .........47
3.8. sabWoTa ierarqiuli federalizmi ................................................................49
Tavi ,9. amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciis Seqmna............................51
4.1. raSi sWirdebodaT moskovel bolSevikebs amierkavkasiis

federacia ..............................................................................................................51
4.2. rogor iqmneboda amierkavkasiis sabWouri federacia ............................51
4.3. bolSevikuri argumentebi amierkavkasiis federaciis Sesaqmnelad....53
4.4. vin iyvnen da ra undodaT `nacional-uklonistebs~ ................................54
4.5. saqarTvelos kompartiis xelmZRvaneloba amierkavkasiis
federaciis winaaRmdeg......................................................................................57
4.6. `qarTuli incidentis~ moskovuri rezonansi .............................................58
4.7. ras akeTebdnen `nacional-uklonistebi~ ....................................................62
4.8. ciliswameba da fizikuri angariSsworeba
`nacional-uklonistebTan~ .............................................................................63
Tavi 9. msoflio revoluciis amao molodini..........................................66
5.1. msoflio revoluciis idea..............................................................................66

5.2. `revolucia sul male daiwyeba...~ .................................................................67
5.3. kominterni — msoflio revoluciis instrumenti ....................................68
5.4. msoflio revoluciis dawyebis mcdeloba — evropa, 1919 weli.............70
5.5. `revoluciuri Semobruneba~ aziisaken ........................................................72
5.6. poloneTis gavliT germaniisken gaWris mcdeloba (1920 weli) ............72
5.7. `msoflio revoluciis~ warmateba kavkasiaSi.............................................75
5.8. evropaSi socialisturi revoluciis `momzadebis~ mcdeloba
(1922 weli) .............................................................................................................76
5.9. germania, 1923 weli ..............................................................................................77
5.10. bulgareTi, 1923 da 1925 wlebi ........................................................................78
5.11. estoneTi, 1924 weli ............................................................................................78
5.12. msoflio revoluciis nacvlad erT qveyanaSi socializmis
mSeneblobis gegmaze gadasvla ........................................................................79

nawili mesame.
bolSevikuri ideologiisa da politikis krizisi
Tavi 9,. `samxedro komunizmis~ politika ..................................................80
6.1. `samxedro komunizmis~ politikis arsi..........................................................80

6.2. mrewvelobis nacionalizeba ..............................................................................81
6.3. sasursaTo gawera ..................................................................................................81
6.4. mosaxleobis normirebuli momarageba...........................................................83
6.5. vaWrobis SezRudva ...............................................................................................83
6.6. xelfasis naturalizacia....................................................................................84
6.7. Sromis militarizacia.........................................................................................84
6.8. yofa `samxedro komunizmis~ dros ...................................................................86
6.9. `samxedro komunizmi~ da bolSevikuri ideologia.....................................87
6.10. `samxedro komunizmis~ sistemis krizisi ....................................................89
6.11. Sidapartiuli diskusiebi `samxedro komunizmis~ periodSi ................89
Tavi 9,,. axali ekonomikuri politika.........................................................91
7.1. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba 1921 wlis dasawyisisTvis ...........91

7.2. politikuri krizisi 1921 wlis damdegs.........................................................91
7.3. axal ekonomiur politikaze gadasvla ...........................................................92
7.4. bolSevikebis kidev erTi ukandaxeva: vaWrobis daSveba da
finansuri reforma .............................................................................................95
7.5. soflis meurneobis aRdgena ..............................................................................96
7.6. mrewvelobis nawilobrivi denacionalizacia..............................................98
7.7. armiis reforma ......................................................................................................99
7.8. axali ekonomikuri politika da sasamarTlo sistema...............................99
7.9. cxovreba nep-is pirobebSi ................................................................................100
7.10. axali ekonomikuri politikis etapebi .......................................................102
Tavi 9,,,. gasabWoebuli saqarTvelo àxali ekonomikuri

politikis~ marwuxebSi..............................................................................104
8.1. axali ekonomikuri politika rusuli SabloniT.......................................104

8.2. bolSevikuri àgraruli revolucia~ saqarTveloSi...............................105
8.3. mrewvelobis `socialisturi~ gardaqmna.....................................................106
8.4. dasavleTTan ekonomikuri urTierTobis SezRudva ................................107

nawili meoTxe.
`leninis anderZi~ da leninis memkvidreebi
Tavi ,;. leninis avadmyofoba da sikvdili .............................................108
9.1. leninis avadmyofoba..........................................................................................108

9.2. leninis avadmyofoba da stalini....................................................................110
9.3. leninis gardacvaleba da dakrZalva.............................................................110
Tavi ;. leninis ànderZi~ ..................................................................................114
10.1. ras ewodeba leninis ànderZi~ ......................................................................114

10.2. sabWoTa saxelmwifo aparatis reorganizaciis gegma ............................114
10.3. leninis mier bolSeviki liderebis daxasiaTeba......................................115
10.4. leninis Semdeg: bolSevik liderTa oTxi jgufi .....................................118
10.5. rkp (b) ;,,, yriloba: partiis neba leninis `nebis~ winaaRmdeg .............120
Tavi ;,. ideologiur-politikuri brZola 1920-ian wlebSi ...........122
11.1. Sidapartiuli brZolebi leninis mmarTvelobis dros .........................122

11.2. Sidapartiuli brZolis mizezebi leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg .....123
11.3. leninis Semdeg: `triumviratis~ Camoyalibeba........................................124
11.4. ` memarcxeneebisa~ da `memarjveneebis~ gansxvavebuli midgomebi .....125
11.5. `muSaTa opozicia~ axali ekonomikuri politikis winaaRmdeg...........125
11.6. trockizmis ideuri `mxileba~ da damarcxeba...........................................126
11.7. trockis Camocileba armiisagan ...................................................................127
11.8. stalinizmis dabadeba — erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis
sakiTxi ..................................................................................................................128
11.9. rodis daemata `marqsizms~ `leninizmi~ .....................................................129
11.10. àxali opozicia~ da stalin-buxarinis kavSiri.....................................132
11.11. gaerTianebuli `trockistul-zinovievuri bloki~ ............................134
11.12. axali ekonomikuri politikis krizisi da uTanxmoeba
stalin-buxarins Soris....................................................................................136
11.13. gadamwyveti Setakeba stalinisa da buxarinis momxreebs Soris .......138
Tavi ;,,. ram ganapiroba stalinis gamarjveba ......................................139
12.1. 1920-iani wlebis Sidapartiuli brZolis zogadi daxasiaTeba............139

12.2. xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi stalinis gamarjveba da misi
pirovnebis kultis formirebis dasawyisi.................................................140
12.3. stalinis dasayrdeni — partiuli aparati da `leninuri
gawvevebiT~ Seqmnili partiuli masebi........................................................142

nawili mexuTe.
socializmis mSeneblobis stalinuri gegma
Tavi ;,,,. industrializacia ...........................................................................147
13.1. industrializaciis Taviseburebani sabWoTa kavSirSi .........................147

13.2. pirveli xuTwledi ............................................................................................149
13.3. pirveli xuTwledis socialuri Sedegebi .................................................151
13.4. meore xuTwliani gegma (1933-1937) ...............................................................152
13.5. sergo orjonikiZis bedi .................................................................................153
13.6. muSaTa mdgomareoba .........................................................................................154
13.7. staxanovuri moZraoba .....................................................................................156
13.8. industrializaciis politikis Sedegebi ..................................................158
13.9. industrializaciis politika saqarTveloSi..........................................159
Tavi ;,9. soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia .....................................160
14.1. koleqtivizaciis mizezebi .............................................................................160

14.2. gankulakeba.........................................................................................................162
14.3. `Tavbrudaxveva warmatebebisagan~...............................................................164
14.4. koleqtivizaciis Sedegebi .............................................................................164
14.5. kolmeurne glexoba ..........................................................................................166
14.6.miTi koleqtivizaciis aucileblobis Taobaze........................................167
14.7. miTi pavlik morozovze...................................................................................168
14. 8. koleqtivizacia saqarTveloSi....................................................................169
Tavi ;9. kulturuli revolucia...................................................................171
15.1. kulturuli revoluciis arsi......................................................................171

15.2. brZola wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis dasaZlevad....................................171
15.3. brZola `Zveli~ inteligenciis winaaRmdeg...............................................172
15.4. `sabWoTa inteligenciis~ Seqmna ...................................................................173
15.5. istoriis stalinuri versiis damkvidreba ................................................174
15.6. brZola religiis winaaRmdeg.........................................................................174
Tavi ;9,. sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba

socializmis mSeneblobis periodSi (1928-1939)............................176
16.1. 1920-1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa sagareo politikis zogadi

daxasiaTeba..........................................................................................................176
16.2. sabWoTa kavSiris adgili msoflio revoluciur procesSi ................177
16.3. bolSevizmis gakveTili msofliosaTvis. faSizmisa da nacizmis
Camoyalibeba .......................................................................................................178

16.4. daZabulobis zrda dasavleTis qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs
Soris .....................................................................................................................179
16.5. sabWoTa kavSiri SeiaraRebis zrdis winaaRmdeg ......................................180
16.6. mdgomareoba Soreul aRmosavleTSi (1929-1936) .....................................180
16.7. sagareo vaWroba: zrdidan Semcirebisken ..................................................181
16.8. nacistebis mosvla germaniis saTaveSi da sabWoTa kavSiris
sagareo politikis Secvla .............................................................................182
16.9. Semobruneba politikuri realobisken. kominternis 9,, kongresi....183
16.10. omi espaneTSi da sabWoTa kavSiri ..............................................................184
16.11. mdgomareoba Soreul aRmosavleTSi (1937-1939) ...................................186
16.12. miunhenis SeTanxmeba.......................................................................................187
16.13. sabWoTa kavSiris mzadeba ùkanaskneli omisTvis~................................188
16.14. msoflio sazogadoebis damokidebuleba stalinis reJimisadmi .....189
nawili meeqvse.
sabWoTa totalitaruli politikuri
sistemis saboloo gaformeba
Tavi ;9,,. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri sistema

1930-ian wlebSi................................................................................................190
17.1. `mobilizaciuri tipis~ politikuri sistemis formireba ...................190

17.2. komunisturi partiis roli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi..........................191
17.3. marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis roli da oficialuri
masobrivi organizaciebi ................................................................................192
17.4. stalinis pirovnebis kultis formireba ...................................................194
Tavi ;9,,,. masobrivi represiebi...................................................................198
18.1. represiebi 1920-iani wlebis bolos da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi..198

18.2. gulagis sistemis Seqmna ..................................................................................199
18.3. komunisturi partiis ;9,, yriloba da stalinis gadayenebis
mcdeloba .............................................................................................................200
18.4. kirovis mkvleloba ..........................................................................................200
18.5. represiebis gaZliereba kirovis mkvlelobis Semdeg ...........................201
18.6. moskovis saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebi ..........................................203
18.7. bolSevikuri partiis transformacia ........................................................205
18.8. represiebi samxedroebis winaaRmdeg ..........................................................206
18.9. trockis mkvleloba .........................................................................................207

Tavi ;,;. `gamarjvebuli socializmis~ konstitucia .......................208
19.1. konstituciis miReba .......................................................................................208

19.2. sabWoTa politikuri sistemis konstituciuri safuZvlebi ...............209
19.3. mokavSire respublikebis uflebaTa kidev ufro Semcireba ................209
19.4.konstituciis `stalinuri~ normebi ............................................................210
nawili meSvide.
sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omis dros
Tavi ;; sabWoTa kavSirisa da nacisturi germaniis

daaxloeba .........................................................................................................212
20.1. militaristul-faSisturi qveynebis agresiis gafarToeba ................212

20.2. evropa omsa da mSvidobas Soris....................................................................213
20.3. sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebebi inglis-safrangeTTan .....................213
20.4. sabWoTa kavSiris germaniasTan daaxloeba ................................................214
20.5. molotov-ribentropis paqti ........................................................................215
Tavi ;;,. sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omis pirvel etapze

(1939-1941) ............................................................................................................219
21.1. rodis CaerTo sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi.............................219

21.2. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi. wiTeli armiis poloneTSi SeWra ......220
21.3. sabWoTa kavSir — fineTis
omi (1939 wlis noemberi — 1940 wlis marti) ...............................................221
21.4.sabWoTa kavSiris mier baltiis respublikebisa da besarabiis
okupacia da sabWoTa kavSirSi Seyvana ........................................................223
21.5.sabWoTa kavSiris me-16 respublikis istoria............................................225
21.6. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis urTierToba omis wina periodSi.................226
21.7. RonisZiebebi sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvisunarianobis
gasazrdelad.......................................................................................................226
Tavi ;;,,. sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis dasawyisi.......................227
22.1.omis win ..................................................................................................................227

22.2. omis dasawyisi.....................................................................................................227
22.3. wiTeli armiis warumateblobebi 1941 wlis zafxulsa
da Semodgomaze ..................................................................................................229
22.4. brZola moskovisTvis.......................................................................................231
22.5. leningradis dacva............................................................................................232

Tavi ;;,,,. germanelTa Seteva 1942 wels ....................................................233
23.1. germanelTa Seteva 1942 wlis zafxulSi. stalingradis

brZolis dasawyisi.............................................................................................233
23.2. germanelTa saokupacio reJimi.....................................................................234
23.3. holokosti okupirebul teritoriebze....................................................235
23.4. ostarbaiterebi.................................................................................................235
23.5. partizanuli da iatakqveSa moZraoba .........................................................236
23.6. sabWoTa saxelmwifosa da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis
urTierTobis Secvla .......................................................................................237
23.7. tyveobaSi myofi wiTelarmielebis tragedia...........................................237
23.8. antihitleruli koaliciis Seqmna ...............................................................238
23.9. dasavleTis daxmareba sabWoTa kavSirs ......................................................238
23.10. omis pirveli etapis Sedegebi ......................................................................239
Tavi ;;,9 Zireuli gardatexa sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis

omSi.......................................................................................................................240
24.1. germanelTa jarebis ganadgureba stalingradTan .................................240

24.2. brZola kavkasiisTvis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis nawilis
deportacia .........................................................................................................241
24.3. brZola kurskis rkalze ..................................................................................242
24.4. Teiranis konferencia da omis pirveli periodis Sedegebi .................244
Tavi ;;9 sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis damamTavrebeli

etapi.....................................................................................................................245
25.1. 1944 wlis SeteviTi operaciebi .....................................................................245

25.2. yirimis (ialtis) konferencia .......................................................................246
25.3. evropis qveynebis ganTavisufleba faSizmisagan ....................................247
25.4. potsdamis konferencia...................................................................................247
25.5. sabWoTa kavSiris Cabma iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi ....................................248
25.6. omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebis mizezebi ............................................249
25.7. saqarTvelo meore msoflio omSi ................................................................249

nawili merve.
sabWoTa kavSiri `gviani stalinizmis~
(1945-1953) periodSi ........................................... 251
Tavi ;;9, sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri ganviTareba

(1945-1953) ............................................................................................................253
26.1. sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika meore msoflio omis Semdeg .....................253

26.2. ekonomikis sakiTxebze mimdinare diskusiebi 1945-1946 wlebSi ..........253
26.3. mrewvelobis ganviTareba................................................................................254
26.4. soflis meurneoba.............................................................................................257
26.5. omis Semdgomi SimSiloba.................................................................................258
26.6. kursi `qanCebis moWerisaken~ .........................................................................259
Tavi ;;9,,. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri ganviTareba

(1945-1953) ............................................................................................................260
27.1. omis demokratiuli impulsi .........................................................................260

27.2. cvlilebebi xelisuflebis struqturebSi...............................................261
27.3. represiebis axali talRa................................................................................262
27.4. nacionaluri politika ...................................................................................266
Tavi ;;9,,,. ideologia da kultura (1945-1953) ......................................268
28.1. `rkinis fardis~ aRdgena ................................................................................268

28.2. literatura........................................................................................................268
28.3. Teatri da kino ...................................................................................................269
28.4. musika ....................................................................................................................270
28.5. ganaTleba ............................................................................................................270
28.6. samecniero diskusiebi.....................................................................................271
Tavi ;;,;. `civi omis~ saTaveebTan .............................................................273
29.1. ra iyo `civi omi~ ................................................................................................273

29.2. uTanxmoeba mokavSireebs Soris ....................................................................274
29.3. stalinis swrafva poziciebis kidev ufro ganmtkicebisken ................275
29.4. sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli pretenziebi TurqeTisadmi..............276
29.5. sabWoTa eqspansiis Sekavebis politika ......................................................277
29.6. CerCilis sityva fultonSi da stalinis pasuxi ......................................278
29.7. `trumenis doqtrina~, `marSalis gegma~ da sabWoTa kavSiri ................279
29.8. reparaciebis amoReba germaniidan...............................................................280

Tavi ;;;. socializmis stalinuri modelis gavrceleba ...............282
30.1. komunisturi reJimebis damkvidreba evropisa da aziis qveynebSi......282

30.2. sabWoTa blokis formireba ............................................................................283
30.3. stalinis konfliqti iugoslaviis xelmZRvanelobasTan .....................284
Tavi ;;;,. `civi omi~ `cxeli omis~ zRvarze ............................................286
31.1. berlinis krizisi da germaniis orad gayofa ............................................286

31.2. natos Seqmna da sabWoTa kavSiris omisaTvis mzadeba.............................287
31.3. omi koreaSi (1950-1953) ....................................................................................288
31.4. mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis aucileblobis gaazrebis dasawyisi........290
Tavi ;;;,,. stalinis gardacvaleba da dakrZalva ..............................291
32.1. stalinis avadmyofoba da gardacvaleba ...................................................291

32.2. stalinis dakrZalva .........................................................................................292
32.3. gaxda Tu ara stalini SeTqmulebis msxverpli.........................................293
nawili mecxre.
nikita xruSCovis mmarTveloba
Tavi ;;;,,,. xelisuflebisaTvis brZola stalinis

memkvidreebs Soris .....................................................................................294
33.1. stalinis memkvidreTa gansxvavebuli xedvebi..........................................294

33.2. malenkovisa da berias lideroba..................................................................296
33.3. SeTqmuleba berias winaaRmdeg ......................................................................297
33.4. xruSCovis poziciebis gaZliereba ...............................................................298
33.5. malenkovisa da xruSCovis mmarTveloba. malenkovis gadayeneba. .....299
33.6. uSiSroebis saministros maRalCinosanTa gasamarTleba da
uSiSroebis sistemis reforma .......................................................................301
33.7. stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritika.........................................................302
33.8. `gaerTianebuli opozicia~ xruSCovis winaaRmdeg .................................305
33.9. Jukovis gadayeneba............................................................................................306
33.10. bulganinis gadayeneba da xruSCovis erTmmarTvelobis damyareba .....307

Tavi ;;;,9. xruSCovis sagareo politika ................................................309
34.1. kremlis axali strategia sagareo politikaSi ........................................309

34.2. socialisturi qveynebis darazmvis politika da
neitraluri qveynebis sartyelis Seqmnis mcdeloba..............................310
34.3. sabWoTa aqtiuroba mesame samyaros qveynebSi ..........................................313
34.4. Sejibri raketul-birTvul SeiaraRebaSi da kosmosSi gasvla............314
34.5. axali strategiis warumatebloba ...............................................................315
34.6. ruseTisa da CineTis komunisturi reJimebis konfliqti.
erTiani komunisturi banakis daSla ............................................................319
34.7. birTvuli omis zRvarze: berlinis kedeli, revolucia
kubaSi da karibis krizisi................................................................................321
Tavi ;;;9 xruSCovis socialur-ekonomikuri politika ...............323
35.1. soflis meurneobis aRmavlobis gzebis Zieba ..........................................323

35.2. yamiri miwebis aTviseba ...................................................................................324
35.3. sasursaTo problemebi, ukmayofileba qalaqebSi da novoCerkaskis
tragedia ..............................................................................................................326
35.4. mrewvelobis ganviTareba ...............................................................................327
35.5. socialuri politika ......................................................................................328
35.6. `komunizmis gaSlil mSeneblobaze~ gadasvla da misi kraxi ...............329
Tavi ;;;9, politikuri cvlilebebi xruSCovis mmarTvelobis

dros .....................................................................................................................331
36.1. komunisturi partiis axali programa .......................................................331

36.2. teritoriul-administraciuli cvlilebebi ..........................................332
36.3. xruSCovis `daTbobis~ winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi da liberalizaciis
sazRvrebi ............................................................................................................333
36.4. xruSCovi da partiuli aparati ....................................................................333
36.5. ;;,, yriloba da axali Seteva stalinze ....................................................334
Tavi ;;;9,, xruSCovis gadayeneba da breJnevis mmarTvelobis

dasawyisi ..........................................................................................................337
37.1. ukmayofilebis zrda xruSCovis mmarTvelobiT .....................................337

37.2. saxelmwifo gadatrialeba — xruSCovis gadayeneba ...............................338
37.3. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavari pensioneri .........................................................342

nawili meaTe
leonid breJnevis mmarTveloba
Tavi ;;;9,,, breJnevi: koleqtiuri mmarTvelobidan

pirovnebis gandidebamde ........................................................................347
38.1. axali xelmZRvanelobis konturebi ............................................................347

38.2. breJnevis damkvidreba xelisuflebis saTaveSi ......................................348
38.3. breJnevis pirovnebis kultis formireba .................................................353
Tavi ;;;,; leonid breJnevis Sidapolitikuri kursi ...................359
39.1. stalinis kritikis SeCereba ..........................................................................359

39.2. partiuli nomenklaturis poziciebis ganmtkiceba ...............................361
39.3. `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia ...............................................363
39.4. `mravalerovani sabWoTa xalxis~ koncefcia ...........................................365
39.5. `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ konstituciis miReba (1977) ................367
Tavi ;/ `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ periodis ekonomikuri

politika ...........................................................................................................369
40.1. kosiginis reformebi .......................................................................................369

40.2. kosiginis reformebis moulodneli Sedegebi .........................................371
40.3. direqtiuli ekonomikis gamarjveba ...........................................................372
40.4. mzardi ekonomikuri problemebi 1970-iani wlebis bolos da
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ...........................................................................375
40.5. cvlilebebi sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTvelobaSi ........................................377
Tavi ;/, sagareo politika: breJnevis doqtrina ...............................380
41.1. praRis gazafxuli da sabWoTa intervencia .............................................380

41.2. `breJnevis doqtrinis~ arsi ..........................................................................381
41.3. mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba da socialisturi internacionalizmi ....383
41.4. sabWoTa kavSiris afrikuli avantiurebi ..................................................384
41.5. sabWoTa eqspansia laTinur amerikaSi ........................................................385
41.6. omi avRaneTSi .....................................................................................................386
41.7. breJnevis doqtrinis kraxi. 1980-1981 wlebis revolucia
poloneTSi ..........................................................................................................387

nawili meTerTmete
gerontokratia qveynis saTaveSi
Tavi ;/,, iuri andropovis xanmokle mmarTveloba ...........................388
42.1. vin iyo iuri andropovi ...................................................................................388

42.2. andropovis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis ..................................................389
42.3. andropovis pirveli RonisZiebebi — `wesrigis damyarebis~
politika ..............................................................................................................390
42.4. rogor apirebda andropovi ekonomikis `Svelas~ ....................................391
42.5. saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamwvaveba ............................................................392
42.6. andropovis gardacvaleba..............................................................................394
Tavi ;/,,, konstantine Cernenkos kidev ufro xanmokle

mmarTveloba ...................................................................................................396
43.1. vin iyo konstantine Cernenko ........................................................................396

43.2. breJnevis `ruxi kardinali~ ...........................................................................397
43.3. gerontokratiis ukanaskneli gamarjveba .................................................397
43.4. saSinao politika Cernenkos mmarTvelobis dros...................................398
43.5. sagareo politika Cernenkos mmarTvelobis dros..................................400
43.6. Cernenkos mmarTveloba da gerontokratiis kraxi.................................402
nawili meTormete
`gardaqmna~ da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla
Tavi ;/,9 mixeil gorbaCovi: gardaqmnis politika..........................405
44.1. ra memkvidreoba ergo gorbaCovs .................................................................406

44.2. gardaqmnis dasawyisi: sakadro cvlilebebi ..............................................407
44.3. gardaqmnis mcdeloba administraciuli meTodebiT .............................407
44.4. reformebis terminologia: `gardaqmna~ , `daCqareba~
da `sajarooba~ ...................................................................................................408
44.5. gorbaCovis administraciuli meTodebis praqtikuli uSedegoba ....409
44.6. skkp ;;9,, yrilobis ararealisturi dapirebebi....................................409
44.7. Cernobilis katastrofa .................................................................................411

Tavi ;/9gardaqmna: Sidapolitikuri demokratizaciisa da
ekonomikuri liberalizaciis dasawyisi .......................................413
45.1. reformebis axali strategia — socializmis demokratiuli

modelis Seqmnis lozungi ...............................................................................413
45.2. ;,; partiuli konferencia da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
Seqmnis mcdeloba...............................................................................................414
45.3. politpatimarTa ganTavisufleba ...............................................................415
45.4. socializmis sabazro ekonomikasTan SeerTebis mcdeloba .................416
45.5. `sajaroobis~ Sedegebi.....................................................................................418
45.6. nina andreevas gamosvla ..................................................................................419
45.7. boris elcinis popularobis zrda ..............................................................420
Tavi ;/9,axali politikuri azrovneba sagareo politikaSi ....422
46.1. axali sagareo-politikuri kursis dasabuTeba.......................................422

46.2. àxali politikuri azrovneba~ moqmedebaSi.............................................425
46.3. avRaneTSi omis damTavreba.............................................................................425
Tavi ;/9,,sabWoTa kavSiris krizisi da daSla ...................................427
47.1. mravalpartiulobis daSveba da ekonomikuri reformis dilema........427

47.2. `suverenitetebis aRlumi~. brZola gorbaCovsa da elcins Soris ....428
47.3. `ganaxlebuli sabWoTa kavSiris~ Seqmnis mcdeloba ...............................429
47.4. komunisturi revanSis warumatebeli mcdeloba .....................................430
47.5. beloveJis SeTanxmeba da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla...................................434
bolosityvaoba .......................................................................................................436

Sesavali
sabWoTa kavSiri iyo saxelmwifo, romelmac iarseba 1922 wlis 30 dekembridan

1991 wlis 22 dekembramde da cota daaklda 70 wlis ìubiles~ aRniSvnamde. es sa-
xelmwifo emyareboda ideologias, romelsac oficialurad marqsizmleninizmi
ewodeboda da misi momxreebis mier erTaderT `mecnierul~ ideologiad iyo ga
mocxadebuli. marqsizmleninizms safuZvlad edo socialuri inJineriis idea da
miznad isaxavda axali, komunisturi sazogadoebis aSenebas, sadac gadaWrili iq
neboda yvela winaaRmdegoba da adamianebi bednierad icxovrebdnen; komunizmis
asaSeneblad ki dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen Zaladobrivi meTodebis farTod gamoyene
bas. marqsizmleninizmis rigi debulebebi, mimdinare politikuri koniunqturi
dan gamomdinare, droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda, Tumca arsi ucvleli rCeboda.
sabWoTa kavSiri Cafiqrebuli iyo msoflio saxelmwifod, masSi gaerTianebu-
li unda yofiliyo yvela qveyana, sadac xelisuflebis saTaveSi komunistebi movi-
dodnen, magram bolSevikebis prognozi `msoflio socialisturi revoluciis~
gamarjvebis Sesaxeb mcdari aRmoCnda. sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda mxolod
yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriis did nawilze. sabWoTa kavSiri, faqtobri-
vad, ruseTis saxelmwifos forma iyo, radganac e. w. `mokavSire respublikebs~
aranairi `suvereniteti~ ar gaaCndaT, yvelaferi moskovidan imarTeboda. samwu
xarod, saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi moaqcies da Tavis Tavze iw
vnia Svidi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare àxali sazogadoebis mSeneblo-
bis~ komunisturi eqsperimenti.
sabWouri `sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis~ politikuri miznebi

sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda rigi politikurideologiuri disciplinebi,
romelTac samecniero Rirebuleba naklebad gaaCndaT: komunisturi partiis is-
toria, sabWoTa konstitucia, marqsistulleninuri filosofia da politikuri
ekonomia. rac Seexeba istoriis zogad kurss, sabWoTa mmarTvelebs Tavidan isto
riisadmi agdebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, maTTvis mTavari iyo ara ìstoriis
faqtebi~, aramed ìstoriis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani~, romlebic, maTi
mtkicebiT, marqsizmma aRmoaCina. 1921 wels sabWoTa skolebSi SemoiRes sazoga
doebaTmcodneobis kursi, sadac aqcenti klasobriv brZolaze, revoluciebsa da
mSromelTa cxovrebaze keTdeboda. 1918 wlidan arsebobda iseTi sagnebi, rogori
caa `socializmis istoria~, `Sromis istoria~, `xelovnebis istoria~. istoriis
SeswavlaSi abstraqtulsociologiuri midgoma batonobda, Tumca bolSevikebi
male mixvdnen istoriis, gansakuTrebiT — istoriis saskolo disciplinebis mniS
vnelobas. istoriis meSveobiT SeiZleboda masebis cnobierebis formireba.
1934 wlis 15 maiss sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) centra
lurma komitetma da saxalxo komisarTa sabWom miiRes dadgenileba `sabWoTa kav
Siris skolebSi samoqalaqo istoriis swavlebis Sesaxeb~. swored 1934 wlidan, ro
desac kvlav daubrundnen istoriis swavlebas, SemoiRes sagani `sabWoTa kavSiris
istoria~. saxelidan gamomdinare, es kursi marTebuli iqneboda daewyoT 1917
1922 wlebidan, magram ase ar moiqcnen. am sagans hqonda qvesaTauric ùZvelesi
droidan dRemde~. sabWoTa kavSiris imdroindeli sazRvrebidan gamomdinare, yo
velive, rac istoriaSi am teritoriaze moxda, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis nawili
iyo. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis kursi iwyeboda TemiT `pirvelyofi
li Temuri wyobileba Cveni qveynis teritoriaze~, calke Tavi eTmoboda uZveles

urartus saxelmwifos, romelic axlo aRmosavleTSi 3.300 wlis win arsebobda, as
eve iswavleboda CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi antikur periodSi arsebul ber
Znul qalaqsaxelmwifoebzec da a. S.
sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis uZvelesi droidan dawyebis mizezi advilad mi-
saxvedri iyo. sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval xalxebs unda SeegnoT, rom maT, miuxedav
ad adrindeli gansxvavebisa, `saerTo istoriuli bedi~ hqondaT, TiTqos maTi wi
naprebi imisTvis arsebobdnen, rom STamomavloba sabWoTa kavSirSi moxvedrili
yo. Tumca, `sabWoTa kavSiris istoria~ realurad ruseTis istoria iyo. sxva xal
xebis Sesaxeb gakvriT saubrobdnen, erT paragrafSi iyo moqceuli sxvadasxva xal-
xis ramdenime saukunis istoria, Tanac ise, rom daesabuTebinaT ruseTTan maTi Se
erTebis garduvaloba. xazgasmuli iyo, rom ruseTi aravis ipyrobda, yvela xalxi
ruseTs `nebayoflobiT~ uerTdeboda da maTTvis es iyo udidesi progresuli
movlena.
sabWoTa periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval yvela xalxs hqonda `ruseTTan
nebayoflobiT SeerTebis~ TariRi, romelsac periodulad zeimiT aRniSnavdnen,
aseve sazeimo iyo ama Tu im xalxis `gasabWoebis~, anu ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier
am qveynis dapyrobis TariRi.
1967 wels, oqtombris revoluciis 50e wlisTavze sabWoTa kavSiris imdro
indelma liderma leonid breJnevma aRniSna, rom Seiqmna adamianTa axali istori
uli erToba — sabWoTa xalxi. ra Tqma unda, es iyo `rusifikaciis politikis~ miR
wevebis dafiqsireba da ganacxadi mis Semdgom gagrZelebaze.
bolSevikuri reJimisa da 1922 wels Seqmnili sabWoTa kavSiris namdvili is
toriis Seswavla komunist liderebs ar ainteresebdaT da SeuZlebelic iyo. Ses
wavlisTvis aucilebeli informacia gasaidumloebuli iyo, aseve arsebobda mkac
ri cenzura da ìdeologiuri gadacdomisTvis~ mkvlevari isjeboda. xelisufle
bas sWirdeboda mxolod SerCeuli faqtebisa da propagandistuli miTebisagan
Semdgari teqsti, romelic yovel mocemul momentSi amarTlebda da ganamtkiceb
da komunisturi partiisa da im dros arsebuli misi lideris `brZnul~ politi
kur kurss.
rogor swavlobdnen sabWoTa kavSirs dasavleTSi

sabWoTa kavSiri misi arsebobis manZilze did safrTxes warmoadgenda dasav
leTisTvis da mas, gansakuTrebiT `civi omis~ dros, guldasmiT swavlobdnen. am
periodSi dasavleTSi specialuri disciplina — `sovetologiac~ arsebobda. mar-
to aSSSi daaxloebiT 200 didi da patara sovetologiuri centri iyo Seqmnili.
sovetologebs muSaoba rTul pirobebSi uxdebodaT informaciis (statistikuri,
saarqivo) gasaidumloebisa da sabWouri dezinformaciis gamo.
sovetologebisTvis informaciis miRebis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo sabWoTa kav-
SirSi gamomavali presa, sadac `striqonebs Soris~ unda eZebnaT azri, aseve daz-
vervis monacemebi da saeqsperto Sefasebebi.
imis gamo, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba da
xuruli iyo, Camoyalibda sovetologiis ganStoeba — kremlologia, romelic
cdilobda garkveuliyo, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros sabWoTa partiuli da
sameurneo zedafena ra principebiTa da meTodebiT xelmZRvanelobda.
SeiZleba davasaxeloT cnobili sovetologebi: zbignev bJezinski, jorj ke-
nani, stiven koeni, kondoliza raisi, riCard paipsi, loren grehemi, mixeil vos-
levski, abduraxman avtorxanovi da sxvebi.
`civi omis~ damTavrebis Semdeg aSSSi interesi ruseTis kvlevebisadmi
mkveTrad Semcirda, Tumca putinis politikam, gansakuTrebiT ukrainaSi SeWram,
dasavleTisTvis ruseTi kvlav Tavsatexad aqcia.

nostalgia sabWoTa kavSirze
sabWoTa kavSiri marto warsuli ar aris, is Tanamedrove politikis nawilia.
dRevandeli ruseTis liderebs kvlav aqvT im teritoriaze dominirebis preten
zia, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli. ruseTSi `veliko
derJavulad~ ganwyobil mmarTvelebsa da sazogadoebis arcTu mcire nawils miaC
niaT, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSla SemTxveviToba iyo, Sida da gare `boroti Zale
bis~ namoqmedari, Torem mas Tavisuflad SeeZlo arsebobis gagrZeleba.
ruseTis federaciis prezidentma vladimer putinma 2005 wels federaluri
krebisadmi mimarTvaSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas `;; saukunis udidesi geopolit
ikuri katastrofa~ uwoda. misi TqmiT, aTeulobiT milioni Tanamemamule aRmoCn
da qveynis farglebs gareT, rac rusi xalxisTvis namdvil dramad iqca. putinis
TqmiT, `teroristulma intervenciam daarRvia qveynis teritoriuli mTlianoba~
da `daSlis epidemia Tavad ruseTsac gadaedo~. misive gancxadebiT, arasworia yve
la am politikuri da ekonomikuri kataklizmis ganxilva sabWoTa sistemis agoni
ad.
putinis am sityvebs maSinve gamoexmaurnen. `;; saukunis udidesi katastro-
fa iyo ara sabWoTa kavSiris daSla, aramed misi Seqmna~, — aRniSna `fainenSl Taim-
sis~ mimomxilvelma martin vulfma. putinis sityvebi mowmobda imas, rom ruseTi
ar aris Tavisufali imperiuli cnobierebisagan da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla misi
mmarTveli wreebisaTvis miuRebelia.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Temas putini SemdgomSic araerTxel daubrunda,
kvlav miiCnevda mas geopolitikur katastrofad da xazs usvamda, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris daSla sulac ar iyo garduvali. 2016 wlis 23 seqtembers ruseTis saxel
mwifo saTaTbiroSi arCeuli partiebis xelmZRvanelebTan Sexvedris dros putin
ma aRniSna, rom uaryofiTad uyurebda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas da miCnevda, rom
`sulac ar iyo aucilebeli amis gakeTeba~. putinis azriT, maSin saWiro iyo re
formebis gatareba, maT Soris `demokratiuli xasiaTis cvlilebebis~. sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlaze ki pasuxismgebloba daakisra komunistur partias, romelic sab
WoTa kavSiris daSlis dros xelisuflebis saTaveSi iyo.
ar unda vifiqroT, rom putins enaneba `suverenuli saxelmwifoebis~ kavSi-
ri. putins sabWoTa kavSiri ruseTis saxelmwifod miaCnia, romelic àrasworad
iyo agebuli~. 2016 wlis ianvarSi putinma gaakritika leninic saxelmwifos erov
nulteritoriuli principiT aSenebisTvis. putinis TqmiT, 1922 wels sxvadasxva
gegmiT àvtonomizaciisa da ase Semdeg — atomuri bombi Cades im Senobis saZir
kvelSi, romelsac ruseTi ewodeba da is Semdeg afeTqda~.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisTanave daiwyo saubari `sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgena-
ze~, integraciuli procesebis daCqarebaze, romlis iniciatoradac ruseTi gamo-
dioda. `damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis~ gverdiT 2014 wels Seiqmna
èvraziis ekonomikuri kavSiri~ (dReisaTvis masSi Sedian ruseTi, yazaxeTi, belo
rusi, somxeTi, yirgizeTi). sabWoTa kavSiris axali formiT aRdgenas ar gamoric-
xavda sabWoTa kavSiris ukanaskneli lideri mixeil gorbaCovi. àseTi kavSiris

ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɉɭɬɢɧ: `Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ — ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚ ɜɟɤɚ— 25 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2005, ²
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Seqmna sruliad SesaZlebelia Zvel sazRvrebSi da Zveli SemadgenlobiT, Tumca
kavSirSi gawevrianeba nebayoflobiTi iqneba,~— aRniSnavda 2016 wels gorbaCovi.
neoimperiuli Zalebi cdiloben gamoiyenon yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qvey-
nebSi mosaxleobis garkveul nawilSi arsebuli nostalgia sabWoTa warsulis Se-
saxeb. saqarTveloSi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva aCvenebs, sabWoTa
kavSirisadmi damokidebuleba araerTgvarovania. 2017 wels erovnuldemokrati-
uli institutis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, gamokiTxulTa 48is azriT,
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla saqarTvelosTvis kargi movlena iyo, 42 ki cud movle-
nad miiCnevda. 10s ki am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar hqonda. 2018 wels Catarebuli sxva
kvlevis Tanaxmad ki saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1520s kvlav sabWoTa kavSiris
nostalgia aqvs.
`sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenaze~ saubari pirobiTia, radganac aravin apirebs im
ekonomikuri da politikuri wyobilebis aRdgenas, rac sabWoTa kavSirs axasia-
Tebda. `sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenaSi~, arsebiTad, ruseTis mier yofili `mokavSire
respublikebis~ mierTeba igulisxmeba. putinisa da medvedevis ritorikaSi sabWo-
Ta kavSiris aRdgenas sul ufro enacvleba laparaki ìstoriuli ruseTis~ da mi-
si teritoriebis Sesaxeb.
2022 wlis 24 Tebervals ruseTis Tavdasxmam ukrainaze yvelaferi cxadi ga-
xada. putinma Riad daiwyo brZola ìstoriuli ruseTis~ aRsadgenad, romelic
yofili ruseTis imperiis teritorias moicavs. ukrainis mtkice winaaRmdegobam
da ukrainisadmi dasavleTis mzardma mxardaWeram putinis gegmebi CaSala, magram
imperiisTvis brZolaze xeli ar auRia.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan ukve sam aTeul welze metia gasuli, magram impe
riul Zalebs is ar daviwyebiaT. amitomac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
sabWoTa kavSiris namdvili istoriis warmoCenas.

gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenas ar gamoricxavs 13.12.2016 —
KWWS:SULPHQHZVJHRUJLD.JHFRPQHZVYLHZ13999
2
gamokiTxulTa 42 % miiCnevs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSla cudi movlena iyo — NDI— 12 maisi 2017 —
KWWS:UHJLQIR.JHSROLWLFVLWHP418JDPRNLW[XOWD42PLLFKQHYV2&URPVDEFKRWDNDYVKLULVGDVKOD]XGLPRYOHQDL\ER
(28093QGL

kvleva: saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 1520 kvlav sabWoTa kavSiris nostalgia aqvs — 02 ivlisi 2018,
KWWSV:LPHGLQHZV.JHJHVDTDUWYHOR68328NYOHYDVDTDUWYHORVPRVDNKOHRELV1520NYODYVDEFKRWDNDYVKLULVQRVWDOJLDDTYV

nawili pirveli
bolSevikebi: gza xelisuflebisken
sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna, misi saSinao da sagareo politika marqsizmleniniz

mis saxeliT xorcieldeboda da am ideologiiT aRWurvili komunisturi partiis
`brZnuli~ saqmianobis Sedegad miiCneoda. amitom, sanam sabWoTa kavSiris istori
is ZiriTad etapebze visaubrebdeT, mokled unda ganvixiloT, Tu ras warmoadgen
da marqsizmleninizmi, rogori iyo am ideologiis umTavresi debulebebi, vin iy-
vnen bolSevikebi da rogor movidnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi; rogor Camoyalibda
sabWoTa saxelmwifo, romlis safuZvelzec Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri Seiqmna.
Tavi ,.
bolSevizmi rogorc ideologia da praqtika
1.1.saxelmwifo socializmis idea
saxelmwifo socializmi, rogorc ideologia, me19 saukuneSi Camoyalibda.

misi warmomadgenlebi Tavs socialuri samarTlianobisaTvis mebrZolebad da li
beraluri tradiciis gamgrZeleblebad miiCnevdnen. maTi azriT, Tuki SeiZleboda
zrunva adamianTa politikuri Tanasworobis miRwevaze, maSin ratom ar SeiZlebo-
da brZola maTi qonebrivi, socialurekonomikuri Tanasworobis misaRwevad? sa
kiTxis amgvari dayeneba amosavali debuleba iyo saxelmwifo socializmisaTvis.
socialistebs sjerodaT, rom SeiZleboda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis tota
luri (yovlismomcveli) dagegmva, SesaZleblad miaCndaT axali, srulyofili so
cialuri meqanizmis Seqmna. es idea gagrZeleba da ganviTareba iyo liberalebis
mcdelobisa, gonier sawyisebze gardaeqmnaT sazogadoeba.
momavali socialuri gadatrialebis mTavar iaraRad am mimarTulebis soci
alistebi miiCnevdnen saxelmwifos, romelsac unda gaeuqmebina kerZo sakuTreba,
Tavis xelSi moeqcia miwa, fabrikaqarxnebi, bankebi, perioduli krizisebiT mocu
li sabazro ekonomika Seecvala gonivruli dagegmviT. saxelmwifos unda aRezar
da àxali adamiani~ — Tavisufali egoizmisagan, daemyarebina socialuri Tanaswo
roba.
me19 saukuneSi saxelmwifo socializmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iy
vnen frangebi: anri sensimoni, ogiust blanki, lui blani, etien kabe da germane
lebi: vilhelm veitlingi, ferdinand lasali da sxvebi.
saxelmwifo socializmis Teoria da praqtika me19 sa
ukunis meore naxevarsa da me20 saukuneSi mWidrod dauk
avSirda germaneli moazrovneebis karl marqsis (18181883)
da fridrix engelsis (18201895) saxelebs. swored maT mo
axdines gadamwyveti zegavlena saxelmwifo socializmis

Camoyalibebaze mraval qveyanaSi. marqsizms Tavis ofici
alur ideologiad miiCnevdnen socialdemokratiuli par
tiebi.

1.2.bolSevizmis rogorc ideologiuri da politikuri mimdinareobis
daxasiaTeba
saxelmwifo socializmis radikaluri forma, romelic istoriaSi Sevida

`bolSevizmis~ an `komunizmis~ saxeliT, Camoyalibda ruseTSi me20 saukunis da
sawyisSi. komunizms, rogorc ideur mimdinareobas, ra Tqma unda, xangrZlivi is-
toria aqvs, magram bolSevikebis mier am saxelwodebis miRebam bolSevizmi da ko-
munizmi sinonimebad aqcia.
bolSevizmi warmoiSva socialdemokratiisagan, mas ukavSirdeboda ideur
ad, magram Camoyalibda damoukidebel politikur Zalad da ganapiroba sabWoTa
kavSiris politikuri da sazogadoebrivi sistemis formireba. ufro metic, am id
eologiis Sesabamisad Camoyalibda CineTis saxalxo respublikis, evropis soci
alisturi qveynebis, monRoleTis, CrdiloeT koreis, vietnamis, laosis, kubis ko
munisturi reJimebi. 1980iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis gamarjvebuli bolSevizmis
(`marqsizmleninizmis~) droSis qveS cxovrobda daaxloebiT 1,3 miliardi adamia
ni.
bolSevizmis sinonimia leninizmi. lenini da bolSevikebi gamoirCeodnen ra
dikalizmiT rogorc arsebuli reJimis, ise politikuri oponentebis mimarT, isi
ni uars ambobdnen sxva mimdinareobebTan TanamSromlobaze da moqmedebdnen prin
cipiT: `vinc CemTan araa, Cemi mteria~. bolSevikebi mkacrad struqturirebul da
disciplinirebul partias warmoadgendnen.
bolSevizmis kidev erTi niSani moralis Taviseburi gageba iyo. principi `mi
zani amarTlebs saSualebas~ ulaparakod hqondaT gaTavisebuli. aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi unda gamoeyenebinaT nebismieri strategia, nebismieri sicrue, daem
alaT simarTle. yvelaze amoraluri moqmedeba miiCneoda kanonierad da aucileb
lad, Tuki es, maTi azriT, waadgeboda komunisturi reJimis interesebs. es midgo
ma yvelaze kargad Camoayaliba lev trockim — `maTi morali da Cveni: moraluria
yvelaferi is, rac emsaxureba revolucias, amoraluria is, rac zians ayenebs re
volucias~. radganac partiis xelmZRvanelebma `mecnierulad~ icodnen, ra aris
sasargeblo revoluciisTvis da ra ayenebs mas zians, isini iyvnen ùmaRlesi mora
lis~ matarebelni — ganasaxierebdnen umaRles avtoritets mecnierebasa da eTika
Si.

sabWoTa kavSiri iyo saxelmwifo socializmis sazogadoeba
es iyo socializmi — radganac moxda warmoebis gansazogadoeba, kerZo sa-
kuTrebis da masze damyarebuli klasebis likvidacia.
es iyo saxelmwifo socializmi — radganac gansazogadoeba iyo ara realu-
ri, aramed moCvenebiTi: sakuTrebis gankargvisa da xelisuflebis funqciebs
axorcielebda partiulsaxelmwifo aparati, anu nomenklatura da mniSvnelovan-
wilad — mis saTaveSi mdgomi beladi. sabWoTa kavSirSi `saxelmwifo socializmma~
miiRo mkafiod gamoxatuli totalitaruli xasiaTi.
1.3.bolSevizmis dabadeba
ruseTis socialdemokratiuli muSaTa partiis ,, yrilobaze, 1903 wels, so

cialdemokratebi, partiis organizaciis Taobaze diskusiis dros, or nawilad
gaiyvnen: martovis momxreebi icavdnen `rbil~ pozicias, romlis Tanaxmadac, par

ɗ.Ɇɨɪɟɧ. Ɉ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɥɟɤɫ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. Ɇ., 1995, ɫ.43

tiis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri, vinc ki ideurad TanaugrZnobda parti
as da materialurad exmareboda mas; leninis momxreebi icavdnen `mkacr~ pozicias
— partiis wevri SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod is, vinc aqtiurad monawileobda mis
muSaobaSi, anu profesionali revolucionerebi. leninis momxreebi aseve mxars
uWerdnen iseTi wesdebis miRebas, romelic partiaSi mkacr disciplinas daamya-
rebda da qvemdgomi organoebi ulaparakod daemorCilebodnen zemdgom organo
ebs. am sakiTxze leninis momxreebma yrilobaze xmaTa umravlesoba miiRes da maT
`bolSevikebi~ ewodaT, martovis momxreebs ki — `menSevikebi~. TandaTanobiT ori
ve fraqciam damoukideblad daiwyo moqmedeba da or politikur Zalad Camoya
libda.

vladimer leninis formulireba:
rsdmp wevri SeiZleba iyos is, vinc aRiarebs mis programas da partias
mxars uWers rogorc materialurad, ise piradi monawileobiT erTerT par-
tiul organizaciaSi.

iuli martovis (cederbaumis) formulireba:
rsdmp wevri SeiZleba iyos piri, vinc iziarebs mis programas da partias
exmareba materialurad.
bolSevikebsa da menSevikebs Soris ar arsebobda principuli gansxvaveba is

toriis an progresis gagebaSi, orive Tavis ideologiad marqsis moZRvrebas miiC
nevda. bolSevizmis Zireuli gansxvaveba menSevizmisa da mTlianad socialdemok
ratiisagan Tavidanve organizaciul principebSi mdgomareobda. 1902 wels naS
romSi `ra vakeToT~ lenini amtkicebda, rom partia unda Semdgariyo mxolod pro
fesionali revolucionerebisgan, romlebic Secvlidnen ruseTis politikur
sistemas. `momeciT revolucionerTa partia da me gadavatrialeb ruseTs!~ — wer
da lenini. aseTi politika gulisxmobda mkacr disciplinas partiis SigniT, misi
wevrebis ulaparako morCilebas partiis centraluri komitetisadmi.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo bolSevikebis mkveTrad negatiuri
damokidebuleba saparlamento sistemisadmi, Tavisufali arCevnebis ideisadmi,
muSaobis legaluri meTodebisadmi, adamianis uflebebisadmi, sazogadoebis mar
TvaSi moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis monawileobisadmi.
dasavleT evropaSi socialdemokratia mraval qveyanaSi TandaTan Seezarda
liberalur wyobas, monawileobda saparlamento arCevnebSi da Rebulobda libe
ralur da demokratiul ideebs, ruseTSi ki amisTvis, ubralod, pirobebi ar arse
bobda. marTalia, 19051907 wlebis revoluciis Sedegad ruseTSi muSaoba daiwyo
parlamentma — saxelmwifo saTaTbirom, magram mas realuri xelisufleba ar ga
aCnda da yvelafers monarqiuli reJimi akontrolebda. es damatebiT arguments
aZlevda bolSevikebs, rom xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvla mxolod revoluciis
gziT SeiZleboda.
bolSevikebi, socialdemokratebis msgavsad, laparakobdnen, rom partiam
unda àRzardos masebi~, moamzados isini socializmisaTvis, magram ukiduresob

bolSevizmis Sesaxeb lenini ambobda: `bolSevizmi, rogorc politikuri azris mimdinareoba da ro-
gorc politikuri partia, 1903 wlidan arsebobs~. Semdgom, erT partiaSi yofnis periodSi, lenini
da misi momxreebi xSirad umciresobaSi iyvnen, magram maT daumkvidrdaT politikurad momgebiani
saxeli `bolSevikebi~.

amde mihyavdaT es idea. isini Tavs acxadebdnen àRmzrdelobiTi diqtaturis~
momxreebad, romelic mowodebuli iyo Seeqmna àxali adamiani~.
didi roli bolSevizmis CamoyalibebaSi Seasrula leninisa da misi Tanamebr
Zolebis pirovnulma Tvisebebma. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eseni iyvnen gansxvavebuli
fsiqologiuri tipis adamianebi. maT axasiaTebdaT mbrZaneblobisa da xelisuf
lebisaken midrekileba, maTTvis ucxo iyo raime sazogadoebrivi an moraluri sen
timentaloba da mzad iyvnen, yvela saSualeba gamoeyenebinaT TavianTi politiku
ri programis praqtikulad gansaxorcieleblad.

qarTveli moRvaweebi bolSevikuri reJimis Sesaxeb

noe Jordania (18681953): `...yvela reJimTa Soris bolSevizmi yvela
ze ufro gaJRenTilia samxedro suliT, afrialebuli aqvs omis droSa.
sabWoTa reJimis gavrceleba xiStiT — es misi Tandayolili doqtrinaa.
man es ganaxorciela saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis sxva respublikebSi, ukrain
aSi da sx.~
`brZolis xma~, parizi, 1933, 1 31

Salva amirejibi (18871943): àrsebobs ocdaTvrameti ganmarteba,
rogori unda iyos revolucia da saukeTesoc maTSi arafrad ar varga.
bolSevizmi mxolod usaZaglesi formaa misi. bolSevizmi ar aris fiqri
mowinave pirovnebisa, is aris buneba CamorCenil adamianisa. arc is aris
SemTxveviTi, rom igi ruseTSi moxda. ufro nakleb SemTxveviTia, rom misi
beladi lenini iyo. `msoflio revoluciis beladis~ dabadebis ormocda
aTi wlisTavzed misma Segirdebma wigni gamosces. madloba RmerTs — ic
nobdnen masac da mis cxovrebasac. magram erTsac ver wamoscda iseTi ram
SesaniSnavi an mis xasiaTSi, an mis cxovrebaSi, romelic am kacis marTla
maRal Tvisebebzec gviTiTebdes. sxvebzed moswrebuli isev qarTveli mi
xa cxakaia gamodga. yvelaze TvalsaCino leninis cxovrebaSi, cxakaiam is
dainaxa, rom lenini parizis komunazed erTi wliT adrea dabadebuli. er
Ti weli gansxvaveba veraferi `niSania~. lenins es ar esmoda da misi gan
xorcieleba ruseTSi moindoma. ufro didi Secdoma leninisa is iyo, rom
ganizraxa ra socializmis damyareba, waeCxuba evropis yvela socialis
tebs. miuxedavad amisa, mainc evropis revoluciis molodinSi iyo da da
emarTa is, rac daemarTa melas, romelic cxvars aedevna: ariqa, duma da
vardebao! cxvars duma ar davarda da maSin, bolSevizmi evropidan aziaSi
gadavarda...~
Salva amirejibi. Txzulebani, wigni meore, Tbilisi, 1998, gv.229

1.4.bolSevikebis mosvla xelisuflebis saTaveSi
marqsistebis xedviT, sazogadoeba progresis gziT viTardeba da erTi for

maciidan meoreze gadadis. gamoyofdnen xuT Tanmimdevrul formacias: pirvel
yofili, monaTmflobeluri, feodaluri, kapitalisturi da komunisturi. mefis
ruseTi, maTi azriT, feodalizmisa da kapitalizmis nazavs warmoadgenda, sadac
kapitalizmis ganviTarebas aferxebda feodalizmis mravalricxovani gadmonaS
Tebi, pirvel rigSi, mefis TviTmpyrobelobis arseboba. amitom upirveles amocan
ad miiCneoda burJuaziuldemokratiuli revoluciis ganxorcieleba da demok
ratiuli Tavisuflebebis mopoveba. aseTi iyo ruseTis 19051907 wlebis revolu
cia, romelmac marcxi ganicada.

pirvelma msoflio omma ruseTs marcxi da ekonomikuri krizisi moutana. Se
degad warmatebuli aRmoCnda 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia, rodesac ruseTis
imperatori nikoloz ,, gadadga da xelisufleba e. w. droebiTi mTavrobis xelSi
gadavida. xelisuflebaSi mosuli politikuri Zalebi, maT Soris socialistebi
(socialistrevolucionerebi, menSevikebi) Tvlidnen, rom gadasawyvetia demok
ratiuli amocanebi da ruseTSi unda damyarebuliyo burJuaziuldemokratiuli
wyobileba. ruseTis ekonomikuri CamorCenilobis gamo socialisturi revoluci
is ganxorcieleba maT SeuZleblad miaCndaT. aseTi revoluciisa da socializmis-
ken winsvlis iniciatori dasavleT evropis wamyvani qveynebi unda yofiliyvnen.
droebiTma mTavrobam ruseTis momavali saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis gansaz
RvrisaTvis, anu konstituciis SesamuSaveblad, damfuZnebeli kreba moiwvia.
magram ase ar fiqrobdnen bolSevikebi leninis xelmZRvanelobiT. lenins mi
aCnda, rom burJuaziuldemokratiul da socialistur revoluciebs Soris didi
droiTi Sualedi ar unda yofiliyo da dauyovnebliv unda ecadaT socialisturi
revoluciis ganxorcieleba. misi azriT, ruseTi, swored Tavisi CamorCenilobis
gamo, `susti rgoli~ iyo `msoflio imperializmis jaWvSi~ da SesaZlebeli iyo
msoflio socialisturi revoluciis ruseTidan dawyeba.
imis gamo, rom droebiTma mTavrobam male gaucrua imedebi mosaxlobis did
nawils, bolSevikebis mxardamWerTa ricxvi swrafad gaizarda. 1917 wlis 25 oq
tombers (axali stiliT 7 noembers) maT petrogradSi ga
naxorcieles samxedro gadatrialeba da daamxes droeb
iTi mTavroba. maT mokavSireebad pirvel xanebSi memar
cxene eserebi gamodiodnen, bolSevikebma 1918 wlis 6
ianvars garekes wina dRes Sekrebili damfuZnebeli kre
bac, radganac man uari ganacxada, daemtkicebina bolSe
vikuri xelisuflebis mier miRebuli dekretebi. dam-
fuZnebel krebaSi bolSevikebs umravlesoba ar hyavdaT:
damfuZnebeli krebis 703 arCeuli deputatidan 229 iyo eseri, 168 — bolSeviki, 39
— memarcxene eseri, 17 — kadeti, 16 — menSeviki.
1.5.sabWoTa wyobileba
marqsistuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg un

da damyarebuliyo proletariatis diqtatura, — xelisufleba unda gadasuliyo
gamarjvebuli proletariatis xelSi. am sakiTxze marqss bevri araferi dauweria,
proletariatis diqtaturis formad ki miiCnia parizis komuna (arsebobda 1871
wels).
ruseTSi bolSevikebis mosvla xelisuflebis saTaveSi proletariatis diq
taturis damyarebad gamocxadda, Tumca, realurad, is bolSevikuri partiisa da
misi xelmZRvaneli viwro jgufis diqtatura iyo. leninma proletariatis diqta
turis, anu saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis safuZvlad sabWoebi gamoacxada, rom
lebic rig adgilebSi muSebma Seqmnes ruseTis pirveli revoluciis (19051907)
dros.
sabWoebi iyo muSebisa da glexebis `TviTmmarTveli masobrivi organizacia~,
romelic uaryofda sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis gamijvnas. sab
Woebi garegnulad demokratiuli organo iyo, magram arCevnebis dros erTi muSis
xma ramdenime glexis xmas udrida, e. w. eqspluatatoruli klasebi ki xmis ufle

am sakiTxSi lenini dauaxlovda lev trockis, romelic Tavis `permanentuli revoluciis~ Teoria-
Si amtkicebda, rom revoluciur etapebs Soris didi Sualedi ar unda yofiliyo.

bas moklebuli iyvnen. mxolod didi xnis Semdeg damkvidrda sayovelTao saarCev
no ufleba, rodesac `mtruli klasebi~ fizikurad likvidirebuli iyo.
rac Seexeba arCevnebs, is fiqtiuri xasiaTis iyo, radganac irCevdnen xeli
suflebis mier damtkicebul kandidatebs. sabWoebi sxvadasxva donis iyo, ierar
qiuli principiT — adgilobrivi, saraiono, saolqo da respublikuri. sabWoebi
parlamentisgan gansxvavebiT, mudmivmoqmedi organoebi ar iyo da mokle droiT
ikribebodnen sesiebze. mudmivmoqmedi organo prezidiumi iyo, romelsac umaR
lesi sabWo irCevda. sabWoebi raime arsebiT rols ar asrulebdnen qveynis marTva
Si.
sabWoTa sistemaSi yvelafers ganagebda komunisturi partia. revoluciis
Semdeg, 1918 wlis martSi, rsdmp (b) 9,, yrilobaze leninma Tavis partias saxeli
Seucvala da socialdemokratiulis nacvlad ruseTis komunisturi uwoda, ro
melsac frCxilebSi didxans emateboda sityva `bolSevikebis~. es iyo gamijvna ev
ropisa da ruseTis socialdemokratebisagan, maTi zomierebisa da kompromisebi
sadmi midrekilebis gamo.
komunisturi partia, realurad, partiasaxelmwifo iyo. sabWoTa xelisuf
lebis organoebis paralelurad arsebobda mkacrad centralizebuli komunis
turi partiis teritoriuli organoebi, romelTa xelSic Tavmoyrili iyo realu
ri Zalaufleba. sabWoTa konstituciaSi arsebobda muxli komunisturi partiis
`xelmZRvaneli da warmmarTveli rolis~ Sesaxeb, magram is, rom saxelmwifo orga
noebis funqciebs komunisturi partia asrulebda, es arsad iyo gawerili da sab
WoTa sistemis àraformalur realobas~ warmoadgenda.
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg bolSevikuri partia kidev ufro ra
dikaluri gaxda. 1919 wlis martSi miRebul komunisturi partiis axal programa
Si aRniSnuli iyo, rom `naTeli momavlisaken~ gzis gasakafad srulad unda aemoq
medebinaT proletaruli saxelmwifos mTeli Zala. es gaxda yvela sferos mar
Tvis ukiduresi centralizebis safuZveli. saxelmwifos dauqvemdebares samoqa
laqo sazogadoebis yvela struqtura. ar arsebobda damoukidebeli sasamarTlo,
presa, profkavSirebi da a. S.
aseve, kanonmdeblobis doneze arasodes yofila dafiqsirebuli, magram sab
WoTa sistemis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda terori, romelsac saxelmwifo
iyenebda Tavisi politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis gasanadgureblad, maT winaaRmde
gac, romlebic, reJimis azriT, SeiZleba odesme bolSevikur reJims dapirispire-
bodnen. terori da represiebi saSualebas aZlevda sistemas, morCilebaSi hyolo
da rogorc mmarTvelobiTi aparati, ise milionobiT rigiTi adamiani. Tavidan te
rors axorcielebdnen `sagangebo~ damsjeli organoebi, Semdeg ki Seiqmna repre
siebze pasuxismgebeli specialuri saxelmwifo uwyebebi.
sabWouri mmarTvelobis sistema moxerxebuli instrumenti iyo komunisturi
partiis xelSi im politikis gasatareblad, romelic misi ideologiidan gamomdi
nareobda. xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli komunisturi mmarTveloba SeiZleba
ori sityviT davaxasiaToT — diqtatura da terori.

bolSevikebi fraqciis saxiT arsebobdnen ruseTis socialdemokratiul muSaTa partiaSi (rsdmp),
1917 wlis gazafxulze Camoyalibdnen calke partiad saxelwodebiT — rsdmp (bolSevikebis), 1918 wlis
martSi daerqva ruseTis komunisturi partia (bolSevikebis), sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg daerqva
sakavSiro komunisturi partia (bolSevikebis), 1952 wlis oqtomberSi, partiis me19 yrilobaze, mis sa-
xelwodebaSi sityva `bolSevikebis~ gaqra da sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia ewoda.

1.6. `wiTeli terori~ cifrebsa da faqtebSi
terori Tavidanve komunisturi reJimebis erTerTi fundamenturi ganzomi-

leba iyo. terori — masobrivi danaSauli saxelmwifos marTvis sistemad aqcies.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1917 wlis 28 oqtombers ruseTis muSaTa da deputatTa sabWoe-
bis ,, yrilobam sikvdiliT dasja gaauqma.
1917 wlis 20 dekembers rsfsr saxkomsabWom leninis iniciativiT Seqmna sru
liad ruseTis sagangebo komisia `kontrrevoluciisa da sabotaJis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad~. misi Tavmjdomare feliqs ZerJinski (18771926) gaxda. sityva `sa-
gangebo~ droebiTs rom ar niSnavda, maleve gaxda cxadi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis
arseboba `Cekas~ gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo.
Cekas arsebobis pirveli wlebidan am uwyebis TanamSromlebi advilad midi
odnen siyalbeze da igonebdnen sxvadasxva `SeTqmulebebs~, romelTa viTom mona
wileebs sastikad uswordebodnen.
1918 wlis 21 Tebervals Cekistebma ufleba miiR
es, `mtrebi~ sasamarTlos gareSe daexvritaT.
1918 wlis 5 seqtembers, leninze Tavdasxmisa da
petrogradis Cekas xelmZRvanelis moisei urickis
mokvlis gamo, bolSevikebma gamoacxades `wiTeli te
rori~ da pirvelive Tves aTasobiT adamiani daxvri
tes. marto leninze Tavdasxmis gamo sikvdiliT dasa-
jes 512 `burJuaziuli mZevali~.
1917 wlis dekembridan 1919 wlis CaTvliT `sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komi
siam~ sikvdiliT dasaja mefis mTavrobisa da droebiTi mTavrobis 10 yofili mi
nistri, ruseTis imperiis 16 yofili gubernatori, 79 yofili generali da admira
li, saxelmwifo saTaTbiros 10 yofili deputati, romanovebis samefo ojaxis 17
wevri (maT Soris arasrulwlovnebic).
cnobili Cekistis martin lacisis monacemebiT,
19181919 wlebSi wiTeli teroris farglebSi daapatim
res 86.893 adamiani, cixeSi Casves 34.334; mZevlad aiyva
nes 13.111; sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes 9.498;
daxvrites 8.389.
19171922 wlebSi Cekas `revoluciuri tribuna
lebis~ meSveobiT da sasamarTlos gareSec daxvrites
an wamebiT mokles 140.000 adamiani.
Cekistebi uzrunvelyofdnen sabWoTa gabatonebuli
klasis — nomenklaturis usafrTxoebas da xelSeuxeb-
lobas. nomenklaturis raodenoba ki swrafad izrdebo-
da: 1922 wels nomenklaturul muSakTa raodenoba
15.325 Seadgenda, 1925 wels — 25 aTass, 1939 wels ki —
TiTqmis 200 aTass.
1919 wlisaTvis Cekistebis raodenoba 37 aTass aRwevda,
1921 wels ki maTma ricxvma 261 aTass miaRwia. es aRemateboda
Jandarmebis raodenobas mefis ruseTSi.
Cekistebis forma tyavis Savi qurTuki gaxda. mefis ruse
Tis armiaSi aseTi qurTukebi mfrinavebsa da motociklis
tebs ecvaT. sawyobebSi mravlad iyo aseTi qurTukebi da Ce

komunizmis Savi wigni. danaSaulebi, terori, represia. Tb., iliauni, 2011, gv.1213

kistebma maTi rekvizicia moaxdines. aRsaniSnavia, rom tya-
vis qurTukebi ingliselebis naCuqari iyo.
Cekistebs ganusazRvreli uflebebi hqondaT. am uwyebaSi
SeimuSaves specialuri meTodika, Tu rogor unda moeklaT
TavSi erTi gasroliT adamiani ise, rom mundiri ar dasvro
daT. Cekist vasili bloxins Tavisi xeliT hyavda mokluli 10
aTasze meti adamiani. es ufro meti iyo, vidre ruseTis impe
riaSi 17211917 wlebSi sikvdiliT dasjilTa raodenoba. CekistTa mniSvnelovani
nawili fsiqikuri problemebis winaSe dgeboda da es `profesiul avadmyofobad~
eqcaT. 1920ian wlebSi bevri Cekisti narkotikebs iyenebda, 1930ian wlebSi ki al
kohols eZalebodnen.
mravali Cekisti Tavad daxvrites kolegebma rogorc `xalxis mtrebi~. kiTxva-
ze, Tu raSi mdgomareobda maTi danaSauli, Rebulobdnen pasuxs, rac Tavadac uT-
qvamT Tavis dapatimrebamde: `Tqvens danaSauls amtkicebs Tavad Tqveni dapatim-
rebis faqti~.
1922 wlis dekemberSi `Cekas~ 5 wlisTavis iubileze politbiuros wevrma da
moskovis sabWos Tavmjdomarem lev kamenevma aRniSna, rom Cekistebi yvela brZane-
bas uyoymanod asrulebdnen da SemdgomSic bolSevikur
partias amis imedi hqonda. wlebis Semdeg Cekistebma aseve
uyoymanod Seasrules Tavad kamenevis daxvretis brZane-
ba.
`Cekas~ centraluri aparati swrafad izrdeboda:
1918 w. iyo 42 TanamSromeli, seqtemberSi — 779, 1921 w. —
1648 TanamSromeli, 1922 w. ianvarSi — 2735. amasTan ZerJin-
ski CekaSi regularulad `wmendis~ Catarebas moiTxovda. 1922 w. CekaSi 1918 w. gaw-
veulTagan ara umetes 4 iyo darCenili.

Tavi ,,.
bolSevikebi da èrovnuli sakiTxi~

2.1. erovnuli sakiTxis marqsistuli xedva
marqsistuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mTavari iyo klasobrivi brZola da `muSa-

Ta klasis ganTavisufleba~, rasac komunizmis damyareba mohyveboda. masTan Seda-
rebiT èrovnuli sakiTxi~ (anu xalxebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi, didi
erebis mier patara erebis dapyroba da Cagvra) meorexarisxovani iyo. erovnuli
sakiTxis gadaWra, maTi azriT, unda mohyoloda socialistur revolucias, anu
proletariatis gamarjvebas burJuaziaze da socializmis mSeneblobas.
marqsizmis mixedviT, eri istoriuli kategoria iyo. socializmze gadas
vlasTan erTad ara marto gaqreboda klasebs Soris gansxvaveba, aramed gaqreboda
erovnuli winaaRmdegobebi da Tavad erovnuli gansxvavebebic. marqsizmis Tanax
mad, komunizmis dros erebic ar iarsebebdnen. Sesabamisad, erovnuli sakiTxi
`taqtikis sakiTxi~ iyo da ara strategiis. am xedvidan gamomdinareobda qarTveli
marqsistebis nihilisturi damokidebulebac qarTveli xalxis erovnuli intere
sebisadmi.
2.2. bolSevikebis damokidebuleba erovnuli sakiTxisadmi
ruseTis imperiaSi, romelSic 200mde eri da erovneba cxovrobda da romel

sac Tavad leninma `xalxTa sapyrobile~ uwoda, erovnuli sakiTxi uaRresad mwva
ved idga. aseT viTarebaSi nebismier partias unda hqonoda erovnuli sakiTxis sa
kuTari xedva. bolSevikebi, rogorc marqsistebi, iziarebdnen marqsizmis ZiriTad
debulebebs erisa da erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
bolSevikebi aRiarebdnen e. w. èrTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas~, anu dapyro
bili eris uflebas, Tavad ganesazRvra sakuTari bedi, moeTxova avtonomia, anda,
Tu saWirod CaTvlida, Seeqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. Tumca, am uflebis
partiul programaSi aRiarebasTan erTad, mis realizebas ruseTis saxelmwifo
dan gamoyofisa da axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis saxiT uaryofi-
Tad uyurebdnen. leninisa da sxva bolSevikebis gancxadebiT, mxolod `didi sa
xelmwifo~ uzrunvelyofda progress da xelsayreli iyo mSromelebisTvis.
lenini iseve, rogorc marqsi da engelsi, unitaristi iyo. misi TqmiT, didi
centralizebuli saxelmwifo ùdidesi wingadadgmuli istoriuli nabiji iyo Sua
saukuneebis daqsaqsulobidan yvela qveynis momavali socialisturi erTianobi-
saken~. lenini 1913 wels werda: `sanam sxvadasxva erebi erTian saxelmwifos Sead
genen, marqsistebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar dauWeren mxars arc federacias da
arc decentralizacias~.
erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRiarebasTan erTad, bolSevikebi qadageb-
dnen proletarul internacionalizmsac, í sxvadasxva eris mSromelTa solida
robasac, romlis erTerT gamovlinebad erTiani saxelmwifos upirobo mxardaWe
ra miaCndaT. saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, progresi unda gamo
xatuliyo sxvadasxva tipis sakavSiro saxelmwifoebidan erTian respublikad ga
erTianebaSi, misgan ki unda gadasuliyvnen arasaxelmwifoebriv sazogadoebriv
mmarTvelobaze.

2.3. erovnuli sakiTxis `bolSevikuri~ gadawyveta: 1918Ϋ1921 wlebi
1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis erTiani saxelmwifo, faq-

tobrivad, daingra, mis teritoriaze Camoyalibeba daiwyo sxvadasxva erovnulma
saxelmwifom. es procesi kidev ufro gaZlierda bolSevikebis xelisuflebis sa-
TaveSi mosvlis Semdeg. bolSevikebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, sityvierad mainc sxva
midgoma daefiqsirebinaT erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. ukve SeuZlebeli iyo
`didi saxelmwifos upiratesobebis~ gancxadebiT Semofargvla da amiT erovnuli
sakiTxis ignorireba, maSin rodesac zogierTma erma praqtikulad daiwyo erTa
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizeba, zogierTma ki — damoukidebeli saxelmwi
foebis mSeneblobac. amave dros, bolSevikebs xelisuflebis SenarCunebisTvis
brZolaSi Zalze sWirdebodaT yofil ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali sxva erovnebe
bis mxardaWera.
1917 wlis 3 noembers, bolSevikuri revoluciis pirvelsave dReebSi, miiRes
ruseTis xalxTa uflebebis deklaracia, romlis ZaliTac maT TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba mieniWaT, ruseTidan gasvlis CaTvliT, Tumca cxadi iyo, rom bolSevikebi
am uflebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdegi iyvnen.

amasTan dakavSirebiT qarTveli politemigranti ivane nanuaSvili (19021974)
bostonSi 1956 wels gamocemul naSromSi aRniSnavda: `pirvelad saxelwodeba gan
vixiloT: ruseTis xalxebis uflebaTa deklaracia. rogorc amboben, xalxebs mien
iWaT gamoyofis ufleba, Tumca isini ruseTis mflobelobaSi rCebian da mas eqvem
debarebian. am politikur qimeras konkretuli mizani da funqciebi aqvs. avto
rebs mSvenivrad esmiT, rogor unda gamoiyenon igi Tavis sasargeblod. faqtobri
vad, deklaraciis TiTqmis yvela komentarsa Tu ganmartebaSi sabWoTa xelisuf
leba eqskluziur uflebas itovebs, es principi yoveli individualuri SemTxve
visaTvis TviTon ganmartos. yvelasTvis naTeli gaxda, rom am uflebas aravis ga
moayenebinebdnen ssrksa Tu ruseTis federaciaSi.
leninma dainaxa `socialisturi proletaruli saxelmwifos teritoriis

mkveTrad Semcirebis~ safrTxe, amitom bolSevikebis lideri ucbad gaxda federa
lizmis aqtiuri momxre. leninisTvis federacia iyo ara saxelmwifos danawile
bis, aramed ukve daSlili ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis Senar
Cunebis gza. misTvis es iyo `sruli erTobisaken~ mimavali gardamavali etapi.
1918 wlidan bolSevikebma kursi aiRes federalizmze, rogorc saxelmwifos
mowyobis axal formaze yofili ruseTis imperiis mTeli teritoriisTvis, magram,
amave dros, xazs usvamdnen am formis taqtikur, droebiT xasiaTs. mizanSewoni
lad CaiTvala, rom ìZulebiTi centralisturi unitarizmi~ Secvliliyo `neba
yoflobiTi federalizmiT~, imisaTvis, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mas adgili daeT
mo `nebayoflobiTi socialisturi unitarizmisaTvis~.
samoqalaqo omis periodSi TeTrebi gamodiodnen èrTiani da ganuyofeli
ruseTis~ lozungiT, bolSevikebi ki aqtiurad saubrobdnen erTa TviTgamorkve
vis principsa da federalizmze, ramac bolSevikebs erovnuli moZraobebis mxar
daWera moutana.

1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg bolSevikuri xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli iyo, eRiarebi-
na poloneTisa da fineTis damoukidebloba, 1918 wlis martSi, brestis zavis pirobiT, í ukrainis,
1918 wlis agvistoSi ki, brestis zavis damatebiTi punqtiT, í saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. 1918
wlis 3 dekembers aRiares komunisturi estoneTis, 27 dekembers ki komunisturi latviisa da litvis
damoukidebloba, 1919 wlis 5 Tebervals aRiares belorusiis komunisturi respublika.

ivane nanuaSvili. ra unda icodes yvelam Tavisufal samyaroSi ruseTis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2012, 146.

komunistebis mier miRebul ruseTis sfsr 1918 wlis konstituciaSi federa
cia, rogorc saxelmwifos mowyobis forma, mxolod deklarirebuli iyo, faqtob
rivad ki iqmneboda unitaruli saxelmwifo, romelic erTi centridan imarTebo
da. mmarTveli Zala — bolSevikuri partia erTiani da centralizebuli iyo, yvela
avtonomias da `suverenul respublikas~ es partia edga saTaveSi da moskovidan
iRebda miTiTebebs.
ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi 1918í1922 wlebis ganmavlobaSi mrava
li avtonomiuri erTeuli Seiqmna. maT sxvadasxva ierarqiuli statusi hqondaT í
avtonomiuri respublika, avtonomiuri olqi, SromiTi komuna. SedarebiT `mozr
dili~ patara erebi avtonomiis statuss iRebdnen, ufro `patarebi~ í avtonomiu
ri olqis. maTi Camoyalibeba qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT qvemoT motanil
cxrilSia gadmocemuli:

weli da Tve avtonomiuri erTeuli
1918 weli, aprili Turqestanis avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respub
lika (assr)
1918 weli, oqtomberi volgispireTis germanelTa SromiTi komuna
1919 weli, marti baSkireTis assr
1920 weli TaTreTis assr
kareliis SromiTi komuna
CuvaSeTis avtonomiuri olqi (ao)
yirgizeTis (1925 wlidan yazaxeTis) assr
votis (1932 wlidan udmurteTis) ao
marielTa ao
yalmuxeTis ao
daRestnisa da mTielTa assr
1921 weli komi (zirianis) ao
yabardos ao
yirimis assr
1922 weli yaraCaiCerqezeTis ao
monRolburiatTa ao
yabardobalyareTis ao
iakutiis assr
oirotiis (1948 wlidan mTiani altais) ao
CerqezeTis (adiRes) ao
CeCenTa ao
1922 wlis bolos ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur respublikaSi

(rsfsr) iyo 19 avtonomiuri respublika da olqi, aseve 2 erovnuli niSniT Seqmni
li komuna. erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi bevri arafriT gansxvavde
bodnen Cveulebrivi administraciulteritoriuli erTeulebisagan da cen
trTan mimarTebaSi erTnairad uufleboni iyvnen.
2.4. samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikebis gamarjveba da sabWoTa sistemis te-

ritoriuli gafarToeba
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg gaSlil samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikebma gaim

arjves. amis umTavresi mizezi is iyo, rom bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
`TeTri moZraoba~ moklebuli iyo masebis mxridan mxardaWeras. `Zveli ruseTis~
aRdgenis lozungi miuRebeli iyo glexobisaTvis, romelsac eSinoda bolSevike

bis mier micemuli miwis dakargvisa, da erovnuli umciresobebisTvis, romlebic
`Zvel ruseTSi~ mxolod Cagvris instruments xedavdnen.
bolSevikebi ar cnobdnen yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze Seqmnil
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs da maT
`burJuaziul~, `kontrrevoluciur~
warmonaqmnebad miiCnevdnen. SeiZleba,
taqtikuri mosazrebebis gamo, mosko
vis bolSevikur xelisuflebas maTi
damoukidebloba eRiarebina, magram
rogorc ki SesaZlebloba miecemod
aT, Tavs esxmodnen da ZaliT gasabWo
ebas cdilobdnen.
samoqalaqo omSi warmatebebTan
erTad mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda
teritoria, romelsac sabWoTa reJi
mi akontrolebda da man 1921 wlisaT
vis yofili ruseTis imperiis teri

toriis didi nawili moicva. marTalia, am teritoriis (90) da mosaxleobis (70)
didi nawili ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, magram mis gareT arse
bobdnen moskovis kontrolis qveS myofi `damoukidebeli~ sabWoTa respublikebi:
belorusia, ukraina, azerbaijani (sabWoTa xelisufleba daamyares 1920 wlis ap
rilSi), somxeTi (1920 wlis noemberi), saqarTvelo (1921 wlis Tebervalmarti).
Sua aziaSi arsebobda xorezmis (1920 wlis Tebervlidan) da buxaris (1920 wlis oq
tombridan) saxalxo sabWoTa respublikebi.
Soreul aRmosavleTSi 1920 wels Seiqmna `buferuli~ (iaponiasTan konfliq
ti rom Tavidan aecilebinaT) Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublika. am `saxelmwi-
fom~ iarseba 1920 wlis 6 aprilidan 1922 wlis 15 noembramde. is moicavda amuris-
pira, baikalisiqiTa, kamCatkis, zRvispira da saxalinis olqebs. 1921 wlis 22 ap-
rils baikalispireTSi Seiqmna buriatmonRoleTis avtonomiuri olqi.
Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublikis istoria xanmokle aRmoCnda í aSSis ze
wolis, vaSingtonis konferenciaze
(19211922) diplomatiuri izolaci
isa da Sidapolitikuri sirTuleeb
is gamo, iaponia iZulebuli gaxda
Tavisi jari gaeyvana Soreuli aRmo
savleTidan. 1922 wlis 25 oqtom
bers vladivostokSi Sevidnen wiTe
li armiis nawilebi, Soreuli aRmo
savleTis respublikam ki male
`TviTlikvidacia~ gamoacxada. 1922
wlis 15 noembers yofili Soreuli

amis magaliTia saqarTvelo. saqarTveloSi bolSevikebi didi gavleniT ar sargeblobdnen. 1918
wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, 1918 wlis agvistoSi, brestis zavis damate-
bis saxiT, moskovma saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRiara, Tumca azerbaijanis gasabWoebis Semdeg,
1920 wlis aprilis bolos, ruseTis wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi SemoiWra da mis dapyrobas Seecada.
moskovma, poloneTTan omis dawyebis gamo, 1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelosTan samSvidobo xelSekru-
leba gaaforma, Tumca Semdeg axali TavdasxmisTvis moemzada da 1921 wlis Tebervalmartis omis Se-
degad saqarTvelo daipyro da ZaliT daamyara sabWoTa xelisufleba.

`gasabWoebas~ gadaurCa yofili ruseTis imperiis dasavleTi nawili í damoukidebeli saxelmwifo-
ebi gaxdnen poloneTi, fineTi da baltiis respublikebi (litva, latvia, estoneTi), xolo besarabia
(moldova) rumineTma daikava.

aRmosavleTis respublika `miiRes~ rsfsris SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc Soreuli
aRmosavleTis olqi.
ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier dapyrobil da gasabWoebul respublikebTan
moskovi aformebda xelSekrulebebs ekonomikur, samxedro da sxva sferoebSi Ta
namSromlobis Sesaxeb, magram samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg aseTi sistema
aRar akmayofilebdaT. moskovis komunisti mmarTvelebisaTvis dRis wesrigSi
dgeboda èrTiani~ saxelmwifos Seqmnis sakiTxi.
yvela `damoukidebeli~ sabWoTa respublika xelovnurad iyo Seqmnili, ru-
seTis wiTeli armiis mier am qveynebis SeiaraRebuli gziT dapyrobis Sedegad. ma-
galiTad, saqarTveloSi ruseTis wiTeli armia rom ar SemoWriliyo Cvens qveyana-
Si komunistebi verasodes movidodnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi.
yvela `damoukidebel~ sabWoTa respublikaSi xelisuflebas akontrolebda
erTi partia í bolSevikebis partia, romelsac `suverenul~ sabWoTa respubli-
kebSi mxolod moCvenebiT erqva Sesabamisi erovnuli saxelebi í belorusiis, uk-
rainis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijanis komunisturi partiebi. sinamdvile-
Si isini ruseTis komunisturi partiis regionul organizaciebs warmoadgendnen.
1922 wlisaTvis bolSevikebis xelSi moqceul teritoriaze cxovrobda 136,9
mln. adamiani, aqedan 65 milioni ararusi iyo. bolSevikebisTvis saWiro iyo èrov-
nuli sakiTxis~ moCvenebiTi gadawyveta. moskovis komunisturi xelisuflebis ba
tonobis qveS moqceul teritoriaze erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmna arsebiTad iyo
yofili ruseTis imperiis aRdgena axali formiT.

nawili meore
sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna
Tavi ,,,.
sabWoTa kavSiri rogorc ideologiuri da

politikuri proeqti
3.1.bolSevikebi ìmperiul~ da àdgilobriv~ nacionalizms Soris
samoqalaqo omis damTavrebis Semdeg moskovis sabWoTa mmarTvelebis winaSe

dadga sakiTxi, Tu rogor unda moewyoT saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT `gasab
Woebuli~ teritoria (22,4 mln kv. km.). maTTvis udavo iyo, rom mTeli sivrce evra
ziis teritoriaze, sadac `sabWoTa wyobileba~ arsebobda, moskovidan marTul er
Tian centralizebul saxelmwifod unda gardaqmniliyo, magram rogor da ra
formiT, amis Taobaze Tavidan erTi azri ar arsebobda.
bolSeviki liderebis nawili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, lenini da trocki kosmopo
litebi iyvnen da maT èTnikuri nacionalizmi~ ar axasiaTebdaT. isini eswrafvod
nen msoflio socialisturi revoluciis ganxorcielebas, rasac unda mohyolo
da erTiani socialisturi saxelmwifos Seqmna, magram msoflio socialisturi
revolucia igvianebda, movlenebi ise ar warimarTa, rogorc amas bolSeviki lide
rebi moelodnen.
bolSevikebi kidev erTi moulodneli gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCndnen. 1919
1922 wlebSi erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi komunistebis nawilma aRiqva ara taq
tikur nabijad, aramed saxelmZRvanelo principad da partiis mier deklarirebu
li aRniSnuli principis cxovrebaSi gatarebas cdilobdnen. maT nacional komu
nistebi nacionaluklonistebi uwodes.
nacionalkomunistebi ukrainis, belorusiis, saqarTvelos kompartiebidan,
aseve muslimi komunistebi (TaTari komunistebi) energiulad cdilobdnen `damo
ukideblobis atributebis~ SenarCunebas TavianTi erovnuli respublikebisTvis.
nacionaluklonistebs upirispirdebodnen imperiulad moazrovne bolSevi
kebi, romlebic rusul velikoderJavul nacionalizms emyarebodnen. bevri maT
gani saerTod uaryofda erebis politikuri TviTgamorkvevis SesaZleblobas
(karl radeki, georg piatakovi, nikolai buxarini, feliqs ZerJinski, mixail pok
rovski). magaliTad, piatakovis TqmiT, erTa TviTgamorkvevis principis deklari
reba iyo mxolod politikuri TamaSi da is seriozulad ar unda aReqvaT.
nacionaluklonistebs icavda msoflio revoluciaze orientirebuli le
nini. mas kargad esmoda, rom Tuki yofil ruseTis imperiaSi Semaval erebs Seaviw
roebdnen, es msoflio revoluciis ideas daasamarebda.

anu droebiT lozungad, romelic mimdinare amocanebis gadasawyvetad iyo saWiro.

mimdinareoba liderebi pozicia bedi
bolSevikikos lenini, msoflio socialis msoflio revoluciis gadava

mopolitebi trocki tur revoluciaze deba, leninis sikvdili da
fiqrobdnen trockis damarcxeba am mimdi
nareobas safuZvels aclis
imperiuli na stalini, Zer rusuli bolSeviku msoflio revoluciis imedeb
cionalizmi Jinski, radeki, ri saxelmwifos Seq is gaqrobam wina rigSi wamos
buxarini mna da gaZliereba, wia rusuli saxelmwifos aR
emyarebodnen rusul orZineba
nacionalizms
nacionaluk b.mdivani cdilobdnen Tavian gaanadgures imperiuli naci-
lonistebi x.rakovski Ti sabWoTa respub onalizmis poziciaze mdgo-
sulTangalie likebisTvis `damo mebma
vi ukideblobis atri
butebi~ SeenarCune
binaT
amave dros rusi bolSevikebisTvis udavo iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis qveS

moqceuli vrceli teritoriis gaerTianebis aucilebloba. am sakiTxSi erTmaneTs
daupirispirda, erTi mxriv, àvtonomizaciis~ gegma, romelic yvela im dros ar
sebuli `suverenuli~ sabWoTa respublikis ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi
moqcevas gulisxmobda, da, meore mxriv, `suverenuli sabWoTa respublikebis~ mi
er `Tanasworuflebiani~ sakavSiro saxelmwifos Seqmnis gegma. pirveli i. b. sta
linis saxels ukavSirdeboda, meore — v. i. leninis. formalurad gaimarjva leni
nis Tvalsazrisma da Seiqmna `sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri~,
Tumca mokavSire respublikebis Tanasworoba da suverenuloba mxolod qaRal
dze arsebobda.
dava àvtonomizaciasTan~ dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi farTo sa
zogadoebisaTvis ucnobi iyo. amis Taobaze araferi iwereboda `sabWoTa kavSiris
istoriis~ saxelmZRvaneloebSi. mas Semdeg, rac 1956 wels n. xruSCovma stalinis
pirovnebis kulti dagmo, `farda axades~ sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis dros gaCaRe
bul kamaTsac. es ukve arsebul politikur koniunqturas Seesabameboda: `cud~
stalins daupirispires `kargi~ lenini, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xal
xebis `Tanasworuflebianobas~ icavda.
sabWoTa kavSiris SeqmniT damTavrda bolSevikebis mier erTiani saxelmwi
fos aRdgenis procesi Zveli ruseTis imperiis nangrevebze.
3.2.sabWoTa respublikebis àvtonomizaciis~ gegma
e. w. àvtonomizaciis~ gegma iTvaliswinebda erTiani sabWoTa saxelmwifos

Seqmnas. es unda momxdariyo formalurad `damoukidebeli~ sabWoTa respublike
bis Sesvlis gziT ruseTis federaciaSi avtonomiuri respublikebis statusiT.
unda iTqvas, rom àvtonomizaciis~ gegma stalinis gamogonili ar iyo. es idea jer
kidev 1919 wlis Sua xanebSi gaCnda. maSin ruseTis revoluciuri samxedro sabWos
Tavmjdomaris moadgile g. sklianski oficialurad moiTxovda yvela damoukid
ebeli sabWoTa respublikis (maSin mxolod ori `damoukidebeli~ sabWoTa respub
lika arsebobda — ukraina da belorusia) ruseTis federaciaSi Seyvanas da am
gziT èrTiani saxelmwifos~ Seqmnas.

àvtonomizaciis~ gegma gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda 1922 wlis gazaf
xulze, genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciis momzadebis periodSi. genuis konfe
renciaze unda ganxiluliyo pirveli msoflio omis Semdgomi viTareba da masSi
monawileoba unda mieRoT rogorc dasavleTis qveynebs, ise sabWoTa respubli
kebsac. genuis konferenciaze unda ganexilaT mefis ruseTisa da droebiTi mTav
robis sagareo valebis sakiTxi da aseve ucxouri sakuTrebis sakiTxi ruseTsa da
sxva `gasabWoebul~ qveynebSi.
g. CiCerini, romelic sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo politikas xelmZRvanelob
da, arasasurvelad miiCnevda, rom konferenciaSi monawileoba calcalke mieRo
mefis ruseTis adgilze Seqmnil 9 sabWoTa respublikas. ra iyo CiCerinis SeSfo
Tebis mizezi? mas eSinoda, rom dasavleTi ruseTsa da calke warmodgenil sabWo
Ta respublikebs gansxvavebul pirobebs SesTavazebda da Seecdeboda maT gamoyva
nas moskovis gavlenidan.
CiCerini acxadebda, rom Tuki konferenciaze dadebuli iqneboda xelSekru
lebebi `cxra paralelurad arsebuli sabWoTa saxelmwifos saxiT~, aseTi viTare
ba iuridiulad didxans iqneboda SenarCunebuli. CiCerini moiTxovda maT saswra
fo Seyvanas ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi da amiT dasavleTi `momxdari
faqtis~ winaSe unda daeyenebinaT.
rac mTavaria, genuis konferenciaze mosalodneli iyo saqarTvelos sakiT
xis dasma. sabWoTa ruseTi Tavs daesxa da daipyro dasavleTis mier iuridiulad
cnobili saxelmwifo — saqarTvelo. genuis konferenciaze saqarTvelos saxeliT
sabWoTa ruseTs mihyavda okupirebul qveyanaSi mis mier dasmuli marionetuli
reJimis warmomadgenlebi. cxadi iyo isic, rom emigraciaSi myofi saqarTvelos ka
nonieri mTavroba Seecdeboda, konferenciaze daeyenebina saqarTvelos deokup
aciis sakiTxi da moiTxovda uflebas, elaparaka saqarTvelos saxeliT. genuis
konferenciaze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam Tavisi dele
gacia gaagzavna.
genuis konferencia 1922 w. aprilSi tardeboda da konferenciamde darCenil
erT TveSi respublikebis gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis gavla
SeuZlebeli iyo. amis Taobaze sagareo uwyebas erovnebaTa saqmeebis komisarma
i. stalinma acnoba. samagierod, 1922 wlis TebervalSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas,
romlis ZaliTac, ruseTis federacias ufleba eZleoda genuis konferenciaze
warmoedgina kidev 8 saxelmwifo — ukrainis, belorusiis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis,
azerbaijanis, buxaris, xorezmis, Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublikebi da maTi
saxeliT xeli moewera xelSekrulebebisaTvis, anu dasavleTs mxolod moskovTan
eqneboda saqme.
àvtonomizaciis~ sakiTxs kvlav daubrundnen 1922 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac
v. kuibiSevis TavmjdomareobiT muSaoba daiwyo specialurma komisiam sakiTxze
`rsfsrsa da damoukidebeli respublikebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb~. es sakiTxi un
da gaetanaT 1922 wlis 6 oqtombers daniSnul rkp (b) centraluri komitetis ple
numze, Sesabamisi rezoluciis teqstis momzadebas i. stalini xelmZRvanelobda.
stalinis mier momzadebuli rezoluciis proeqti (romelsac Semdeg avto
nomizaciis stalinuri gegma ewoda) mizanSewonilad miiCnevda damoukidebeli
sabWoTa respublikebis: ukrainis, belorusiis, azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da

genuis konferenciaSi (1922 w. 10 aprili — 19 maisi) monawileobda 29 saxelmwifo da inglisis 5 do-
minioni. konferenciaze ganixiles omis Semdgomi evropis ekonomikurfinansuri sakiTxebi.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ;; — ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ;;, ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.ȼ. Ɇɢɥɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2007, ɫ.348.

genuis konferencias saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqma ambrosi xelaiam gaugzavna mimarTva,
romelSic konferencias sTxovda saqarTvelodan gaeyvanaT sabWoTa ruseTis saokupacio jarebi da
qveynisTvis saSualeba miecaT, Tavad gadaewyvita sakuTari bedi.

somxeTis Sesvlas ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi da Riad tovebda buxaris,
xorezmis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublikebis sakiTxs, romlebTanac moce
mul etapze ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro kavSirebis damyareba miiCneo
da sakmarisad.
bolSeviki liderebidan avtonomizaciis gegmas mxars uWerdnen f. ZerJinski,
s. kirovi, v. kuibiSevi, v. molotovi da sxvebi, winaaRmdegi iyvnen n. buxarini, l.
trocki da sxvebi.
garda avtonomizaciisa da suverenuli respublikebis kavSiris Seqmnis geg-
mebisa, arsebobda kidev sabWoTa respublikebis konfederaciis Seqmnis idea, ro-
melic jer kidev 1919 wels wamoayena xristian rakovskim. is am dros ukrainis ssr
saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomare iyo. erovnebiT bulgareli, rakovski profesionali
revolucioneri iyo. rakovskis winadadeba ar miiRes da aqtiuri ganxilvis saga-
nic ar gamxdara.
3.3. àvtonomizaciis~ gegmis ganxilva sabWoTa respublikebis

xelmZRvanelobis mier
vidre àvtonomizaciis~ proeqtze rkp (b) centraluri komiteti imsjeleb

da, igi gansaxilvelad daegzavna `damoukidebeli~ sabWoTa respublikebis kompar
tiebis centralur komitetebs, Tumca, maleve gairkva, rom sinamdvileSi respub
likebisgan moelodnen proeqtis ara realur ganxilvas, aramed mxolod mis mowo
nebas.
zogierTi respublikis (azerbaijani, somxeTi) komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba
asec moiqca. 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers azerbaijanis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobam
moiwona avtonomizaciis gegma da daadgina: àucileblad iqnes miCneuli, rom az
erbaijani dauyovnebliv Sevides saerTo saruseTo federaciaSi farTo avtonomi
is sawyisebze~; 16 seqtembers cnobili gaxda, rom aseve moiqca somxeTis komparti
is xelmZRvanelobac.
belorusiis kompartiis centraluri komitetis biurom damoukidebel pa
suxs Tavi aarida da daadgina, rom mizanSewonilad miiCnevda ruseTis federaci
asTan iseT urTierTobas, rac damyardeboda ruseTis federaciasa da ukrainas
Soris.
ukrainis kompartiis centralurma komitetma àvtonomizaciis proeqti~
1922 wlis 3 oqtombers ganixila da saWirod miiCnia ukrainis ssr damoukideblo
bis SenarCuneba da xazi gausva, rom `damoukidebeli respublikebis faqtobrivi
centralizebuli xelmZRvaneloba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes Sesabamisi partiuli
xaziT~, magram Tuki rkp(b) centraluri komiteti saWirod miiCnevda ukrainis ssr
Sesvlas ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi, aRar daeJinaT ukrainis politiku

proeqtis Tanaxmad, ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli respublikebis saxelmwifo orga-
noebidan damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen mxolod iusticiis, ganaTlebis, Sinagan saqmeTa, miwaT
moqmedebis, muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis ko-
misariatebi.

avtonomizaciis gegma xruSCovis mier stalinis `pirovnebis kultis mxilebis~ periodSi kritikis
sagnad iqca da is mxolod stalins miewereboda, sinamdvileSi ki stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT momza-
debul rezoluciaSi warmodgenili iyo is Tvalsazrisi, rasac iziarebda bolSevikuri partiis xel-
mZRvanelobis mravali warmomadgeneli, Tumca stalini avtonomizaciis ideis erTerTi mTavari
damcveli iyo.

l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (19211923 wlebi). Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba), 1999,
gv.219220.

ri damoukideblobis formaluri niSnebis SenarCunebis aucilebloba da ùrTi
erToba ganesazRvraT praqtikuli mizanSewonilobis safuZvelze~.
avtonomizaciis gegmas yvelaze radikalurad daupirispirda saqarTvelos
kompartiis centraluri komiteti, romelmac 1922 wlis 15 seqtembers miiRo re
zolucia:
àmx. stalinis Tezisebis safuZvelze SemoTavazebuli gaerTianeba damouk
idebeli respublikebisa avtonomizaciis formiT naadrevad CaiTvalos.
sameurneo RonisZiebaTa da zogadi politikis gaerTianeba saWirod migvaC
nia, oRond damoukideblobis yvela atributis SenarCunebiT~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitetSi, romel
Tac mxari dauWires `saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis atributebis~ SenarCu
nebas, Sediodnen is adamianebi, romlebic 1900ian wlebSi, `proletaruli inter
nacionalizmis~ principidan gamomdinare, winaaRmdegni iyvnen saqarTvelosTvis
moeTxovaT avtonomia, 1918 wels ki dagmes damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da `sab
WoTa ruseTisagan saqarTvelos CamoSorebis winaaRmdeg~ gailaSqres.
unda iTqvas isic, rom formalurad suverenuli sabWoTa respublikebis àv
tonomizaciis~ gegmis ganxilva xdeboda partiuli xelmZRvanelobis viwro wreSi
da amis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen partiis rigiTma wevrebma da, miT umetes, farTo
sazogadoebam. saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti, gamovida ra av
tonomizaciis gegmis winaaRmdeg, iqve saWirod miiCnevda: `droebiT Tavi Sevika
voT farTo partiul masebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadatanisagan~.
Tu mokled CamovayalibebT `damoukidebeli~ sabWoTa respublikebis kom
partiebis xelmZRvanelobis poziciebs àvtonomizaciis~ proeqtTan dakavSire
biT, Semdeg suraTs miviRebT:

qveyana pozicia
ruseTi mxari dauWires àvtonomizaciis~ proeqts

ukraina winaaRmdegia àvtonomizaciis~ gegmisa, magram Tuki rkp(b) amas saWirod
miiCnevs, daemorCileba da uars ityvis `damoukideblobis atributebze~
belorusia mxari dauWires ruseTis federaciasTan imave urTierTobas, rac ukrain
as eqneba
saqarTvelo winaaRmdeg wavidnen àvtonomizaciis~ proeqtisa da saWirod miiCnies
`saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis atributebis~ SenarCunebas
somxeTi mxari dauWires àvtonomizaciis~ proeqts
azerbaijani mxari dauWires àvtonomizaciis~ proeqts

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mier avtonomizaciis geg
mis uaryofam didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia avtonomizaciis momxreTa Soris, rom

ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ, 1989 ʋ 9, ɫ.214.

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti 21 kaciT iyo warmodgenili da masSi Sedioda 15
wevri (f. maxaraZe, p. sabaSvili, p. (budu) mdivani, s. Todria, s. qavTaraZe, S. eliava, m. oraxelaSvili.
e. eSba. m. toroSeliZe, T. kalandaZe, gogia, a. gegeWkori, m. okujava, l. dumbaZe da k. cincaZe) da 6
wevrobis kandidati (i. jorbenaZe, d. susiSvili, i. bolqvaZe, d. mirotaZe, d. nasariZe da S. varamaSvi-
li). maTgan 15 seqtembris sxdomas eswreboda 12 da àvtonomizaciis~ gegmas mxolod S. eliavam dau-
Wira mxari. Semdeg isinic gamokiTxes, vinc sxdomas ar eswreboda da maTgan avtonomizaciis momxre
mxolod m. oraxelaSvili da a. gegeWkori aRmoCndnen (l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria
(19211923 wlebi). Tb., Tsu, 1999, gv.222).

cit.: l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (19211923 wlebi). Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 1999,
gv.221.

cit.: l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (19211923 wlebi). Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 1999,
gv.230.

lebic umravlesobas Seadgendnen rkp(b) amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetSi da
maT `damoukideblobis atributebis SenarCunebis~ moTxovna `burJuaziuli naci
onalizmis gamovlinebad~ miiCnies. komunistur partiaSi es ùmZimesi~ braldeba
iyo.
1922 wlis 16 seqtembers àvtonomizaciis~ proeqti moiwona rkp(b) amierkav
kasiis samxareo komitetma, saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis wev
rebs f. maxaraZes, s. qavTaraZesa da p. sabaSvils personaluri pasuxismgebloba
daakisra imaze, rom àvtonomizaciis~ proeqti saidumlod SeenaxaT da cnobili
ar gamxdariyo masebisTvis, amave dros daavala saqarTvelos kompartiis centra
lur komitets, moemzadebina partiuli masebi àvtonomizaciis~ proeqtis mxarda
saWerad. amiT faqtobrivad ignorirebuli iyo saqarTvelos kompartiis centra
luri komitetis umravlesobis pozicia, romelmac miuReblad miiCnia damoukid
ebeli respublikebis àvtonomizaciis~ gegma.
1922 wlis 23 da 24 seqtembers gaimarTa rkp (b) centraluri komitetis sxdo
ma, romelzedac erTxmad miiRes i. stalinis rezoluciis proeqti sabWoTa res
publikebis àvtonomizaciis~ Sesaxeb da uaryves saqarTvelos kompartiis cen
traluri komitetis 1922 wlis 15 seqtembris dadgenileba. avtonomizaciis gegma,
didi albaTobiT, am saxiT gatardeboda, rom ara leninis Careva, romelic am dro
isaTvis ukve mZimed iyo avad.
3.4. v. leninis gegma `suverenuli respublikebis~ kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb
rkp(b) xelmZRvanelobaSi bevrisTvis moulodnelad, v. leninma mkveTrad ga

akritika àvtonomizaciis~, anu `suverenuli~ sabWoTa respublikebis ruseTis
federaciaSi Sesvlis gegma. 1922 wlis 22 seqtembers v. leninma stalins sTxova ec
nobebina, Tu rogori pozicia ekava rkp(b) centralur komitets sabWoTa respub
likebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxSi. stalinma imave dRes gaugzavna weri
li, sadac warmoadgina arsebuli viTareba, 26 seqtembers ki piradadac Sexvda le
nins.
stalinma Tavis werilSi lenins auxsna Seqmnili viTareba. misi TqmiT, samoqa
laqo omis periodSi moskovi iCenda `liberalizms erovnul sakiTxSi~, urigdebo
da erovnuli mxareebis viTomda damoukideblobas. aman, cxadia, sabWoTa xeli
suflebas sargebeli moutana, magram iyo `negatiuri mxarec~ — `damoukidebloba
nas~ TamaSis periodSi sxva erebis (anu ararusi erebis) komunistebSi àRizardnen
namdvili da Tanamimdevruli socialdamoukideblebi~, romelTac ar undodaT
gaegoT, rom es iyo mxolod `damoukideblobanas TamaSi~ da uars ambobdnen mos
kovidan miRebuli miTiTebebis Sesrulebaze. amitom stalins aucileblad miaCn
da `damoukideblobanas TamaSis~ dasruleba da `suverenuli~ sabWoTa respubli
kebis Sesvla ruseTis federaciis (rsfsr) SemadgenlobaSi.
stalinTan Sexvedris Semdeg, imave dRes, anu 26 seqtembers leninma werili
gaugzavna l. kamenevs (kopio politbiuros yvela wevrs), sadac aRniSnavda, rom
stalini Zalze Cqarobda uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadawyvetisas da sayu
radRebod miaCnda respublikebis xelmZRvanelobis pozicia. Tavad leninis az
riT, laparaki unda yofiliyo ara ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi damouk
idebeli respublikebis `Sesvlis~ Sesaxeb, aramed yvela damoukidebeli respub

garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis kompartiebi ruseTis kompartiaSi Sedi-
odnen da saolqo komitetis uflebamosilebiT sargeblobdnen, samxreT kavkasiaSi kidev arsebobda
am partiis e. w. `samxareo komiteti~, rogorc aRniSnuli èrovnuli~ kompartiebis sazedamxedvelo
organo.

ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ, 1989 ʋ 9, ɫ.198

lika unda gaerTianebuliyo axal kavSirSi, sadac ruseTi Tanasworuflebiani iq
neboda ukrainasTan da sxva respublikebTan. es unda yofiliyo axali kavSiri, axa
li federacia — èvropisa da aziis sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiri~.
29 seqtembramde lenini agrZelebda respublikebis gaerTianebis sakiTxis
Seswavlas da piradad Sexvda a. miasnikovs, g. orjonikiZes, aseve qarTvel `nacion
aluklonistebis~ 4 warmomadgenels: b. mdivans, m. okujavas, l. dumbaZes, k. cin
caZes. Sedegad ruseTis kompartiis — rkp(b) momavali plenumisTvis momzadebul
rezoluciis proeqtSi ukve naTqvami iyo: àucileblad iqnes miCneuli xelSekru
lebis gaformeba ukrainas, belorusias, amierkavkasiis respublikebis federacia
sa da ruseTis federacias Soris maTi gaerTianebis Taobaze `sabWoTa socialis
turi respublikebis kavSirSi~ da SeunarCundes TiToeul maTgans sabWoTa kavSi
ridan gasvlis ufleba~. aq pirvelad gaCnda abreviatura `ssrk (ɋɋɋɊ)~ da uari iT
qva àvtonomizaciis~ gegmaze.
Tumca, aqve Caido amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis gegma, romelSic unda
gaerTianebuliyvnen sabWoTa saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani da mxolod am
gziT Sesuliyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.
stalini ukmayofilo iyo leninis mier qarTvel da ukrainel `damoukideb
elTa~ (ase uwodes im komunistebs, romlebic avtonomizaciis winaaRmdeg gamodi
odnen) mxardaWeriT da leninis mier gamovlenili `liberalizmiT~ sabWoTa res
publikebis gaerTianebis sakiTxSi.
stalini leninis gegmaSi kidev erT xarvezs xedavda da amis Taobaze 1922
wlis 27 seqtembers swerda politbiuros wevrebs. misi azriT, leninis gegmidan
logikurad gamomdinareobda calke `ruseTis respublikis~ Seqmna da aseve ruse
Tis federaciidan 8 avtonomiuri respublikis gamoyvana da maTTvis `damoukideb
eli~ respublikebis statusis miniWeba, romlebic calke Sevidodnen sabWoTa kav
SirSi.
Tumca, `samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobidan~ gamomdinare, stalins didi wina
aRmdegoba ar gauwevia sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis gegmisTvis. rogorc Cans, mas kar
gad esmoda, rom respublikaTa `suverenobasa da Tanasworobaze~ saubari ar gamo
ricxavda iseTi struqturis Seqmnas, sadac `ganapira mxareebi~ yvela ZiriTad sa
kiTxSi usityvod daemorCilebodnen centrs. `Tanaswor respublikaTa kavSiri~
swored aseTi gamovida.
ratom Tqva uari leninma àvtonomizaciis~ gegmaze? an rogor unda yofi
liyvnen realurad Tanaswori uzarmazari ruseTi da ruseTis yofili koloniebi,
romlebic kvlav daipyro ruseTis wiTelma armiam da imarTeboda ruseTis komu
nistur partiaSi Semavali erovnuli kompartiebis mier, romlebic usityvod un
da damorCilebodnen centraluri organoebis gadawyvetilebebs?
lenini ukrainis an saqarTvelos `suverenobaze~ ki ar zrunavda, aramed uf
ro im droisaTvis jer kidev popularul `msoflio socialistur revoluciaze~
fiqrobda. Tuki, magaliTad, germaniaSi gaimarjvebda socialisturi revolucia,
mas xom ruseTis federaciaSi ver Seiyvandnen, samagierod `sabWoTa respublike
bis kavSiri~ amisTvis `karg safuZvels~ qmnida.
sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio saxelmwifod moiazreboda. amaze metyvelebda sa
xelmwifo himni ìnternacionali~ da sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis preambulis
Canaweri: `kavSiris kari Riaa yvela, rogorc amJamad arsebuli, ise momavalSi aR
mocenebuli, socialisturi sabWoTa respublikisaTvis, rom axali sakavSiro sa
xelmwifo iqneba Rirseuli dagvirgvineba xalxTa mSvidobiani erTad cxovrebis
da Zmuri TanamSromlobis saZirkvelisa, romelic Cayril iqna jer kidev 1917
wlis oqtomberSi, rom es saxelmwifo iqneba saimedo simagre msoflio kapitaliz

mis winaaRmdeg da axali gadamwyveti nabiji yvela qveynis mSromelTa gaerTianeb
isaTvis msoflio socialistur sabWoTa kavSirad~.
lenini, romelic adre sabWoTa respublikebis `damoukideblobanas~ TamaSSi
Tavad iyo CarTuli, axla statiaSi àvtonomizaciis Sesaxeb~ moulodnelad Tavi
si partiis liderebs ucxadebda, rom gadaWriT SeebrZoleboda velikorusul So
vinizms~ da uars ambobda Zaladobrivi meTodebiT kavSiris Seqmnaze, raTa ar mom
xdariyo ruseTis imperiis, misive TqmiT, `xalxTa sapyrobilis~ kopireba. magram
maSin ra saWiro iyo wlebis manZilze meTodurad da Zaladobrivad yofili ruse
Tis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis `gasabWoeba~? leninis Tanaxmad, isini TavianTi
nebiT unda gaerTianebuliyvnen sabWoTa kavSirSi da nebismier dros SeeZloT
`kavSiridan gasvla~. ucbad rom gamorkveuliyo, rom ama Tu im xalxs, magaliTad,
saqarTvelos, araTu sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofna, aramed ruseTis wi
Teli armiis mier Tavsmoxveuli sabWoTa xelisuflebac ar undoda, maSin rogor
moiqceoda Tavad lenini?
am winaaRmdegobam, rac arsebobs, erTi mxriv, àvtonomizaciis~ Sesaxeb le
ninis statiasa da, meore mxriv, mis adrindel pozicias Soris, — yovelive imas So
ris, rasac adre ambobda da akeTebda lenini, warmoSva mosazreba, rom leninis mi
er mdivnebisTvis nakarnaxevi es teqsti mas ar ekuTvnoda. 2003 wels gamovida Ta
namedrove rusi istorikosis v. a. saxarovis wigni `v.i.leninis politikuri ander
Zi: istoriis realoba da politikis miTebi~, romelSic avtori amtkicebs, rom
`leninis anderZad~ gamocxadebuli naSromebis nawili, kerZod 1922 wlis 18 dekem
bris Semdeg dawerili, maT Soris amjerad CvenTvis saintereso `werili mdivans~,
àvtonomizaciis Sesaxeb~, `werili trockis~, maTi stilisturi da teqstualuri
analizidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba lenins ekuTvnodes da falsifikaciaa. am mo
sazrebas eTanxmeba rusi istorikosebis nawili. magaliTad, lev danilkini aRniS
navs, rom stalinisa da orjonikiZis qcevaSi, rasac gmobda lenini, araferi krimi
naluri ar yofila, Tavad lenini ki arsebiTad gamodioda sabWoTa kavSiris Seq
mnis winaaRmdeg, rac mTlianobaSi aranair kavSirSi araa imasTan, rasac adre am
bobda da akeTebda lenini.
mosazreba àvtonomizaciis~ Sesaxeb leninis statiis falsifikaciis Taoba
ze dRes rusul istoriografiaSi gaCenili versiaa, romelsac unda vicnobdeT,
magram is sayovelTaod gaziarebuli da dadasturebuli araa. am statiaSi ZiriTa-
di, ris gamoc mas falsifikaciad miiCneven, isaa, rom lenini cdilobs Seqmnas sab
WoTa respublikebis Tanasworuflebanobisa da damoukideblobis garantiebi.
sinamdvileSi leninis gegma aseT SesaZleblobas gamoricxavda. sakiTxi SeiZ
leba ufro martivad aixsnas: rogorc erTa TviTgamorkvevagamoyofis uflebas
acxadebda lenini ise, rom misi realizebis SesaZleblobasac ki gamoricxavda, ase
ve uyurebda `suverenuli~ sabWoTa respublikebis kavSirs da iqidan `gamosvlis~
uflebas. leninis gegmiT, komunisturi partia erTiani unda yofiliyo kavSirSi
Semaval yvela respublikaSi da unda SeenarCunebina xelisufleba xalxis nebis sa
winaaRmdegodac. es erTiani komunisturi xelisufleba uzrunvelyofda forma
lurad `damoukidebeli~ da `suverenuli~ qveynebis politikur, ekonomikur da
ideologiur erTobas. am SemTxvevaSi gasagebia, rom kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba

sabWoTa socialistur respublikaTa kavSiris ZiriTadi kanoni (konstitucia). moskovi, 1933, gv.7.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis emigraciaSi myofi xelisufleba `sami internaciona-
lis~ egidiT saqarTveloSi referendumis Catarebas iTxovda, raTa xalxs gadaewyvita, Tu ra xeli-
sufleba undoda — demokratiuli Tu sabWouri.

ȼ.Ⱥ.ɋɚɯɚɪɨɜ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ȼ.ɂ.Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ: ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɮɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɇ., 2003.

igulisxmeba nacionaluklonisti budu mdivani.

Ʌ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɤɢɧ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɦɨɥɨɞɚɹ Ƚɜɚɪɞɢɹ, 2017, ɫɬɪ.880.

wminda fiqcia iyo. erTiani komunisturi xelisufleba arasodes daTanxmdeboda
amas, misi Tanxmobis gareSe ki veravin TiTsac ver gaanZrevda `suverenul~ respub
likebSi.
mainc rogor esaxeboda sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna Tavisi ukanaskneli werile
bis mixedviT lenins?
es unda yofiliyo suverenuli da Tanasworuflebiani respublikebis fede
racia, umkacresad daculi unda yofiliyo sxva respublikebSi erovnuli enebis
gamoyeneba, ar gamoricxavda samomavlod mxolod samxedro da diplomatiuri kav
Siris datovebas da danarCeni saqmeebis respublikebis gamgeblobaSi dabrunebas.
ufro adre, 1922 wlis 6 oqtombers l. kamenevisadmi gagzavnil baraTSi saWirod
miiCnevda, ssr kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb rezoluciis proeqtSi Sesuliyo Semdegi
debuleba: `saWiroa absoluturad daJinebiT moviTxovoT, rom kavSiris cakSi
rigrigobiT Tavmjdomareobdnen rusi, ukraineli, qarTveli da sxv. absolutu
rad!~

sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis proeqtebi

proeqti arsi leninis pozicia
avtonomiza x yvela respublika Sedis rsfsrSi avtono leninma brali dasdo
cia miis uflebiT stalins didmpyrobe
(stalinis x rsfsr xelmZRvaneli organoebi xdebian lur SovinizmSi
proeqti) centraluri sakavSiro organoebi
x avtonomiiuri respublikebis uflebamosi
leba mcirdeba

konfederacia x yvela respublika erTmaneTTan debs or leninma aseTi gaerTi
(x.rakovskis mxriv Tanasworuflebian xelSekrulebebs aneba amorfulad da
proeqti) x centraluri sakavSiro organoebi ar iqmne Zalzed sustad miiCnia
ba sagareo safrTxis winaSe
x gaerTianebaSi Semaval subieqtebs Tanabari
uflebebi aqvT
socialistu x yvela respublika, rsfsr CaTvliT, qmnis

ri federacia Tanaswor respublikaTa kavSirs
(leninis pro x iqmneba axali centraluri xelmZRvaneli
eqti) organoebi
x mokavSire respublikebi inarCuneben far
To da Tanaswor uflebebs
x mokavSire respublikebs aqvT kavSiridan
Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɉ. ɗɩɨɯɚ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɢɡɦɚ (19231953). ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2016, ɫ.21.

v.i. lenini. Txz., t.33, gv.438.

sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis leninis gegma da
misi arasruli ganxorcieleba
ra amocanas saxavda lenini ra gakeTda
uaris Tqma rsfsrSi sxva `suverenuli~ res gakeTda formalurad. `Tanasworuf

publikebis Seyvanaze da `Tanasworuflebiani~ lebianoba~ konstituciaSi ewera, mag
kavSiris Seqmna ram imave konstituciiT ar iyo garan
tirebuli
socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris Senar ganmtkiceba gagebuli iyo rogorc uk

Cuneba da ganmtkiceba iduresi centralizacia
diplomatiuri aparatis SenarCuneba, radga saerTaSoriso arenaze sabWoTa res

nac, leninis azriT, es komunistebiT dakom publikebs moskovi warmoadgenda, mag
pleqtebuli saukeTeso uwyeba iyo. ram ver vityviT, rom es `saukeTeso~
aparati iyo.
sergo orjonikiZis samagaliTod dasja qar ar Sesrulebula

Tveli `nacionalkomunistebis~ Seuracxyofis
gamo
umkacresi wesebis SemoReba kavSirSi Semaval ar Sesrulebula

respublikebSi erovnuli enebis xmarebis Sesa
xeb
sabWoebis momdevno yrilobaze ganexilaT sa ar Sesrulebula
kiTxi, rom sabWoTa respublikebs Soris kavSi
ri darCeniliyo mxolod samxedro da diploma
tiuri mxriv, yvela danarCeni saqmeebi ki res
publikebis gamgeblobaSi dabrunebuliyo
kavSiris centraluri aRmasrulebeli komisi ar Sesrulebula

is Tavmjdomareebi rigrigobiT yofiliyvnen
kavSirSi Semavali respublikebis warmomadgen
lebi
3.5.sabWoebis pirveli sakavSiro yriloba. sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRva-

neli organoebis formireba
sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna komunisturi partiis mmarTveli wris gadawyveti

leba iyo, magram misi ganxorcieleba garegnulad `xalxis nebiTa~ da `saxelmwifo
ebrivi xaziT~ unda momxdariyo. 1922 wlis 1016 dekembers samma respublikam — uk
rainam, belorusma da amierkavkasiis federaciam — Caatara yrilobebi da mxari da
uWira sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnas. sul bolos, 26 dekembers ruseTis federaciam ga-
marTa yriloba, raTa zegavlena ar moexdina `moZme~ respublikebis gadawyvetile
bebze.
1922 wlis 30 dekembers Seikriba sabWoebis , yriloba, romelmac miiRo dek
laracia da xelSekruleba sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb. deklaracia Tanas-
worad acxadebda yvela respublikas, xazs usvamda gaerTianebis nebayoflobiTo-
bas, kavSiridan gasvlis Tavisuflebas. magram es yvelaferi sruli sicrue iyo.
sabWoTa kavSiri imarTeboda erTiani, mkacrad centralizebuli komunisturi
partiis mier. kavSiris `nebayoflobiToba~, `Tanasworuflebianoba~ da `kavSiri-
dan gasvlis ufleba~ mxolod carieli sityvebi iyo.

sabWoebis , yrilobas eswreboda 2214
delegati (1673 gadamwyveti da 541 sa-
TaTbiro xmiT). yrilobis erovnuli Se-
madgenloba: rusebi — 62,5, ukrainelebi
— 8, belorusi — 4,1, ebraeli — 10,8,
kavkasiis xalxebi — 4,5, Turqi xalxebi —
5,7, latvielebi da estonelebi — 3,4,
sxva — 4. lenini, romelic im dros mZi-
med iyo avad, yrilobis delegatebma air-
Cies sapatio Tavmjdomared da `mxurvale
misalmeba~ gaugzavnes.

es dokumentebi damatebiTi ganxilvisaTvis gadaecaT mokavSire respublike
bis centralur aRmasrulebel komitetebs. maTi saboloo ratificireba unda
momxdariyo sabWoebis meore sakavSiro yrilobaze. airCies sabWoTa kavSiris cen
traluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti (caki), romelSic proporciuli principiT
Sedioda respublikebis 371 warmomadgeneli. cakis muSaobis saxelmZRvanelod
airCies 4 Tavmjdomare kavSirSi gaerTianebuli respublikebis ricxvis mixedviT
— mixeil kalinini (rsfsrdan), grigori petrovski (ukrainidan), nariman narimano
vi (amierkavkasiis federaciidan), aleqsandre Cerviakovi (belorusiidan) da mdi
vani — abel enuqiZe.
sabWoTa kavSiris saerTo mTavroba gaxda yofili rsfsr saxalxo komisarTa
sabWo leniniT saTaveSi (is ukve avad iyo), romelsac sakavSiro saxkomsabWo ewoda.
mmarTveli partiis saxelidan ki gaqra raime erovnuli dasaxeleba — 1925
wels kompartias ewoda sakavSiro kp(b). es saxeli Tavisuflad ergeboda sabWoTa
kavSiris nebismier gafarToebas.

vin iyo mixeil kalinini

mixeil kalinini (18751946) warmoSobiT rusi glexis Svili
iyo tveris guberniidan. soflidan qalaqSi gadasaxlda, muSa
gaxda da aseve revoluciur moZraobaSi Caeba. 1900iani wlebis
dasawyisSi TbilisSic gadaasaxles, sadac gaicno stalini. 1916
wels kalinini cimbirSi gadaasaxles. mas Tan gahyvnen coli da
Svilebi.
bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg kalinini gax

da sruliad ruseTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis
Tavmjdomare. bolSevikebs sWirdebodaT `xalxidan gamosuli~
morCili adamiani, romelic `saxalxo xelisuflebis~ gansaxi
ereba iqneboda. aseTi rolisTvis kalinini zedgamoWrili iyo.
sabWoTa propagandam kalininisgan Seqmna keTili babuis imi
ji, `sakavSiro mamasaxlisis~, romelic yvelaze zrunavda. es
bevrma daijera da kalinini uamrav werils iRebda daxmarebis
TxovniT. usamarTlobiT datanjuli adamianebi misgan moelod
nen Svelas. kalinini maT Svelas hpirdeboda da arafers akeTeb
da.
1938 wels daapatimres kalininis coli, sami Svilis deda,
romelsac `memarjvene trockistul saqmianobaSi~ dasdes bra
li da 15wliani patimroba miusajes. kalininma xma ar amoiRo,
aranairi protesti ar gamouTqvams da arc cols gahyolia ga

dasaxlebaSi, rogorc is moiqca 1916 wels. mxolod 1944 wels,
mZime operaciis win, kalininma stalins gaugzavna werili: àmxa
nago stalin, me mSvidad vuyureb sabWoTa xalxis momavals da
visurveb mxolod erTs, rom rac SeiZleba didxans SenarCundes
Tqveni Zala — sabWoTa saxelmwifos warmatebis saukeTeso ga
rantia. piradad me mogmarTavT ori TxovniT: SeiwyaleT ekat
erine ivanovna da dauniSneT pensia Cems ojaxs, romelsac dava
kisre ori oboli biWis aRzrdis valdebuleba. mTeli suliTa
da guliT gadmogcemT ukanasknel mokiTxvas. m. kalinini~.
3.6.sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis miReba
gadawyvetileba sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb ise saCqarod miiRes, rom ar

arsebobda misi konstitucia da bolomde ar iyo gansazRvruli, Tu rogori unda
yofiliyo axali saxelmwifos centraluri
organoebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia Semu
Savda rkp(b) ;,, yrilobis miTiTebebis Sesa-
bamisad. konstitucia SeimuSava sakonsti-
tucio komisiam m. kalininis xelmZRvanelo-
biT da Semdeg moiwona komunisturi parti
is centraluri komitetis plenumma. kon-
stitucia miiRes cakis 1923 wlis 6 ivlisis
sxdomaze da maSinve amoqmedda. oficialu-
rad daamtkica sabWoebis sruliad sakavSi-
ro ,, yrilobam 1924 wlis 31 ianvars, maleve
leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg.
sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia, 1918
wlis ruseTis sfsr konstituciis msgavsad,
aSkarad klasobriv xasiaTs atarebda. sabWo
Ta konstituciebSi pirdapir iyo miTiTebu
li, rom amocanad isaxavdnen `proletariatis diqtaturis uzrunvelyofas bur
Juaziis daTrgunvis, adamianis mier adamianis eqsploataciis mospobis da komu
nizmis ganxorcielebis mizniT~.
xelisuflebis umaRles organod ganisazRvra sabWoebis sakavSiro yriloba.
am yrilobis delegatebs irCevdnen sagubernio yrilobebze, xolo im respubli
kebSi, sadac guberniebi ar iyo, uSualod sabWoebis respublikur yrilobebze;
yrilobebs Soris periodSi — sabWoebis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti
(ssrk caki), romelic Sedgeboda ori palatisagan: sakavSiro sabWosa da erovneba
Ta sabWosagan. ssr kavSiris xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos aseT struqturas
unda ùzrunveleyo~ rogorc mTeli kavSiris, ise calkeuli respublikebis inte
resebis dacva. erovnebaTa sabWoSi, mosaxleobis raodenobis miuxedavad, yvela
respublikas ufleba eZleoda, gaegzavna Tavis warmomadgenelTa Tanabari raod
enoba.
umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo (mTavroba) iyo sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo
komisarTa sabWo (saxkomsabWo). ssr kavSiris pirveli mTavroba leninis meTaurob
iT Seiqmna 1923 wlis ivlisSi. misi moadgileebi gaxdnen l. kamenevi, m. oraxelaSvi

cakis struqturaSi erovnebaTa sabWo Tavidan ar iyo da mxolod 1923 wels Seiqmna.

li, a. rikovi, a. ciurupa, v. Cubari. mTavrobaSi Sedioda 10 saxalxo komisari (5 sa
kavSiro da 5 `gaerTianebuli~ komisariatis xelmZRvaneli).
mokavSire respublikebSic yalibdeboda xelisuflebis analogiuri organo
ebi — sabWoebis respublikuri yrilobebi, centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti
da saxkomsabWo, magram TavianTi uflebamosilebis didi nawili respublikebma
centralur organoebs `gadasces~: saerTaSoriso warmomadgenloba, Tavdacva,
sazRvrebis gadasinjva, saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba, sagareo vaWroba, transporti,
biujeti, kavSirgabmuloba, fulis mimoqceva.
respublikebis xelSi rCeboda `Sida saqmeebi~: miwaTmoqmedeba, ganaTleba,
iusticia, socialuri uzrunvelyofa da janmrTelobis dacva.
sabWoTa kavSiris sabWoebis yrilobisaTvis delegatebis arCeva ar iyo de
mokratiuli. qalaqebis mcxovrebTagan delegatebs 5jer mets irCevdnen, vidre
soflis sabWoebidan (saqalaqo sabWoebidan 1 deputati 25 aTasi amomrCevlidan,
soflad ki — 125 aTasidan. es ùzrunvelyofda~ muSaTa klasis `xelmZRvanel
rols~). arCevnebi mravalsafexuriani iyo: yoveli sabWo irCevda zemdgomi sabWos
delegatebs (raionuli — saolqos, saolqo — respublikurs, Semdeg ki — sakavSi
ros). saarCevno uflebebi CamorTmeuli hqondaT maT, vinc daqiravebul Sromas
iyenebda, anda àraSromiTi~ SemosavlebiT cxovrobda, aseve eklesiis msaxurT,
yofil policielebsa da Jandarmebs.
sabWoTa konstituciiT viTomda damkvidrebuli mmarTvelobis konstituci
uri formebi ararealuri iyo mmarTvelobis sabWoTa sistemis dros. arcerT sab
WoTa organoSi, cakis arcerT palataSi sakiTxebis realuri ganxilva arasodes
yofila da damoukideblad gadawyvetilebebi ar miuRiaT. gadawyvetilebebs ko
munisturi partiis politbiuro da piradad beladi iRebda.
19241925 wlebSi miiRes mokavSire respublikebis konstituciebi, romlebic
imeorebdnen sakavSiro konstituciis ZiriTad debulebebs.
formalurad, mTeli xelisufleba respublikebSi ekuTvnoda muSaTa da
glexTa deputatebis sabWoebs, romelTac mosaxleoba irCevda, magram realurad
xelisufleba ekuTvnoda bolSevikebis partias, romelic sabWoebs akontroleb
da: a Signidan, iq àrCeuli~ komunistebis meSveobiT da b garedan — mmarTveli
partiis gankargulebebis meSveobiT.
yvela respublikas `Tavisi~ sabWoebi hqonda, magram partia yvela respubli
kaSi iyo erTiani da centralizebuli, romelic emorCileboda centralur komi
tets da politbiuros. komunisturi partia sabWoebis damoukidebeli saqmianob
is `paralizebas~ (leninis termini) axdenda da mTlianad akontrolebda.
amitom laparaki `sabWoTa xelisuflebis~ Sesaxeb arasworia. es iyo ara sab
WoTa, aramed bolSevikuri (komunisturi) xelisufleba. 1918 wlidan sabWoebi
mxolod niRabi iyo bolSevikuri partiis diqtaturisTvis, ufro zustad ki bol
Sevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobis diqtaturisTvis.

uflebebis ganawileba moskovsa da respublikebs Soris:
centris xelSi iyo respublikebis xelSi rCeboda
saerTaSoriso warmomadgenloba saSinao saqmeebi
Tavdacva miwaTmoqmedeba
saxelmwifos usafrTxoeba iusticia
sagareo vaWroba ganaTleba
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba janmrTelobis dacva
biujeti socialuri uzrunvelyofa
fulis mimoqceva

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɉ. ɗɩɨɯɚ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɢɡɦɚ (19231953). ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2016, ɫ.21.

ramdenad realuri iyo sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis principebi:
principi misi realuroba
nebayoflobiToba gasabWoebuli respublikebis moqalaqeebisTvis aravis
ukiTxavs, undodaT Tu ara bolSevikebis mier Seqmnil sab-
WoTa saxelmwifoSi yofna
Tanasworuflebianoba mokavSire respublikebi èrTiani sabWoTa saxelmwifos~
ubralo provinciebs warmoadgendnen
suvereniteti mokavSire respublikebis suvereniteti moCvenebiTi iyo
federalizmi federalizmi mxolod deklarirebuli iyo. sabWoTa kavSi-
ri imarTeboda erTiani centralizebuli komunisturi
partiis mier
sabWoTa kavSiridan Tavisu sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba mxolod deklarire-
fali gasvlis ufleba buli iyo. sinamdvileSi `sabWoTa saxelmwifos mTliano-
bis xelyofa~ umZimes braldebas warmoadgenda

sabWoTa kavSiri — msoflio saxelmwifos
Canafiqri
àxali tipis saxelmwifo~ — formiT sabWo

Ta respublikebis kavSiri, arsebiTad ki — kom
partiis centralizebuli mkacri diqtatura. is
pretenzias acxadebda, droTa ganmavlobaSi gae
erTianebina msoflios yvela qveyana. 1922 wlis
30 dekembris deklaracia sabWoTa kavSirs Riad
acxadebda sxva qveynebis SesvlisaTvis da miznad
isaxavda `msoflio socialisturi sabWoTa res
publikis~ Seqnas. am Canafiqridan gamomdinare
obda sabWoTa kavSiris gerbi — dedamiwa masze
dadebuli namgliT da uroTi — glexisa da muSis
Sromis simboloebi. gerbze gamosaxuli iyo xuT
qimiani varskvlavi — komunistebis xelmZRvane
lobiT xuTi kontinentis gaerTianebis simbolo.
saxelmwifo droSa — wiTeli naWeri kuTxeSi
namgliT da uroTi da zed xuTqimiani varskvla
viT.
himni — ìnternacionali~.
gerbi, droSa, himni msoflio komunisturi
saxelmwifos simboloebi iyo.

3.7. cvlilebebi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi (1920iani wlebi)
1922 wels sabWoTa kavSiri rom Seiqmna, 4 mokavSire respublika arsebobda.

1920ian wlebSi mokavSire respublikaTa raodenoba 7mde gaizarda: daemata Tur
qmeneTis, uzbekeTis da tajikeTis respublikebi. es ukavSirdeboda Sua aziaSi gan
xorcielebul e. w. èrovnul gamijvnas~, romelmac moicva vrceli teritoria 17
milioni mcxovrebiT.
1923 wlis oqtomberSi xorezmis (yofili xivis saxano), xolo 1924 wlis seq
temberSi buxaris saxalxo respublikebma Tavi socialisturad gamoacxades.
1924 wels Sua aziaSi gatarda erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi gamijvna. 1924
wlis Semodgomaze xorezmisa da buxaris respublikebisa da TurqmeneTis assr te

ritoriaze Seiqmna ori mokavSire respublika — uzbekeTisa da TurqmeneTis, aseve
erTi avtonomiuri respublika — tajikeTis assr (uzbekeTis SemadgenlobaSi).
1925 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirSi mokavSire respublikebad miiRes uzbekeTi da
TurqmeneTi.

Sua aziaSi erovnulteritoriuli gamijvnis Sesaxeb molotovis

mogonebidan:
`... mwvave brZola midioda. yazaxeTi, maTi zedafena, magaliTad, ibrZoda taS
kentisaTvis, undodaT, rom is gamxdariyo maTi dedaqalaqi. stalinma isini Sekri
ba, ganixila es sakiTxi, Sexeda sazRvrebs da Tqva: `taSkenti — uzbekeTs, xolo
verni, almaata — yazaxebs~.
Ɏ. ɑɭɟɜ. ɋɬɨ ɫɨɪɨɤ ɛɟɫɟɞ ɫ Ɇɨɥɨɬɨɜɵɦ. ɂɡ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ Ɏ. ɑɭɟɜɚ. Ɇ.:Ɍɟɪɪɚ, 1991. ɋ.278
279.
Sua aziaSi erovnulteritoriuli gamijvna Catarda erovnuli sakiTxis ga
dasaWrelad, Tumca sazRvrebi mainc ar mihyveboda eTnikur gansaxlebas. magali
Tad, tajikebi, romlebic buxaris da samaryandis mosaxleobis 90s Seadgendnen,
darCnen uzbekeTis ssr SemadgenlobaSi.

erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi gamijvna Sua aziaSi

gamijvnis namdvili mizezi ki bolSevikebis SiSi iyo, rom ar momxdariyo Tur
qulenovani xalxebis konsolidacia.
1925 wels ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali avtonomia — yarayirgizeTis avto
nomiuri olqi gardaiqmna yirgizeTis avtonomiur olqad, xolo 1926 wels — yir
gizeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikad.
1925 wlis ianvarSi tajikeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida pamiris teritoria
(mTianibadaxSanis avtonomiuri olqi). 1929 wels tajikeTi gardaiqmna mokavSire
respublikad.
1924 da 1926 wlebSi belorusias SeuerTda rsfsr momijnave teritoriebi
upiratesad belorusi mosaxleobiT. Sedegad belorusiis ssr teritoria 2,5
jer gaizarda, mosaxleoba ki — 3jer da metad.
ruseTis federaciaSi 1924 w. oqtomberSi Seiqmna yirgizeTis avtonomiuri
sabWoTa respublika, romelsac 1925 wlis 19 aprils yazaxeTis avtonomiuri sab
WoTa respublika ewoda. yazaxeTma mxolod 1936 wlis 5 dekembers miiRo mokavSire
respublikis statusi.
1936 wels yirgizeTis assr mokavSire respublikad gardaiqmna.
1936 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri Sedgeboda 11 `mokavSire~ respublikisagan.

vitebskis, gomelis da smolenskis guberniebis nawili.

sabWoTa kavSiris mokavSire respublikebis raodenobis zrda
weli respublikebi
1922 ;,, rsfsr, ukraina, belorusia, amierkavkasiis federacia (saqarTve
lo, somxeTi, azerbaijani)
1925 9 uzbekeTi, TurqmeneTi
1929 tajikeTi (ssr kavSirSi misi Sesvla sabolood gaaforma sabWoebis
9, yrilobam 1931 w. martSi)
3.8. sabWoTa ierarqiuli federalizmi
ra SeiZleba iTqvas rsfsrsa da sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc `federaciuli~

saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb?
rsfsr saxelwodebaSi iyo sityva `federacia~, Tumca wminda konstituciuri
terminebiT es iyo unitaruli saxelmwifo, romelic garkveul avtonomiur erTe
ulebs Seicavda. sabWoTa kavSiri TiTqosda federaciuli saxelmwifo iyo. is Seiq
mna formalurad Tanaswori subieqtebis SeTanxmebiT, konstitucia aRiarebda maT
suverenitets `darCenil farglebSi~ da sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis uflebas,
rac, rogorc wesi, araa gaTvaliswinebuli federaciuli saxelmwifoebis konsti
tuciebSi, magram sabWoTa kavSiris saxelwodebaSi sityva `federacia~ ar figuri
rebda. am periodis dokumentebSi sabWoTa kavSirs ewodeboda èrTiani samokavSi
reo saxelmwifo~.
rsfsr 1918 wlis konstituciasTan SedarebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris 1924 wlis
konstitucia centralizaciisken gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Seiqmna ufro Zlieri
centraluri xelisufleba, gaizarda misi uflebamosileba. es iyo morigi nabiji
xelisuflebis koncentraciaSi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifos federaciuli mowyoba sicrueze iyo damyare
buli. aranairi `suvereniteti~ mokavSire respublikebs ar hqondaT. konstituci
aSi dafiqsirebuli iyo maTi ufleba, gasuliyvnen sabWoTa kavSiridan, magram ara
Tu amis ganxorcielebis meqanizmi ar arsebobda, aramed sabWoTa saxelmwifos
mTlianobis xelyofa umZimes danaSaulad iTvleboda.
garda amisa, `suverenuli~ respublikebi imarTebodnen erTaderTi partiis —
komunisturi partiis mier, romelic mkacrad centralizebuli iyo da yovel res
publikaSi moskovidan miRebuli miTiTebebi ulaparakod unda SeesrulebinaT.
sabWouri saxelmwifos erovnulteritoriuli mowyoba ierarqiuli federa
lizmiT xasiaTdeboda. mokavSire respublikaze statusiT dabla idga avtonomiu
ri respublika, romelic romelime mokavSire respublikaSi Sedioda, ufro daba
li statusi hqondaT avtonomiur olqs da avtonomiur okrugs. olqi da okrugi
miiCneoda erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobis im formad, romelTac gansakuTrebiT
sWirdebodaT centraluri xelisuflebis mxardaWera.
1924 wels ukrainaSi Seiqmna moldaveTis assr.
1923 wels azerbaijanSi Seiqmna mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi, amave
wels Seiqmna naxiCevanis avtonomiuri mxare, romelic 1924 wels naxiCevanis assr
ad gardaiqmna.
ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi arsebobda mTi
elTa assr (romelSic 7 erovnuli okrugi Sedioda — balyareTis, vladikavkazis,
yabardos, yaraCais, nazranis (inguSeTis), CeCneTisa da sunjis (kazakTa). gamijvnis

ɗ. Ʉɚɪɪ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 19171923. ɤɧɢɝɚ 1. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ©ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɫª, 1990,
ɫɬɪ.322.

Sedegad 1924 wels Seiqmna inguSeTisa da CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri olqebi;
1926 wels yaraCais avtonomiuri olqi, 1928 wels — CerqezeTis avtonomiuri olqi,
1922 wlidan krasnodaris mxareSi arsebobda adiRes avtonomiuri olqi.
yabardobalyareTis, CrdiloeT oseTisa da CeCneTis SemadgenlobaSi arse
bobda kazakTa avtonomiuri okrugebi. vladikavkazi da grozni calke okrugebi
iyo, Tumca 1928 wels Seiyvanes CrdiloeT oseTisa da CeCneTis SemadgenlobaSi.
grozno gaxda CeCneTis dedaqalaqi, vladikavkazi (1931 wlidan — orjonikiZe) 1934
wlamde iyo rogorc CrdiloeT oseTis, ise inguSeTis dedaqalaqi.

Tavi ,9.
amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciis Seqmna
4.1.raSi sWirdebodaT moskovel bolSevikebs amierkavkasiis federacia
amierkavkasiis samive respublikis gasabWoebis Semdeg rkp (b) centraluri

komitetis amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma saswrafod daiwyo muSaoba amier
kavkasiis saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva uwyebebis gaerTianebisa da amierkavkasiis
federaciis Sesaqmnelad. amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmna rkp(b) centraluri
komitetis kavkasiis biuros iniciativa iyo da mas moskovSic daeTanxmnen (ix. qve-
moT). mas Semdegac ki, rac gadawyda sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna da ukrainasa da belo
rusias ùfleba miecaT~ masSi uSualod Sesuliyvnen, samxreT kavkasiis respubli
kebisgan daJinebiT moiTxovdnen adgilobrivi federaciis Seqmnas da mxolod am
gziT unda Sesuliyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. mogvianebiT, rodesac
Sua aziaSi Seqmnes `mokavSire respublikebi~, isini calcalke gaaformes sabWoTa
kavSiris wevrebad da ar ucdiaT `Sua aziis federaciis~ Seqmna.
ra mniSvneloba hqonda da ratom iyo aucilebeli bolSevikebisaTvis amier
kavkasiis federaciis Seqmna da samxreT kavkasiis respublikebis mxolod am gziT
Sesvla sabWoTa kavSirSi?
amaze pasuxs gvaZlevs saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis cnobili
moRvawe grigol lorTqifaniZe. misi TqmiT, `dabrunebul ruseTs amierkavkasiaSi
daxvda sami ukve sakmaod Camoyalibebuli erovnuli respublika. da ai, ruseTis
imperializmic gaxelebuli rusuli SovinizmiT ekveTa internacionalizmis niR-
bis qveS am respublikebs da kidec daamxo isini~.
misi TqmiT, ruseTisTvis yvelaze saSiSi saqarTvelo iyo `sakmarisia saqar
Tvelos saxelmwifoebrivi gamoqandakeba da amierkavkasiis ori danarCeni eric
TavisTavad dakristaldeba somxur da azerbaijanul saxelmwifoebaT. moSaleT,
aafeTqeT da aTqvifeT saqarTvelo da mTeli kavkasiac erovnulaT aqoTebuli da
aWrelebuli iqneba~
amierkavkasiis federacia axali rusuli kolonializmis `SesaniSnavi~ gamo
goneba iyo. saqme isaa, rom amierkavkasiis federacia sami erovnuli respublikis
nacvlad ùmtkivneulod~ qmnida erT did rusul gubernias. federaciaSi xom `sa
muSao enad~ rusuli `bunebrivad~ xdeboda da es `TavisTavadac~ igulisxmeboda.
amierkavkasiis federaciis daarsebiT seriozuli nabiji gadaidga amierkavkasiis
rusifikaciis gzaze. faqtobrivad swored am mizans emsaxureboda amierkavkasiis
respublikaTa federaciuli gaerTianeba.
amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmna amave dros akmayofilebda rkp(b) ck samxa-
reo komitetis ambiciebsac. sami èrovnuli~ respublikis nacvlad samarTavad
Rebulobdnen àdekvatur~ erTeuls.
4.2.rogor iqmneboda amierkavkasiis sabWouri federacia
amierkavkasiis gasabWoebuli respublikebisagan federaciis Seqmnis inici

ativas misi organizatorebi lenins miawerdnen da es gasagebic iyo — `leninis wi

grigol lorTqifaniZe. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb., Tsu, 1995, gv.231.

iqve.

l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (19211923) Tb., 1999, gv.170.

naaRmdeg~ aSkarad gamosvlas adgilobrivi komunisti liderebidan veravin gabe
davda. es versia iyo damkvidrebuli sabWour istoriografiaSic. sinamdvileSi,
sabWoTa federaciaSi am `zedmeti rgolis~ Seqmna rkp(b) amierkavkasiis samxareo
komitetis iniciativa iyo.
lenins ekuTvnoda amierkavkasiis respublikebis èrT sameurneo centrad~
gaerTianebis idea, rac ekonomikur TanamSromlobas gulisxmobda. amierkavkasiis
federaciis Seqmnis idea ki, pirvel rigSi, regionSi moqmedi bolSevikebis TavSi
trialebda da rkp(b) kavbiuros iniciativas warmoadgenda.
1921 wlis 3 noembers baqoSi Sedga rkp(b) ck kavbiuros plenumi, romelmac mi
iRo dadgenileba amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, gamoiyo komisiac fe
deraciuli respublikis konstituciis SesamuSaveblad. amiT iwyeba realuri
brZola amierkavkasiis federaciis Sesaqmnelad, rasac winaaRmdegobas uwevda,
pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos kompartiis imdroindeli xelmZRvaneloba, romel-
Tac `nacionaluklonistebi~ Searqves. isini kargad xedavdnen, rom es realurad
iyo saqarTvelos suverenitetis darCenili naSTebis winaaRmdeg brZola federa
ciis Seqmnis gziT.
kavbiuro moskovis Tanxmobis gareSe veranair federacias ver Seqmnida. 1921
wlis 8 noembers s. orjonikiZem acnoba rkp(b) centralur komitets, rom gadawyvi
tes amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmna.
Tavidan moskovSi didi enTuziazmi ar gamouvleniaT. 1921 wlis 17 noembers
am sakiTxze imsjela rkp(b) centraluri komitetis politbiurom leninis monawi
leobiT. maT kavbiurosagan moiTxoves aexsnaT, Tu ras niSnavda amierkavkasiis fe
deraciis Seqmna da ra urTierTobebi eqneboda mas rsfsrsTan.
1921 wlis 24 noembers orjonikiZem kvlav gaagzavna werili moskovSi, romel
Sic daaxasiaTa amierkavkasiis federaciis principebi da aRniSna, rom amierkavka
siis federacias rsfsrsTan iseTive urTierToba eqneboda, ra urTierTobac
rsfsrsa da ukrainas Soris damyardeboda. orjonikiZe kvlav iTxovda moskovis
Tanxmobas federaciis Seqmnaze, Tumca Tanxmobis nacvlad 26 noembers moskovi
dan miiRo depeSa, romliTac moiTxovdnen ganmartebas amierkavkasiis federaciis
Seqmnis motivebis Sesaxeb. sabolood, moskovSi awondawones, albaT TavianTTvis
saziano veraferi dainaxes, plusebic ipoves regionis rusifikaciis, maTi termi
nologiiT, ìnternacionalizaciis~ mimarTulebiT da kavbiuros iniciativas da
eTanxmnen.
1921 wlis 28 noembers momzadda rkp(b) centraluri komitetis politbiur
os dadgenilebis proeqti, romelic leninma dawera: àmierkavkasiis respublike
bis federaciis Seqmna aRiarebul iqnes principulad absoluturad sworad, rac
ueWvelad unda ganxorcieldes~. leninis gegmiT, es unda yofiliyo `sabWoebis
gziT~, `qvemodan wamosuli iniciativa~. kavbiuros meSveobiT saqarTvelos, som
xeTisa da azerbaijanis centralur komitetebs daevalaT am ideis propaganda da
ganxorcieleba.
rkp(b) centraluri komitetis politbiurom 1921 wlis 29 noembers mxari da
uWira amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnas. am dadgenilebiT kavbiuros xelebi gaex
sna da Seudga `federaciis mSeneblobas~, rac realurad saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
brZolas niSnavda da rasac SeZlebisdagvarad winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen qarTveli
ùklonistebi~. Tumca, Zalebi uTanasworo iyo.
1922 wlis 12 marts daido samokavSireo xelSekruleba amierkavkasiis res
publikebs Soris. es dRe iTvleba amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis TariRad.

v.i. lenini. Txz., t.42, gv.312

v.i. lenini. Txz., t. 42, gv.312

1922 wlis 10 dekembers, sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnamde cota xniT adre, baqoSi
amierkavkasiis sabWoebis , yrilobaze Seiqmna amierkavkasiis socialisturi fede
raciuli sabWoTa respublika. yrilobam miiRo amierkavkasiis respublikis kon
stitucia.
amrigad, sabWoTa sinamdvileSi sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis win arsebobda fede
raciis ori forma: rsfsr — masSi àvtonomizaciis~ gziT Sesuli respublikebiT
da amierkavkasiis federacia — garegnulad `suverenuli~ respublikebis gaerTi
aneba, oRond am respublikebs federaciidan calmxrivi aqtiT gasvlis ufleba ar
hqondaT.
amierkavkasiis sabWouri federaciis formirebis etapebi
TariRi movlena
1921 wlis aprili — ag Tavidan amierkavkasiis respublikebis gaerTianeba ekon
visto omikur sibrtyeSi mimdinareobda: gaaerTianes rkinigze
bi, respublikebis sagareo vaWroba, Seudgnen sasazRvro
kordonebisa da sabaJoebis likvidacias, fuladi siste
mis unifikacias da sxv.
1921 wlis 3 noemberi baqoSi Sedga rkp(b) kavbiuros plenumi, romelmac miiRo
dadgenileba amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
1921 wlis 29 noemberi rkp(b) centraluri komitetis politbiurom mxari dauW
ira amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnas.
1922 wlis 12 marti daido samokavSireo xelSekruleba amierkavkasiis res
publikebs Soris. es dRe iTvleba amierkavkasiis federa
ciis Seqmnis TariRad.
1922 wlis 10 dekemberi baqoSi amierkavkasiis sabWoebis , yrilobaze Seiqmna ami
erkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa res
publika. yrilobam miiRo amierkavkasiis respublikis
konstitucia.
4.3.bolSevikuri argumentebi amierkavkasiis federaciis Sesaqmnelad
amierkavkasiis gasabWoebuli respublikebisagan federaciis Seqmnis aucil

eblobis dasasabuTeblad mis iniciatorebs mohyavdaT argumentebi, romlebic us
usuri iyo da kritikas ver uZlebda.
mokled warmovadginoT federaciis Seqmnis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa
argumentebi:

ak federaciis Seqmnis momxreTa mowinaaRmdegeTa kontrargumentebi
argumentebi
ekonomikurad erTgvarovani ami ekonomikuri erTgvarovneba araa argu

erkavkasiis respublikebis cal menti saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebisaT
calke arseboba mizanSewonili vis. garda amisa, amierkavkasia ekonomiku
araa. ri TvalsazrisiT uaRresad araerTgva
rovania.

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. t.9,,, gv. 96.

l. ToiZem 1999 wels gamocemul naSromSi ramdenime gverdze warmoadgina federaciis Seqmnis mom-
xreTa argumentebi da maTi gabaTileba q. suzdalSi dapatimrebuli 4 qarTveli socialdemokrati
politikuri patimris werilis mixedviT (l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria 19211923.
Tb., 1999, gv.163170).

amierkavkasiis respublikebis ge geografiuli da topografiuli erTian
ografiuli da topografiuli er oba ar qmnis safuZvels saxelmwifoebrivi
Tianoba. gaerTianebisaTvis da amierkavkasia am
mxriv arc ise erTnairia.
saqarTvelo zRvispira saxelmwi saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani mos
foa da Tu calke iarsebebs, xels kovis xelSi iyo da saqarTvelo, romc mo
SeuSlis somxeTsa da azerbaijans, endomebina, veravis SeuSlida xels zRviT
isargeblon navsadgurebiT. sargeblobaSi. garda amisa, gana, magali
Tad, ukraina xels uSlida ruseTs Savi
zRvis misawvdomobaSi?
amierkavkasiis federacia imitom kapitalisturi samyaro sxva respubli
unda Seiqmnas, rom mtruli kapita- kebsac ertymoda gars da amisaTvis iqmne
listuri samyaroTia garSemor boda ssrk. marto amierkavkasiis federa
tymuli da Tavdasxmaa mosalodne cia ver moigeriebda Tavdasxmas, miT um
li. etes, rom Tavisi jari ar hyavda.
amierkavkasiis sami respublikis amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnam, piri
gaerTianeba mmarTvelobiT xar qiT, gazarda xarjebi, radganac axali e. w.
jebs Seamcirebs. federaluri struqturebi Seiqmna.
amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmna eTnikuri `mSvidoba~ sabWoTa reJimis rep
erovnul mSvidobas uzrunvel resiul bunebas eyrdnoboda. sinamdvile
yofda. Si sabWoTa reJimma eTnikuri konfliqte
bi kidev ufro gaaRrmava 1921 wels usam
arTlo sazRvrebis gavlebiT da mTeli
Tavisi politikiT.
amierkavkasiis federaciis momxreebi acxadebdnen, rom gaerTianeba didxans
iarsebebda, msoflioSi socialisturi revoluciis gamarjvebamde, an sanam saer-
Tod iarsebebdnen saxelmwifoebi, magram amierkavkasiis federacia sabWoTa kavSi
ris Seqmnis dros bolSevikebisTvis sruliad zedmeti rgoli iyo. man sul raRac
14 weli iarseba da 1936 wels gauqmda. amierkavkasiis respublikebi sabWoTa kav
SirSi uSualod `miiRes~.
4.4. vin iyvnen da ra undodaT `nacionaluklonistebs~
sanam ganvixilavT saqarTvelos kompartiis xelmZRvanelobis brZolas àmi

erkavkasiis samxareo komitetis~ winaaRmdeg, saWiroa ramdenime sakiTxis ganmar
teba.
sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg mas moCvenebiTi damoukid
ebloba SeunarCuna da saTaveSi Tavisi regionuli organizacia — saqarTvelos ko
munisturi partia da misi centraluri komiteti Cauyena. saqarTvelos komparti
is imdroindel xelmZRvanelobaSi bevri Zveli bolSeviki iyo, romlebic wlebis
manZilze ibrZodnen saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasamyareblad da rai
me gansakuTrebuli èrovnuli~ grZnobebi ar amoZravebdaT. sakmarisia davasaxe
loT filipe maxaraZe. magram qarTveli komunistebis am jgufs ar egona, rom mos
kovi da misi saxeliT moqmedi `samxareo komiteti~ àse tlanqad da ase pirwmindaT
gaTelavda fexqveS TviT sabWoTa saqarTvelos~ da mas ùbralo TviTmmarTvelo
bis nasaxsac ar SearCenda~.
amierkavkasiis sam qveyanaSi moqmed komunistur partiebs, moskovis garda,
uSualo zedamxedvelobas uwevda ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri ko

grigol lorTqifaniZe. fiqrebi saqarTveloze. Tb., Tsu, 1995, gv.232.

mitetis mier Seqmnili samxareo xelmZRvaneli jgufi. es iyo kavkasiis biuro, ro
melic 1920 wlis 8 aprils Seiqmna. mas xelmZRvanelobda sergo (grigol) orjoni
kiZe, misi moadgile iyo sergei kirovi. kavkasiis biurom didi roli Seasrula sam
xreT kavkasiis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis gasabWoebis saqmeSi. 1922 wlis Te
bervalSi am organizacias saxeli gadaerqva da àmierkavkasiis samxareo komite
ti~ ewoda.
samxareo komiteti bolSevikuri kolonializmis gansaxiereba iyo. samxareo
komitets xelmZRvanelobda sergo orjonikiZe. rodesac orjonikiZe da misi mom
xreebi winaaRmdegobas waawydnen saqarTvelos kompartiis xelmZRvanelebis mxri
dan, maT emuqrebodnen da Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen.
e. w. `nacionaluklonistebi~ sabWoTa ruseTis mier dapyrobili saqarTve
los viTomda mmarTveli Zalis — saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri
komitetis umravlesobas Seadgendnen 19211922 wlebSi. maT Soris gamoirCeodnen
budu mdivani, filipe maxaraZe, sergo qavTaraZe, mixeil okujava, kote cincaZe da
sxvebi.
qarTveli komunistebis am jgufs ukiduresma Sovinistkomunistebma ùklo
nistebi~ Searqves, anu Tqven `gadaixareT~ erovnul sakiTxSi swori komunisturi
politikidano. es iyo am adamianebisTvis wayenebuli yvelaze `rbili~ braldeba.
amave dros ùklonistebs~ qarTvel xalxSi araviTari dasayrdeni ar hqondaT, ma
Ti xelisuflebis wyaro ruseTis wiTeli armia iyo, isini `samarTals~ moskovSi eZ
ebdnen da orjonikiZes leninTan uCiodnen.
dava principul sakiTxebs, kerZod, saqarTvelos isedac mkveTrad Selaxuli
suverenitetis naSTebis SenarCunebas exeboda. rogorc xandaxan saqarTvelos
kompartiis xelmZRvanelobaSi myofi am jgufis warmomadgenlebi acxadebdnen,
saqme exeboda `damoukideblobis atributebis~ SenarCunebas.
erTmaneTs daupirispirda komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi arsebu
li ori jgufi: erTni viTomda emyarebodnen `proletaruli internacionaliz
mis~ ideas da arafrad agdebdnen qarTveli xalxis interesebs. meoreni, saqarTve
los kompartiis xelmZRvanelobaSi myofni, cdilobdnen garkveulwilad angariSi
gaewiaT qarTveli xalxis interesebisa da saqarTvelos gasabWoebis dros gacemu
li dapirebebisaTvis, rom `saqarTvelos suvereniteti~ xelSeuxebeli iqneboda.
`samxareo komitetsa~ da ùklonistebs~ Soris gansxvaveba mokled SeiZleba
Semdegnairad warmovadginoT:

rkp(b) ck samxareo komiteti saqarTvelos kp xelmZRvaneloba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis `damouk
ugulebelyofa. ideblobis atributebis~ SenarCuneba.
agresiuli represiebi politiku sxva partiebis, gansakuTrebiT socialis
ri oponentebis winaaRmdeg. tebisadmi frTxili damokidebuleba.
radikaluri ekonomikuri refor sifrTxile agraruli reformis dros, mi
mebi, gansakuTrebiT agrarul sa waTmflobelTa interesebis garkveulwi
kiTxSi, klasobrivi brZolis gam lad gaTvaliswineba.
wvaveba.

ganvixiloT is sakiTxebi, ris garSemoc 1921 wels mimdinareobda dapirispi
reba saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitetsa da rkp(b) centraluri komi
tetis kavbiuros Soris:

sakiTxi kavbiuros pozicia saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis
pozicia
samxreT kav kavbiurom yvelas uk saqarTvelos kp ck miiCnevda, rom rkinig
kasiis qveyne iTxavad, naCqarevad zebis gaerTianeba unda momxdariyo adgi
bis rkinigze gamoitana gadawyveti lobrivi xelisuflebis saxeliT da poli
bis gaerTian leba rkinigzebis ga tikuri kampaniis Catarebis Semdeg.
eba. erTianebis Sesaxeb. swored rkinigzebis gaerTianebis sakiTx
Si winaaRmdegobis gamo saqarTvelos kp
ck `nacionaluklonistebad~ monaTles.
ruseTis sa 1921 wlis SuaxanebSi saqarTvelos kp ck sTxova rkp(b) cks kav
gangebo komi kavbiurom miiRo ga biuros am gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, ru-
siis (`Cekas~) dawyvetileba ruse seTis Cekas magivroba ki gaewia kavkasiis
warmomadgen Tis Cekas warmomad armiis gansakuTrebul ganyofilebas.
lobis da genlobis saqarTve rkp(b) ck daeTanxma saqarTvelos kp ck po
fuZneba sa loSi dafuZnebis Sesa zicias.
qarTveloSi. xeb.
amierkavkasi amierkavkasiis samxa saqarTvelos kp ck es nabiji naCqarevad
aSi fulis re reo komitetma gadaw miiCnia da misi ganxorcieleba maSin miaCn
formis sa yvita mTel amierkav da SesaZleblad, rodesac rusul fulis
kiTxi. kasiaSi rusuli fu niSnebs igive gasavali eqneboda, rac qar
lis niSnebis SemoReba. Tuls hqonda.
rkp(b) ck politbiuro jer samxareo komi
tets miemxro, Semdeg ki aRiara gardamava
li periodis saWiroeba amierkavkasiaSi
fulis sistemis erTianobis uzrunvelsa
yofad.
qarTuli wi 1921 w. noemberSi kav saqarTvelos kp ck moiTxovda saqarTve
Teli armiis biurom da rkp(b) ck los wiTeli armiis Seqmnas. winaaRmdeg
sakiTxi. qarTuli wiTeli ar SemTxvevaSi nacionalistebs argumenti
mia gaauqma da kavkasi eZleodaT saqarTvelos okupaciis Sesa
aSi mdgomi rusuli ar xeb.
miis SemadgenlobaSi
`qarTuli brigada~
unda Seqmniliyo.
profkavSire rkp(b) ck mxars uWerda saqarTvelos kp ck winaaRmdegi iyo, rom
bis sakiTxi. amierkavkasiis prof saqarTvelos profkavSirebi uSualod
kavSirebis marTvas dakavSirebodnen ruseTis profkavSirebs
ruseTis profkavSire da aucileblad miaCnda es kavSiri gan
bis mier. xorcielebuliyo saqarTvelos profsab
Wos meSveobiT.
amierkavkasi rkp(b) ck kavbiuro saqarTvelos kp (b) ck moiTxovda mis gan
is respubli cdilobda swrafad da xorcielebas sameurneo SeTanxmebebiT,
kebis sameur naCqarevad, adminis partiuli organizaciebisa da mSromelTa
neo ganviTa traciuli, brZanebe mxardaWeriT.
rebis sakiT bis gziT ekonomikur
xi. gaerTianebas (rkinig
zebis gaerTianeba, sa
gareo vaWrobis gaer
Tianeba da a.S.).

uTanxmoebas Tan sdevda pirovnuli dapirispireba. s. orjonikiZe, romelic
sificxiT da uxeSobiT gamoirCeoda, lanZRavda da represiebiT emuqreboda saqar
Tvelos kompartiis maSindel xelmZRvanelobas. saqarTvelos pirveli sabWoTa
mTavrobis Tavmjdomares s. qavTaraZes ùmaqnis Tavmjdomares~ uwodebda, l. dum
baZes — `sulelsa da provokators~, budu mdivans — `spekulantsa da meduqnes~. sa
qarTvelos Cekas ufross k.okujavas daemuqra: `dagapatimreb, dagxvret~. 1922
wlis 20 seqtembers orjonikiZem oficialurad ganacxada: `partiis meTauroba
Sovinisturi da dampalia, romelic unda ganaxldes~. orjonikiZes ar CamorCe
bodnen misi momxreebic. magaliTad, m. oraxelaSvilma saqarTvelos partiul or
ganizacias àramzadaTa organizacia~ uwoda. b. lominaZem ki ganacxada, rom `naci
onalkomunistebi~ `menSevikebisaken gadaixarnen da obieqturad wvrili burJu
aziis pozicias icavdnen~. bolSevikebis enaze es saSineli lanZRva da braldeba
iyo.
4.5. saqarTvelos kompartiis xelmZRvaneloba amierkavkasiis federaci

is winaaRmdeg
`nacionaluklonistebi~, saqarTvelos garda, sxvaganac iyvnen, magram sa
qarTveloSi maTTan brZolam gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. qarTveli ùk
lonistebis~ brZolam lenins sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis ideisken ubiZga, romelSic
sxva sabWoTa respublikebi ruseTTan erTad `Tanasworad~ gaerTiandebodnen. am
gegmam ukraineli ùklonistebi~ daawynara, ukraina xom ruseTTan `Tanasworad~
erTiandeboda axal kavSirSi, magram igive saqarTvelosTvis gamoiricxa, anu qar
Tvelma ùklonistebma~ Tavisi brZolis nayofiT ver isargebles, — saqarTvelo
amierkavkasiis federaciaSi unda darCeniliyo, saidanac calmxrivad gasvlis uf
leba arcerT qveyanas ar hqonda.
amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmna saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebiT sazara
lo iyo. pirvel rigSi, ekonomikurad wamgebiani iyo. magaliTad, 1921 wlis damle
visTvis azerbaijanuli da somxuri fulis niSnebi rusuli sabWoTa fulis niSne
bis 25s udrida, qarTuli fulis niSnebis Rirebuleba ki am dros rusuli fu
lis niSnebis Rirebulebaze 50iT, xolo 1923 wlis gazafxulze 75iT ufro ma
Rali iyo.
savaraudod, e.w. nacionaluklonistebi Tavidanve amierkavkasiis federaci
is Seqmnis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, magram amis Tqmas ver bedavdnen, raTa maTTvis bra
li ar daedoT `proletaruli internacionalizmis~ RalatSi. amitom taqtikuri
mosazrebebiT acxadebdnen, rom amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis winaaRmdegi ar
arian, magram kamaTobdnen respublikebis gaerTianebis vadebisa da meTodebis ga
mo.
saqarTvelos kompartiis xelmZRvaneloba, mas Semdeg, rac miRebul iqna ga
dawyvetileba sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, ukve Riad acxadebda, rom sruli
ad zedmetad miaCnda àmierkavkasiis federaciis~ Seqmna, romelsac mxars uWerda
rkp(b) amierkavkasiis samxareo komiteti.
1922 wlis 19 oqtombers saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komitetma
winadadeba wamoayena gauqmebuliyo imave wlis martSi Seqmnili amierkavkasiis fe
deracia da saqarTvelo uSualod Sesuliyo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.
meore dRes, 1922 wlis 20 oqtombers gaimarTa rkp(b) amierkavkasiis samxareo
komitetis plenumi, sadac sergo orjonikiZem zemoT aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis

g. Jvania. egreT wodebuli `nacionaluklonizmis~ Sesaxeb. Tb., 1990, gv.4849.

s. g. xarmandariani, gv.292.

l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (19211923). Tb., 1999, gv. 139.

gamo Sovinistebad gamoacxada saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis
wevrebi, aseve saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdivnis Tanamde
bobidan moxsnes m. okujava.
1922 wlis 22 oqtombers protestis niSnad gadadga saqarTvelos kompartiis
centraluri komitetis TiTqmis mTeli Semadgenloba, magram amas civad Sexvdnen
moskovSi da amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetSi SeiZleba gauxardaT kidec. 1922
wlis 22 oqtombers amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma saqarTvelos kompartiis
centraluri komitetis axal pasuxismgebel mdivnad daniSna b. lominaZe, 25 oq
tombers ki ukve Sedga saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis axali Se
madgenlobis pirveli plenumi, romelic winaaRmdegobas araTu aRar uwevda samxa
reo komitetis pozicias, aramed akritikebda nacionaluklonistebs. sergo or
jonikiZe, rogorc Tavad acxadebda, gulmodgined ebrZoda `qarTul nacional
izms~, sinamdvileSi ki rusuli velikoderJavuli Sovinisturi politikis gamta
rebeli iyo.
4.6. `qarTuli incidentis~ moskovuri rezonansi
samxareo komitetis dapirispirebam `nacionaluklonistebTan~ uaRresad

mwvave, pirovnuli Seuracxyofis forma miiRo. 1922 wlis 20 oqtombers moxda fi-
zikuri dapirispireba sergo orjonikiZesa da akaki kobaxiZes Soris, rac farTod
gaxmaurda da moskovSi `qarTuli incidentis~ saxeli miiRo.
moxda Semdegi:
sergo orjonikiZis saxlSi mivida akaki kobaxiZe iq a. rikovTan Sesaxvedrad.
iq yofnis dros kobaxiZe da orjonikiZe Selaparakdnen. rikovis TqmiT, kobaxiZem
orjonikiZes usayvedura, rom is xazinis xarjze inaxavda Tavis cxens, ufro gavr
celebuli versiis Tanaxmad ki, orjonikiZes `stalinis viri~ uwoda. rikovis gan
martebiT: àmis Semdeg maT Soris atyda lanZRvagineba, romlis drosac amx. or
jonikiZem kobaxiZes gaartya. Cemi da Cemi colis CareviT incidenti amiT Sewyda da
amx. kobaxiZe binidan wavida. amis Semdeg sergo orjonikiZe Zlier ganerviulda,
rac isterikiT damTavrda~.
1922 w. 25 nombers rkp(b) ck politbiuros gadawyvetilebiT, `saqarTvelos
ambebSi~ gasarkvevad moskovidan gamoigzavna specialuri komisia feliqs ZerJin
skis xelmZRvanelobiT. TbilisSi mxareTa 4dRiani mosmenebis Semdeg, 1922 wlis
dekembris dasawyisSi komisia mivida im daskvnamde, rom samxareo komitetisa da
sergo orjonikiZis pozicia swori iyo da Seesabameboda moskovidan miRebul di
reqtivebs, misma mowinaaRmdegeebma ki ver gauZles `wvrilburJuaziuli nacion
alizmis zewolas~.
1922 wlis 12 dekembers lenins xangrZlivi saubari hqonda komisiis Tavmjdo
mare ZerJinskisTan. lenini ukmayofilo darCa komisiis daskvniT. misi TqmiT, Zer
Jinskis monaTxrobma `qarTuli incidentisa~ da komisiis muSaobis Sesaxeb masze
mZime STabeWdileba moaxdina. `vfiqrob, rom araviTari provokaciiT, araviTari

rikovi rsfsr saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile iyo, kobaxiZe ki — misi megobari, cimbirSi er-
Tad iyvnen gadasaxlebaSi.

cit.: g. Jvania. egreT wodebuli `nacionaluklonizmis~ Sesaxeb. Tb., 1990, gv.76; rikovi aseve aRniS-
navda: ìncidentis arsze vfiqrob, rom amx. orjonikiZe marTali iyo, roca amx. kobaxiZis sayveduri
sastik pirad Seuracxyofad miiRo. amx. orjonikiZis nerviuli aRgzneba da isterika, rasac Seveswa-
ri, Cemi azriT, imas mowmobs, rom Sidapartiuli uTanxmoebisa da kinklaobis Sedegad saqarTvelos
partiis saukeTeso wevrebsac imdenad aSlili aqvT nervebi, rom es iwvevs Seuracxmyofel moqmede-
bebs~.

komisiaSi specialurad Seiyvanes ararusebi: f. ZerJinski (warmoSobiT poloneli) da v. mickiavi-
Cuskapsukasi (litveli).

SeuracxyofiTac ki ar SeiZleba gamarTldes es rusuli silis gartyma da rom amx.
ZerJinskis gamousworebeli brali miuZRvis imaSi, rom igi am silis gartymas ze
reled moepyro~. lenini moiTxovda orjonikiZis `samagaliTod dasjas~ da Zer
Jinskis komisiis mTeli masalis xelaxla gamokvlevas, politikur pasuxismgeblo
bas ki akisrebda ZerJinskisa da stalins.
lenini, rogorc Cans, `qarTul incidents~, sabolood, stalinis dasasus
teblad gamoiyenebda, magram janmrTeloba aRar uwyobda xels. 1922 wlis 13 de
kembers lenins mouvida ori mZime Seteva, 16 dekembers misi mdgomareoba kidev
ufro gauaresda, 23 dekembers ki marjvena xelfexis dambla daeca. leninis avad-
myofobis dros politbiurom moiwona ZerJinskis komisiis daskvna da gadawyvita.
saqarTveloSi `situaciis dasawynareblad~ ruseTSi samuSaod gaewviaT opozici-
is 4 TvalsaCino lideri.
Tumca, 1923 wlis ianvarTebervalSi lenini sistematurad interesdeba sa
qarTvelos sakiTxiT, moiTxovda informacias `qarTuli incidentis~ Sesaxeb, eWvi
epareboda rkp(b) centraluri komitetis komisiis keTilsindisierebaSi da misi
iniciativiT Seiqmna specialuri komisia saxkomsabWos egidiT `saqarTvelos sa
kiTxis~ Sesaswavlad (mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen n. gorbunovi, l. fotieva, m.
gliaseri).
1923 wlis 3 marts leninma miiRo axali komisiis moxsenebiTi baraTi saTau-
riT `mokle Sinaarsi konfliqtisa saqarTvelos kompartiaSi~. aRniSnuli komisia
mivida im daskvnamde, rom saqarTvelos kompartiis Zveli xelmZRvanelobisTvis
wayenebuli TiTqmis yvela braldeba usafuZvlo iyo. saxkomsabWos komisiis das
kvniT, saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetis xelmZRvanelobis monaTvla `naci
onaluklonistebad~ `tendenciuria~. komisia svamda kiTxvas: `xom ar aris didm
pyrobeluri Sovinizmi is, rom saqarTvelos centraluri komitetis Zveli Semad
genlobis mier gatarebuli xazi gamocxadebuli iyo nacionalistur gadaxrad sa
qarTvelos partiaSi da xom ar warmoadgens TviT lozungi ùklonistebi~ da misi
gaCena tendenciurs?~
stalinTan dapirispirebis dros avadmyofi lenini cdilobda dayrdnoboda
trockis. trocki samoqalaqo omis gmiri iyo, magram 19201922 wlebSi swored le-
nini sistematiurad da meTodurad angrevda trockis popularobas da avtori-
tets, rac man samoqalaqo omis wlebSi moipova. leninis Zvel TanamebrZol bolSe-
vikebs trocki gulze ar exatebodaT da mas ùcxo sxeulad~ miiCnevdnen. trockis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi lenini stalinis loialobas eyrdnoboda, Sesabamisad,
trockis dasustebasTan erTad stalini Zlierdeboda. 1922 wels lenins ukve
trockis daxmareba dasWirda stalinis winaaRmdeg, Tumca am droisaTvis trocki
politikurad imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom qmediTi daxmareba aRar SeeZlo.
1923 wlis 5 marts leninma ukarnaxa werili trockisadmi, raTa `saqarTve
los sakiTxi~ ganxiluliyo rkp(b) ck plenumze da swored mas gaetana es sakiTxi.
werilSi naTqvamia: `Zalian gTxovT ikisroT saqarTvelos saqmis dacva partiis
centraluri komitetis sxdomaze. am saqmes axla stalini da ZerJinski `devnian~
da me ar SemiZlia davendo maTs miukerZoeblobas. mTlad piriqiTac kia. Tqven rom
daTanxmdebodeT ikisroT misi dacva, me SemeZleba guldamSvidebuli viyo. Tu
Tqven raime mizeziT ver daTanxmdebiT, damibruneT mTeli saqme. amas CavTvli imis
niSnad, rom Tqven Tanaxma ara xarT~.

v. i. lenini. Txz., t.36, gv.690.

cit.: g. Jvania. egreT wodebuli `nacionaluklonizmis~ Sesaxeb. Tb., 1990, gv.7778.

Ʌ.Ⱦɚɧɢɥɤɢɧ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. Ɇ., 2017, ɫɬɪ.878.

v. i. lenini. Txz. t.45, gv.756.

es werili leninma imave dRes telefoniT waukiTxa trockis. trockim avadm
yofoba moimizeza da upasuxa, rom ver ikisrebda aseT movaleobas.
leninma trockis gaugzavna aseve Tavisi gamouqveynebeli statia èrovneba
Ta sakiTxis, anu àvtonomizaciis~ Sesaxeb~. isic acnoba, rom aRniSnuli statia sa
fuZvlad daedeboda leninis moxsenebas rkp(b) ;,, yrilobaze.
trockis leninma gaugzavna kidev erTi baraTi, romliTac acnobebda, rom ka
menevi midioda TbilisSi saqarTvelos kompartiis yrilobaze dasaswrebad da, Ta
vis mxriv, trocki rames xom ar dawerda qarTveli ùklonistebis~ mxardasaWerad.
trocki dainteresda, hqonda Tu ara ufleba, leninis statiis Sinaarsi gaecno sa
qarTveloSi mimavali kamenevisTvis, raTa mas saqarTvelos kompartiis yriloba
ze `leninuri suliskveTebiT~ emoqmeda. amaze leninma kategoriuli uariT upasu
xa — àvtonomizaciis~ Sesaxeb leninis werils kamenevi maSinve aCvenebda stalins
da masze dagegmili moulodneli Seteva yrilobaze lenins aRar gamouvidoda.
stalini Seecdeboda yvelaferi `dampali kompromisisken~ waeyvana.
trockim hkiTxa leninis mdivnebs, Tu ratom gamwvavda ase sakiTxi. leninis
mdivnebma auxsnes, rom stalini atyuebda lenins, leninisa da mTeli centraluri ko
mitetis zurgs ukan orjonikiZis daxmarebiT awyobda organizaciul gadatrialebas
partiis saukeTeso nawilis winaaRmdeg. trockis TqmiT, amis Semdeg leninis gegma
misTvis gasagebi gaxda, — yrilobaze stalinis politikis magaliTiT undoda eCvene
bina, Tu ra safrTxes warmoadgenda diqtaturis biurokratiuli gadagvareba.
trockisagan uaryofiTi pasuxis miRebis Semdeg leninma 1923 wlis 6 marts
ukarnaxa werili budu mdivnis, filipe maxaraZisa da sxvebisTvis, asli ki gaugzav
na trockisa da kamenevs.
werilSi naTqvamia:
`pativcemulo amxanagebo! suliTa da guliT Tvalyurs vadevneb Tqvens saqmes.
aRSfoTebuli var orjonikiZis uxeSobiT da imiT, rom mas mfarveloben stalini da
ZerJinski. vamzadeb TqvenTvis baraTebsa da sityvas. pativiscemiT lenini~.
am meore baraTis gadacemisas trocki dainteresda, Tu ratom gadawyvita
leninma yrilobamde sajarod daefiqsirebina Tavisi pozicia. baraTis mimtanma
mdivanma auxsna, rom leninis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe uaresdeba da eSinia, rom ver
moaswrebs yrilobaze gamosvlas.
es aRmoCnda leninis ukanaskneli dokumenti. avadmyofobis gamo veRar moam
zada werili da sityva `saqarTvelos sakiTxze~. 10 marts lenins me3 insulti da
emarTa, saidanac is veRar gamovida. 1924 wlis ianvramde icocxla, magram dakar
guli hqonda laparakisa da weris unari.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aman gadaarCina `CamoqveiTebisagan~ stalini da, masTan
erTad, orjonikiZe da ZerJinski.
leninis 6 martis werilis Sesaxeb stalinma meore dResve Seityo kamenevisa
gan (wesiT kamenevs ar unda scodnoda, radganac leninma qarTvel komunistebs ba
raTi gaugzavna grifiT `sruliad saidumlod~) da saswrafod acnoba amis Sesaxeb
orjonikiZes grifiT `sastikad saidumlod~. stalini atyobinebda: ìliCi amxana
gebs maxaraZesa da sxvebs ugzavnis werils, sadac igi solidarobas ucxadebs uk
lonistebs da glanZRavs Sen, amx. ZerJinskis da me. Cans, miznad isaxavs zegavlena
moaxdinos saqarTvelos kompartiis yrilobaze uklonistebis sasargeblod. zed
metia laparaki, rom, roca uklonistebi am werils miiReben, yvelanairad gamoiy

v. i. lenini. Txz. t.45, gv.756.

eneben mas amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetis winaaRmdeg~. stalini urCevda or
jonikiZes, rom ufro frTxilad emoqmeda da kompromisisTvis mieRwia.
Tumca leninis avadmyofobam maT ufro Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba
misca. 1923 wlis martSi saqarTvelos kompartiis me2 yrilobaze da amierkavkasi
is komunisturi organizaciis me2 yrilobaze TiTqmis yvela gamomsvleli akriti
kebda nacionaluklonistebs.
miuxedavad leninisaTvis naTqvami uarisa, trocki mainc CaerTo `qarTuli
incidentis~ ganxilvaSi. 6 marts trockim mkacrad gaakritika stalinis Tezisebi
`nacionaluri momenti partiul da saxelmwifo mSeneblobaSi~. trocki ar daeTan
xma stalinis mtkicebas, rom erovnuli sakiTxi ukve gadaWrili iyo da erebs So
ris damyarda mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da TanamSromloba. trocki mTavar safr
Txed miiCnevda didmpyrobelur Sovinizms, adgilobrivi nacionalizmi ki masze
reaqcia iyo. kamenevTan saubris dros trockim ganacxada: `me minda nacionaluri
politikis radikaluri Secvla, represiebis Sewyveta stalinis qarTveli mowina
aRmdegeebis mimarT... stalinis rezolucia erovnul sakiTxze arafrad varga. ux
eSi da Tavxedi didmpyrobeluri zewola iq erT rigSi dgas patara, susti da Ca
morCenili xalxebis protestTan. stalini iZulebuli gaxda, mieRo kritika da ga
daekeTebina Tezisebi.
cota mogvianebiT, 1923 wlis 26 marts politbiuros sxdomaze, xolo xuTi
dRis Semdeg, 31 marts, rkp(b) centraluri komitetis sxdomaze trockim Seitana
proeqti, romelic sami winadadebisgan Sedgeboda:
1) orjonikiZis gawvevis Sesaxeb;
2) aRiniSnos, rom amierkavkasiis federacia Tavisi axlandeli saxiT warmo
adgens sabWoTa federaciis damaxinjebas, uzomo centralizaciis azriT;
3) aRiarebul iqnes, rom amxanagebi, romlebic Seadgenen umciresobas saqar
Tvelos kompartiaSi, ar warmoadgenen gadaxras partiuli xazisagan erovnul sa
kiTxSi; maT politikas am sakiTxSi hqonda TavdacviTi xasiaTi — orjonikiZis aras
wori politikis winaaRmdeg~.
trockis winadadebas mxari ar dauWira arc rkp(b) centraluri komitetis
politbiurom, arc plenumma. samagierod, trockis mcdeloba, daecva qarTveli
`nacionaluklonistebi~, Semdeg maT winaaRmdeg `trockistobaSi~ braldebis sa
fuZveli gaxda.
rkp(b) centralurma komitetma 1923 wlis 23 marts miiRo gadawyvetileba bu
du mdivnis saqarTvelodan gawvevis Sesaxeb. es iyo ùklonistebis~ winaaRmdeg ad
re mofiqrebuli ùwyinari~ zoma `gadasaxlebisa~, viTomda samuSaod sxvagan ga
dayvanis momizezebiT. igive meTodi gamoiyenes sxva respublikebis nacionaluk
lonistebis winaaRmdegac. magaliTad, ukrainaSi yvelaze gavleniani uklonisti
xristian rakovski (18731941) 1923 wlis zafxulSi ukrainis mTavrobis xelmZRva
nelis postidan gadaiyvanes diplomatiur samsaxurSi, inglisSi elCad.
rkp(b) ;,, yrilobaze faqtobrivad damTavrda qarTvel `nacionaluklonis
tTa~ ganadgureba. uklonistebidan yrilobas eswrebodnen filipe maxaraZe, budu

1923 wlis 21 marts stalinma orjonikiZes kidev erTi depeSa gaugzavna: àr SeiZleba amierkavkasiis
erovnuli respublikebi CavayenoT uares mdgomareobaSi, vidre yirimisa da iakutiis (avtonomiuri
olqebi). es Secdoma aucileblad da dauyovnebliv unda gamoswordes~.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.ȼ.Ɇɢɥɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2007, ɫ.354355.

rkp(b) ;,, yrilobaze xristian rakovski gamovida stalinis nacionaluri politikis winaaRmdeg. am
yrilobaze rakovskim ganacxada, rom `sakavSiro komisariatebs unda CamoerTvas maTi uflebebis
910 da gadaeces nacionalur respublikebs~ (;,, ɫɴɟɡɞ ɊɄɉ(ɛ). ɋɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ. Ɇ., 1968. ɋ.576
582).

mdivani da sergo qavTaraZe, maT winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ki Caeba amierkavkasiis yve
la delegati — 23 kaci.
rkp(b) ;,, yrilobis Semdeg, 1923 wlis ivnisSi Sedga erovnuli respublikebi
sa da olqebis pasuxismgebel muSakTa TaTbiri, sadac dagmes àdgilobrivi naci
onalizmi~. aRiniSna, rom komunisturi organizaciebis ganmtkiceba mxolod naci
onalizmis daZleviT aris SesaZlebeli. stalinma rakovskis da mis Tanamoazreebs
brali dasdo konfederalizmSi, nacionaluklonizmsa da separatizmSi.
uklonistTa Soris aseve gaakritikes baSkireTsa da TaTreTSi popularuli
sulTangalievi da misi pozicia Seafases rogorc `yvelaze maxinji gadaxra adgi
lobrivi nacionalizmisken~. misi programa revolucionerobisa da TaTruli naci
onalizmis narevi iyo. magaliTad, erTi periodi moiTxovda Turanis damoukidebe
li respublikis Seqmnas, romelSic unda Sesuliyo Turqestani, yirgizeTi, xiva, bu
xara, avRaneTi da sparseTi, hqonda `koloniuri internacionalis~ Seqmnis idea.
4.7. ras akeTebdnen `nacionaluklonistebi~
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis ùklonistebad~ wodebuli xelmZRvane

loba, rogorc ukve iTqva, cdilobda daecva saqarTvelos mkveTrad Selaxuli in
teresebi.
lavrenti beria 1935 wels gakeTebul moxsenebaSi nacionaluklonistebis
Sesaxeb aRniSnavda: `qarTveli uklonistebi ibrZodnen saqarTvelos nacionalur
umciresobaTaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos maSindeli cen
traluri komiteti da revkomi (b. mdivani, s. qavTaraZe, m. okujava, k.cincaZe da
sxv.) yovelnairad aWianurebdnen avtonomiis miniWebas samxreT oseTisa, aWarista
nisa da afxazeTisaTvis. am respublikaTa avtonomia miRebul da gatarebul iqna
saqarTvelos centraluri komitetis da revkomis uklonisturi umravlesobis
survilis winaaRmdeg. cnobilia, rom qarTuli uklonizmis erTerTma xelmZRva
nelma — b. mdivanma xma misca imis winaaRmdeg, rom qalaqi cxinvali SeetanaT sam
xreToseTis avtonomiur olqSi, xolo uklonistebis meore xelmZRvanelma — s.
qavTaraZem uari ganacxada imaze, rom saqarTvelos centraluri komitetisa da
revkomis saxeliT gaegzavna misalmeba aWaristanis wiTeli mejlisisaTvis...~
erTerTi `mZime~ braldeba, rasac `nacionaluklonistebs~ uyenebdnen, sa
qarTvelos `sazRvrebis Caketvis~ mcdelobas ukavSirdeboda. saqarTvelos
kompartiis xelmZRvanelobaSi myofi jgufi cdilobda daeregulirebina saqar
TveloSi devnilTa Semosvla. maSin saqarTveloSi aTeul aTasobiT devnili imyo
feboda — jer kidev pirveli msoflio omisa da momdevno periodSi TurqeTidan
Semosuli somxebi da berZnebi, 1922 wlis dasawyisidan saqarTvelos moawydnen
volgispireTidan damSeulebi. modiodnen stiqiurad — rkinigziT, zRviT, saqar
Tvelos samxedro gziT. am odenobiT ltolvilTa axali nakadis miReba da dabina
veba saqarTvelos aRar SeeZlo. sxva yvelaferTan erTad, isini auaresebdnen kri
minalur situacias, qmnidnen epidemiis gavrcelebis safrTxes.
saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba ruseTis Sesabamisi organoebisagan uSedegod
iTxovda devnilTa nakadis SeCerebas, magram amaod. ùklonistebma~ moamzades
dekreti saqarTvelos sazRvrebze kordonebis dawesebis Sesaxeb, magram ar miuRi
aT. 1922 wlis 31 marts daagzavnes werilebi, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos
sazRvrebi cxaddeboda daxurulad. amisaTvis rkp(b) ;,, yrilobaze (1923 w. apri

g. Jvania. egreT wodebuli `nacionaluklonizmis~ Sesaxeb. Tb., 1990, gv.86.

l. beria. amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri organizaciis istoriis sakiTxisaTvis. moxseneba Tbilisis
partaqtivis krebaze 1935 w. 2122 ivliss. Tb., 1945, gv.259.

li) ùklonistebi~ gamolanZRes da SovinizmSi dasdes brali, rom uars ambobdnen
gaWirvebuli adamianebis daxmarebaze. amave dros xma ar amouRiaT somxeTisa da
azerbaijanis Sesaxeb. 1922 wlis 25 Tebervals azerbaijanma gadawyvita, rom qvey
nis teritoriaze aravin ar SeeSvaT, garda mivlinebis mqoneTa. 1922 wlis 4 agvis
tos somxeTma akrZala ltolvilTa Sesvla, maT Soris somxebisa, maTi gansaxlebis
SeuZleblobis gamo.
ùklonistebs~ brali dasdes, rom maT gamosces dekreti TbilisSi mosaxle
obis regulirebis Sesaxeb. maT stalinma brali dasdo, rom undodaT Tbilisidan
araqarTuli mosaxleobis, pirvel rigSi, somxebis gandevna. sinamdvileSi saqme
exeboda TbilisSi stiqiurad Semosul ltolvilebs, romlebic qalaqs seriozul
problemebs uqmnidnen, da ara mis mkvidr mosaxleobas.
`nacionaluklonistebs~ Secdomad da danaSaulad uTvlidnen imasac, rom ver
moagvares miwis sakiTxi, ver ganaxorcieles revoluciuri agraruli reforma, ar
iwonebdnen represiebs menSevikebisa da sxva antisabWoTa politikuri partiebis
warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, gmobdnen memamuleTa iZulebiT gaZevebas da a.S.
mTlianobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `nacionaluklonistebi~ ufro gonivrul
da zomier poziciaze idgnen, vidre sergo orjonikiZis mier marTuli Zalebi. `na
cionaluklonistTa~ moRvaweobaSi namdvilad iyo raRac iseTi, romelic mkveT
rad ganasxvavebda maT sxva qarTveli da araqarTveli bolSevikebisagan.
4.8. ciliswameba da fizikuri angariSsworeba `nacionaluklonistebTan~
`nacionaluklonistebis~ winaaRmdeg brZola male yovelgvar sazRvrebs ga

dascda. stalinis mier mowonebul partiis istoriis mokle kursSi `nacionaluk
lonistebis~ saqmianobis Sesaxeb naTqvami iyo: `nacionaluklonistebi ilaSqreb
dnen amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis winaaRmdeg, amierkavkasiis xalxTa megob
robis ganmtkicebis winaaRmdeg. saqarTveloSi sxva erovnebaTa mimarT uklonis
tebs Tavi ise eWiraT, rogorc namdvil didmpyrobelur Sovinistebs. isini Tbili
sidan asaxlebdnen yvela araqarTvels, gansakuTrebiT somxebs, gamosces kanoni,
romlis mixedviTac qarTveli qali, Tu igi araqarTvels gahyveboda, hkargavda sa
qarTvelos moqalaqeobas. qarTvel nacionaluklonistebs mxars uWerdnen troc
ki, radeki, buxarini, skripniki, rakovski~.
davSaloT es abzaci calkeul frazebad da ganvixiloT:

sak. kp (b) mokle kuri Sefaseba
nacionaluklonistebi ilaSqreb amierkavkasiis federacias zedmet rgo
dnen amierkavkasiis federaciis Seq lad miiCnevdnen da ssr kavSirSi uSual
mnis winaaRmdeg, amierkavkasiis xal od Sesvlas iTxovdnen.
xTa megobrobis ganmtkicebis wina ak federaciis winaaRmdeg wasvla ar niS
aRmdeg. navs `xalxTa megobrobis~ winaaRmdeg ga
mosvlas.
saqarTveloSi sxva erovnebaTa mi sicrue da ciliswamebaa.
marT uklonistebs Tavi ise eWiraT,
rogorc namdvil didmpyrobelur So
vinistebs.

i. b. stalini. Txz., t. 5, gv.279281.

l. ToiZe. saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (19211923). Tb., 1999, gv. 139.

sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) istoria. mokle kursi. mowonebulia sak. kp (b) ckis
mier. 1938 weli, Tbilisi 1953, gv.320321.

isini Tbilisidan asaxlebdnen yvela sicrue da ciliswamebaa.
araqarTvels, gansakuTrebiT som
xebs.

gamosces kanoni, romlis mixedviTac gamogonili braldebaa, kanoni moqalaqe
qarTveli qali, Tu igi araqarTvels obis Sesaxeb mzaddeboda, magram ar miuR
gahyveboda, hkargavda saqarTvelos iaT.
moqalaqeobas.

qarTvel nacionaluklonistebs qarTvel nacionaluklonistebs bralde
mxars uWerdnen trocki, radeki, bu bodaT kavSiri yvela saxis antistalinur
xarini, skripniki, rakovski. opoziciasTan.
stalins da mis momxreebs ar daviwyebiaT `nacionaluklonistebis~ mier ga

weuli winaaRmdegoba. maT maleve daumZimdaT braldebebi da Tavs daatydaT rep
resiebi.
1927 wels daapatimres b. mdivani da s. qavTaraZe. isini jer CeliabinskSi, Sem
deg ki viatkaSi gadaasaxles. 1930iani wlebis damdegs isini gaaTavisufles, oR
ond yvela ara — 1930 wels banakSi mokvda k. cincaZe.
19361937 wlebSi ùklonistebi~ isev daapatimres. maT ukve gacilebiT mZime
braldebebs uyenebdnen. 1935 wels moxsenebis saxiT wakiTxul l. berias wignSi ewe
ra: `19271935 wlebis periodSi nacionaluklonizmi SeuerTda ra kontrrevolu
ciur trockizms, gadaiqca faSizmis daqiravebul agenturad, jaSuSebis, mavneb
lebis, diversantebis, mzveravebisa da mkvlelebis uprincipo da uideo bandad,
muSaTa klasis mosisxle mtrebis TavzexelaRebul bandad. 1936 wels aRmoCenil
iqna trockistuli jaSuSurmavnebluri teroristuli centri, sadac Sediodnen
b. mdivani, m. okujava, m. toroSeliZe, s. CixlaZe, n. kiknaZe da sxv.~.
saqmeebis SeTxzvaSi berias Cekisti gamomZieblebis fantazias sazRvari ar hqon
da. berias gancxadebiT, `dokumenturad gamorkveuli~ iyo, rom qarTveli nacional
uklonistebis `gamcemlur muSaobas sak. kp (b) centraluri komitetis winaaRmdeg,
leninurstalinuri nacionaluri politikis winaaRmdeg ukve 1923 wlidan uSualod
warmarTavda oberbanditi iuduSka trocki~. dakavebuli yofili nacionaluklo
nistebi `gamotydnen Tavis danaSaulobebSi partiis, sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da qar
Tveli xalxis winaSe. Tavis CvenebebSi maT gadaSales Tavisi bilwi, moRalaturi, Zir
gamomTxreli jaSuSurmavnebluri muSaobis usazizRresi suraTi~. Turme `yvela
fers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom jaSuSobis, diversiisa da mavneblobis gziT Ziri ga
moeTxaraT ... socialisturi samSoblos ZlierebisaTvis. maT ganzraxuli hqondaT
moewyvitaT amierkavkasia da kerZod saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSirisagan da yvela an
tisabWoTa Zalebis daxmarebiT SeeqmnaT `damoukidebeli~ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
erTerTi kapitalisturi saxelmwifos proteqtoratis qveS~.
aseTi braldebebis Sedegi Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, — igive beria aRniSnav
da, rom `1936 wels b. mdivani, m. toroSeliZe (k. cincaZe kidev ufro adre) mxile
bul iqnen rogorc xalxis mtrebi~.

l. beria. amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri organizaciis istoriis sakiTxisaTvis. moxseneba Tbilisis
partaqtivis krebaze 1935 w. 2122 ivliss. Tb., 1945, gv.289.

iqve, gv.290291.

iqve, gv.259.

budu mdivans (18771937), romelmac 1931 wels ganacxada opoziciuri muSaob
is Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da moinania Secdomebi, 1936 wlamde ekava saqarTvelos ssrs
saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgilis Tanamdeboba. 1936 wels isev daap
atimres `trockistuljaSuSuri centris~ muSaobaSi monawileobis braldebiT.
1937 wlis 9 ivliss saqarTvelos umaRlesma sasamarTlom miusaja sasjelis umaR
lesi zoma — daxvreta. daxvrites meore dResve.
1937 wels aseve daxvrites mixeil okujava, malaqia toroSeliZe (18801937)
da zogierTi sxva.
yofili `nacionaluklonistebisagan~ daxvretas gadaurCa filipe maxaraZe
(18681941). filipe maxaraZes sxvadasxva dros mravali maRali Tanamdeboba ekava.
1931 wlidan maxaraZe gaxda saqarTvelos ssris centraluri aRmasrulebeli ko
mitetis Tavmjdomare. amave dros 1936 wlamde, amierkavkasiis federaciis daS
lamde, iyo am respublikis cakis erTerTi Tavmjdomare. 19381941 wlebSi iyo sa
qarTvelos ssris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomare.
gadarCa aseve sergo qavTaraZe (18851971). saqarTveloSi s. qavTaraZe troc
kistobis braldebiT daapatimres, Tumca Semdeg sasjeli moexsna da reabilitir
ebul iqna ioseb stalinTan misi piradi megobrobis wyalobiT.

gardaicvala 1941 wels. dakrZales mTawmindis panTeonSi. 1987 wels, erovnuli moZraobis aRmav-
lobis dros, ucnobma pirebma aafeTqes filipe maxaraZis saflavi. komunisturi partiis maSindeli
pirveli mdivnis jumber patiaSvilis brZanebiT, saflavi 12 saaTSi aRadgines, Tumca mogvianebiT,
1989 wels is, mixa cxakaiasa da silibistro TodriasTan erTad gadaasvenes xudadovis sasaflaoze.
maxaraZisa da cxakaias adgilas 20082009 wlebSi ana kalandaZe da nodar dumbaZe dakrZales.

1939 wlidan s. qavTaraZe diplomatiur samuSaoze imyofeboda — iyo ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa
saministros axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi muSaobis ganyofilebis gamge. ssr kavSiris sagareo saq-
meTa saxalxo komisris moadgile. 19451952 wlebSi s. qavTaraZe iyo ssr kavSiris elCi rumineTSi,
Semdeg — ssr kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministros mrCeveli. 1954 wlidan pensiaze iyo.

Tavi 9.
msoflio revoluciis amao molodini
5.1. msoflio revoluciis idea
lenini da bolSevikebi oqtombris revolucias Tavidanve ganixilavdnen ev

ropasa da mTel msoflioSi proletaruli revoluciis dasawyisad. leninis mier
SemuSavebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, imperializmis epoqaSi Zlierdeboda kapitaliz
mis uTanabro ganviTareba, amitom msoflio proletaruli revolucia daiwyebo
da ara erTdroulad ramdenime mowinave kapitalistur qveyanaSi, rogorc amas
marqsi da engelsi varaudobdnen, aramed erT qveyanaSi, romelic `susti rgoli~
aRmoCndeboda kapitalizmis jaWvSi. Semdeg revoluciuri procesi erTi qveyni
dan meoreSi gadavidoda, pirvel rigSi, evropis teritoriaze.
lenini am ideamde pirveli msoflio omis dros mivida, rodesac SveicariaSi
cxovrobda. am qveyanaSi yofnisas man SesaZleblad miiCnia socialisturi revo
luciis dawyeba pirvelad SveicariaSi da Sesabamis mimarTvebs werda Sveicariis
socialdemokratiuli partiis liderebs. misi gancxadebiT, SveicariaSi revolu
ciis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mezobeli didi qveynebi Caereodnen da `socialisturi Sve
icariis~ winaaRmdeg gailaSqreben, maSin es mxolod prologi iqneboda mTel ev
ropaSi revoluciuri afeTqebisaTvis. es gegma sruli utopia iyo (leninis erT
erTi biografi dimitri volkogonovi ironiulad aRniSnavs: yvela ver moifiq
rebda Sveicariis gadaqcevas msoflio revoluciis detonatorad!), magram leni
ni ar isvenebda da 1917 wlis ianvarSi kvlav dRis wesrigSi ayenebda revoluciis
dawyebas SveicariaSi. Tumca imasac ambobda, rom is da sxva `moxucebi~ revoluci
as ver moeswrebodnen(?!). revoluciis momlodine mTavar bolSeviks SveicariaSi
aravin daujera, revolucia ki ruseTSi moxda 1917 wlis TebervalSi da male le
nini, sxva rus revolucionerebTan erTad, daluquli vagoniT, germaniis gavliT,
revoluciuri ruseTisaken gaemgzavra.
ruseTSi lenini maSinve burJuaziuldemokratiuli revoluciis socialis
turad gadazrdis aucileblobaze alaparakda. es mowodeba socialistebis didma
nawilma avantiurad miiCnia, Tumca lenini momxreebsac agrovebda. CamorCenili
ruseTi Sveicariaze kargad ergeboda `susti rgolis~ koncefcias.
èrT qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneblobaze~, miT umetes, ekonomikurad Camor
Cenil qveyanaSi, maSin aravin fiqrobda. bolSevikebs sjerodaT, rom revolucia ma
le daiwyeboda evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. amis gareSe ruseTis revolucia,
maTi azriT, ganwiruli iqneboda damarcxebisTvis. sabWoebis msoflio respubli
kis (an sabWoTa SeerTebuli Statebis) lozungi mTlianad pasuxobda proletaruli
revoluciis koncefcias. bolSevikebis mier xelisuflebis mopovebis meore dRes,
1917 wlis 26 oqtombers, sabWoebis sruliad ruseTis ,, yrilobaze gamosvlisas
trockim ganacxada, rom an ruseTis revolucia gamoiwvevda revoluciebs dasav
leTSi, anda kapitalisturi samyaro CaaxSobda ruseTis revolucias.
imaves ambobda lenini ramdenime wlis Semdeg, 1921 wlis 25 ivliss, kominter

Ⱦ.ȼɨɥɤɨɝɨɧɨɜ. ɋɟɦɶ ɜɨɠɞɟɣ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ 1. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 1997, ɫɬɪ.86.

am sakiTxze leninis avantiuristuli gancxadebebi mis TanamebrZolebs garkveulwilad awuxebdaT.
es werilebi leninis sicocxleSi rusulad ar gamoqveynebula, Tumca Semdeg Seitanes leninis Txzu-
lebaTa srul krebulSi, romelic 55 tomad gamoica (masSi mainc ar Seitanes leninis yvela dokumen-
ti, romelTa arsebobazec gorbaCovis `gardaqmnis~ periodSi alaparakdnen da damatebiT leninis
ramdenime tomis gamocemis SesaZleblobas ganixilavdnen).

nis ,,, kongresze gamosvlis dros. misi TqmiT, oqtombris revoluciamde da revo
luciis Semdegac fiqrobdnen, rom revolucia danarCen qveynebSic male daiwye
boda, Tanac ufro ganviTarebul qveynebSi, vidre ruseTi iyo. amis gareSe ruse
Tis revoluciis damarcxeba garduvalad miaCndaT.
amitom ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis pirvel wlebSi (19191925
ww.) ruseTis federaciisa (rsfsr) da ruseTis kompartiis — rkp(b) xelmZRvanelo
bis mTavari mizani iyo revoluciis dasavleTisken winsvla, sabWoebis msoflio
respublikis Seqmna. swored am mizans emsaxureboda 1919 wlis gazafxulze Seqmni
li komunisturi internacionali (kominterni). es iyo msoflios sxvadasxva qvey-
nis komunisturi partiebis gaerTianeba. kominternis xelmZRvaneli organoebis
gadawyvetilebebi savaldebulo iyo misi wevri komunisturi partiebisaTvis. ko-
minternis strategiasa da taqtikas safuZvlad daedo msoflio revoluciis kon
cefcia. msoflio sabWoTa respublikebis kavSirad unda gadaqceuliyo 1922 wlis
bolos Seqmnili `sabWoTa respublikaTa kavSiri~.
amave dros msoflio socialisturi revoluciis garduvalobis Taobaze ga
keTebul prognozebSi mkafiod Cans leninisa da sxva bolSeviki liderebis mier
daSvebuli Secdomebi. leninis prognozebis didi nawili ar gamarTlda, am prog
nozebsa da moqmedebaSi ki kargad Cans leninimaqsimalisti da radikali. msoflio
revoluciis ideiT Sepyrobilebs, rogorc wesi, sasurveli realobad eCvenebo-
daT. radganac revolucia sxva qveynebSi `TavisiT~ ar xdeboda, gadawyvites misi
daCqareba `revoluciis eqsportis~ sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT (pirdapiri
samxedro intervencia da ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba `kapitalisturi qveynebis~
SigniT).
ratom aqcevda lenini aseT did yuradRebas msoflio revoluciis ideas?
sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi amdens ratom laparakobda msoflio revo
luciaze da ratom eloda mouTmenlad mis dawyebas? saqme isaa, rom lenins did
xans eeWveboda, SeZlebdnen Tu ara bolSevikebi xelisuflebis SenarCunebas. mis
Tvis msoflio revolucia, pirvel rigSi, iyo sabWoTa ruseTis daxmareba, misi ga
darCena, mxolod amis Semdeg dgeboda dRis wesrigSi rusi komunistebis strate
giuli miznebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris ideologiisa da politikis ganxilva sruli ar iqneba, Tuki
ar ganvixilavT msoflio revoluciis ideas da am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul praq
tikul nabijebs.

5.2. `revolucia sul male daiwyeba...~
bolSevikebi cdilobdnen gaekeTebinaT yvelaferi msoflio revoluciis wa

sabiZgeblad. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg maSinve gamoaqveynes mefis mTavro
bis yvela saidumlo SeTanxmeba antantis qveynebTan, axalisebdnen jariskacTa
daZmobilebas frontze, samSobloSi abrunebdnen `bolSevizmiT gamsWvalul~ ger
manel da avstriaungrel tyveebs; magram mTavar imeds mainc sabWoTa mTavrobis
samSvidobo winadadebebis revoluciur zemoqmedebaze amyarebdnen, kerZod, sam
Tviani droebiTi dazavebis winadadebaze, romelic mocemuli iyo dekretSi `zavis
Sesaxeb~. bolSevikebis erTerTi lideris lev kamenevis azriT, swored es dro
sWirdeboda evropis proletariats revoluciis gansaviTareblad.

1919 wels leninma amerikuli memarcxene gazeTebis korespondentebisTvis pasuxis dros aRniSna,
rom misTvis yvelaze bednieri dRe aris ara 1917 wlis 25 oqtomberi, rodesac bolSevikebma ruseTSi
moipoves xelisufleba, aramed 1918 wlis noemberi, rodesac germaniaSi daiwyo revolucia.

ȼ.ɂ. ɉɹɬɧɢɰɤɢɣ. Ɉɫɢɩ ɉɹɬɧɢɰɤɢɣ ɢ Ʉɨɦɢɧɬɟɪɧ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɇɧ.: ɏɚɪɜɟɫɬ, 2004, ɫ.81.


antantis qveynebma da aSSma ar miiRes bolSevikebis winadadeba droebiTi da
zavebis Sesaxeb, centraluri blokis qveynebi ki am mowodebas dadebiTad Sexv
dnen. 1917 wlis 14 (27) noembers germaniam da misma mokavSireebma Tanxmoba ganacxa
des. molaparakebebi daiwyo 1917 wlis 20 noembers (3 dekembers) brestlitovskSi.
am molaparakebebs trocki `revoluciuri propagandis~ funqcias aniWebda. is mo
laparakebebis dros ara germaniis generlebisgan Semdgar delegacias, aramed
germanel muSebs mimarTavda da imedovnebda, rom misi gamosvlebis gamoqveynebis
Semdeg germaniaSi proletariati ajanydeboda da daamxobda imperialistur mTav
robas.
sabWoTa mxare Tavidan principulad iTxovda demokratiuli (ùaneqsio da
ukontribucio~) zavis dadebas da imedi hqonda, rom molaparakebebis periodSi
daiwyeboda revoluciebi germaniasa da avstriaungreTSi. sasurveli cnobebi
`revoluciebis dawyebis~ Sesaxeb bolSevik liderebTan midioda kidec, Tumca
arc darwmunebulebi iyvnen am cnobebis sisworeSi. saqme iqamde mivida, rom 1918
wlis 19 ianvars leninma winadadeba wamoayena berlinSi TviTmfrinavebi gaegzav
naT da haeridan daenaxaT, xdeboda Tu ara revolucia germaniaSi (berlinSi bari-
kadebi iyo Tu ara).
brestSi mimdinare molaparakebebis dros `memarcxene komunistebis~ wreebSi
warmoiSva e. w. `savele revoluciis~ idea. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, germaniasa da av
striaungreTSi ukve momwifebuli iyo revoluciuri situacia, magram xalxis ma
sebi revolucias ver axdendnen. movlenaTa dasaCqareblad saWiro iyo `garedan
biZgi~, romelic sabWoTa ruseTs unda ganexorcielebina da SeWriliyo germaniis
teritoriaze. swored es `garedan biZgis~ taqtika ganasxvavebda `savele revolu
cias~ tradiciuli `Sida revoluciisagan~.
movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. revolucia germaniaSi maSin ar momxdara
da 1918 wlis 3 marts brestSi bolSevikebma xeli moaweres mZime zavs germaniasa da
mis mokavSireebTan (avstriaungreTi, bulgareTi, TurqeTi). aseTi zavi ìmperia-
listebTan~ bevr bolSeviksac ar moswonda, magram lenini acxadebda, rom drois
mosagebad unda daeTmoT `sivrce~. pirveli msoflio omi ruseTis monawileobis
gareSe gagrZelda da germania damarcxda. bolSevikebma brestis zavi gauqmebu-
lad gamoacxades da germanelebis mier dakavebuli teritoriebis dabruneba da-
iwyes. leninis gaTvlam gaamarTla da misi avtoriteti kidev ufro gaizarda Tana-
partielTa TvalSi.
1918 wlis Semodgomidan `revoluciebis dro~ TiTqosda movida. 1918 wlis
noemberSi revoluciam ifeTqa germaniaSi, 1919 wlis martSi sabWoTa xelisufle
ba damyarda ungreTSi. revoluciuri mRelvareba iyo evropis TiTqmis yvela qve
yanaSi, romlebic pirvel msoflio omSi monawileobdnen.
1918 wlis bolos da 1919 wlis damdegs bolSevikuri partiis liderebs sje
rodaT, rom iwyeboda msoflio revoluciis gadamwyveti faza. mis dasaCqareblad
rus komunistebs poloneTis gavliT evropaSi SeWris idea gauCndaT.

5.3. kominterni — msoflio revoluciis instrumenti
msoflio proletaruli revoluciis ganxorcielebas Tavisi instrumenti

sWirdeboda saerTaSoriso revoluciuri organizaciis saxiT, romelic, leninis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `proletariatis diqtaturis msoflio partia~ iqneboda.
1918 wlis bolos ruseTis komunisturi partiis ideurad monaTesave Zala mxo

misi avtori iyo cnobili partiuli da saxelmwifo moRvawe v. obolenski (n. osinski).


lod germaniaSi iyo spartakelTa kavSiris saxiT. bolSevikebisaTvis aseTi orga
nizaciebis Seqmnis gza socialdemokratiuli partiebis gaTiSva da am partiebis
memarcxene frTisagan komunisturi partiebis Seqmna iyo.
1919 wlis TebervalSi CiCerinma leninis davalebiT radioTi ramdenjerme
gadasca mowodeba, moskovSi saerTaSoriso komunistur konferenciaze Casuliy
vnen isini, vinc ìziarebda xelisuflebaSi mosuli rusi socialistebis Sexedu
lebebs~. am mowodebas faqtobrivad aravin gamoxmaurebia, radganac aseTi Zalebi
organizebuli saxiT arc arsebobdnen. germaniidan Camovida mxolod erTi dele
gati — eberleini. delegaciebis formireba ruseTSi myofi pirebisagan xdeboda.
magaliTad, zinovievi avstriisa da ungreTis kompartiebis formirebas ruseTSi
myofi samxedro tyveebisgan axdenda. `Camoyalibda~ ruseTis, ukrainis, beloru
siis, latviis, poloneTis, fineTis, somxeTis, volgispireTis germanelebisa da
sakmaod bundovani `ruseTis aRmosavleTis xalxebis~ delegaciebi.
1919 wlis 2 marts gaxsnil konferenciaze sul dafiqsirda 52 delegati, maT
Soris gadamwyveti xma mxolod 34 adamians hqonda. konferecias saerTaSoriso so
cialisturi moZraobis cnobili warmomadgenlebidan mxolod ramdenime eswrebo
da: lenini, eberleini, kuusineni, plateni, skripniki, saduli.
gadawyda, rom Seiqmna `,,, komunisturi internacionali~. sxvadasxva qveynis
komunisturi partiebi mis seqciebad ganixileboda. sinamdvileSi ki ruseTis kom
partiam miiRo moxerxebuli instrumenti sxva qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevi
saTvis. sxva qveynebis komunisturi partiebi uxvad finansdebodnen moskovidan.
fulis nawili daniSnulebisamebr gamoiyeneboda, nawili ki, ubralod, qreboda
mis wamReb pirebTan erTad.
1919 wels, roca didi iyo evropaSi revoluciis dawyebis molodini, komin
ternis , kongresi germanul enaze muSaobda, — es xom marqsisa da engelsis mSob-
liuri ena iyo. zinovievi, lenini, trocki, emigraciaSi didxans namyofni, germanu
lad laparakobdnen da SeiZleba damcinavadac uyurebdnen stalins, romelmac
germanuli ar icoda. Semdeg samuSao ena rusuli gaxda, miT umetes, rom evropaSi
revoluciebis imedebma ver gaamarTla.
kominternis , yrilobis daxurvis dros, 1919 wlis 6 marts leninma ganacxada,
rom `proletaruli revoluciis gamarjveba mTel msoflioSi uzrunvelyofilia.
dafuZndeba saerTaSoriso sabWoTa respublika~. leninis TqmiT, `Zalzed SesaZle
belia, rom dasavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi revolucia metad male moxdes~.
lenini sakuTari da ruseTis revoluciis gamocdilebis absolutizebas ax
denda. misi TqmiT, yvelgan unda gaCaRebuliyo samoqalaqo omi, yvelgan unda Seq
mniliyo sabWoebis respublika, rogorc proletariatis diqtaturis forma. pirve
li qveyana, romelSic ruseTis gamocdilebis gadatana scades, germania iyo. 1918
wlis 9 noembers karl likbnextma germaniis sabWoTa respublikis Seqmna gamoacxa
da, magram am gzas germaniis socialdemokratiis ZiriTadi nawili ar daadga. bol
Sevikebma socialdemokratebi moRalateebad gamoacxades, magram mTavari iyo is,
rom germaniis muSaTa klass, inteligencias, glexobas ar surda `bolSevikebis ga
mocdilebis~ gaziareba, — ar undodaT arc samoqalaqo omi da arc diqtatura.
revoluciis leninuri sqema da mis mier Camoyalibebuli `kapitalizmidan

19211925 wlebSi kominterns xelmZRvanelobda g. zinovievi, 19261928 wlebSi — n. buxarini. 1928
wlidan ki kominternis faqtobrivi xelmZRvaneli iyo i. stalini.

Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɨɪɹɧɢɧ — Ɉ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ —
KWWSV:ZZZ.VYRERGD.RUJD24204593.KWPO.

v.i. lenini. Txz., t.28, gv.598.

bolSevikebs samoqalaqo omi saamayo saqmed miaCndaT. ruseTSi samoqalaqo omma didi ngreva gamo-
iwvia, 13 milioni adamiani Seewira da 2 milioni emigraciaSi wavida.

socializmze gadasvlis kanonzomierebebi~ Zalze zedapiruli iyo da miuRebeli
saerTaSoriso socialdemokratiisaTvis. miuRebeli iyo imitom, rom ar Seesabam
eboda am qveynebis viTarebas. lenins da sxva bolSevikebs ki eCvenebodaT, rom Tu
ki `moRalate~ socialdemokratebs gaanadgurebdnen, komunisturi revoluciis
gamarjveba garduvali iqneboda. sinamdvileSi ki socialdemokratebis winaaRm
deg gaCaRebuli brZoliT xelisuflebisaken gza gauxsnes faSistebs — jer itali
aSi (1922), Semdeg ki germaniaSi (1933). komunistebma mxolod amis Semdeg gadasin
jes taqtika da 1935 wlidan socialdemokratebTan `saerTo frontis~ Seqmnis id
eas dauWires mxari.
komunisturi internacionalis emblema
kominterni arsebobda 19191943 wlebSi.

leninis sityvebiT, es iyo `mTeli msoflios muSaTa
kavSiri, romlebic eswrafvian daamyaron sabWoTa xeli-
sufleba yvela qveyanaSi~.
ratom erqva mesame internacionali

, internacionalad iwodeboda 1864 wels Seqmnili `mu
SaTa saerTaSoriso amxanagoba~, romelic 13 qveynis war
momadgenlebs aerTianebda. marqsistebisa da anarqiste
bis (bakuninis) mimdevrebis dapirispirebam 1872 w. orga
nizaciaSi gaTiSva gamoiwvia da 1876 w. daiSala.
,, internacionali 1889 w. Seiqmna. 1914 w. pirveli
msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg faqtobrivad daiSala,
radganac masSi Semavalma socialisturma partiebma re
voluciuri gamosvlebis magivrad TavianT mTavrobebs
dauWires mxari. omis Semdeg scades ,, internacionalis
aRdgena. bolSevikebi 1914 wlidan gaemijnen am organiza
cias da leninma 1919 w. gamoacxada ,,, komunisturi in
ternacionalis Seqmna.

5.4. msoflio revoluciis dawyebis mcdeloba — evropa, 1919 weli
1919 wlis 13 marts petrogradSi sityviT gamosvlisas leninma kvlav gaimeo

ra is, rac kominternis kongresze aRniSna. man kvlav ganacxada, rom socialistu
ri revoluciis gamarjveba msoflio masStabiT garduvalia da male Seiqmneba sab
WoTa respublikebis msoflio federacia. leninis es sityva, mokle sagazeTo anga
riSis garda, ar gamoqveynebula.
1919 wlis gazafxulze modis bolSevikebis pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba,
`waebiZgebinaT~ msoflio revoluciis dawyebisaTvis. samizned poloneTi SearCies.

aq SeiZleba pirvelad daigegma `gasabWoebis~ scenari, romelic Semdeg mravalgzis
gameorda. poloneTSi aralegalurad gaigzavna polonuri warmomavlobis komunis
tebi da samxedroebi, maT adgilobriv komunistebTan erTad unda moewyoT ajanyeba
da xelT egdoT dombrovis auzi, Semdeg ki daxmareba eTxovaT minskSi myofi bolSe
vikebisaTvis. minski am dros litvabelorusiis sabWoTa respublikis dedaqalaqi
iyo. mis mTavrobaSi saswrafod ramdenime polonelic Seiyvanes. poloneTSi samoqa
laqo omis gaCaRebis SemTxvevaSi, iq SeiWreboda litvabelorusiis armia (4 divi
zia), Tavad respublika ki SeiZleba gardaqmniliyo poloneTlitvabelorusiis
sabWoTa respublikad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom me18 saukunis bolos prusi-
is, avstriisa da ruseTis mier dapyrobili `reC pospolita~ swored am sami qveynis
gan Sedgeboda, polonuri nacionalizmis gamoyenebasac varaudobdnen.
1919 wlis gazafxulze revoluciuri moZraoba gaizarda germaniaSic. 1919
wlis ianvarSi berlinSi sabarikado brZolebi iyo komunistur da samTavrobo Za
lebs Soris, igive gameorda martSic.
1919 wlis 24 marts gamocxadda sabWoTa respublika ungreTSi, romelsac sa
TaveSi Caudga leninis mier gagzavnili bela kuni, ori kviris Semdeg igive moxda
bavariaSic.
leninis miTiTebiT, wiTeli armiis nawilebi emzadebodnen evropaSi SesaWre
lad sami mimarTulebiT — germaniis, ungreTisa da besarabiis gziT. Tavis mxriv,
1919 wlis ivnisSi ungreTis wiTelma armiam Semxvedri Seteva daiwyo — daikava
slovakeTis nawili.
ungreTi meore qveyana iyo, sadac sabWoTa xeli

sufleba damyarda, Tumca sul 4 Tve (133 dRe)
iarseba. konfliqti hqonda yvela mezobel sa
xelmwifosTan. sabolood sabWoTa xelisufle
ba ruminelebma daamxes. bela kuni Semdeg sabWo
Ta kavSirSi imyofeboda da 1938 w. daxvrites,
stalinuri represiebis dros.

germaniaSi revoluciur aRmavlobas mohyva sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyare
ba bavariaSi (1919 wlis 13 aprili — 3 maisi).
bavariis sabWoTa respublikam erT Tveze naklebi

iarseba. samTavrobo jarebma revolucia CaaxSes,
magram bavariis sabWoTa respublikam bolSevik li
derebs gauZliera rwmena, rom SesaZlebelia msof
lio socialisturi revolucia. nacistebma ki `sab
WoTa bavariis~ epizodi gamoiyenes ebraulbolSe
vikuri SeTqmulebis~ saCveneblad, rac mTavar
rols asrulebda maT ideologiaSi.
wiTlad naCvenebia bavariis sab-
WoTa respublikis teritoria

am droebiTi warmatebiT aRfrTovanebuli kominternis aRmaskomis Tavmjdo
mare g. zinovievi Jurnal `komunisturi internacionalis~ 1l nomerSi werda:
`dRes ,,, internacionals Tavis mTavar bazad aqvs sami sabWoTa respublika: ruse

ajanyebulebs saTaveSi Caudga evgeni levine, — yofili rusi eseri, romelic germaniis kompartia-
Si Sevida.

Ti, ungreTi da bavaria. Zveli evropa didi siCqariT mieqaneba proletaruli re
voluciisken... erTi wlis Semdeg mTeli evropa komunisturi iqneba. komunizmis
Tvis brZola ukve amerikaSi iqneba gadatanili, aseve SesaZloa aziaSi da msofli
os sxva nawilebSi~.
Tumca, bolSevikebis es giganturi revoluciuri wamowyeba sul male Caifu
Sa. wiTeli armiis Seteva SeaCeres poloneTSic da besarabiaSic, TeTrgvardieli
generlis denikinis jarebis Setevam ki mTlianad daangria bolSevikebis samxre
Tis fronti da, saerTod, daemxo sabWoTa xelisufleba ukrainaSi.

5.5. `revoluciuri Semobruneba~ aziisaken
evropaSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg rsfsr da rkp(b) xelmZRvanelobam aRmo

savleTisken gadaitana yuradReba. amas xels uwyobda wiTeli armiis warmatebebi
uralsa da cimbirSi. 1919 wlis 5 agvistos sabWoTa ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
xelmZRvanelma lev trockim politbiurosaTvis wardgenil saidumlo moxseneba
Si Camoayaliba msoflio revoluciis ganviTarebis gegma aziis qveynebis gavliT.
trockis azriT, msoflio revoluciis gza indoeTis gavliT ufro mokle iqnebo-
da, vidre sabWoTa ungreTze gamavali gza. misi TqmiT, indoeTSi iseTi armiiTac
SeiZleboda warmatebis mopoveba, romelic evropaSi verafers gaakeTebda; ker-
Zod, ganixileboda 3040 aTasiani cxenosani korpusis SeWra indoeTSi.
trockis gancxadebiT, parizisa da londonisaken mimavali gza gadioda avRa
neTis, penjabisa da bengaliis qalaqebze. misi TqmiT, saWiro iyo aziaSi revoluci
is xelSewyoba, adgilobriv revolucionerTa kadrebis momzadeba, revoluciuri
propagandis gaSla da a. S. es gegmac sruli avantiura iyo da indoeTSi cxenosani
korpusis gagzavna arc ucdiaT.
aziaSi msoflio revoluciis winsvlis kidev erTi gza iyo islamis gamoyeneba
revoluciuri miznebiT. am ideis yvelaze TvalsaCino momxre sulTan galievi iyo.
1924 wels sulTan galievis represirebasTan erTad es ideac ukana rigSi gadavi
da.
aziaSi sabWoTa ruseTis warmateba aRmoCnda 1921 wels monRoleTSi saxalxo
demokratiuli xelisuflebis damyareba. 1911 wlidan monRoleTi CineTis Semad
genlobaSi Sedioda avtonomiis statusiT. 1919 wlis noemberSi CineTma gaauqma
monRoleTis avtonomia, Tumca CineTi monRoleTs ver akontrolebda. monRoleT
Tan dakavSirebiT Tavisi gegmebi hqonda iaponias da masze kontrolis damyarebas
apirebda. amisaTvis iyenebda TeTrgvardielTa nawilebs. 1921 wlis zafxulSi mon
RoleTis droebiTi saxalxo mTavrobis TxovniT, ruseTis wiTeli armia Sevida
monRoleTSi da 1922 wlisaTvis monRoleTis mTel teritoriaze suxebatoris
(monRoleTis saxalxodemokratiuli revoluciis lideri) xelisufleba damyar
da.

5.6. poloneTis gavliT germaniisken gaWris mcdeloba (1920 weli)
miuxedavad 1919 wlis revoluciuri talRis damarcxebisa, bolSevikebs uari

ar uTqvamT evropis gasabWoebis gegmaze.
kominternis ,, kongresis (1920 wlis 19 ivlisi — 17 agvisto) gaxsnisas zinovi
evma ganacxada, rom revoluciis siaxlove Tavidan gadaWarbebiT Seafases da ara
erTi weli, aramed orisami weli iqneboda saWiro, mTeli evropa sabWoTa rom gam-
xdariyo. misi TqmiT, erTi wliT adre iqneba Tu erTi wliT gvian, saerTaSoriso
sabWoTa respublikis Seqmna garduvali iyo. es mcdari imedebi gamoxatavda komin
ternsa da ruseTis kompartiaSi gabatonebul Tvalsazriss.

gansakuTrebuli aqcenti germaniaze keTdeboda. kominternis me2 kongresis
manifestSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom sabWoTa ruseTTan gaerTianebuli sabWoTa germa
nia yvela kapitalistur qveyanaze Zlieri iqneboda. unda iTqvas, rom aseTi gaer
Tianebis perspeqtiva dasavleTSic afiqrebdaT. britaneTis premierministris
loidjorjis gancxadebiT, germaniis mier SeiaraRebuli wiTeli armia, germane-
li generlebis xelmZRvanelobiT, dasavleT evropaSic SeiWreboda.
germaniisken gaWra bolSevikebma kvlav poloneTis gavliT scades. am ideis
mTavari avtori da Semoqmedi lenini iyo. lenins miaCnda, rom ungreTis sabWoTa
respublikis dacema ganapiroba iman, rom sabWoTa ruseTma mas daxmareba ver gau-
wia, amitom gadaWriT dadga `revoluciis eqsportis~ poziciaze.
1920 wlis aprilSi poloneTTan dawyebuli omi sabWoTa ruseTisTvis Tavi
dan warumatebeli iyo, magram Semdeg viTareba Seicvala da wiTeli armia Setevaze
gadavida. 1920 wlis ivlisis dasawyisSi wiTeli armia poloneTis teritoriaze Se
iWra. 30 ivliss belostokis aRebis Semdeg Seiqmna poloneTis droebiTi revkomi i.
marxlevskis xelmZRvanelobiT. saswrafod yalibdeboda polonelebisa da germa
nelebisagan Semdgari samxedro nawilebi. dasavleTis frontis sardalma m. tuxa
Cevskim 1920 wlis 2 ivliss gamosca brZaneba, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `win dasav
leTisken! varSavisaken! berlinisaken! TeTri poloneTis gvamze gadis gza msof-
lio xanZrisken. xiStebiT Cven movutanT mSromel kacobriobas bednierebasa da
mSvidobas!~ wiTeli armia varSavas miadga. leninis miTiTebiT frontze sul axa-
li da axali Zalebi igzavneboda, amasTan isini saTanadod momzadebulni da aR-
Wurvilni ar yofilan.
antantis liderebi kargad acnobierebdnen, rom `wiTeli intervenciis~
safrTxe realuri iyo. safrangeTidan saswrafod gadmoisroles polonel moxa
liseTa 70 aTasiani armia, poloneTis armias gadaeca mniSvnelovani SeiaraReba, ga
igzavna asobiT samxedro instruqtori. Tumca wiTeli armiis damarcxebis mTava
ri mizezi iyo is, rom polonelma mSromelebma klasobrivi brZolis gaCaRebasa da
msoflio revoluciisTvis brZolas TavianTi erovnuli saxelmwifos dacva arCi
es. wiTeli armia varSavis misadgomebidan ukuagdes da 800 kilometriT daaxevines
aRmosavleTisaken.
rogorc rusi istorikosi dimitri volkogonovi aRniSnavs, lenins arasodes
auRia pasuxismgebloba poloneTSi ganxorcielebul avantiuraze, arc sindiss Se
uwuxebia gaRebuli msxverplis gamo. saerTod, lenins arasodes awuxebda monani
ebisa da sindisis qenjnis grZnoba, misTvis `sentimentaloba~ didi danaSauli
iyo. Tumca, poloneTSi gancdilma marcxma lenini, msoflio revoluciis gaCaRe
bis mcdelobisas, ufro frTxili gaxada.
miuxedavad poloneTSi gancdili marcxisa, sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba da ko
minterni uars ar ambobdnen msoflio revoluciis ideaze. nikolai buxarini mo
iTxovda, rom kominternis programaSi Caweriliyo `yoveli proletaruli saxel
mwifos ufleba wiTel intervenciaze~, radganac, misi TqmiT, wiTeli armiis win
svla iyo `socializmis, proletaruli xelisuflebis da revoluciis gavrcele
ba~.

1920 wlis 17 marts lenini samxreTis frontze myof stalinTan satelefono saubris dros moiT-
xovda, rom saswrafod daepyroT yirimi, raTa xelebi Tavisufali hqonodaT. leninis TqmiT, `samoqa-
laqo omma germaniaSi SeiZleba gvaiZulos dasavleTisken laSqroba komunistebis dasaxmareblad~.

1920 wlis agvistoSi g. zinovievma frang mSromelebs aRuTqva, rom parizis komunis 50e wlisTavze,
e. i. 1921 wlis 18 martisTvis safrangeTi sabWoTa respublika gaxdeboda.


1920 wlis martSi lenini acxadebda, rom `komunisturi revoluciis gamar
jveba msoflios yvela qveyanaSi garduvalia~ da, misi azriT, es arcTu Soreul
droSi iyo mosalodneli.
1920 wlis Semodgomaze, yirimis dakavebis Semdeg, trockim winadadeba wamo
ayena, wiTeli armia kvlav dasavleTisken gadaesrolaT, Tumca gaCnda kidev erTi
avanturistuli gegma, — yirimidan evakuirebuli vrangelis TeTrgvardiuli nawi
lebi konstantinepolTan iyvnen ganlagebuli. da ucbad lenins mimarTaven wina
dadebiT, rac mas WkuaSi daujda — revoluciuri propagandiT aejanyebinaT vran
gelis nawilebi, konstantinepoli aeRoT da qemalistebisTvis gadaecaT, Semdeg
ki balkaneTis saxelmwifoebi gaesabWoebinaT. lenins es gegma Zalze moswonebia,
bolos ki trockim gadaafiqrebina, — avantiuraa da araferi gamovao.

`dascxe bolSevikebs!~ —
omis droindeli polonuri plakati

fronti 1920 wlis agvistoSi

`varSavaze laSqroba~ wiTel armi-
as Zvirad daujda — 120 aTasi daRupu-
li da aTeul aTasobiT tyve. 1921 wlis
TebervalSi leninma bolSevikebisaT-
vis mZime zavi gaaforma poloneTTan,
romelsac dasavleT belorusia da da-
savleT ukraina dauTmo (am teritori-
aze 6 mln. 750 aTasi mcxovrebidan po-
loneli mxolod 400 aTasi iyo), Tan
didi kontribuciis gadaxdac ikisra.
dasavleTSi dagvianebuli proletaruli revoluciis wabiZgebis mcdeloba

rusi komunistebis liderebis mxridan 1920iani wlebis Suaxanebamde grZeldebo
da. 1921 wlis 25 ivliss kominternis ,,, kongresze gamosvlisas leninma pirdapir
ganacxada: `msoflio revoluciis mxardaWeris gareSe proletaruli revoluci
is gamarjveba SeuZlebelia. jer kidev revoluciamde, aseve mis Semdeg, Cven vfiq
robdiT, rom axlave an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Zalian swrafad, moxdeboda revo
lucia sxva qveynebSi, kapitalistur, ufro ganviTarebul qveynebSi, an, winaaRm
deg SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda daviRupoT~.
am miznis realizebisTvis kominternis xelmZRvaneloba yovelnairad cdi
lobda evropaSi `revoluciuri situaciis~ forsirebas, magram revoluciis wa
biZgebis yvela mcdeloba marcxiT mTavrdeboda.


5.7. `msoflio revoluciis~ warmateba kavkasiaSi
samxreT kavkasiis gasabWoebas sabWoTa ruseTi 1920 wlis gazafxulze Seud

ga, rodesac 1920 wlis aprilis bolos wiTelma armiam TiTqmis ubrZolvelad da
ikava baqo da sabWoTa xelisufleba daamyara azerbaijanSi.
maSinve wiTeli armia saqarTveloSic SemoiWra, magram qarTulma jarma am Se
motevis mogerieba moaxerxa. am droisaTvis ukve mZime brZolebi mimdinareobda
poloneTis frontze, amitom leninma kavkasiaSi saomari moqmedebebi SeaCera da
1920 wlis 7 maiss saqarTvelosTan samSvidobo xelSekruleba gaaforma.
Tumca azerbaijanidan aRmosavleTSi revoluciuri moZraobis gaSlis sur
vili bolSevik liderebs Soris didi iyo. 1920 wlis 18 agvistos gaimarTa aRmo
savleTis xalxebis pirveli yriloba. yrilobis Catarebis adgilad, karl rade
kis winadadebiT, baqo airCies. xolo yrilobas xelmZRvanelobda g. zinovievi.
yrilobas 2 aTasamde warmomadgeneli daeswro aRmosavleTis 30 qveynidan, iyvnen
dasavleTis qveynebis warmomadgenlebic. yrilobis mizani iyo aRmosavleTis
xalxebis darazmva britaneTis imperiis winaaRmdeg, romelsac zinovievma yrilo
baze `saRvTo omi~ gamoucxada.
yrilobaze damswreebs ganumartes komunisturi doqtrina da miiRes `Sari
aTis proeqti~. is Seicavda SariaTis 15 ganmartebas, romlebic, proeqtis avtor
Ta mtkicebiT, komunistur doqtrinas Seesabameboda. dokumentis avtorebi cdi
lobdnen sabWoTa reJimis legitimacias aRmosavleTSi SariaTze dayrdnobiT.
1921 wels `sabWoTa SariaTelebs~ stalinmac dauWira mxari, magram sul male sab
WoTa xelisufleba daadga sruli aTeizmis gzas da TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgura
muslimi sasuliero wodeba.
yrilobis kulisebSi ki mimdinareobda mzadeba somxeTisa da saqarTvelos ga
sabWoebisaTvis, aseve aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars iranis (mirza quCukxani) da Tur
qeTis (mustafa qemal aTaTurqi) ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebs, romelTa gamar
jvebac am qveynebis gasabWoebis safuZveli gaxdeboda. ukve esaxebodaT axlo aR
mosavleTis sabWoTa respublikebis federaciis konturebi.
1920 wlis Semodgomaze somxeTi qemalistebTan omSi (1920 wlis 24 seqtemberi
— 2 dekemberi) damarcxda. TurqeTis xelSi gadavida yarsis mxare, somxeTis darCe
nil nawilSi ki Sevida wiTeli armiis nawilebi. 5 dekembers somxeTSi sabWoTa xe
lisufleba damyarda.
kavkasiaSi saqarTvelo marto darCa. moskovSi trocki da stalini daJinebiT
moiTxovdnen saqarTvelos gasabWoebas. am droisaTvis kremlSi ukve icodnen, rom
dasavleTSi saqarTvelos dasacavad Tavs aravin gamoidebda. saqarTveloSi ruse
Tis wiTeli armia `msoflio revoluciis~ ideiT SemoiWra, — saqarTveloSi mxo
lod gavliT varT, aqedan stambolisken an iranisken unda gavilaSqroTo. `dRevan
deli ruseTi ufro didi masStabiT awarmoebs msoflio politikas. am politikis
mizanTa rkalSi saqarTvelosac akisreben sakmaod rTul movaleobas. saqarTvelo
da tfilisi undaT im operaciebis bazad gahxadon, romelsac aRmosavleTis komu
nistebis politika moiTxovs~, — werda konstantine gamsaxurdia 1921 wlis maisSi.

yrilobas eswrebodnen bela kuni, jon ridi, jek filbi, xo Si mini, enverfaSa.

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axlo aRmosavleTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winsvla ar Sedga. qemal aTaTur
qma leninis daxmareba berZnebTan omSi gamoiyena, kavkasiaSi teritoriebi miiRo
da poziciebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg komunistebs zurgi aqcia.
iranSi `gasabWoebis~ saqme ufro win wavida. enzelSi (kaspiis zRvis sanapiro
ze) sabWoTa desantis gadasxmis Semdeg Seiqmna gilanis sabWoTa respublika
(1920 wlis ivnisi — 1921 wlis seqtemberi), romelmac sabWoTa ruseTis pirdapiri
daxmarebis Sewyvetis Semdeg didxans ver iarseba. 1921 wlis martSi sabWoTa ru
seTma megobrobis xelSekruleba gaaforma iranTan, romlis ZaliTac Tavisi sam
xedro nawilebi gaiyvana iranidan.

5.8. evropaSi socialisturi revoluciis `momzadebis~ mcdeloba
(1922 weli)
1922 wlis gazafxulze, genuis konferenciis win, ruseTis uSiSroebis samsa

xuris sagareo biurom (ɂɇɈ ɈȽɉɍ) rkp(b) ck politbiurosTvis moamzada saidum
lo moxsenebiTi baraTi dasavleT evropaSi socialisturi revoluciis perspeq
tivebis Sesaxeb. es moxsenebiTi baraTi, pirvel rigSi, Sedgenili iyo sabWoTa de
legaciisTvis genuis konferenciaze.
moxsenebiTi baraTis avtorTa azriT, msoflio socialisturi revoluciis
perspeqtivebi dasavleT evropaSi ukavSirdeboda movlenaTa ganviTarebas germa
niaSi, poloneTsa da italiaSi. Semtevi Zalis saxiT unda gamoeyenebinaT muSebi,
glexebi da radikalurad ganwyobili inteligencia. gansakuTrebuli gaTvla keT
deboda `radikalurad ganwyobil revoluciur axalgazrdobaze~.
gegmavdnen, rom am qveynebSi aralegaluri gzebiT gaegzavnaT gamocdili sam
xedro da politikuri muSakebi, raTa safuZveli CaeyaraT iaraRis bazebisTvis da
praqtikulad moemzadebinaT sabrZolo razmebi.
poloneTSi aseTi muSaoba ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda 1920 wlis sabWoTa
ruseTsa da poloneTs Soris omis periodidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom uSiSroebis mox
senebiT baraTSi rekomendaciac iyo gakeTebuli, poloneTSi aqtiurad gamoeyen
ebinaT òpoziciurad ganwyobili galiciuri elementi~, anu waeqezebinaT ukrain
uli separatizmi.
italiaSi revoluciis moxdenas ZiriTadad anarqistebis ZalebiT apirebdnen.
amitom Cekistebi rekomendacias iZleodnen, cixidan gaeTavisuflebinaT zogier
Ti rusi anarqisti, saTanadod `daemuSavebinaT~ da samuSaod gaegzavnaT italiaSi.
socialisturi revoluciis gegmebSi mTavari adgili germanias eTmoboda.
moxsenebiT baraTSi dawvrilebiT iyo gaanalizebuli ekonomikuri krizisi germa
niaSi, aseve mTavrobisa da partiis urTierToba.
rusi Cekistebis meore moxsenebiTi baraTi momzadda 1922 wlis zafxulSi. is
exeboda emigraciaSi myofi politikuri partiebisa da mimdinareobebis mdgomare
obas. swored is daedo safuZvlad g. zinovievis moxsenebas rkp(b) ;,, konferencia

lenini cdilobda gaeZlierebina TurqeTis revoluciis `komunisturi frTa~, imedovnebda, rom qe-
malis xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinare revolucia `demokratiulidan~ gadaizrdeboda `proletarul~
revoluciaSi. qemali, romelsac leninis mxardaWera sWirdeboda, molaparakebebs awarmoebda Turq
komunistebTan. 1921 wlis ianvarSi TurqeTis kompartiis Tavmjdomare mustafa subxi, kompartiis
generaluri mdivani ethem nejeTi da centraluri komitetis 13 wevri azerbaijanidan TurqeTSi ga-
davidnen, magram qemalis saidumlo miTiTebiT isini Seipyres, zRvaSi gaiyvanes da daxoces. miuxeda-
vad amisa, lenini agrZelebda qemalis daxmarebas (Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱ. Ʉɪɨɜɚɜɵɣ ɜɟɤ. ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ, 2017, ɫɬɪ.189).

enzelSi TeTrgvardielebs wayvanili hyavdaT kaspiis zRvis gemebi, romlebic ruseTs ekuTvnoda
da bolSevikebi maT dabrunebas moiTxovdnen. qalaqSi britanuli samxedro nawili idga, gemebi sab-
WoTa ruseTs gadasces.


ze 1922 wlis agvistoSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom misi gamosvla ufro optimisturi iyo
Cekistebis moxsenebiT baraTTan SedarebiT.

5.9. germania, 1923 weli
1923 wels mZime ekonomikuri krizisi germaniaSi bolSevikebma Seafases ro

gorc winarevoluciuri situacia. amas Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. germaniaSi arse
bobda ruseTis Semdeg yvelaze mravalricxovani da Zlieri komunisturi partia,
is dasayrdeni baza iyo kominternisaTvis.
1923 wlis zafxulSi samTavrobo krizisma germaniaSi qveyana axali revolu
ciuri Seryevis winaSe daayena. kominternSi Seiqmna germaniis komisia zinovievis,
buxarinis, trockis da stalinis SemadgenlobiT. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam 300
mln. oqros maneTi gamohyo germaniaSi aralegaluri muSaobisTvis. germaniaSi sa
muSaod gaigzavna avtoritetuli muSakebi (g. piatakovi, v. Smidti, k. radeki da
sxvebi). samxedro specialistebi amzadebdnen mebrZolebs.
1923 wlis Semodgomaze moskovma germaniaSi socialisturi revoluciis gan
xorcieleba scada. Seadgines germaniaSi revoluciis ganxorcielebis kalendaru
li gegma, Tu rodis unda dawyebuliyo ajanyebebi ama Tu im regionsa da qalaqSi.
revolucia unda dawyebuliyo 1923 wlis 7 noembers berlinSi ajanyebiT, anu oq
tombris revoluciis me6 wlisTavze. trockis SefasebiT, germaniaSi revoluciis
ZiriTadi amocana iyo msoflio kapitalizmis kraxi. Semdeg gegmaSi cvlilebebi
Sevida — revolucia unda dawyebuliyo 1923 wlis 9 noembers saqsoniaSi ajanyebiT.
gegmis Tanaxmad, 7 noembers mTel germaniaSi moewyoboda demonstraciebi oqtom
bris wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad, rasac mohyveboda Setakebebi policiasTan da gada
izrdeboda ajanyebaSi.
zinovievma gazeT `pravdaSi~ gamoaqveyna statia proletaruli revoluciis
gamarjvebis garduvalobis Sesaxeb germaniaSi, rasac sabWoTa ruseTisa da sabWo
Ta germaniis kavSiris Seqmna unda mohyoloda.
trockis brZanebiT, poloneTis sazRvarTan Tavs uyridnen wiTeli armiis
cxenosan korpusebs, raTa wasuliyvnen germaniis proletariatis dasaxmareblad,
iqidan ki italiaSi unda SeWriliyvnen.
1923 wlis 20 oqtombers germaniis kompartiis centralurma komitetma gamo
acxada sayovelTao politikuri gaficva, magram xelisuflebac swrafad moqme
debda. amoqmedda reixsveri, reixkanclerma, socialdemokratma fridrix eber-
tma (18711925) qveyanaSi saalyo mdgomareoba gamoacxada. germaniis kompartiis
xelmZRvanelobam ajanyeba gadaifiqra. ajanyeba moxda mxolod hamburgSi telma
nis xelmZRvanelobiT. ajanyebulebma mxolod 60 saaTi gaZles. gamoirkva, rom
germaniaSi muSaTa klasis ZiriTadi nawili orientirebuli iyo socialdemokra
tiaze da mxari ar dauWira komunistebs. 1923 wlis 23 noembers germaniis xelisuf
lebam akrZala kompartia da masTan dakavSirebuli organizaciebi. amave dros ga
aqtiurda safrangeTis saokupacio Zalebi ruris olqSi da aseve antantisTvis
cnobili gaxda moskovSi saidumlod miRebuli gegmis Sesaxeb. movlenaTa msvle
lobam aCvena, rom germaniaSi revoluciis mowyoba saTanadod ar iyo dagegmili da
yvelaferi morigi avantiura aRmoCnda.

5.10. bulgareTi, 1923 da 1925 wlebi
germaniaSi ganviTarebul movlenebTan erTad, SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mow

yoba scades bulgareTSi georgi dimitrovis xelmZRvanelobiT. odesaSi mzadde
boda bulgareli komunistebis sabrZolo jgufebi. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba mos
kovSi Tvlida, rom revolucia bulgareTSi advilad gaimarjvebda. komunisturma
ajanyebam bulgareTSi 1923 wlis 1430 seqtembers ifeTqa. misi damarcxebis mizezi
ki is gaxda, rom glexebma ajanyebas mxari ar dauWires. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,
rom, Tavis mxriv, kompartiam mxari ar dauWira 1923 wlis ivnisSi bulgareTis
glexTa partiis brZolas.
1923 wlis ajanyebis marcxma ver SeaCera kominterni da sabWoTa kavSiris xel
mZRvaneloba. 1924 wels gagrZelda muSaoba bulgareTSi axali revoluciis mosaw
yobad. mzadebas xelmZRvanelobdnen venidan, sadac 1924 wlis dasawyisSi Cavida
balkaneTSi sabWoTa agenturis xelmZRvaneli v. nesteroviCi. is profesionali
samxedro iyo.
1925 wlis TebervalSi nesteroviCma SeimuSava gegma, romlis Tanaxmadac,
`msoflio revoluciis~ gasaCaReblad unda gamoeyenebinaT panslavizmis idea.
misi gegmis Tanaxmad, ajanyeba unda dawyebuliyo bulgareTsa da serbeTSi da Sem
deg moedeboda mTel balkaneTs. amis Semdeg avstriis gavliT revolucia dasav
leT evropis qveynebs, pirvel rigSi, germanias moedeboda. revoluciuri gamos
vlis dasayrdeni unda gamxdariyo am qveyanaSi arsebuli slavuri komitetebi. es
gegma stalinmac moiwona.
ajanyeba bulgareTis dedaqalaq sofiaSi 1925 wlis 16 aprils daiwyo, Tumca,
rogorc aRmoCnda, bulgareTis policia saqmis kursSi iyo, winaswar hqonda mom
zadebuli dasapatimrebelTa siebi. 17 aprils RamiT daiwyo sisxliani angariSswo
reba. eWvmitanilebs pirdapir xvretdnen sasamarTlos gareSe. revolucia bulga
reTSi amjeradac ar Sedga.

5.11. estoneTi, 1924 weli
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela adrindelma mcdelobam dasavleTSi proleta

ruli revoluciis wabiZgebisa marcxi ganicada, sabWoTa mTavroba da kominterni
Tavisas ar iSlidnen. amjerad revoluciis mowyoba estoneTSi scades. estoneTis
kompartias 1924 wlis gazafxulze miaCnda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo warmatebuli aj
anyebis mowyoba.
ajanyeba daigegma 1924 wlis SemodgomisTvis, gaiSala didi saagitacio muSa
oba da saidumlo samxedroteqnikuri mzadeba. yalibdeboda SeiaraRebuli razme
bi. noemberSi hyavdaT 1000 mebrZoli, aqedan talinSi — 400. ajanyebis dawyebis Sem
deg varaudobdnen maT swraf gazrdas. ajanyeba unda dawyebuliyo talinSi da da
emyarebinaT sabWoTa xelisufleba, ajanyebis dawyebisTanave sabWoTa kavSiridan
estoneTSi moxaliseebis saxiT dabrundeboda emigraciaSi myofi 6700 estoneli
komunisti da komkavSireli. ajanyeba daiwyo 1924 wlis 30 noembers gamTeniisas,
magram is maleve CaaxSes samTavrobo Zalebma.
estoneTSi ajanyebis iniciativa modioda kominternis aRmaskomis Tavmjdo
maris g. zinovievisagan. estoneTis muSaTa klasma ajanyebas mxari ar dauWira, amis
gamo ajanyeba mxolod erT dRes gagrZelda. mogvianebiT stalinma sajarod das
do brali zinovievs, rom man es ajanyeba Caifiqra kominternSi Tavisi poziciebis
gansamtkiceblad, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom stalini saqmis kursSi iyo da Tavadac
iwonebda kominternis moqmedebas am mimarTulebiT.

5.12. msoflio revoluciis nacvlad erT qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneb-
lobis gegmaze gadasvla
kominternis me5 kongresze (1924) gamosvlisas karl radeki aRniSnavda, rom

msoflio revoluciis xelovnuri gaRvivebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris msoflio masS
tabiT ganvrcobis gegma mcdaria. radekis am gamosvlas delegatTa umravlesobam
mxari ar dauWira, magram 1925 wels bulgareTis meore revoluciis marcxis Sem
deg sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobam msoflio revoluciis gaCaRebis mcdelo
bebze droebiT uari Tqva.
evropaSi revoluciuri moZraobis dacemam kominterni aiZula gamoetana
daskvna, rom kapitalizmi Sevida `droebiTi da nawilobrivi stabilizaciis~ peri
odSi. Tumca revoluciis molodini mainc didi iyo. 1926 wlis maisSi daiwyo sayo
velTao gaficva inglisSi. inglisis gaficvasTan dakavSirebiT g. zinovievi Tvli
da, rom kapitalizmis stabilizacia mTavrdeboda da kapitalisturi sistema
kvlav Sedioda uSualo revoluciur afeTqebaTa periodSi. aseTi Tvalsazrisi
dagmes rkp(b) centralurma komitetma da kominternis aRmaskomis prezidiumma.
radganac evropaSi revoluciuri procesis forsireba ver moxerxda, bolSe
vikebisTvis prioriteti sakuTari xelisuflebis SenarCuneba gaxda. 1925 wels
stalinma Camoayaliba erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis idea, am
asTan gamoacxada, rom es leninis Tvalsazrisi iyo. msoflio revoluciam `droeb
iT ukan daixia~ da aseT pirobebSi mTavari iyo socializmis mSenebloba sabWoTa
kavSirSi. sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politika aRar eqvemdebareboda `msoflio re
voluciis~ gaCaRebis ideas.
rkp (b) ;9 konferenciaze (1926 wlis 26 oqtomberi — 3 noemberi) trocki da
zinovievi gamovidnen erT qveyanaSi socializmis gamarjvebis Tezisis winaaRmdeg.
isini aRniSnavdnen, rom socializmis gamarjveba sabWoTa kavSirSi SeuZlebelia
dasavleTis proletariatis `pirdapiri saxelmwifo daxmarebis~ gareSe. maTi az
riT, socializmis mSeneblobis politika iyo msoflio revoluciis perspeqtiveb
ze uaris Tqma, proletaruli internacionalizmis daviwyeba. trocki amtkicebda,
rom mxolod revoluciis gamarjveba msoflio masStabiT ixsnida sabWoTa xeli
suflebas `gadagvarebisa da lpobisagan~, rom siZneleebis daZlevis erTaderTi
gza iyo msoflio revoluciis wabiZgeba `yvelanairi saSualebiT, maT Soris omis
gaCaRebiTac~, Tumca xelisufleba ukve stalinis xelSi iyo koncentrirebuli da
is erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis Teorias uWerda mxars.
erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneblobis idea amave dros niS
navda alyaSemortymuli cixesimagris ideologiaze gadasvlas.
1936 wlis sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciaSi aRar iyo naxsenebi `msoflio sab
WoTa socialisturi respublika~. miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa kavSirs arasodes
uTqvams uari sxva qveynebSi revoluciis eqsportis gegmebze.
erT qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneblobis ideisaken Semobrunebis miuxedavad,
sabWoTa kavSirSi ar wydeboda saubari msoflio revoluciis gzebis Sesaxeb. 1926
1927 wlebidan yuradReba gadatanili iyo CineTSi mimdinare movlenebze, magram
kominternis imedebis msxvrevam CineTSi 1920iani wlebis bolos da 1930iani wle
bis dasawyisSi didi imedgacrueba gamoiwvia; yvelaferi buxarins dabralda, rome
lic im dros kominterns xelmZRvanelobda.
ukanasknelad sityvebi `msoflio revolucia~ sabWoTa gazeTebis furcleb-
ze 1931 wels figurirebda. amis Semdeg stalini èrT calke aRebul qveyanaSi so-
cializmis aSenebaze~ gadaerTo, rasakvirvelia ùkeTesi momavlis~ imediT.

Ʉɨɦɢɧɬɟɪɧ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ. Ɇ., 1969, ɫ.255.

nawili mesame
bolSevikuri ideologiisa da politikis
krizisi
Tavi 9,.
`samxedro komunizmis~ politika
6.1. `samxedro komunizmis~ politikis arsi
`samxedro komunizms~ Cveulebriv uwodeben sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ga

tarebul ekonomikur politikas 1918 wlis Sua xanebidan 1921 wlis martamde, Tum
ca es gansazRvreba garkveulwilad pirobiTia.
jer erTi, Tavad termini `samxedro komunizmi~ mxolod 1921 wels gaCnda,
rodesac àxali ekonomikuri politikis~ SemoRebis Semdeg daiwyo mis win arsebu
li ekonomikuri kursis gaazreba, kursisa, romelmac 1921 wlis dasawyisisTvis
Seqmna umZimesi socialurekonomikuri da politikuri krizisi da bolSevikebs
kinaRam xelisuflebis dakargvad daujdaT;
meore, samoqalaqo omis periodis Sedegad damkvidrebuli sazogadoebrivi
mowyobis modeli da ekonomikuri politikac TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, stiqiurad, samxedro drois sagangebo pirobebis gavleniT.
sabWour da postsabWour istoriografiaSi dominirebs mosazreba, rom 1918
1920 wlebSi gatarebuli ekonomikuri zomebis mizani iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis
SenarCuneba qveynis faqtobrivi dezintegraciis, ekonomikis ngrevisa da resur
sebis simwiris pirobebSi. yovelive aman ganapiroba ekonomikis marTvis centrali
zeba; warmoebisa da moxmarebis mkacri reglamentacia; ekonomikuri berketebis
gaqroba; sameurneo cxovrebis regulirebis administraciulrepresiuli meTo
debis gaZliereba.
Tumca angariSgasawevia meore mosazreba: `samxedro komunizmi~ iyo ara samo
qalaqo omis Sedegi, aramed mizezi. bolSevikebi eswrafodnen `socializmze pir
dapir gadasvlas~, rac gulisxmobda swored kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas, fulad
sasaqonlo urTierTobebis Secvlas administraciuli ganawilebiT. aseTi zome
bis gatareba sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda da samkvdrosasicocxlo dapiris
pirebas niSnavda, sadac kompromisi gamoricxuli iyo.
1921 wels, Zvel politikaze uaris Tqmis gasamarTleblad, leninma mas `sam
xedro~ uwoda, TiTqosda am politikas saomari mdgomareobis gamo iZulebiT at
arebdnen, raTa `sagangebo zomebis~ miRebiT gamarjveba moepovebinaT samoqalaqo
omSi. sinamdvileSi ki swored am politikam, socializmis mokle vadaSi aSenebis
mcdelobam mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba qveyanaSi samoqalaqo omis gaCaReba.
`samxedro komunizmis~ istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori etapi:
a `samxedro komunizmis~ sistemis Camoyalibeba samoqalaqo omis periodSi
(1918 wlis zafxuli — 1920 wlis dasawyisi);
b `samxedro komunizmis~ àyvavebis~ periodi — miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqa
laqo omSi gamarjveba 1919 wlis bolosTvis ukve mopovebuli hqondaT, bolSevi-

1918 wlis gazafxulze trocki da lenini acxadebdnen, rom ruseTSi 6 TveSi gadavidodnen socia-
lizmze, mospobdnen sasaqonlo urTierTobebs da a.S.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɍɨɦ ,, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2018. ɋɬɪ.632.

kebi inarCunebdnen da aRrmavebdnen sagangebo zomebs (1920 wlis gazafxuli — 1921
wlis marti).
SeiZleba gamoiyos samxedro komunizmis ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli niSani:

`samxedro komunizmis~ SemoRebis mizezebi:
— kapitalizmis gverdis avliT komunizmis aSenebis idea;
— resursebis koncentracia samoqalaqo omSi gamarjve
bisTvis.
`samxedro komunizmis~ ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi:
— kerZo sakuTrebis likvidacia;
— sasaqonlofuladi urTierTobebis mospoba;
— administraciulmbrZanebluri sistemis SemoReba.

6.2. mrewvelobis nacionalizeba
`samxedro komunizmis~ dros moxda msxvili, saSualo da nawilobriv mcire

mrewvelobis nacionalizeba. 1918 wlis Semodgomaze saxelmwifos xelSi iyo 9,5
aTasi sawarmo, 1920 wels ki — 37 aTasze meti. sawarmoebis saxelmwifos xelSi ga
dasvla, fulis mimoqcevis darRvevasTan erTad, iwvevda warmoebis ngrevas. 1918
wels samrewvelo warmoeba ruseTSi ori mesamediT Semcirda. nacionalizebul sa
warmoebSi Sromis nayofiereba omamdelTan SedarebiT 4jer Semcirda, samrewve
lo muSebis raodenoba ki ganaxevrda.
Seicvala saxalxo meurneobis marTvis sistema, sadac wamyvani gaxda centra
lizaciis tendencia. Seiqmna e. w. `glavkebi~ (`mTavari sammarTveloebi~) — ekonom
ikis calkeuli dargebis samarTavad. sawarmoebi iRebdnen nedleuls, mTel warmo
ebul produqcias ki saxelmwifos abarebdnen. 1920 wlis zafxulisTvis arsebobda
49 `glavki~, centri da komisia. maT specializaciaze saxelwodebebi metyvelebda:
glavmetali, glavtorfi, glavteqstili da a. S. iyo sruliad ucnauri uwyebebic —
magaliTad `Cekvalapi~ (`valenkebisa~ da `laptebis~ damzadebis sagangebo komi
sia). maTi saqmianoba, pirvel rigSi, frontis interesebs emsaxureboda.
personaluri pasuxismgeblobis uzrunvelsayofad iniSnebodnen komisrebi
specialuri uflebamosilebebiT. magaliTad, 1919 wlis ivlisSi a. rikovi dainiSna
Tavdacvis sabWos sagangebo rwmunebulad wiTeli armiis momaragebis sakiTxSi
(ɑɭɫɨɫɧɚɛɚɪɦ). mas SeeZlo nebismieri aparatis gamoyeneba, nebismieri Tanamdebobis
piris gadayeneba, `samxedro saWiroebisaTvis~ nebismieri saqonlis rekvizireba.
mas emorCileboda Tavdacvaze momuSave yvela qarxana.
6.3. sasursaTo gawera

`samxedro komunizmis~ politikis erTerTi centraluri elementi iyo sa
sursaTo gawera, romelic saxkomsabWos 1919 wlis 11 ianvris dekretiT SemoiRes.

1920 wlis Semodgomaze miiRes dekreti yvela saSualo sawarmos nacionalizebis Sesaxeb.

dadgenileba msxvili da nawilobriv saSualo sawarmoebis nacionalizebis Sesaxeb miiRes 1918 wlis
28 ivniss, garkveuli drois Semdeg ki saxelmwifos xelSi gadavida yvela sawarmo, romelSic 5 muSa-
ze meti muSaobda.


mas formalurad cvlilebebi Sehqonda adre gatarebul politikaSi: 1918 wlis ga
zafxulze SemoRebuli `sasursaTo diqtatura~ gulisxmobda glexebisTvis mTe
li `zedmeti~ produqtis CamorTmevas (rac ojaxis mosaxmareblad da dasaTesad
ar sWirdeboda).
sasursaTo gawera ki gulisxmobda guberniebisTvis `gonivruli~ gadasaxadis
dawesebas, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra warmodgena hqondaT iq arsebul maragebis Ta
obaze. Semdeg gubernia amas anawilebda calkeul mazrebsa da Temebze. sinamdvi
leSi ki xorblis amoReba xdeboda glexebis realuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvalis
winebis gareSe, rac maT ukmayofilebas iwvevda. damzadebis gegmebi irRveoda da
amas mosdevda represiebi. 1919 wlis bolosTvis sasursaTo gaweriT iRebdnen ara
marto xorbals, aramed kartofils da xorcsac.
nameti produqciis CamorTmevis politikis gamo soflad ukve cdilobdnen
mxolod TavianTi samyofi mosavali moeyvanaT. mkveTrad Semcirda naTesi farTo
bi, saqonlisa da frinvelis suladoba, soflis meurneobis produqcia sul ufro
mcirdeboda.
1918 wlis 13 maiss sursaTis saxalxo ko-
misariatma miiRo sagangebo uflebebi
`soflis burJuaziasTan sabrZolvelad,
romelic malavs puris marags da spekula-
cias eweva~. es dekreti mouwodebda `puris
mflobelTa ZaladobisTvis damSeul Rari-
bebze epasuxaT burJuaziaze ZaladobiT~.
sofelze gasabatoneblad bolSevikebma ga-
dawyvites, gaeTiSaT sofeli da soflis Ra-
riboba mdidari glexebisTvis daepirispi-
rebinaT. sofelSi 1918 wlis ivnisidan Seiq-
mna RaribTa komitetebi, romelTa wevrebic
puris konfiskaciaSi monawileobis sanac-
vlod mis nawils iRebdnen.
bolSevikebi soflad glexebs marqsis Sesaxeb leqcias

ukiTxaven.
a. ruJnikovis koleqcia

bolSevikuri plakati: `vin aris sasursaTo gaweris

Sesrulebis winaaRmdegi?~
naxats gakeTebuli aqvs warwera: mRvdeli, kulaki da
TeTrgvardieli.

6.4. mosaxleobis normirebuli momarageba
pirveli msoflio omis dros ruseTSi produqtebi yovelgvari normirebis

gareSe nawildeboda (garda Saqrisa) da arc SimSiloba iyo. 1918 wlis damdegidan
daiwyo zogierTi produqtis baraTebiT gacema, xolo 1918 wlis noembridan yvela
produqti mxolod baraTebiT gaicemoda. baraTebi imaze bevri ibeWdeboda, vidre
macxovreblebi iyvnen da baraTebiT spekulacia Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda. bolSe
viki xelmZRvanelebi ki specialur baraTebs iRebdnen, romliTac yvelafriT ux-
vad maragdebodnen.
sasursaTo krizisma ganapiroba mosaxleobis normirebuli momarageba saba
raTo sistemiT. klasobrivi principisa da saqmianobis sferos mixedviT qalaqebis
mosaxleoba daiyo oTx kategoriad, TiToeulis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa gan
sxvavebuli da Zalian dabali iyo. 1919 w. maisSi petrogradSi pirveli, umaRlesi
kategoriis pirs eZleoda dReSi 200 grami puri, xolo me3 kategoria Rebulobda
50 grams dReSi (leningradis blokadis dros minimaluri norma dReSi 125 gram
purs Seadgenda). sul 1919 wels petrogradSi 33 saxis baraTi iyo: purze, rZeze,
fexsacmelze da a. S. 1920 wels sabWoTa ruseTSi normirebuli momarageba 24 mln
adamianze vrceldeboda. sasursaTo da samrewvelo saqonlis Sekreba da ganawile
ba evaleboda sursaTis saxalxo komisariats (ɇɚɪɤɨɦɩɪɨɞ), romelic samxedro uw
yebis Semdeg mniSvnelobiT meore iyo. mas emorCileboda sasursaTo armia
(ɉɪɨɞɚɪɦɢɹ), 1920 wels 77,5 aTasi TanamSromliT, da samomxmareblo kooperaciis
aparati (1920 wlis 1 ianvars — 53 aTasi sazogadoeba).

1918 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa ruseTSi SemoiRes sabaraTo

sistema. 1921 wels axal ekonomikur politikaze gadasvlis
Semdeg sabaraTo sistema produqtebze gauqmda.
6.5. vaWrobis SezRudva
normirebuli moxmarebis SemoRebas mohyva savaWro operaciebis mkveTri Sez

Rudva. 1918 wlis 22 ivniss gamoica dekreti, romliTac aikrZala saxelmwifos mi
er monopolizebuli kvebis produqtebis gayidva anda gasayidad Senaxva. damnaSa
ves emuqreboda 10 wlamde patimroba, iZulebiTi muSaoba da mTeli qonebis kon
fiskacia. 1918 wlis 21 noembers mTeli Sida vaWroba saxelmwifo monopoliad ga
mocxadda.
nacionalizebuli iyo kerZo savaWro firmebi, sawyobebi da wvrili vaWrobac
ki. vaWroba faqtobrivad aikrZala. nebadarTuli iyo mxolod aranormirebuli
produqtebis gayidva, romelTa raodenobac mkveTrad mcirdeboda. magram vaWro
bis mospoba bolSevikebma ver moaxerxes: `mtkice~ Sesasyidi fasebi imdenad mcire
iyo, rom mwarmoeblebs da spekulantebs aiZulebda saqoneli gaeyidaT `Sav~ ba
zarze realuri fasebiT. wvrili sabazro vaWroba adgilebze kvlav arsebobda. xe
lisufleba iZulebuli iyo, amas Serigeboda. am saxis urTierTobebis simbolo
iyo moskovis `suxarevka~, sadac yvelafris yidva SeiZleboda, — es iqneboda sur
saTi, Zvirfaseuloba, tansacmeli, wignebi, aveji Tu sxva ram.

1919 wlis zafxulSi bolSevikebi aRiarebdnen, rom qalaqis muSebi maT mier
moxmarebuli produqtebis daaxloebiT naxevars saxelmwifo fasebiT `narkom
prodisgan~ Rebulobdnen, meore naxevars ki Sav bazarze yidulobdnen spekula
ciuri fasebiT.

6.6. xelfasis naturalizacia
bolSevikebma gaauqmes wina mTavrobis mTeli administraciuli aparati, maT

Soris sagadasaxado. amdenad, daikarga Semosavlis miRebis tradiciuli gza. sa
xelmwifos Semosavali mkveTrad Seumcirda da bolSevikebi xarjebis dasafinan
seblad daadgnen fulis SeuzRudav emisias: 1918 wlis dasawyisSi mimoqcevaSi iyo
22 miliardi rubli, wlis ganmavlobaSi misi fuladi moculoba samjer gaizarda
da 1919 wlis dasawyisisTvis mimoqcevaSi iyo ukve 61,3 miliardi rubli, Semdeg ki
inflaciam saerTod astronomiuli masStabebi miiRo: 1920 wels mimoqcevaSi iyo
225 miliardi, 1921 wels ki — 1,2 trilioni rubli. 1921 wlisaTvis rubli omamdel
periodTan SedarebiT gaufasurda 50 aTasjer, xolo saqonelze saSualo fasebi
gaizarda 97 aTasjer.
fuladi masis zrdas emateboda isic, rom erTdroulad mimoqcevaSi iyo sxva
dasxva fuladi niSnebi: mefis droindeli (`nikolaevkebi~), droebiTi mTavrobis
gamoSvebuli (`kerenskebi~), xolo 1919 wlis Tebervlidan — rsfsr `fuladi niSne
bi~. fulis ukmarisoba da regionebs Soris kavSiris gawyveta iwvevda adgilobrivi
fuladi niSnebisa da maTi surogatebis gaCenas. `Tavis~ fuls beWdavdnen iJevskSi,
irkutskSi, yazanSi, kalugasa da sxva qalaqebSi. fulis Semcvlelebis saxiT gamo
iyeneboda sxvadasxva Cekebi, bonebi, tramvais wignakebi, Rvinis boTlebis etikete
bi. 19181922 wlebSi yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze mimoqcevaSi iyo 2181
fuladi niSani.
fulis gaufasureba iwvevda fasebis katastroful zrdas. asanTis kolofi
an tramvais bileTi milionobiT rubli Rirda. 1921 wels 50aTasiani sabWoTa ku
piuris msyidvelobiTi unari omamdeli erTi kapikis toli iyo.
19181920 wlebSi moxda xelfasis naturalizacia — muSebsa da mosamsaxure
ebs xelfass aZlevdnen sursaTisa da moxmarebis sagnebis saxiT. 1920 wels xelfa
sis fuladi nawili mTeli xelfasis mxolod 7,4s Seadgenda. es gamowveuli iyo
fulis mniSvnelobis mkveTri SemcirebiT 19181920 wlebSi. fulis mimoqcevis
darRveva pirdapir ukavSirdeboda sameurneo ngrevas.
saxelmwifo seqtorSi formalurad SenarCunebuli iyo diferencirebuli
xelfasi (1919 wels maRal da dabal kategoriebs Soris xuTmagi sxvaoba iyo), mag
ram praqtikulad amas aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqonda, — fuli gaufasurebuli
iyo da yvela muSaki naturalur ulufas Rebulobda (aq sxvaoba 2idan 9s Sead
genda). amgvarad Camoyalibda gamTanabrebuli ganawileba, rogorc qveyanaSi arse
buli ekonomikuri sistemis Semadgeneli nawili.

6.7. Sromis militarizacia
`samxedro komunizmis~ damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo Sromis militarizacia,

rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo misi ekonomikuri stimulirebis SeuZ
leblobiT. sawarmoebis nacionalizacias garduvalad mohyva SromiTi valdebu
lebis SemoReba. muSebma, rogorc ki igrZnes Tavi sawarmoebis mepatroneebad, faq
tobrivad Sewyvites muSaoba, mkveTrad Semcirda Sromisnayofiereba.
Tavidan SromiTi valdebuleba exeboda mxolod burJuaziis warmomadgen
lebs, magram 1918 wlis oqtombridan mTeli Sromisunariani mosaxleoba 16dan 50

wlamde valdebuli iyo aRricxvaze damdgariyo samuSao Zalis aRricxvis ganyofi
lebebSi da maTi gaSveba SeeZloT nebismier saWiro samuSaoze. SromiTi begara
`burJuaziuli klasebis~ warmomadgenelTa (e. w. `yofilebis~) dasamcireblad ga
moiyeneboda.

iZulebiTi samuSaoebi mdidari vaWrebis,

Tavadaznaurebisa da damnaSaveebisaTvis re-
voluciis wlebSi.
`burJuaziuli~ warmoSobis qalebsa da go-
gonebs agzavnidnen, rogorc wesi, tualete-
bis dasalageblad Cekistebisa da wiTelarmi-
elebis yazarmebSi.
1918 wlis bolodan xelisufleba mimarTavda muSebisa da mosamsaxureebis

gawvevas (samxedro gawvevis msgavsad) saxelmwifo samsaxurSi ekonomikis garkve
ul dargebSi. muSakebs iZulebiT miamagrebdnen xolme sawarmoebsa da dawesebule
bebSi, saidanac TviTneburi wasvla dezertirobas uTanabrdeboda da samxedro
drois kanonebis mixedviT isjeboda (tribunalis sasamarTlo, patimroba sakon
centracio banakSi). yovelive amas Sedegad mosdevda dabali Sromis nayofiereba
da susti disciplina.
1919 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa metalurgiuli qarxnebi daaTvaliera amerik
elma inJinerma frenk kelim, romelic gaognebuli darCa `ngrevis, gaRatakebis da
profesiuli SromiTi gavelurebis~ masStabebiT. misi gamoTvliT, muSebi mwarmo
eblur saqmianobaze xarjavdnen samuSao drois mxolod 20s. kelim amis Taobaze
trockis miswera da ganucxada, rom aucilebeli iyo `Sromis militarizacia~.
trockis es idea moewona da 1919 wlis 19 dekembers lenins Sesabamisi rekomenda
cia warudgina. leninmac mTlianad moiwona es idea da 1920 wlis gazafxulidan da
iwyo trockis mier Camoyalibebuli Sromis militarizaciis gegmis cxovrebaSi ga
tareba. SromiT armiaSi mobilizebul iqna 1 milion 600 aTasze meti adamiani, Sro
miTi frontis dezertirebic iseve isjebodnen, rogorc samxedro dezertirebi —
daxvretiT. adamianebi yazarmul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen da Sromis sanacvlod mxo
lod minimalur sakvebs aZlevdnen. ZerJinskis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna `Sromi
Ti valdebulebis mTavari komiteti~.
1920 wlis dasawyisidan trockis iniciativiT SemoRebul iqna e. w. `SabaTobe
bisa~ da `kviraobebis~ Catarebis praqtika. sabWoTa periodSi maT warmoadgendnen
mSromelTa nebayoflobiT iniciativad, sinamdvileSi ki es iyo uqme dReebSi iZ
ulebiTi muSaobis sistema, romlis drosac adamianebi anazRaurebis gareSe dReSi
1216 saaTs muSaobdnen. SabaTobebze milionobiT adamians amuSavebdnen erTdro
ulad mTeli gasabWoebuli sivrcis masStabiT. magaliTad, 1920 wlis 22 maisis Sa
baTobaze 15 milioni adamiani monawileobda.
samoqalaqo omSi faqtobrivi gamarjvebis Semdeg mravalmilioniani wiTeli
armia saWiro aRar iyo, magram 1920 wlis ianvridan trocki Seudga maT reorgani
zebas `SromiT armiebad~. samxedro disciplinis qveS myof adamianebs iyenebdnen
meurneobis aRsadgenad, xetyis dasamzadeblad da mosavlis asaRebad. 1920 wlis
martSi rkp(b) ,; yrilobam mxari dauWira `SromiT armiebSi~ damatebiT mobiliza


cias da uaryo profkavSirebis moTxovna, monawileoba mieRoT sawarmoebis mar
TvaSi.

6.8. yofa `samxedro komunizmis~ dros
moqalaqeTa absoluturi umravlesobis yofa `samxedro komunizmis~ dros

Raribuli, uRimRamo da mosawyeni iyo. qalaqebis quCebi xSirad ganaTebuli ar iyo
da iSviaTad alagebdnen. saxlebSi ar muSaobda kanalizacia da wyalgayvaniloba,
ar kmaroda saTbobi binebis mcired mainc gasaTbobad, saxlebi ar remontdeboda.
daketili iyo maRaziebi, traqtirebi, kafeebi da restornebi.
mkveTrad Semcirda qalaqebis mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT didi qalaqebisa.
magaliTad, 19171920 wlebSi petrogradis mosaxleoba ori mesamediT Semcirda,
moskovis mosaxleoba — erTi mesamediT. centraluri ruseTis 12 sagubernio qa
laqma dakarga Tavisi mosaxleobis naxevari (1916 wels am qalaqebSi 6,8 mln adamia
ni cxovrobda, 1920 wels — 3,8 milioni). mosaxleobis aseTi Semcireba aixsneba im
iT, rom soflad gaiqca yvela, visac iq naTesavebi hyavda, bevri daiRupa SimSiliT
da avadmyofobiT, zogma ki ucxoeTSi wasvla moaxerxa. damaxasiaTebelia mecnier
ebis akademiis wevrebis bedi: 1917 wels cocxali iyo 46 akademikosi, aqedan 15 gar
daicvala, 8 emigraciaSi wavida da 1923 wlisaTvis darCa 23 akademikosi.
wamlebis arqona da cxovrebis antisanitariuli pirobebi xels uwyobda epid
emiebis gavrcelebas, ris Sedegadac ruseTSi samxedro komunizmis wlebSi garda
icvala 3,5 mln adamiani (7jer meti, vidre samoqalaqo omis frontebze).
Seicvala mosaxleobis garegnobac. Zvirfasi da xarisxiani tansacmlis tare
bas ver bedavdnen, xSirad ki arc SeeZloT. `batonkacur~ garegnobas SeiZleba ga
moewvia klasobrivi siZulvilis gamovlineba quCaSi, amasTan bevri saxis `fufune
bis sagnebi~ (maT Soris tansacmeli) konfiskacias eqvemdebareboda. revoluciuri
modis simbolo tyavis qurTukebi gaxda: mas xSirad atarebdnen axali xelisufle
bis warmomadgenlebi.
amave dros praqtikulad Sewyda tansacmlis, fexsacmlis, moxmarebis sagne
bis warmoeba. am yvelafris Sovna Zneli iyo. yvelafris qronikuli nakleboba iw
vevda ukmayofilebis, gaborotebis grZnobas da aCenda survils, rac SeiZleba
swrafad dabrunebodnen normalur cxovrebas.
1918 wlis agvistoSi saqalaqo uZravi qoneba (saxlebi da miwa, romelzedac
es saxlebi iyo aSenebuli) bolSevikebma saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoacxades. sax
lebisa da binebis mepatroneebi gadaiqcnen saxelmwifos moijareebad. saxelmwi
fo Tuki moisurvebda, ijaras Seuwyvetda da yofil mflobelebs binidan gamoas
axlebda. Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda e. w. `SemWidroeba~, — yofil mepatrones binaSi
sxva adamianebs usaxlebdnen, rac binis yofil mflobels damamcirebel mdgomare
obaSi ayenebda. is araTu binas aRar flobda, aramed sakuTari WurWlisa da tan
sacmlis mflobelic aRar iyo.
Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda Cxreka da dapatimrebebi. nebismier dros Cekistebi
SeiZleba SeWriliyvnen binaSi, daepatimrebinaT vinme an waeRoT nebismieri nivTi
Tu produqti, romelsac misi mflobelebisTvis `zedmetad~ miiCnevdnen. `mSrome
li xalxis~ saxeliT CamorTmeuli nivTebi ki xSirad CamomrTmevelTa saxlebSi aR
moCndeboda xolme.



Cveulebriv ambad iqca CekaSi momuSa-
ve kacis mier megobari gogonas dapa
tiJeba dapatimrebuli adamianis wa-
mebis sayureblad. magaliTad, 1918 w.
martSi poeti sergei esenini cdilob-
da `poetesa k.~ miewvia daxvretis sa-
yureblad, rasac is Tavisi nacnobi
Cekistis bliumkinis (memarcxene ese-
ris) meSveobiT SeZlebda. yvelaze
samwuxaro ki is iyo, rom aseT miwve-
vebs xSirad Tanxmdebodnen.

1917 wlis 18(30) dekembers gamoica dekreti qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis, daba

debisa da gardacvalebis samoqalaqo registraciis Sesaxeb. amasTan Sesabamisi ap
arati ar Seqmnila da aRricxva mTlianad moiSala. es garemoeba da `Tavisufali
siyvarulis~ propaganda xels uwyobda ojaxis ngrevas. marqsizmi ojaxs `burJuaz
iul gadmonaSTad~ miiCnevda.

bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis qveS moqceul ruse-
Tis sxvadasxva regionSi 19181919 wlebSi gamoice-
moda da cxovrebaSi tardeboda dekretebi, romle-
bic qalebs `saerTosaxalxo kuTvnilebad~ acxadeb-
da. saratovSi, vladimirSi, ekaterinodarSi da sxva
qalaqebSi 1918 wlis dasawyisSi gamoica sabWoTa xe-
lisuflebis dekretebi, romlebic auqmebdnen `qa-
lebis flobaze kerZo sakuTrebas~ (saratovSi gamo-
cemuli dekretiT es exeboda 19dan 32 wlamde qa-
lebs).
1918 wlis 24 ianvars saxkomsabWos dekretiT sabWoTa ruseTi grigorianul

kalendarze gadavida da 31 ianvris Semdeg dadga ara 1, aramed 14 Tebervali. 1918
wlis 31 marts gamocemuli meore dekretiT saaTis isrebi ori saaTiT win gadaswi
es (e. w. `dekretuli~ dro). 1918 wlis seqtemberSi sabWoTa ruseTi gadavida wona
zomis metrul sistemaze da daiZlia `feodaluri gadmonaSTi~ sazomi erTeulebi:
girvanqa, fuTi, versi da arSini.

6.9. `samxedro komunizmi~ da bolSevikuri ideologia
ekonomikuri politika, romelic samxedro drois aucileblobiT 19181919

wlebSi yalibdeboda, bevr rameSi Seesabameboda bolSevikebis Teoriul warmod
genebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo socialisturi sazogadoeba. am
damTxvevam bolSevikur xelmZRvanelobaSi warmoSva garkveuli eiforia samxed
ro, mbrZaneblur, administraciul zomebTan dakavSirebiT da aseTi zomebi iZul
ebiT nabijad ki ara, socialisturi mSeneblobis ZiriTad instrumentad ganixile
boda. am warmodgenaTa erTobliobas leninma `samxedrokomunisturi ideologia~
uwoda.


es ideologia Camoyalibda 1920iani wlebis damdegs, rodesac sagangebo zo
mebis gamoyenebis obieqturi pirobebi warsuls bardeboda, wiTeli armia anadgu
rebda TeTrgvardielebis ukanasknel Zalebs. amave dros mosaxleobis ZiriTad na
wils aRar surda `despoturi socializmis~ pirobebSi yofna da imedovnebda, rom
aRdgeboda Cveulebrivi cxovreba, sabaraTo sistemisa da `narkomprodis~ gareSe.
arada, swored 1920 wlis dasawyisSi bolSevikurma xelisuflebam kursi aiRo `sam
xedro komunizmis~ sistemis kidev ufro gaRrmavebaze.
1920 wlis martSi lev trockis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna komisia mSvidobian
pirobebSi socializmis mSeneblobis gegmis SesamuSaveblad. misi rekomendaciebi
aSkarad gamoxatul samxedrokomunistur xasiaTs atarebda. gegma iTvaliswineb
da sasursaTo gaweris gafarToebas, ekonomikis kidev ufro metad gasaxelmwifo
ebriobas, saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gegmis SemuSavebas, sayovelTao SromiTi
valdebulebis gafarToebas, SromiTi armiebis Seqmnas da mmarTvelobis mTeli
sistemis militarizacias.
rkp (b) me9 yrilobis delegatTa umravlesobam didi enTuziazmiT moiwona
komisiis mier SeTavazebuli gegma da amiT daadastura trockis mier Camoyalibe
buli kursi. aRniSnulis Sesabamisad, 1920 wels glexobisTvis saZulveli sasursa
To gawera soflis meurneobis produqtebisa da nedleulis axal saxeobebzec
gavrcelda (purs, xorcs, kartofils daemata rZe, kvercxebi, matyli, tyavi, seli
da a. S.). SenarCunda glexobisTvis sxva saxis SromiTi valdebulebebic. daamtki
ces mindvrebis daTesvis gegma, romlis realizaciisTvis Tvali unda edevnebinaT
`Tesvis komitetebs~ (`posevkomebs~). 1920 wlis bolos nacionalizebul iqna wvri
li sawarmoebic.
1920 wlis dekemberSi sabWoebis me8 sruliad ruseTis yrilobam daamtkica
goelros gegma, romelic eleqtrifikacias iTvaliswinebda, magram es iyo soci
alisturi ekonomikis Seqmnis gegma. Sromis militarizaciis mwvervali iyo Sromi
Ti armiebis Seqmna. maTi Camoyalibeba daiwyo 1920 wlis damdegidan frontze gamo
Tavisuflebuli samxedro nawilebisgan. imave wlis ivlisSi saxalxo meurneobaSi
dasaqmebuli iyo 2,5 milioni wiTelarmieli, romelTac `SromiT armielebs~
(`trudarmeici~) uwodebdnen da ZiriTadad iyenebdnen mZime samuSaoze — mSeneb
lobasa da transportze, Tumca maTi Sromis nayofiereba dabali iyo.
1920 wlis bolosa da 1921 wlis dasawyisSi logikur daboloebamde miiyvanes
mosaxleobis gaTanabrebiTi momaragebis samxedrokomunisturi sistema: gauqmda
sabinao gadasaxadi, gadasaxadi transportsa da komunalur momsaxurebaze. far
Tod gaiSala `fulis gauqmebis~ kampania. amis Taobaze principuli uTanxmoeba ko
munistur xelmZRvanelobaSi arc yofila. ver SeTanxmdnen mxolod imaze, Tu Sro
mis ra sazomi erTeuliT SeecvalaT fuli. varaudobdnen, SemoeRoT `tredebi~
(`SromiTi erTeulebi~). Tumca diskusia bolomde arc gagrZelebula, radganac
samxedro komunizms axali ekonomikuri politika Caenacvla.

fotografiaze gamosaxulia ribinskeli

vaWris popenovis mravalricxovani ojaxi.
mTeli ojaxi daxvrites 1918 wlis 45 seq-
tembers wiTeli teroris aqciis dros.

6.10. `samxedro komunizmis~ sistemis krizisi
miuxedavad imisa, rom `samxedrokomunizmis~ kurss 1920 wlis bolosa da

1921 wlis dasawyisSi Tanmimdevrulad atarebdnen, is sul ufro metad araefeq
turi xdeboda. mkveTrad Semcirda sarkinigzo gadazidvebi. es gamowveuli iyo
sawvavis naklebobiT, sawvavs ki uxalisod awvdidnen glexebi da naxevrad mSieri
meSaxteebi. Sedegad Semcirda sursaTis Setana samrewvelo centrebSi. amaze gav
lena moaxdina glexobis masobrivma gamosvlebmac. maTi monawileebi winaaRmdego
bas uwevdnen puris Cabarebas. armia, romlis udides nawilsac glexebi Seadgen
dnen, sul ufro naklebad saimedo xdeboda `Sida frontze~. ufro metic, saxlSi
dabrunebuli demobilizebuli wiTelarmielebi xSirad Tavad uerTdebodnen me
amboxeebs.
momaragebis gauaresebis gamo qalaqebSi gamwvavda socialuri situacia, gax
Sirda muSaTa mRelvarebebi. isinic Txoulobdnen sasursaTo gaweris gadasaxadiT
Secvlas. 1920 wlis TebervalSi revoluciis àkvanSi~ — petrogradSi gaficuli
muSebis winaaRmdeg xelisuflebam jari gaagzavna. anu bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg
gamosvlebs iwyebdnen maTi ZiriTadi dasayrdeni — muSaTa klasi da armia.
1921 wlis damdegisaTvis sabWoTa ruseTi sruliad gaCanagebuli iyo. moxda
ekonomikis naturalizacia, dairRva yvela sameurneo kavSiri, mraval adgilas ad
amianebi SimSilobdnen, sikvdilianoba Sobadobas samoTxjer aRemateboda.
qveynis xelmZRvanelobis winaSe dadga sakiTxi: an unda gaegrZelebinaT `sam
xedro komunizmi~ da damdgariyvnen xelisuflebis dakargvis safrTxis qveS, anda
wasuliyvnen daTmobebze da ufro xelsayrel moments dalodebodnen komunizmis
dasamyareblad Semdgomi `SetevisaTvis~. leninma arCevani gaakeTa meore varian
tis sasargeblod. ukve 1921 wlis TebervalSi, anu kronStadtSi mezRvaurebis aj
anyebamde, partiaSi aqtiurad ganixileboda glexebis sasursaTo gadasaxadebis
Semcirebis sakiTxi.

6.11. Sidapartiuli diskusiebi `samxedro komunizmis~ periodSi
19181920 wlebSi, centralizaciis gaZlierebisa da avtoritaruli meTode

bis damkvidrebis pirobebSi, partiis zedafenaSi SenarCunda demokratizmis elem
entebi da principuli sakiTxebis sakmaod Tavisufali ganxilvis SesaZlebloba.
diskusiaSi monawileobdnen sxvadasxva uwyebis warmomadgeneli komunistebi. sa
erTo poziciebis mqoneni erTiandebodnen sxvadasxva `jgufad~ da `platformad~.
sul ufro xSirad gaismoda mowodebebi ufro moqnili politikis gatarebis auc
ileblobis Sesaxeb, pirvel rigSi, glexobis mimarT.
1920 wels diskusiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava Sidapartiuli cxovrebi
sa da qveynis marTvis meTodebis sakiTxebma. gaakritikes Tavad leninic. `decis
tebis~ (`demokratiuli centralistebis~) warmomadgenlebi aRniSnavdnen leninis
gansakuTrebul rols `proletariatis srulxelisuflebianobis~ Camoyalibe
bul sistemaSi da miuTiTebdnen, rom `proletariatis diqtaturis beladTan po
litikuri interesebi da unarebi gadamwyvetad batonoben organizaciul unarze~.
yuradRebas aqcevdnen `mmarTveli aparatis zedafenis biurokratiul gadagvare
bas~.
1920 wlis ivlisSi gamoCnda rkp(b) centraluri komitetis mdivnis e. preob
raJenskis werili partiis gaxrwnis simptomebis Sesaxeb. am werilma saTave daudo
diskusias partiaSi `zedafenebis~ da `qvedafenebis~ Sesaxeb. `qvedafenebi~ gamo
diodnen `burJuaziuli cru komunistebis, generlebis, partiuli biurokrate

bis~ diqtatis winaaRmdeg, moiTxovdnen partiis demokratizacias, meti damouk
ideblobis miniWebas partiuli organizaciebisaTvis.
igive azrebi gaJRerda rkp(b) ,; partiul konferenciaze (1920 wlis seqtembe
ri) `muSaTa opoziciis~ warmomadgenelTa mxridan (am jgufs xelmZRvanelobdnen
a. Sliapnikovi, s. medvedevi, a. kolontai), romlebic laparakobdnen partiis mow
yvetis Sesaxeb muSaTa klasisgan da araproletaruli elementebiT misi `danagvi
anebis~, `zedafenebis~ biurokratiuli gadagvarebis Sesaxeb da saWirod miiCnev
dnen partiaSi wmendis Catarebas.
1920 wlis noembris bolodan 1921 wlis martamde grZeldeboda diskusia
profkavSirebis Sesaxeb. misi bevri monawile gmobda oficialur kurss `profkav
Sirebis gasaxelmwifoebriobasTan~ dakavSirebiT, winaaRmdegni iyvnen profkavSi
rebis biurokratiuli aparatis danamatad gadaqcevisa. `zedafenebma~ yovelive
amaze reagireba moaxdines centraluri sakontrolo komisiis SeqmniT, romelsac
evaleboda Tvali edevnebina partiis erTianobisa da mis SigniT mdgomareobis bo
rotad gamoyenebisaTvis. 1921 wlis TebervalSi Semcirda privilegirebuli sa
sursaTo ulufebi da momaragebaSi gaTanabrdnen xelmZRvaneli muSakebi da kad
ris muSebi. amave dros 1921 wlis gazafxulze leninma energiuli zomebi miiRo
òpozicionerebisa~ da `gamTiSvelebis~ CasaxSobad da partiaSi `rkinis~ discip
linis SesanarCuneblad.

Tavi 9,,.
axali ekonomikuri politika
1922 wlis bolosTvis bolSevikebma did gamarjvebas miaRwies — daamarcxes

da ruseTidan gandevnes organizebuli liberalurdemokratiuli kontrrevo
lucia; gamarjvebas miaRwies mosaxleobis daSinebiT (`wiTeli terori~), organi
zebuli SimSilis sistemiT (sasursaTo gawera), adamianebisTvis damoukidebeli
arsebobis yovelgvari saSualebis warTmeviT (`samxedro komunizmi~) da bolos,
propagandistuli sicruiT, amtkicebdnen, rom TeTrebis mizani batonymobisa da
mefis xelisuflebis aRdgena iyo. amave dros bolSevikebis mier aSenebuli mmar-
Tvelobis sistema Rrma kriziss ganicdida. masStaburi ukmayofileba stiqiurad
gadadioda saprotesto gamosvlebsa da ajanyebebSi.
7.1. socialurekonomikuri mdgomareoba 1921 wlis dasawyisisTvis
7 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare msoflio omisa da samoqalaqo omis gamo sab

WoTa respublikebis mosaxleoba 1921 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis 134,3 mln. adamianamde
Semcirda. samoqalaqo omisa da intervenciis periodSi orive mxridan samxedro
danakargebma 2,5 — 3,3 milioni adamiani Seadgina. 1917 wlis Semodgomidan 1921
wlis damdegamde ruseTis mosaxleoba 10 mln 887 aTasi adamianiT Semcirda. Semci
reba Semdeg wlebSic grZeldeboda. 1921 wels Semcirda 1 milion 854 aTasi adami
aniT, 1922 wels — 1 milion 592 aTasi adamianiT. 1921 wlis bolosTvis aranakleb 1
milion 850 aTasi adamiani — TiTqmis mTeli politikuri, finansursamrewvelo,
samecnieroSemoqmedebiTi elitis mniSvnelovani nawili — iZulebuli iyo emigra
ciaSi wasuliyo.
1920 wels qveyanaSi msxvili mrewvelobis warmoebis moculoba Seadgenda
1913 wlis donis 14,6s, liTondammuSavebel warmoebaSi — 7s. samrewvelo sa
warmoebis didi nawili gaCerebuli iyo, muSebis raodenoba orjer Semcirda. omi
Ta da sasursaTo gaweriT gaveranebuli sofeli veRar axerxebda samrewvelo cen
trebis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofas.
1920 wlis gazafxulze qveynis centraluri regioni, volgispireTi, Crdilo
eT kavkasia, ukraina SimSilobda. 1921 wlis maisSi volgispireTi da rigi centra
luri guberniebi gvalvam moicva, ramac gaaRrmava ubedurebis masStabebi. 1922
wlis maisSi SimSilobda 2227 mln adamiani, am droisaTvis SimSilobisa da misgan
gamowveuli avadmyofobebiT daiRupa daaxloebiT erTi milioni glexi, amdenive
evakuirebul iqna ubedurebiT moculi guberniebidan. 1923 wlis aprilSi SimSi
lobda 5,5 mln. adamiani. saxelmwifos mxridan daxmareba minimaluri iyo.
omisa da SimSilis Sedegad 1922 wlisaTvis ruseTSi iyo 7 mln. upatrono bav
Svi, armiis demobilizaciis dawyebam kidev ufro gaamwvava umuSevroba.

7.2. politikuri krizisi 1921 wlis damdegs
samoqalaqo omis damTavrebis Semdeg gamwvavda winaaRmdegobebi qveynis par

tiul xelmZRvanelobaSi. qveynis winaSe arsebuli umTavresi amocanebis (saxalxo
meurneobis aRdgena, socialistur warmoebaze gadasvla) gadawyveta bolSevikebs

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ;; — ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ;;, ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.ȼ. Ɇɢɥɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2007, ɫ.339.

(miuxedavad maTi fraqciuli gansxvavebebisa) esaxebodaT `samxedro komunizmis~
politikis gafarToebisa da gaRrmavebis gziT. magram mSvidobianobis periodSi
`samxedro komunizmis~ politikis gagrZeleba waawyda glexebisa da muSebis mniS
vnelovani nawilis winaaRmdegobas.
bolSevikebis gamarjveba ruseTis evropul nawilSi 1920 wlis gazafxulis
Tvis ukve cxadi iyo, magram bolSevikebi reJimis aranair Serbilebas ar apireb
dnen. Sedegad ifeTqa glexTa masStaburma ajanyebebma.
19201921 wlebSi sasursaTo gaweris winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iyo
voroneJis, saratovis, penzis guberniebSi, cimbirSi, donze da ukrainaSi. 1921
wlis gazafxulisTvis ajanyebulTa raodenobam ramdenime aseuli aTasi Seadgina.
gansakuTrebiT sastiki da sisxlismRvreli iyo eser a. antonovis (18891932) xel
mZRvanelobiT tambovvoroneJis regionSi mimdinare glexTa ajanyeba (daaxloeb
iT 60 aTasi ajanyebuli glexi). ukrainaSi moqmedebda n. maxnos anarqistulglexu
ri armia (35 aTasamde mebrZoli). dasavleT cimbirSi ajanyebul glexTa raodeno
ba (200 aTasze meti) utoldeboda uralsa da baikals Soris ganlagebul sabWoTa
jarebs. ajanyebulebi moiTxovdnen sasursaTo gaweris gauqmebas, damfuZnebeli
krebis mowvevas, vaWrobis Tavisuflebas, mrewvelobis denacionalizacias.
ajanyebebis Casaqrobad gaigzavna wiTeli armia. samoqalaqo omis gmirebs (s.
kamenevi, m. tuxaCevski, m. frunze, i. uboreviCi, i. iakiri da sxvebi) brZola uxde
bodaT guSindel mokavSireebTan, glexebTan. yvelaze seriozuli iyo 1921 wlis
martSi kronStadtSi dawyebuli ajanyeba, romelSic monawileobdnen garnizonisa
da baltiis flotis gemebis mezRvaurebi. ajanyebulebi gamodiodnen lozunge
biT: `xelisufleba sabWoebs da ara partiebs~, `sabWoebi komunistebis gareSe~.
mraval qalaqSi gaficuli iyvnen muSebi. isinic aseve iTxovdnen sasursaTo
gaweris Secvlas naturaluri gadasaxadiT. bolSevikebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT Se
maSfoTebeli iyo petrogradis muSaTa gaficvebi, rac SeiZleba Serwymoda kron
Stadtis ajanyebas.
19211922 wlebSi ajanyebuli muSebisa da glexebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da
iRupa, avadmyofobiTa da WrilobebiT gardaicvala 238 aTasi wiTelarmieli, sa
gangebo razmeli da partiuli muSaki. ajanyebulebi, savaraudod, gacilebiT meti
daiRupa.
ajanyebebis Caqroba bolSevikurma xelisuflebam kvlav moaxerxa, magram vi
Tareba uaRresad tragikuli iyo, rasac kidev ufro amwvavebda 1921 wlis gvalva.

7.3. axal ekonomiur politikaze gadasvla
bolSevikebi aRmoCndnen xelisuflebis dakargvis realuri safrTxis winaSe.

gasabWoebuli teritoriis mTeli mosaxleoba, partiuli funqcionerebisa da ma
Ti dasayrdenis garda, bolSevikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg iyo ganwyobili.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi lenini iZulebuli iyo saswrafo zomebi mieRo Sidapoli
tikuri kursis Sesacvlelad. 1921 wlis 8 Tebervals leninma pirvelad wamoayena
idea, daekmayofilebinaT glexebis moTxovna da sasursaTo gawera sasursaTo ga
dasaxadiT SeecvalaT. adre gatarebul ekonomikur politikas uwodes iZulebiTi
`samxedro komunizmi~, romelic ar Seesabameboda proletariatis mimdinare same
urneo amocanebs.
am TiTqosda gamouval situaciaSi bolSevikebis beladebma ipoves gamosava
li, romelic maTTvis safrTxis Semcveli iyo, magram xelisuflebis SenarCunebis
Sanss aZlevda. teroriT, SiSiT da SimSiliT daRlil sazogadoebas sabazro ekon

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɍɨɦ ,,, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2016, ɫɬɪ.13.

omikis meqanizmebis aRdgeniT normaluri cxovrebis saSualeba eZleoda. amiT ad
amianebs TavianTi Sromis Sedegebis miRebis imedi uCndebodaT. amave dros bolSe
vikuri reJimi mTlianad inarCunebda politikur da ideologiur xelisuflebas.
situaciis tragikomikuroba is iyo, rom bolSevikebma xelisufleba SeinarCunes
maTTvis saZulveli kapitalizmis meSveobiT.
samxedro komunizmze uaris Tqmas bolSevikebma àxali ekonomikuri politi
ka~ uwodes. am politikis safrTxe bolSevikuri reJimisTvis imaSi mdgomareobda,
rom qmnida sameurneo TvalsazrisiT damoukidebel subieqts, romelic, bunebri
via, Semdgom moisurvebda politikur Tavisuflebas da ideur damoukidebloba-
sac. am mimarTulebiT ki bolSevikebi aranair daTmobas ar apirebdnen. piriqiT, ek
onomikis liberalizaciis paralelurad gaaZlieres eklesiis devna, gaanadgures
socialisturi partiebis narCenebi, gaaZlieres cenzura, gaafarToes Cekas uf
lebebi. 1922 wels trocki acxadebda: `rogorc mmarTvel partias, Cven SegviZlia
davuSvaT spekulanti meurneobaSi, magram politikis sferoSi mas ar davuSvebT~.
bolSevikur xelmZRvanelobaSi 19191921 wlebSi midioda dava — Seesustebi
naT reJimi Tu kidev ufro gaemkacrebinaT. 1919 wlis bolos lenini acxadebda,
rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar dauSvebda marcvleuliT vaWrobaze saxelmwifo mo
nopoliis Sesustebas. trocki ki Tavis avtobiografiaSi irwmuneboda, rom jer
kidev 1920 wlis TebervalSi cdilobda centraluri komitetis daTanxmebas sa
sursaTo gawera sasursaTo gadasaxadiT SeecvalaT, magram ar daujeres. es gak
eTda mxolod kronStadtis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg.
rkp (b) ; yrilobam (1921 wlis 816 marti) muSaobis damTavrebis wina dRes, 15
marts miiRo rezolucia `sasursaTo gaweris naturaluri gadasaxadiT Secvlis
Sesaxeb~. saxkomsabWom es gadawyvetileba mxolod 23 marts gamoacxada.
lenins uyvarda nepis Sedareba brestis zavTan, rodesac xelisuflebis Sesa
narCuneblad wavidnen taqtikur daTmobaze. buxarinis gulaxdili gancxadebiT,
`midiodnen ekonomikur daTmobebze, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT politikuri daT
mobebi~. nepis arsi iyo bolSevikebis politikuri monapovrebis SenarCuneba ekon
omikuri daTmobebis fasad, romelTa ukan waRebac advilad iyo SesaZlebeli.
axali ekonomikuri politikis arsi yvelam sworad ver gaigo. erTi mxriv, emig
raciaSi zogs imedi gauCnda bolSevikuri reJimis mSvidobiani demontaJis SesaZleb
lobis Taobaze, meore mxriv, bolSevikebis nawilma amaSi `komunizmis Ralati~ daina
xa. zogma imediT, zogma SiSiT neps `ruseTis revoluciis Termidori~ uwodes. rus
revolucionerebs isedac uyvardaT safrangeTis revoluciasTan Sedareba.
magram Sedareba marTebuli ar iyo. safrangeTSi Termidori daiwyo robespi
erisa da misi amxanagebis damxobiTa da sikvdiliT dasjiT, ruseTSi ki Tavad iak
obinelebi — trocki, lenini, stalini, zinovievi 1921 wlidan axorcielebdnen
`marTul kontrrevolucias~ ise, rom erTi wuTiTac ar gauSviaT saxelisuflo
saWe xelidan.
6 wlis Semdeg, rodesac cxovreba garkveulwilad mowesrigda da sazogadoe
ba dawynarda, xolo bolSevikebis principuli mtrebi ganadgurebuli iyvnen, 1928
wels stalinma kvlav moatriala saWe totaluri, maT Soris ekonomikuri diqta
turisken.
ra vadaze iyo gaTvlili axali ekonomikuri politika? lenini varaudobda
daaxloebiT 6 wels, sxvebi — 10idan (n. miliutini) 20 wlamde (n. osinski). nebismi

ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. ɉɋɋ. Ɍ.39.ɋ.407.

1794 wlis ivlisSi (am Tves safrangeTis revoluciur kalendarSi Termidori ewodeboda) daemxo
sastiki iakobinuri diqtatura, romelsac bolSevikebs amsgavsebdnen. safrangeTSi daiwyo zomieri
reJimisken Semobruneba, rac oci wlis Semdeg (1815 w.) monarqiis aRdgeniT damTavrda.


er SemTxvevaSi, axal ekonomikur politikaze gadasvla ufro mSvidi reagirebis
SesaZleblobas iZleoda msoflio revoluciis `gaWianurebaze~. lenini Tvlida,
rom àxali strategiis Sedegad, SegviZlia davucadoT msoflio revolucias da
ruseTSi gavZloT 5 weli da metic~.
lenins amave dros eSinoda, rom ar dakarguliyo socialisturi perspeqtiva
wvrili burJuaziisa da kapitalistebisTvis zomaze meti daTmobebiT. nepze ga
dasvlidan erTi wlis Semdeg lenini ukve acxadebda: `Cven axla ukve SegviZlia Se
vaCeroT Cveni ekonomikuri ukandaxeva~.
19211923 wlebi iyo axali ekonomikuri politikis Camoyalibebis periodi,
19241926 wlebze modis nepis ayvavebis xana, Semdeg ki, masStaburi `socialisturi
rekonstruqciis~ dawyebiT, axali ekonomikuri politika TandaTanobiT izRudeba.
axali ekonomikuri politikis pirveli aqti iyo sruliad ruseTis cakis
1921 wlis 21 martis dekreti, romelic sasursaTo gaweras sasursaTo gadasaxa
diT cvlida. gadasaxadi orjer naklebi iyo sasursaTo gaweraze da misi Secvla
sameurneo wlis ganmavlobaSi ar SeiZleboda. dekrets sasursaTo gadasaxadis Se
saxeb yvelgan mowonebiT Sexvdnen, glexebma gaafarToes naTesebis farTobi, gamo
cocxlda mrewveloba da, rac mTavaria, Semcirda ajanyebebi. 1921 wlis bolos
Tvis glexTa ajanyebebi ZiriTadad Camqrali iyo, Tumca axali ekonomikuri poli-
tikis SemoRebas bevri undoblad uyurebda da fiqrobda, rom glexebs atyueb
dnen. maT arwmunebdnen, rom nepi SemoRebulia `seriozulad da didi xniT~, Tum-
ca, rogorc vnaxeT, `didi xani~ bolSeviki liderebisaTvis 5 — 10 weli iyo.
nepi daiwyo soflad sasursaTo eqspropriaciebis gauqmebiT da logikurad
vrceldeboda sameurneo cxovrebis yvela mxareze. Tuki glexebs neba eZleodaT,
Tavisuflad gaeyidaT is produqtebi, rac maT rCebodaT sasursaTo gadasaxadis
gadaxdis Semdeg, maSin saWiro iyo bazari, fuli, aucilebeli iyo sasaqonlo ur
TierTobebi mrewvelobaSi da a. S. am yvelafers isic uwyobda xels, rom 1922 wlis
mosavali uaRresad kargi aRmoCnda.

samxedro komunizmisa da axali ekonomikuri politikis miznebi

`samxedro komunizmi~ axali ekonomikuri politika (nepi)
(19181921 marti) (1921192829)
miznebi miznebi
x yvela resursis koncentri x axali samoqalaqo omis Tavidan acileba;
reba bolSevikebis xelSi sa x bolSevikuri reJimis gadarCena;
moqalaqo omis pirobebSi x qveyanaSi socialurekonomikuri da politi
x komunizmis aSeneba Zala kuri krizisis daZleva;
dobrivi meTodebiT x socializmis ekonomikuri safuZvlebis aSeneb
x praqtikaSi komunisturi id is axali gzebis Zieba;
ealis realizeba: arasabaz x sazogadoebis socialurekonomikuri mdgoma
ro sazogadoebis Seqmna. reobis gaumjobeseba, Sidapolitikuri stabi
lurobis uzrunvelyofa.

19211930 wlebSi sameurneo weli ruseTSi iwyeboda 1 oqtombers.

7.4. bolSevikebis kidev erTi ukandaxeva: vaWrobis daSveba da finansuri
reforma
sasursaTo gaweraze uaris Tqma angrevda bolSevikebSi ukve damkvidrebul Se
xedulebas imis Taobaze, rom SesaZlebeli iyo uSualod gadasvla socializmze, ro-
desac iqneboda produqtebis pirdapiri gacvla mwarmoeblebs Soris, gauqmdeboda
fuli da mokvdeboda bazari. qveynis bolSeviki xelmZRvanelebi cdilobdnen, ar da
eSvaT amgvari iluziebis msxvreva; Tavidan egonaT, rom glexebi `namet~ warmoebul
produqts gacvlidnen saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi samrewvelo saqonelze adgilobrivi
saqonelbrunvis farglebSi — mazraSi, guberniaSi, saxelmwifo sameurneo organoebi
sa da saxelmwifos kontrolqveS myofi kooperaciis meSveobiT. varaudobdnen, rom
SesaZlebeli iqneboda gacvlis procesidan kerZo kapitalis gamoricxva.
male gamoirkva, rom es ver xerxdeboda. ukve 1921 wlis zafxulSi saqonel
gacvlam daiwyo adgilobrivi brunvidan gamosvla da icvleboda fuladi yidva
gayidviT. xelisuflebas mouxda `kidev erTi nabijiT ukandaxeva~ rkp(b) ; yrilo
bis gadawyvetilebebidan. daSvebul iqna vaWroba, oRond saxelmwifos unda daer
egulirebina fulis mimoqceva, ganexorcielebina sagadasaxado reforma. xelfa
sis naturaluri nawili swrafad icvleboda fuladi anazRaurebiT. 1920 wels
qarxnis muSis xelfasis mxolod 7,4 iyo fuladi saxiT, 1923 wels ki — ukve 80.
axali ekonomikuri politikis dawyebidanve dRis wesrigSi dadga inflaciis
daZleva, romelic astronomiul masStabebs aRwevda. 1922 wlis ianvarSi finansTa
saxalxo komisariatis xelmZRvanelad dainiSna grigoli sokolnikovi, igive girS
brilianti (18881939), romelmac moiwvia mefis droindeli specialistebi. maTgan
yvelaze cnobili iyo yofili bankiri da sazogado moRvawe nikolai kutleri
(18591924), romelic Seiyvanes saxelmwifo bankis gamgeobis SemadgenlobaSi. kut
leris rekomendaciiT gamouSves axali valuta, xolo saxelmwifo biujeti gadai
angariSes mefis droindel rublebSi.

1923 wels fulad mimoqcevaSi gamoC-

nda myari valuta — oqros Cervoneci.
Cervoneci gauTanabres omamdel 10
rubls, e. i. 7,7 gram sufTa oqros.

memarcxene komunistebis sapirispirod, romelTac surdaT finansTa saxal
xo komisariatisa da, saerTod, fulis gauqmeba, kutlerma da sokolnikovma Seim
uSaves oqros valutaze gadasvlis gegma. 1921 wels gaixsna saxelmwifo banki, 1922
wlidan axali fuladi niSnebis gamoSvebiT daiwyo finansuri reforma. radganac
oqros maragi mTeli fuladi masis uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisi ar iyo, 1922 wlis
noembridan daiwyo sabanko bileTebis — `Cervonecebis~ gamoSveba, romelic 25
iT oqroTi iyo uzrunvelyofili. 1923 wels Cervonecs 4,8 aSS dolarSi cvlidnen.
Cervoneci SezRudulad gamoiyeneboda, mxolod sabiTumo garigebebSi, magram mas
miabes axali qaRaldis fuli. gamouSves oqros Cervonecebic, romelic zomiTa da
woniT Seesabameboda mefisdroindel 10maneTian monetas. uSvebdnen aseve Zvelis

saxelmwifo banki bolSevikebma kutleris rekomendaciiT Seqmnes 1921 wlis oqtomberSi.

msgavsi reforma ori wliT gvian gatarda germaniaSi reixsbankis direqtoris ialmar Saxtis xel-
mZRvanelobiT da 19241925 wlebSi — poloneTSi vladislav grabskis proeqtiT.

msgavs vercxlisa da spilenZis monetebs. 1923 da 1924 wlebSi mosaxleoba iRebda 1
axal rubls 50 miliardi (!) Zveli rublis nacvlad.
udeficito biujetis uzrunvelsayofad aRadgines sagadasaxado aparati,
naturaluri gadasaxadi Seicvala fuladiT, Semcirda saxelmwifo xarjebi. qa
Raldis fulis moculoba SeizRuda da mosaxleoba mas ndobiT ekideboda. sokol
nikovis mkacrma fuladma politikam xeli Seuwyo saxalxo meurneobis aRmavlo
bas. sabWoTa saxelmwifos 1924 wlis biujetma Seadgina mefisdroindeli biujet
is daaxloebiT naxevari.
1921 wels sasursaTo gawera Seicvala 13 gadasaxadis sistemiT naturaluri
formiT. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg glexs SeeZlo warmoebuli produqcia uS
ualod gaecvala samrewvelo saqonelze. imisaTvis, rom fuli eSovnaT gadasaxa
debis gadasaxdelad da samrewvelo saqonlis sayidlad, glexebi iZulebuli iy
vnen, TavianTi produqcia saxelmwifosTvis mieyidaT. 1923 wels gadasaxadebi gaa
erTianes erTian sasoflosameurneo gadasaxadad, romelsac Tavidan naturiTa
da fuliT ixdidnen, 1924 wlidan ki — mxolod fuladi formiT.
saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWo (ȼɋɇɏ) da 1921 wels Seqmnili saxelmwi
fo sagegmo komiteti ewinaaRmdegeboda sokolnikovis safinanso politikas da
moiTxovda SeuzRudav kreditebs mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis, amitom 1926
wels inflacia TandaTanobiT ganaxlda. Tanamdebobidan moxsnes sokolnikovi da
Cervonecis oqroTi uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebeli gaxda — konvertirebadi sabWoTa
valuta aRar arsebobda da arc uarsebia 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde.
sabWoTa maneTi ar iyo konvertirebadi da is arasodes gamouyenebiaT gadaxdis sa
Sualebad saerTaSoriso bazarze.

7.5. soflis meurneobis aRdgena
Tavdapirvelad sasursaTo gadasaxadi glexuri meurneobis mier warmoebuli
produqciis 20s Seadgenda, Semdeg ki mosavlis 10mde Semcirda. erTiani sa
soflosameurneo gadasaxadi ki glexis meurneobis Semosavlis 5s Seadgenda.
aman glexebs saSualeba misca, welSi gaemarTaT TavianTi meurneoba.
fuladi reforma daexmara soflad sasaqonlo urTierTobebis aRdgenas.
1922 wlis 1 dekembers miiRes rsfsr miwis kodeqsi, romelic sakanonmdeblo done
ze afiqsirebda miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas, romelic `muSurglexuri sa
xelmwifos~ (faqtobrivad ki bolSevikuri partiis) xelSi gadadioda. am kodeqsis
27e muxli kategoriulad krZalavda miwis SeZenas, gayidvas, memkvidreobiT gada
cemas, giraoSi Cadebas an Cuqebas. dgindeboda miwis regularuli gadanawileba.
Tumca, 1922 wlis Semodgomidan daSvebuli iyo mezoblebisgan miwis ijara da daqi
ravebuli Sromis gamoyeneba. gauqmda saxelmwifos mier Sromis mobilizeba da
SromiTi armiebi.
19181921 wlebis katastrofis Semdeg, 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi, glexobam SeZlo
saqmis gamosworeba da 1928 wels gavidnen daaxloebiT 1913 wlis doneze.

1913 1922 1928
marcvleulis naTesebi, mln. ha 102 72 101
marcvleulis mosavali, mln. t. 86 56 73
cxenebi, mln. 36 24 34
rqosani saqoneli, mln. 61 46 66


amave dros soflad mimdinareobda glexobis fenebad daSla. saerTo masidan
gamoiyo Sromismoyvare SeZlebuli glexebis fena. glexebi zogadad ukeT cxov
robdnen, magram sasaqonlo produqcia cota hqondaT. mkveTrad gaizarda glexu
ri meurneobebis raodenoba. Tu revoluciamde 13 mln meurneoba iyo, nepis dros
24 mln gaxda. amave dros mTel msoflioSi agroteqnika moiTxovda meurneobebis
gamsxvilebas, xolo mrewveloba — soflidan axali samuSao Zalis miRebas.
gasayid purs, iseve rogorc mefis ruseTis dros, iZleodnen SeZlebuli gle
xebis erTpirovnuli meurneobebi. 1910ian wlebSi maT axalisebdnen da `stolipi
nis memamuleebs~ uwodebdnen. bolSevikebisaTvis isini `kulakebi~ iyvnen da maTi
eSinodaT — kulakebs hqondaT xelisuflebisgan damoukidebeli `TviTkmari~ me
urneobebi, romelTac ekonomikuri Tavisufleba ukve hqondaT da SeiZleba, poli
tikuri Tavisuflebac moendomebinaT. `soflis burJuaziis~ zrdis SesaCereb
lad, bolSevikebi `kulakebs~ gadasaxadebiT aviwroebdnen. 1926 wels aikrZala
traqtorebis miyidva erTpirovnuli meurneobebisaTvis.
Seuties yofil memamuleebsac. 1918 wels soflad darCenil yofil memamu
leebs dautoves iseTive miwis nakveTebi, rogoric glexebs hqondaT. magram 1925
wlis 3 aprils gamovida kanoni, romlis ZaliTac memamuleebs arTmevdnen miwiT
sargeblobis uflebas da ekrZalebodaT cxovreba im adgilebSi, sadac oqtombris
revoluciamde miwas flobdnen. miuxedavad brZanebisa, sasoflo sabWoebi ar Cqa
robdnen mis Sesrulebas da 1926 wels saWiro gaxda amave saxis axali kanonis gamo
cema. yofili memamuleebi aRar elodebodnen represiebis dawyebas, tovebdnen Ta
vianT saxlebs da qalaqebSi garbodnen, xSirad gvarsac icvlidnen.

komunisturi plakati: Sexede, glexo, ro
gor nawildeba Seni sasursaTo gadasaxadi:
58,4 — soflis adgilobrivi mmarTvelo-
bis organoebis, skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,
saferSlo da veterinaruli punqtebis da a.S.
Sesanaxad;
25 — armias;
16,5 — bavSvTa saxlebisa da dawesebulebe
bis Sesanaxad, socialuri uzrunvelyofis-
Tvis da a. S.

soflis socialuri Semadgenloba 192425 ± 192627 ww.
mosaxleobis TviTmoqmedi xvedriTi wili
jgufebi mosaxleobis raodenoba (procentebSi)
( aTasi adamiani)
192425 192526 192527 192425 192526 192527
soflis pro- 2 184 2 454 2 560 9,7 10,9 11,3
letariati
Raribebi 5 803 5 317 5 037 25,9 23,7 22,1
saSualo gle- 13 678 13 822 14 280 61,1 61,7 62,7
xebi
kulakebi 728 816 896 3,3 3,7 3,9
sul 22 393 22 409 22 773 100 100 100


7.6. mrewvelobis nawilobrivi denacionalizacia
1921 wlis martSi daiwyo mrewvelobis denacionalizaciis procesi. gadawy

da, rom saxelmwifos xelSi darCeboda mxolod msxvili da efeqturi sawarmoebi.
aseTi sawarmoebi uSvebdnen mTeli samrewvelo produqciis sam meoTxeds. msxvili
sawarmoebi gaaerTianes trestebad da isini muSaobdnen sameurneo angariSisa da
TviTdafinansebis principebis safuZvelze. trestebi Tavad wyvetdnen, ra ewar-
moebinaT da sad moexdinaT TavianTi produqciis realizeba. trestSi Semavali sa-
warmoebi ixsnebodnen saxelmwifo momaragebidan da gadadiodnen bazarze resur-
sebis Sesyidvaze. 1922 wels moqmedebda 421 tresti. uari iTqva Sromis anazRaur
ebis gaTanabrebaze.
ararentabelur sawarmoebs xuravdnen an ijariT asxvisebdnen, anda ubruneb
dnen Zvel mflobelebs. 19211922 wlebSi warmoiSva 10 aTasze meti kerZo sawarmo.
xSirad maT ijariT aZlevdnen yofil mflobelebs 2dan 5 wlamde periodiT. sa
nacvlod maT saxelmwifosTvis unda CaebarebinaT warmoebuli produqciis 10
15. kerZo mewarmeebs ufleba hqondaT, gamoeyenebinaT ara umetes 20 muSis daqi
ravebuli Sroma.
ijariT gacemul saSualo da patara sawarmoebSi ZiriTadad iwarmoeboda sa
momxmareblo saqoneli. sul 1920iani wlebis Sua xanebSi kerZo seqtorze modio
da qveyanaSi warmoebuli samrewvelo produqciis 20idan 25mde.
daiwyo Sereuli saaqcio sazogadoebebis Seqmna saxelmwifosa da kerZo sa
warmoebis monawileobiT. nebadarTuli iyo koncesiebis gacema ucxoel mewarmeeb
ze. isini imave gadasaxadebs ixdidnen, rasac saxelmwifo sawarmoebi. sakoncesio
sawarmoebis raodenoba didi ar iyo: 1924 wels — 55, 1925 wels — 70, 1926 wels — 82,
1927 wels — 74, 1928 wels — 68 da 1929 wels — 59. sul 192627 sameurneo wels saaq
cio sazogadoebebis mier gamoSvebuli iyo samrewvelo produqciis 1ze cota
meti. Tumca, zogierT dargSi sakoncesio sawarmoebis roli Zalze didi iyo. maga
liTad, 1920iani wlebis Sua xanebSi koncesia iZleoda marganecis madnis TiTqmis
85s, tyviis da vercxlis 60ze mets.
miuxedavad nawilobrivi denacionalizaciisa da koncesirebisa, saxelmwifo
inarCunebda Tavis gankargulebaSi saxalxo meurneobis yvelaze mZlavr seqto-
rebs: energetikas, metalurgias, navTobmopovebasa da gadamuSavebas, qvanaxSiris
mopovebas, Tavdacvis mrewvelobas, rkinigzas. rkp(b) ;,9 yrilobaze (1924 wlis
dekemberi) aRiniSna, rom koncesiebisa da ijaris xvedriTi wili mcire iyo. konce
siebSi muSaobda 50 aTasi muSa, ijariT aRebul sawarmoebSi — 35 aTasi. amave yri
lobaze iTqva, rom aucilebeli iyo, daeZliaT ekonomikuri damokidebuleba saz
RvargareTze.
1928 wlisaTvis warmoebam mTlianobaSi miaRwia 1913 wlis dones, zogierT
dargSi ki gadaaWarba kidec.
axali ekonomikuri politikis periodSi kerZo seqtorze modioda samrewve-
lo produqciis TiTqmis 20 da sacalo vaWrobis 40dan 80mde. samrewvelo war-
moebis indeqsi axali ekonomikuri politikis pirveli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi samjer
da ufro metad gaizarda.
19211928 wlebSi erovnuli Semosavlis zrdis saSualo wliuri tempi 18s
Seadgenda.

7.7. armiis reforma
reformebi armiasac Seexo. 1921 wlis 30 dekembers gauqmda SromiTi armiebi.

mkveTrad Semcirda wiTeli armiis ricxovneba. samoqalaqo omis bolos wiTel ar
miaSi 5 mln adamiani iricxeboda, 1923 wels — 600 aTasi, xolo 1925 wels Semcirda
562 aTas adamianamde.
1923 wlidan daiwyo wiTeli armiis teritoriulmiliciuri nawilebis for
mireba. miliciis instituti ufro Seesabameboda bolSevikur idealebs, vidre
kadris armia. axali sistemis dros arsebobda mcire kadris nawilebi, rigiT mebr
Zolebs ki aswavlidnen mokle Sekrebebze, warmoebisgan mouwyvetlad. miliciur
teritoriul nawilebSi msaxurobdnen sami TviT, Semdeg ki oTxi wlis ganmavloba-
Si gadiodnen moklevadian samxedro Sekrebebs. teritoriuli diviziis Senaxva sa-
kadro diviziasTan SedarebiT 100 aTasi rubliT iafi jdeboda, xolo momzade-
bul mebrZolTa raodenoba 9jer meti iyo. qveynis teritoria daiyo 10 samxedro
olqad. 1920iani wlebis SuaxanebSi wiTeli armiis nawilebis naxevarze meti mili-
ciur sistemaze iyo gadasuli. Tavdacvis yovelwliuri xarjebi erT sul mosax
leze 1925 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi Seadgenda 3 rubls (SedarebisTvis — safrangeT
Si daaxloebiT 14 rubls).
wiTeli armia revoluciur institutad moiazreboda da uaryofda tradici-
ul samxedro ierarqias. sityva òficeri~ burJuaziulad iTvleboda da mis nac-
vlad `meTaurs~ iyenebdnen. gauqmebuli iyo samxedro titulebi da maT nacvlad
gamoiyeneboda wodebebi imis mixedviT, Tu risi meTauri iyo esa Tu is piri. maga-
liTad, `generlis~ nacvlad wiTel armiaSi iyo `brigadis meTauri~ (SemoklebiT
`kombrigi~), aseve `diviziis meTauri~ (SemoklebiT `komdivi~). uniforma mokrZa-
lebuli iyo.
19181920 wlebSi wiTel armiaSi msaxurobda 75 aTasi yofili oficeri da ge-
nerali, romlebis wiTeli armiis mTeli sameTauro Semadgenlobis 47s Seadgen-
da. 1920iani wlebis SuaxanebSi wiTelma armiam miiRo muSaTa da glexTa fenebidan
gamosuli axali meTaurTa kadrebi, xolo samxedro specialistebis raodenoba
mudmivi `wmendebis~ Sedegad mcirdeboda. 19261927 wlebSi armiaze danaxarjebi
Seadgenda saxelmwifo biujetis 12,7s da utoldeboda 1913 wlis samxedro biu-
jetis 40s. maSin es optimaluri Canda, magram 1925 wels m. frunze aRniSnavda,
rom armiis amgvari organizaciis sistema uzrunvelyofda Tavdacvis mxolod mi-
nimalur moTxovnebs. arasakmarisi dafinanseba armiis gadairaRebis SesaZleblo-
basac gamoricxavda. xdeboda mxolod Zveli teqnikis remonti da aRdgena. viTare-
ba icvleba 1927 wlis Semdeg, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo industria-
lizaciis politikis ganxorcieleba.

7.8. axali ekonomikuri politika da sasamarTlo sistema
meurneobis aRdgena SeuZlebeli iyo im ukanonobis pirobebSi, rac 1917 wlis

oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg Seiqmna. mTlianad dangreuli iyo sasamarTlosa
marTlebrivi sistema. axali ekonomikuri politikis dawyebasTan erTad bolSevi
kebma SezRudes arasasamarTlo angariSsworebis sxvadasxva organos saqmianoba
da Seecadnen sasamarTlo sistemis aRdgenas. 19221923 wlebSi miiRes pirveli
bolSevikuri sisxlis samarTlis, sisxlis samarTlisprocesualuri da samoqala
qo kodeqsebi. finansuri reformis msgavsad, am kodeqsebis SesamuSaveblad gamo

ȼ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɝɨɞɵ ɇɗɉɚ — KWWS: ZZZ.SRUWDOVORYRUXKLVWRU\40843.SKS.

iyenes revoluciamdeli specialistebi. isini Seecadnen nawilobriv mainc aRed
ginaT 1864 wlis sasamarTlo wesdebis procesualuri garantiebi. 1923 wlis samo
qalaqo kodeqsi miiCneva saukeTesod ruseTis istoriaSi.
magram ukve 1924 wlidan daiwyo samarTlebrivi garantiebis SezRudva. pro
kurorebi da gamomZieblebi TandaTanobiT gamoiyvanes sasamarTlo uwyebidan, sa
Ziebo samsaxuri braldebas daumorCiles. es procesi damTavrda sabWoTa kavSiris
prokuraturis SeqmniT, romelsac 1933 wels saTaveSi Caudga andrei viSinski
(18831954). sasamarTlo sistemam, rogorc xelisuflebis calke Stom, arseboba
Sewyvita. sasamarTloebma dakarges kontroli, Tu ramdenad dasabuTebuli iyo
eWvmitanilis dakaveba, aRar SeeZloT sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvra da Sewyve
ta. saqmeebs dauswreblad wyvetdnen, werilobiTi masalebis safuZvelze, anda
partiuli kabinetebidan satelefono zarebis safuZvelze.
sagangebo komisia (ɑɄ) 1922 wlis 6 Tebervals gadakeTda saxelmwifo politi
kur sammarTvelod (Ƚɉɍ), 1923 wlis 15 noembers ki ewoda gaerTianebuli saxelmwi
fo politikuri sammarTvelo (ɈȽɊɍ), romelic erTiani iyo yvela mokavSire res
publikisTvis.
iuristebi cdilobdnen saxelmwifo politikuri sammarTvelos uflebamosi
lebis SezRudvas, magram uSedegod. ZerJinskis moadgile iuzef unSlixti (1879
1938) asabuTebda sasamarTlos gareSe represiebis aucileblobas. misi TqmiT, ar
is mTeli rigi saqmeebisa, romelTa Taobazec faqtobrivi masalis naklebobis ga
mo, tribunalebi gamamarTlebel ganaCenebs gamoitandnen, maSin rodesac Ƚɉɍs
hqonda agenturuli masala, sakmarisi mkacri ganaCenisTvis, sasjelis umaRlesi
zomis CaTvliT. `wiTeli terori~ ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi Semcirda, magram
arasodes gamqrala.

7.9. cxovreba nepis pirobebSi
samrewvelo saqonelze fasebi maRali iyo, xarisxi — dabali, glexebi ki met

fuls moiTxovdnen TavianTi saqonlisTvis. msxvili kapitalis likvidaciis Semdeg
fuli mrewvelobis ganviTarebisTvis aRar arsebobda, qalaqebSi umuSevroba izr
deboda. amave dros gaCndnen vaWrobiT gamdidrebuli adamianebi, e. w. nepmanebi.
muSebis saSualo xelfasi mrewvelobaSi iyo 2030 oqros maneTi TveSi, maRal
kvalificirebul muSebs ki 4550 rublic hqondaT.

axal ekonomikur politikaze gadasvlis Semdeg gaCnda
kerZo maRaziebis, kafeebis, ateliebis da sadalaqoebis didi
raodenoba. moxda mkveTri qonebrivi diferencireba, sabWoTa
sazogadoebaSi gaCnda axali socialuri fena — nepmanebi. isi-
ni iseve moklebulni iyvnen saarCevno uflebebs, rogorc èq-
spluatatoruli klasebis~ sxva warmomadgenlebi (daqirave-
buli Sromis gamomyeneblebi, mRvdlebi, yofili policiele-
bi da mefis armiis oficrebi). swrafi gamdidreba, dabali
kulturuli done da xvalindeli dRis SiSi nepmanebs `xel-
gaSlili cxovrebisken~ ubiZgebdaT. nepmanebis simdidre da
cxovrebis wesi maT mimarT siZulvis iwvevda rigiT adamianeb-
Si. sabWoTa propaganda nepmanebs yvela ubedurebaSi adanaSa-
ulebda.


axali ekonomikuri politikis wlebSi bolSevikuri reJimi SedarebiT mSvi
dad uyurebda gaficvebs saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi, gaficvebs warmoebaSi arsebu
li problemebis da adgilobrivi administraciis Secdomad miiCnevdnen. sabWoTa
profkavSirebis lideri mixail tomski (18801936) 1928 wlis ivlisSi sak. kp(b) ple
numze ironiulad aRniSnavda, rom ruseTSi muSebi ufro met gaficvebs igebdnen,
vidre maTi amxanagebi sazRvargareT.

nepis epoqis moda. adamianebs undodaT axleburad CaecvaT,
1917 wlis Semdeg pirvelad gaCnda tansacmlis yidvis SesaZleb-
loba. deklarirebuli `sayovelTao Tanasworobis~ miuxedavad,
garegnobiT da CacmulobiT kargad SeiZleboda adamianebis so-
cialuri mdgomareobis garCeva, Tumca moqalaqeTa umravleso-
bas fulis uqonlobis gamo ar SeeZlo lamazi tansacmlis yidva.
Cveul movlenad iqca `TavaSvebuloba~ pirad cxovrebaSi, axali xelisufle

ba did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda ojaxis simtkices.

`samxedro komunizmisa~ da axali ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi niSnebi

(19181921 marti) (1921192829)
ZiriTadi niSnebi ZiriTadi niSnebi
x 1919 w. 11 ianvari — sasursaTo gawe x 1921 wlis 21 marti — sasursaTo gaweris sasur
ra soflis meurneobaSi: glexebs saTo gadasaxadiT Secvla (misi mniSvnelovani
usasyidlod arTmeven warmoebuli Semcireba, glexebs nameti produqciis realiz
produqciis did nawils; ebis saSualeba miecaT, naturaluri gadasaxadi
fuladi gadasaxadiT Seicvala);
x produqtebis uSualo gacvla qa x vaWroba — qalaqsa da sofels Soris ekonomiku
laqsa da sofels Soris; ri kavSiris ZiriTadi forma;
x mTeli mrewvelobis nacionalizac x saxelmwifos xelSi msxvili da saSualo mrewve
ia; lobis SenarCuneba. kerZo kapitalis daSveba
mrewvelobaSi: saxelmwifo kapitalizmi (konce
siebi, wvrili saxelmwifo sawarmoebis ijara),
kerZo (wvrili) sawarmoebi;
x miwis ijaris da daqiravebuli Sro x miwis ijaris da daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyene
mis gamoyenebis akrZalva soflis bis daSveba soflis meurneobaSi;
meurneobaSi;
x kerZo vaWrobis akrZalva. sursaTi x kerZo vaWrobis daSveba. saxelmwifo, kooperat
sa da moxmarebis sagnebis saxelmwi iuli da kerZo vaWrobis daSveba. sabaraTo sis
fo ganawileba baraTebiTa da kla temis likvidacia;
sobrivi principiT.
x SromiTi valdebulebis SemoReba x SromiTi valdebulebis gauqmeba, SromiTi armi
(1650 weli), SromiTi armiebis Seq ebis gauqmeba. samuSao ZaliT mrewvelobis uz
mna (xetyis damzadeba, gzebis mSe runvelyofa SromiTi birJebis meSveobiT;
nebloba);
x xelfasis naturalizacia fulis x fuladi sistemis ganmtkiceba (19221924 wlebSi
gaufasurebis gamo, ufaso saxel finansuri reforma, SemoRebul iqna oqros Cer
mwifo momsaxureba (binebi, tran voneci), fulad xelfasze gadasvla, ufaso mom
sporti da a. S.). saxurebaTa gauqmeba.

7.10. axali ekonomikuri politikis etapebi
`samxedro komunizmidan~ axal ekonomikur politikaze gadasvla niSnavda,

rom sazogadoebis gardaqmnis revoluciuri meTodebi Seicvala evoluciuriT —
daSvebul iqna sxvadasxva ekonomikuri wyobis Tanaarseboba: patriarqaluris,
wvrilisasaqonlo, kerZokapitalisturis, saxelmwifokapitalisturis, soci
alisturis. `saxelmwifo kapitalizmi~ niSnavda mTavrobis kontroliT kerZo ka
pitalis gamoyenebis yvela formas (kooperacia, ijara, koncesiebi, vaWroba). gaT
vla keTdeboda imaze, rom saxelmwifo mxardaWeris pirobebSi `socialisturi
seqtori~ droTa ganmavlobaSi gamodevnida yvela danarCens.
axali ekonomikuri politikis arsi iyo sabazro ekonomikis nawilobrivi aR
dgena; Tumca `saxelmZRvanelo~ berketebs bolSevikuri partia inarCunebda. axa-
li ekonomikuri politikis sawyisi periodi (19211925) ukavSirdeboda saxalxo me
urneobis aRdgenasa da ekonomikis rekonstruqciisTvis pirobebis momzadebas.
axali ekonomikuri politikis periodSi periodulad warmoiqmneboda krizi
suli situaciebi. gamoyofen sam mTavar kriziss:
pirveli krizisi 19231924 wlebze modioda da `gasaRebis krizisi~ ewodeba.
soflis meurneobis aRdgena ufro swrafi tempiT xdeboda, vidre mrewvelobisa,
amitom bazari samrewvelo produqciasTan SedarebiT soflis meurneobis pro-
duqtebiT ufro adre Seivso. Sedegad warmoiSva `fasebis makrateli~ — soflis
meurneobis produqcia iafdeboda, xolo samrewvelo nawarmze izrdeboda. tres-
tebi xelovnurad zrdidnen fasebs maqsimaluri mogebis mizniT. samrewvelo saqo-
neli xSirad dabali xarisxis iyo, magram maRali fasiT iyideboda. glexebi uars
ambobdnen aseTi produqciis SeZenaze. samrewvelo nawarmi sawyobebSi rCeboda da
1923 wlis Semodgomaze daiwyo gasaRebis krizisi. amis gamo sawarmoebs ar SeeZ-
loT muSebisTvis xelfasebis darigeba. es uaryofiTad aisaxeboda samrewvelo
warmoebis zrdazec da muSaTa ganwyobazec. bolSevikebma gamosavali ipoves sam-
rewvelo saqonelze fasebis administraciuli SemcirebiT.
meore krizisi gaCaRda 1925 wels. sak.kp(b) ;,9yrilobaze 1925 wlis dekember-
Si miiRes industrializaciis kursi. daigegma xorblis eqsportis gazrda, raTa
valutiT SeesyidaT ucxouri teqnika. Tumca, miuxedavad kargi mosavlisa, glexe-
bi uars ambobdnen saxelmwifosTvis xorbali dadgenili fasebiT CaebarebinaT. sa-
erTaSoriso bazarze xorblis fasi Semcirebuli iyo, amitom Sesasyidi fasebis
gazrda araxelsayrelad CaiTvala. saboloo jamSi, Sesasyidi fasebi gaizarda,
magram saWiro gaxda eqsportisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis gegmebis Semcireba.
1927 wels daiwyo mesame krizisi, romelsac `xorblis damzadebis krizisi~
ewoda. xorblis damzadebis kampaniis dros saxelmwifom ver miiRo daaxloebiT
130 mln fuTi xorblis marcvali, radganac glexebi Tavs ikavebdnen misi Cabare-
bisgan. Casabarebeli fasebi sabazroze naklebi iyo. qalaqebSi sursaTis naklebo-
bam iCina Tavi. 1928 wlis ianvarSi bolSevikebma sagangebo zomebi miiRes da xor-
blis ZaliT CamorTmeva daiwyes: daiwyo kulakebisa da mdidari glexebis dapatim-
reba, daCqarebuli tempiT imarTeboda maTi sasamarTlo procesebi. bolSevikebma
yvelaferSi daadanaSaules klasobrivi mtrebi: kulakebi da nepmanebi.
1927 wlamde sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistema iyo kapitaliz
misa da socializmis hibridi, romelSic ucnaurad iyo gadaxlarTuli orive maT
ganis niSnebi. socialisturi sistemisgan mas ganasxvavebda axali ekonomikuri po-
litikis periodSi gatarebuli reformebi, xolo ganviTarebis kapitalisturi mo
delisgan mas ganasxvavebda saxelmwifo kontroli ekonomikaze, gansakuTrebiT
sagareo vaWrobis sferoSi.

axali ekonomikuri politikis damTavrebis drosTan dakavSirebiT gansxvave
buli mosazrebebia: mis damTavrebas ukavSireben pirveli xuTwliani gegmis gan
xorcielebis dawyebas (1928 wlis 1 oqtomberi), anda masobrivi koleqtivizaciis
dawyebas (1928 wlis noemberi). axal ekonomikur politikaze uari iTqva maSinve,
rogorc ki aRdga glexuri meurneobebi.
192829 wlebis sameurneo wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri politika
gaxda administraciulmbrZanebluri sistemis nawili. politikuri reJimis (ro
melsac `totalitaruls~ uwodeben) mTavari instrumenti iyo mmarTveli partiis
diqtatura, romelic ar iyo SezRuduli raime moraluri da iuridiuli norme
biT.
arsebobda axali ekonomikuri politikis alternativa? aseTi alternativa
iqneboda politika, romelic Seqmnida normalur sabazro ekonomikas, romlis
funqcionireba SesaZlebelia demokratiuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSi,
partiulsaxelmwifo xelisuflebis monopoliis gareSe. aseTi ram ki bolSevike
bis mmarTvelobis dasasruls niSnavda.

`samxedro komunizmisa~ da axali ekonomikuri politikis Sedegebi

(19181921 marti) (1921192829)
Sedegebi Sedegebi
x bolSevikuri partiis xisti x saxelmwifos mier `saxelmZRvanelo simaR
diqtaturis Camoyalibeba; leebis~ SenarCuneba ekonomikaSi: msxvili
x administraciulmbrZanebluri sawarmoebi, transporti, sabanko sistema,
(arasabazro) sistemis formire sagareo vaWroba;
ba; x ekonomikur reformas ar mohyolia poli
x sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mra tikaSi cvlilebebi — rkp (b) kvlav rCeboda
vali mxaris gasaxelmwifoebri erTaderT politikur partiad;
oba; x Sromis stimulebis gaCena, Sromisnayofi
x sabWoTa xelisuflebis xelSi erebis amaRleba;
materialuri da SromiTi re x ekonomikis aRmavloba: soflis meurneobis
sursebis Tavmoyra, ramac xeli swrafi aRdgena; msubuqi mrewvelobis
Seuwyo samoqalaqo omSi gamar zrda; vaWrobis aRorZineba;
jvebas; x sofelsa da qalaqs Soris ekonomikuri kav
x bolSevikebis didi nawili dar Sirebis gaZliereba;
wmunebuli iyo diqtaturis meS x kooperaciuli moZraobis zrda;
veobiT socializmis swrafad x cxovrebis donis amaRleba;
aSenebis SesaZleblobaSi.
x socialuri ganSreveba (nepmanuri burJua
ziis formireba, maTxovarTa raodenobis
gazrda);
x umuSevrobis zrda.
àxali ekonomikuri politika~ Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo. erTi mxriv, amis mi-
zezi iyo bolSevikebis kursi, aeSenebinaT centralizebuli saxelmwifos xelSi
moqceuli ekonomika da viRacasTan `molaparakeba~, magaliTad glexebTan, maT xe-
lisSemSlelad miaCndaT. glexebTan `kontraqtSi~ problemebma ukve 1923 wels iCi-
na Tavi, xolo 1927 wels, rodesac CaiSala xorblis damzadebis gegma, axali ekono-
mikuri politikis bedi gadawyvetili iyo. meore mxriv, kerZo iniciativa arasakma-
risi iyo mZime mrewvelobis Sesaqmnelad, razec ocnebobdnen bolSevikebi.

Tavi 9,,,.
gasabWoebuli saqarTvelo àxali ekonomikuri

politikis~ marwuxebSi
1921 wlis gazafxulze, rodesac ruseTis wiTelma armiam saqarTvelos okup

acia moaxdina, Tavad ruseTi `samxedro komunizmis~ politikidan axal ekonomik
ur politikaze gadadioda. `samxedro komunizmis~ saSinelebebis Semdeg ruseTSi
axali ekonomikuri politika garkveul liberalizaciasa da sazogadoebisaTvis
Svebas warmoadgenda. okupirebuli saqarTvelosTvis ki e. w. àxali ekonomikuri
politika~, romelic rusuli Sablonis Sesabamisad tardeboda da Tan `socialis
tur gardaqmnebs~ daukavSirda, uaRresad mZime aRmoCnda mosaxleobisaTvis.
Tu sabWoTa ruseTSi axali ekonomikuri politika `socialisturi gardaq
mnebis~ Seneleba da droebiTi ukandaxeva iyo, saqarTveloSi bolSevikebi saWirod
miiCnevdnen am gardaqmnebis saswrafod gatarebas, raTa rusuli sabWouri modeli
srulad gadmoetanaT saqarTveloSi. amas Tan sdevda, erTi mxriv, represiebi da,
meore mxriv, brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad, romlis yvela
ze masStaburi gamovlineba 1924 wlis ajanyeba iyo.
sabWoTa saqarTvelos `suvereniteti~ mxolod deklaraciuli xasiaTis iyo.
saqarTvelo Sedioda amierkavkasiis federaciis da, misi meSveobiT, sabWoTa kav
Siris SemadgenlobaSi, qveyana imarTeboda erTiani komunisturi partiis region
uli organizaciis mier, romelic araTu morCilad misdevda moskovis miTiTebeb-
sa da davalebebs ùfro mokle vadaSi~, aramed ùfro mkacrad~ asrulebda.

8.1. axali ekonomikuri politika rusuli SabloniT
saqarTvelos okupaciisa da gasabWoebis Semdeg, leninma gamougzavna werili

amierkavkasiis komunistebs, rom `brmad ar gadaeRoT~ rusi komunistebis taqtika,
moridebodnen `rusul Sablons~ da maTi gamocdileba `mofiqrebulad Seefarde
binaT~ konkretuli pirobebisaTvis. ùfro neli, ufro frTxili, ufro sistema
turi gadasvla socializmze — ai raa SesaZlebeli da aucilebeli kavkasiis res
publikebisaTvis ruseTis sfs respublikisagan gansxvavebiT~.
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobam faqtobrivad ar gaiT
valiswina leninis es miTiTeba da 1921 wlis ivlisSi SemoiRo sasursaTonatura
luri gadasaxadi, e. i. sasursaTo gadasaxadis naturiT gadaxdevineba. 1922 wels
es gadasaxadi gaavrceles aWarasa da afxazeTzec. sabWoTa istoriografiaSic aR
iniSneboda, rom sasursaTonaturaluri gadasaxadi sruliad ar iyo aucilebeli
RonisZieba saqarTveloSi axali ekonomikuri politikis gatarebisaTvis.
sabWoTa ruseTSi sasursaTo gaweris nacvlad sasursaTo gadasaxadis dawese
bas glexebi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen, saqarTveloSi ki glexobis ukmayofileba
mohyva. saqme isaa, rom sasursaTo gadasaxadis ZiriTadi saxeoba iyo xorbali, sa
qarTveloSi ki glexoba xorblis mwvave deficits ganicdida.
1921 wels saqarTveloSi mosavals unda moeca 29,5 mln fuTi xorbali, maSin
rodesac mxolod soflisTvis saWiro iyo 32,5 mln fuTi xorbali. anu saqarTve
los soflis mosaxleobas gamosakvebad akldeboda 3 mln fuTi xorbali, mas ki sa

v. lenini. Txz., t.32, gv.399.

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. tomi 9,,. Tbilisi, 1976, gv.114.

okupacio xelisufleba gadasaxadis saxiT swored xorbals sTxovda — 1 milion
fuTs.
garda amisa, sasursaTo gadasaxadi unda ganesazRvraT soflad sameurneo sa
muSaoebis dawyebamde, saqarTveloSi ki es periodi daemTxva Tebervalmartis oms
da glexobam xeirianadac ver Caatara es samuSaoebi. miuxedavad amisa, glexebs sa
okupacio xelisufleba Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr TviTon udgenda gadasaxadebs.
saqarTveloSi sasursaTo gadasaxadi, garda marcvleulisa, dawesda aseve
xorcze, Rvinoze, karaqze, yvelze, matylze da sxv., sul 11 saxis produqtze.
glexoba daJinebiT moiTxovda naturaluri gadasaxadis fuladi gadasaxa
diT Secvlas, es sakiTxi ganixiles kidec saqarTvelos komunistur xelisufleba
Si, magram 1922 welsac ucvleli saxiT datoves. ase grZeldeboda manam, sanam mos
kovSi ar gadawyvites 1924 wlis 1 ianvridan sasoflosameurneo gadasaxadis natu
riT akrefis Sewyveta.
unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi iq
aurma komunistebma gaiTvaliswines TavianTi respublikebis istoriuli ganviTa
rebis Taviseburebani da sasursaTo gadasaxadis politika ufro warmatebiT ga
atares TavianT respublikebSi.
axali ekonomikuri politikis gatareba saqarTveloSi daukavSirda e. w. `na
cionaluklonizmis~ winaaRmdeg brZolas. nacionaluklonistebi miuTiTebdnen
leninis werilze rusuli gamocdilebis `frTxilad~ gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da moiT
xovdnen ufro zomier cvlilebebs, emxrobodnen èvoluciur meTodebs~, Tumca
danarCeni komunistebi miiCnevdnen, rom `daTmobebis taqtika~ mxolod 1921 wels
exeboda da `Setevaze gadasvlis~ dro dgeboda.

8.2. bolSevikuri àgraruli revolucia~ saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi gatarebuli iyo miwis reforma,

romelmac daakmayofila glexoba da 1919 wlidan bolSevikebi saqarTveloSi ve
Rar axerxebdnen glexTa ajanyebebis mowyobas. 1921 wlis aprilSi bolSevikurma
xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi gaauqma miwaze kerZo sakuTreba da daiwyo miwis ga
danawileba. soflad ganaaxles klasobrivi dapirispireba, rodesac Raribebs ga
uRvives survili, xelSi CaegdoT sxvisi sakuTreba. `mtruli klasis~ — Tavadazna
urobis warmomadgenlebs arTmevdnen miwis nakveTebs, nagebobebs da sasoflosa
meurneo inventars, Tumca wasarTmevi bevri araferi iyo.
nacionaluklonistebis winaaRmdegobis daZlevis Semdeg, 1923 wlidan Ca
tarda àgraruli revolucia~. Tavadaznaurobas CamoarTves 142 aTasi desetina
miwa da glexebs gadasces, Tumca es odenoba miwisa sakmarisi ar iyo bolSevikebis
mier dadgenili normebiT glexobis minimalurad dasakmayofileblad. maTive
gaTvliT, saWiro iyo kidev 344.444 desetina miwa.
miwis sakiTxs amwvavebda glexuri meurneobebis ricxvis swrafi zrda. 1921
1925 wlebSi saqarTveloSi glexTa meurneobebis raodenoba 326.360dan 413.948
mde gaizarda, anu 87.588 erTeuliT. SedarebiT msxvil glexur meurneobebs eSin
odaT, rom maTac CamoarTmevdnen miwas, gayofis SemTxvevaSi ki uCndebodaT Sansi,
damatebiT kidev mieRoT miwa.


iqve, gv.114.

iqve, gv.124125.

iqve, gv.130.

bolSevikebis mier gatarebul `revoluciur reformas~ qaosi Sehqonda sof
lis meurneobaSi, iwvevda meurneobis daqucmacebas, spobda gaumjobesebuli man
qanebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas, amcirebda soflis meurneobis sasaqonlo xa
siaTs, xels uSlida soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas.

8.3. mrewvelobis `socialisturi~ gardaqmna
1921 wlis ivnisSi ganxorcielda mrewvelobis nacionalizacia — fabrikaqar

xnebi, transporti, bankebi da sxv. gamocxadda `socialisturi saxelmwifos sa
kuTrebad~. muSaTa klasi, wesiT, bolSevikebis dasayrdeni unda yofiliyo, magram
ar endobodnen qarTvel muSebs, romlebic `menSevikebis~ dasayrdenad miaCndaT
da, marTlac, qarTvelma muSebma bevri problema Seuqmnes saokupacio xelisuf
lebas.
19221923 wlebSi moaxdines warmoebis koncentracia — msgavsi sawarmoebis
gaerTianebiT iqmneboda ufro msxvili sawarmoebi. 1923 wels daiwyes saxelmwifos
xelSi gadasuli wvrili sawarmoebis gaerTianeba — 69 sawarmosagan Seiqmna ufro
msxvili 33 sawarmo, rac warmoebas aumjobesebda. saqarTveloSi saSualo da wvri-
li sawarmoebis didi nawili kvlav daubrunes Zvel mflobelebs, rasac ekonomikis
gamococxleba mohyva, magram aman gaaZliera `nepmanebi~, romelTa mimarT xeli-
suflebis damokidebuleba mtruli iyo. saqarTvelos nacionalizebulma sawar
moebma normaluri funqcionireba mxolod 19251926 wlebSi daiwyes.
saqarTveloSi pirveli socialisturi mSenebloba 1922 wlis oqtomberSi za-
hesis (zemo avWalis hidroeleqtrosadguris) mSeneblobis dawyeba iyo. didi yu-
radReba eqceoda `SabaTobebs~, rodesac adamianebi usasyidlod muSaobdnen. es
komunisturi Sromis dasawyisad miiCneoda. 1922 wlis 10 oqtombers SabaTobaSi
(romelic kviras gaimarTa) sergo orjonikiZem miiRo monawileoba. zahesis aSene-
ba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo leninis mier 1920 wels mowonebul ruseTis eleqtrifi-
kaciis gegmaSi (`goelro~). mSeneblobaze sxvadasxva dros 4 aTasi kaci muSaobda.
is faqtobrivad aSenda saqarTvelos eklesiamonastrebisTvis CamorTmeuli
Zvirfaseulobis gayidvis xarjze, Tumca moskovma, politikuri mosazrebebiT,
750 aTasi oqros maneTi gamoyo. zahesis mSenebloba `saCvenebeli~ iyo da iq Cahyav-
daT rogorc adgilobrivi, ise ucxoeTidan Camosuli muSebisa da komunisturi
partiebis delegaciebi. 1926 wels zahess stalinic estumra. zahesis mSenebloba
gaWianurda da mxolod 1927 wlis 26 ivniss Cadga mwyobrSi.

saqarTvelos evaleboda mZime industriisTvis saWiro nedleulis: manganu-

mis, qvanaxSiris, spilenZis da sxva wiaRiseuli sabadoebis damuSaveba. `komunis
tebma saqarTveloSi `koloniuri~ ekonomikuri politikis gatareba daiwyes. amis

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. tomi 9,,. Tbilisi, 1976, gv.157

gamo, saqarTvelos mTeli ekonomika sabWoTa ruseTis ekonomikas mieba. TandaTa
nobiT saqarTvelo, romelsac pirvel msoflio omamde da damoukideblobis peri
odSi mniSvnelovani savaWro urTierToba hqonda garesamyarosTan, mTlianad ru
sul bazarze gaxda damokidebuli~, — naTqvamia aSSis kongresisTvis wardgenil
moxsenebaSi.

8.4. dasavleTTan ekonomikuri urTierTobis SezRudva
axali ekonomikuri politikiT daSvebuli iyo ucxouri kapitalis gamoyeneba

koncesiebis gacemis gziT, magram saqarTveloSi es SesaZlebloba faqtobrivad ar
gamoiyenes.
nacionaluklonistebs undodaT dasavleTis kapitalis gamoyeneba, magali
Tad, moiTxovdnen baTumis navTobis rezervuarebis denacionalizacias da mis sa
koncesiod gadacemas `standartoilisaTvis~, magram maT mowinaaRmdegeebs miaCn
daT, rom es daauZlurebda sabWoTa respublikebis ekonomikur kavSirs da gazr
dida separatistul tendenciebs.
moskovi Tavisi nebasurviliT gankargavda nebismieri erovnuli respubli
kis bunebriv simdidres. magaliTad, 1925 wlis ivnisSi gaformda xelSekruleba Wi
aTuris manganumis sabados 20 wliT sakoncesiod gadacemis Sesaxeb. es ufleba am
erikelma mrewvelma a.harimanma moipova. 1928 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebam gauuq-
ma harimans xelSekruleba im motiviT, rom cudad asrulebda valdebulebebs. Wia-
Turis koncesiis sakiTxebs uSualod moskovSi, politbiuro ganixilavda. saqar-
Tvelos bunebrivi simdidreebis aTvisebas moskovi iyenebda da aqedan saqarTve-
los raime mogeba ar rCeboda.
gasabWoebamde saqarTveloSi Semodioda iafi dasavluri saqoneli, 1922 wlis
Semodgomidan es gza Caiketa da saqonlis momwodebeli ruseTi gaxda, romlis sa
qonelic gacilebiT Zviri iyo. 1922 wlis noemberSi dasavleTidan Semovida 56.600
fuTi saqoneli, sabWoTa ruseTidan ki — 844.700 fuTi.
Tu ruseTSi axali ekonomikuri politikis SemoReba fulis kursis ganmtki
cebaze zrunvas niSnavda, saqarTveloSi piriqiT moxda. 1922 wlis dekembridan
swrafi tempiT xdeboda qarTuli fulis niSnebis gaufasureba, fasebi 1922 wlis
dekembridan 1923 wlis Tebervlamde gaizarda 3,5jer. amis ZiriTadi mizezi is
iyo, rom saqarTveloSi dauSves gaufasurebuli rusuli da mezobeli sabWoTa
respublikebis — somxeTisa da azerbaijanis aseve gaufasurebuli fulis niSnebis
Tavisufali mimoqceva.
1923 wlis Semodgomaze uaRresad mZime viTareba Seiqmna. am dros soflis me
urneobis produqtebze fasebi Zalian dabali iyo, samrewvelo saqonelze ki — Za
lian maRali, gaCnda gasaRebis krizisi. muSebi xelfass ver iRebdnen.
bolSevikebma didi zeimiT gamoacxades, rom 19251926 wlebisTvis dasrulda
soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis aRdgena, amasTan e. w. socialistur seqtors
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSi.


iqve, gv.181.

iqve, gv.150.

nawili meoTxe
`leninis anderZi~ da leninis
memkvidreebi
Tavi ,;.
leninis avadmyofoba da sikvdili
leninis avadmyofobam da sikvdilma mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Seitana sab-

WoTa reJimis ganviTarebaSi. lenini 53 wlis gardaicvala da savsebiT SesaZlebeli
iyo, rom mas kidev didxans ecocxla. am SemTxvevaSi ar gaCaRdeboda is mwvave brZo-
la xelisuflebisaTvis, rac misi gardacvalebis Semdeg politbiuroSi darCenil
mis memkvidreebs Soris gaimarTa. am sakiTxze saubari SemTxveviT ar dagviwyia.
sabWoTa istoriografiaSi xruSCovis Semdeg da dRevandel rusul istori-
ografiaSi arsebobs versia, rom stalinis gareSe `yvelaferi kargad iqneboda~. am
versiis Tanaxmad, rkp(b) ;,,, yrilobas leninis moTxovna rom Seesrulebina da
stalini gadaeyenebina partiis generaluri mdivnis postidan, ar iqneboda masob-
rivi represiebi, banakebi, SimSili, mcdari sagareo politika, hitleri an ver ga-
bedavda sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmas, an wiTeli armia mas qveynis siRrmeSi SeWris
saSualebas ar miscemda. magram xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida stalini da Seqmna
totalitaruli sistema, romlis arsebobac ruseTs Zviri daujda.
sinamdvileSi totalitaruli sistema ruseTSi stalinis Seqmnili ar aris,
misi avtori lenini da bolSevikuri partia iyo; sakoncentracio banakebi da rep-
resiebi stalins ar gamougonia, misi maswavlebeli am saqmeSic lenini iyo. ase rom,
yvelafris `stalinisTvis gadabraleba~ marTebuli ar aris. stalinma gaagrZela
is saqme, rac leninma daiwyo. lenins rom ecocxla, cxadia, zog rames sxvanairad
gaakeTebda, magram bednier, demokratiul qveyanas namdvilad ver aaSenebda.

9.1. leninis avadmyofoba
rkp(b) ;, yrilobis Semdeg lenini sul ufro metad kargavda gavlenas movle-
naTa ganviTarebaze. amis mizezi leninis avadmyofoba iyo. 1922 wlis 25 maiss le-
nins tvinSi sisxli Caeqca. is nawilobriv paralizebuli gaxda — marjvena xeli da
fexi waerTva, daerRva metyveleba. varaudobdnen, rom leninis avadmyofoba ga-
mowveuli iyo misi gadaRlilobiT da 1918 wlis 30 agvistos momxdari Tavdasxmis
SedegebiT. lenini mkurnalobis mizniT gadaiyvanes moskovis maxloblad mdebare
patara sofel gorkaSi. gadayvanis win mas dausves diagnozi — `nevrasTenia Zlieri
gadaRlis niadagze~, magram misi avadmyofoba marto am diagnoziT ar aixsneboda.
leninis samkurnalod gamoiZaxes nervuli avadmyofobebis wamyvani germaneli spe-
cialistebi. pirveli insultidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg leninma kvlav daiwyo
laparaki (ara marto rusulad, aramed germanulad da inglisuradac). ivnisis Sua
ricxvebSi wamodga da siarulic daiwyo.

Ʌ. Ɇɥɟɱɢɧ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ., 2015, ɫɬɪ.446.

am dRes mitingze gamosvlisas lenins esroles da ori tyviT daWres. Tavdasxmis braldebiT
daapatimres da daxvrites eseri qali fani kaplani (1890-1918).

Ʌ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɤɢɧ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ. Ɇ., 2017, ɫ.847.

1922 wlis dekembridan mis gardacvalebamde leninis mTavari mkurnali eqimi iyo germaneli
nevrologi otfrid fiorsteri (1873-1941).

1922 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi, eqimebis rekomendaciis sawinaaRmdegod,
lenini dabrunda moskovSi da CaerTo partiul da administraciul muSaobaSi.
trockis TqmiT, leninma swored am dros gaacnobiera, rom misi aryofnis dros
kremlSi viTareba Seicvala, `centridan~ adgilebis biurokratiuli kontroli
mkveTrad gaizarda. misive informaciiT, stalini fxizlad adevnebda Tvals leni-
nis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, magram mas ukve `Camowerilad~ miiCnevda.
1922 w. 13 noembers lenini sityviT gamovida kominternis kongresze, erT sa-
aTze met xans germanulad ilaparaka. Tumca, leninis fizikuri mdgomareoba
kvlav uaresdeboda. 1922 wlis 20 noembers lenini ukanasknelad gamovida saja-
rod moskovis sabWos plenumze, xolo 1922 wlis 12 dekembers leninma ukanaskne-
lad imuSava kremlSi.
abram iofem, trockis axlo TanamebrZolma, winadadebiT mimarTa lenins,
rom saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris posti, romelic lenins ekava, `pre-
zidiumiT~ SeecvalaT da masSi kamenevi, zinovievi da trocki SeeyvanaT.
1922 wlis noembris bolodan, leninis ukiTxavad, misma mdivnebma daiwyes sai-
dumlo dRiuris warmoeba, romelSic mokled aRiwereboda, Tu ra gaakeTa im dRes
leninma da rogori iyo misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es xdeboda 1923 wlis
martamde, leninis saboloo insultamde. dRiuris arseboba mowmobda imaze, rom
lenins Tvals adevnebda politbiuro, pirvel rigSi ki stalini, Tumca, dRiuris
erT-erTi mTavari laitmotivi 18 dekembridan xdeba stalini, romelic, Canawere-
bis mixedviT, leninis gaRizianebas iwvevda Tavisi saqcieliT.
1922 wlis 12 dekembers lenini elaparaka Tbilisidan dabrunebul ZerJin-
skis `qarTul saqmeze~ (konfliqti qarTvel `nacional-uklonistebTan~). lenini
saubriT ukmayofilo darCa da masze mZime gavlena moaxdina. 13 dekembers lenins
avadmyofobis ori Seteva daemarTa da eqimebma saqmeebisgan Camocileba mosTxo-
ves. 1922 wlis 16 dekembridan leninis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba kidev ufro ga-
uaresda, 23 dekembers lenins meored daemarTa insulti, marjvena mxaris dambla
daeca.
23 dekembers, saRamos, leninma ukarnaxa `werili yrilobas~ — partiis erTiano-
bis ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb. am dRes man SeZlo mxolod oTxi wuTi emuSava, magram mom-
devno dReebSi, eqimebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, man ganagrZo werilebis karnaxi.
eqimebma da politbiurom akrZales leninisTvis axali ambebisa da politikuri
informaciis gadacema. aekrZala mimowerac. lenins SeeZlo ekarnaxa sxvadasxva pi-
risTvis gasagzavni werilebi an Tavad ecada dawera, magram pasuxs ver miiRebda.
1923 wlis 10 marts leninma gadaitana me-3 insulti da avadmyofobam saSine-
li saxe miiRo. lenins paralizebuli hqonda sxeulis marjve-
na nawili, aseve dakarga laparakis unari.
leninma jer kidev 1922 wlis 22 dekembers iTxova sawam-
lavi im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tuki laparakis unars dakargavda.
1923 wlis ivlisamde misi marto datoveba ar SeiZleboda,
radganac aramdgradi fsiqika da motorika hqonda.
lenini ganicdida nervul aRgznebas, mrisxanebis Sete-
vas, xSirad ar SeeZlo emociebis gakontroleba, zogjer saja-
rod cremlebs ver ikavebda. zogjer yviroda, mReroda, ymuo-
da, — aseT dros giJs hgavda. zogjer ar SeeZlo daZineba, uZi-
lenini gorkSi
loba ramdenime dRe SeiZleba gagrZelebuliyo. awuxebda koS-
avadmyofobis
marebi da halucinaciebi. xSirad 15-20 wamiT kargavda gonebas.
dros. 1923 weli.
zogjer ar SeeZlo imis gagebac, Tu ras ekiTxebodnen. ar mos-


wonda, meddebi rom uvlidnen, rogorc Cans, rcxvenoda; meddebi mamakaci sanit-
rebiT Secvales.
9.2. leninis avadmyofoba da stalini
izolirebul, dambladacemul lenins srulad akontrolebda stalini da mi-

si nebarTvis gareSe revoluciis beladis naxvis ufleba politbiuros wevrebsac
ki ar hqondaT. lenins mxolod misi meuRle nadeJda krupskaia da maria ulianova
adgnen Tavze da uvlidnen. maTi gadaadgileba mkacrad kontroldeboda da qa-
lebs iqidan informaciis gamotanis aranairi SesaZlebloba ar gaaCndaT. henrix
iagoda im periodSi leninis dacvis ufrosi da stalinis piradi agenti iyo.
rogor SeiZleba SevafasoT leninis avadmyofobis reJimi 1922 wlis dekem-
bridan 1923 wlis martis CaTvliT? es iyo zrunva avadmyofis janmrTelobaze Tu
`de-faqto damxoba da saSinao patimroba~? cxadia, leninis izolirebas marto
stalini ver moaxdenda. es iyo mTeli misi garemocvis gadawyvetileba. Tumca, le-
nini rom gamojanmrTelebuliyo, mas eyofoda avtoriteti poziciebis dasabru-
neblad.
1922 wlis dekemberSi moxda incidenti, ramac Zireulad Secvala leninis da-
mokidebuleba stalinisadmi. avadmyof lenins icavdnen politikuri informacii-
sagan, ufro metad rom ar enerviula. stalinma, romelsac politbiurosgan dava-
lebuli hqonda leninis mkurnalobis kurireba, gaigo, rom nadeJda krupskaia ma-
inc esaubreboda lenins politikur Temebze. sxva versiiT, krupskaias daxmarebiT
leninma werili gaugzavna trockis. gabrazebulma stalinma krupskaias daureka
da sastikad gamolanZRa. krupskaiam mZimed ganicada momxdari. maria ulianova
(leninis da) igonebda, rom am saubris Semdeg krupskaia isterikaSi iyo, tiroda da
iatakze goraobda. es istoria dagvianebiT Seityo leninma krupskaiasagan, lenini
gabrazda da stalinisagan werilobiT moiTxova bodiSis moxda, winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi urTierTobis sruli gawyvetiT imuqreboda. stalinma maSin bodiSi moi-
xada da gakvirveba gamoTqva, rom momxdars aseTi didi mniSvneloba mieniWa. im
droisaTvis, rodesac leninma am incidentis Sesaxeb Seityo, stalini da krupskaia
ukve Serigebuli iyvnen.

9.3. leninis gardacvaleba da dakrZalva
1924 wlis 19-20 ianvars nadeJda krupskaia lenins ukiTxavda ;,,, partiuli
konferenciis dadgenilebebs, romlebSic mkveTrad gakritikebuli iyo trocki.
es niSnavda im ganxeTqilebas, risic yvelaze metad eSinoda lenins. mas mRelvare-
ba daetyo, amitom krupskaiam uTxra, rom rezoluciebi erTxmad iyo miRebuli. si-
namdvileSi rezoluciebi xmebis umravlesobiT iyo miRebuli.
1924 wlis 21 ianvars leninis mdgomareoba mkveTrad gauaresda da 18:50 wuT-
ze gardaicvala. bolSeviki liderebidan leninis sikvdilis uSualo mowme buxa-
rini iyo. pirveli cnoba leninis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb gaJRerda imave dRes sab-
Woebis ;, yrilobaze mixeil kalininis mier. man iq myofT Tvalcremlianma ganuc-
xada, rom leninma wina Rames morigi insulti ver gadaitana da gardaicvala. pre-
zidiumis wevrebi, maT Soris zinovievi da kamenevi, `daemxvnen magidaze da bavSvi-
viT tirodnen~. imave dResve qveyanaSi glova gamocxadda, Seiqmna centraluri ko-
mitetis damkrZalavi komisia, bolSeviki liderebi saswrafod Cavidnen gorkSi. 22
ianvars ZerJinskim Cekistebs miTiTeba misca `panikaSi ar Cavardniliyvnen~ da See-
narCunebinaT `gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom regularulad qveyndeboda biuleteni leninis jan-
mrTelobis mZime mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, misi gardacvaleba bevrisTvis moulodne-
li aRmoCnda.
leninis gardacvalebisTanave mravali Wori gavrcelda. erT-erTis Tanax-
mad, leninma gausaZlisi tkivilebis gamo TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle.
sxva versiis Tanaxmad, lenini mowamles. 1924 wlis 21 ianvars eqimma mas Cai miuta-
na. leninma ucnauri gemo igrZno, magram mainc dalia da im saRamos 18:50 saaTze
gardaicvala.
oficialuri daskvna leninis gardacvalebis mizezebis Sesaxeb 22 ianvars ga-
moqveynda. am cnobis Tanaxmad, lenins tvinSi sisxli Caeqca.
leninis sxeulis balzamirebis sakiTxi jer kidev mis sicocxleSi, 1923 wlis
Semodgomaze ganuxilavT politbiuros sxdomaze. stalins ganucxadebia, rom
`provincieli amxanagebi~ iTxovdnen leninis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi sxe-
ulis balzamirebas. am ideis winaaRmdeg trocki, kamenevi da buxarini gamovidnen,
magram leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg aravin Riad aRar wasula leninis sxeulis
balzamirebis winaaRmdeg. oficialurad balzamirebis idea kalininma wamoayena.
leninis meuRle nadeJda krupskaia, leninis uaxloesi naTesavebi: da maria
ilias asuli da umcrosi Zma dimitri ulianovi winaaRmdegi iyvnen leninis balza-
mirebisa da damarxvas moiTxovdnen, magram maT Tvalsazriss angariSi ar gauwies.
krupskaias, ubralod, mosTxoves, leninis nivTebis gadacema. krupskaia arasodes
ar Sesula mavzoleumSi. ar mdgara mavzoleumis tribunaze da Tavis statiebsa da
wignebSi arasodes uxsenebia mavzoleumi.
postsabWoTa istorikosebis nawili Tvlis, rom balzamirebis idea sinamdvi-
leSi stalinisagan momdinareobda da misi fesvebi unda veZeboT zogierTi bolSe-
vikis survilSi, SeeqmnaT axali religia gamarjvebuli proletariatisTvis
(RmerTis mSenebloba — Ȼɨɝɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ). maqsim gorkis miaweren gamonaTqvams,
romlis Tanaxmadac, axal sabWoTa ruseTs axali religia sWirdeboda da qristes
adgili iq unda daekavebina lenins — xalxis keTildReobisTvis mebrZols, amitom
lenini ukvdavi unda yofiliyo da SesZleboda mkvdreTidan aRdgoma.
zogierTi istorikosis azriT, stalini ukve maSin emzadeboda ìstoriuli
paradigmis~ aRsadgenad, raTa xalxisTvis mieca RmerTi, gardacvlili leninis sa-
xiT, da axali mefe, sakuTari Tavis saxiT.
arsebobs mosazrebac, rom sikvdilis Semdeg leninis sxeulis SenarCunebis
idea ekuTvnis leonid krasins (swored es pirovneba uwevda zedamxedvelobas le-
ninis sxeulis balzamirebas), romelic iziarebda mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mo-
mavalSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gardacvlilTa fizikuri gacocxleba.
ase iyo Tu ise, ukve leninis sicocxleSi iqmneboda miTi uZleveli, yovlis-
SemZle beladis Sesaxeb, romelic xalxis bednierebisaTvis ibrZoda. rodesac le-
nini ar daasaflaves, amiT miTi leninis Sesaxeb kidev ufro Zlieri gaxda.

2004 wlis ivnisSi JurnalSi (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI 1HXURORJ\ gamoqveynda statia, romlis avtorebis
azriT, lenini neirosifilisisgan gardaicvala. aseTi eWvi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi Tavad leninsac
hqonda, magram mkurnalma eqimebma es ar daadastures iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove rusi mecnieri
iuri lopuxini amtkicebs, rom lenini gardaicvala Tavis tvinis ZarRvebis aTerosklerozisagan.

eswrebodnen stalini, trocki, buxarini, kalinini, kamenevi da rikovi.

trockis mogonebis Tanaxmad, Tumca zogma saeWvod miiCnia es faqti.

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KWWSV:ZZZ.UEF.UXVRFLHW\2004201758I8HD7I9D79473G8GI6G6F2

KWWSVPRLDUXVVLDUXSRFKHPXOHQLQDQHSRKRURQLOLVUD]XLFKWR]KGHWYR]KG\DYRP

ilia erenburgs uTqvams: `leninis uaxloesma megobrebma udidesi Secdoma dauSves. leninis
sikvdilis Semdeg maT gaaRmerTes lenini, rac gamoiyena stalinma da yvela moxerxebulad
damnaSaveebad gamoiyvana.~

21 ianvridan daiwyo rigiTi adamianebis mier leninis kubos monaxuleba. 23 ian-
vars lenini samgloviaro matarebliT moskovSi gadaasvenes. misi kubo dadges sve-
tebian sasaxleSi, sadac xuTi dRe mimdinareobda oficialuri gamomSvidobeba. 23-
26 ianvars leninis cxedari daaxloebiT naxevarma milionma adamianma moinaxula.
27 ianvars, dRis 4 saaTze kubo leninis balzamirebuli sxeuliT mavzoleum-
Si moaTavses. xuTi wuTiT Sewyda moZraoba da yovelgvari muSaoba, qveyana `sam-
gloviaro mdumarebam~ moicva.

leninis gardacvalebis meore dResve wiTel moedanze, kremlis kedelTan,
daiwyo misTvis mavzoleumis mSenebloba, romelic wiTeli xis samsafexuriani pi-
ramidis formis iyo (nimuSi mesopo-
tamiis piramididan iqna aRebuli). Su-
merebi Tvlidnen, rom aseTi piramida
idealuri iyo energiis SesanarCuneb-
lad.
oficialurad mavzoleumis mSe-
neblobis gadawyvetileba 1924 wlis
26 ianvars sabWoebis ,, sruliad sa-
kavSiro yrilobis samgloviaro
sxdomaze miiRes. aseve gadawyda, pet-
rogradisTvis leningradi ewodebi-
naT, gamoecaT leninis Txzulebebi
leninis TanamebrZolebi xis mavzoleumTan
da qveynis did qalaqebSi dadgmuli-
yo leninis Zeglebi.
leninis dakrZalvis dRes, 1924 wlis 27 ianvars wiTel moedanze saxeldaxelo,
xis masalisgan damzadebuli mavzoleumi gakeTda, romlis proeqtis avtori a.v. SCu-
sevi iyo. gazafxulze am sarkofags ramdenime detali daemata. mavzoleumi kubis
formis iyo, Tumca sabolood igi rTul konstruqciul nagebobad iqna miCneuli da
xelaxali konkursi gamocxadda.
arqiteqtorma k. s. melnikovma erTi Tvis vadaSi rva axali proeqti SeimuSava,
saidanac erT-erTi damtkicda kidec. mavzoleumi umokles vadaSi, proeqtis av-
toris zedamxedvelobiT, aSenda da am saxiT `didi samamulo omis~ dasrulebamde
SenarCunda.

ɇɢɧɚ Ɍɭɦɚɪɤɢɧ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɠɢɜ! Ʉɭɥɶɬ Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. ɋ. ɉ. ɋɭɯɚɪɟɜɚ. ² ɋɉɛ.:
Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ `Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ~, 1997. ² 285 ɫ.

eqimebi Zvel egviptur meTodebs mimarTavdnen da lenins iseTive balzamirebas ukeTebdnen,
rogorsac aTaswleulebis winaT faraonebs. lenins Sinagani organoebi amouRes, xolo misi tvini
specialurad Seqmnil institutSi gadaagzavnes.

meore msoflio omis dros, 1941 wels, leninis cxedari tiumenSi iyo evakuirebuli da erT±erT
SenobaSi inaxeboda. beladi ruseTis dedaqalaqs mxolod 1945 wlis aprilSi `daubrunda~. stalinis
gardacvalebis Semdeg misi cxedaric leninis gverdiT iyo dasvenebuli. 1953±61 wlebSi
(mavzoleumidan stalinis cxedris gamotanamde) igi asec iwodeboda: `v.i. leninisa da i.b. stalinis
mavzoleumi~.

`perestroikis~ periodidan ruseTSi araerTxel gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom
lenini daemarxaT, magaliTad, peterburgSi, dedis saflavis gverdiT. 1980-iani
wlebis bolodan arsebobs versia, rom leninma datova werilobiTi anderZi, anda
sTxova krupskaias, rom dedis gverdiT daekrZalaT. ruseTis uaxlesi istoriis
arqivis gancxadebiT, oficialurad leninis amgvari anderZi ar arsebobs. Tavad
dRevandel ruseTis sazogadoebaSic ar aris erTgvarovani damokidebuleba le-
ninis SesaZlo dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT.
leninis dakrZalvis TariRi ramdenjerme Secvales. dakrZalvas jer 24 ian-
vars apirebdnen, sakmaod mokrZalebuli ceremoniiT, mcire mitingiT da kremlis
kedelTan dakrZalviT, sverdlovis saflavis win. imis gamo, rom bevri regionebi-
dan Camosvlas ver aswrebda, dasaflaveba 26 ianvrisaTvis gadaitanes, Semdeg ki,
radganac mavzoleumis damTavreba ver eswreboda, dakrZalvis ceremonia 27 ian-
vars Sedga.
dasaflavebis ceremonias bolSeviki liderebi piradad eswrebodnen da war-
moTqves gardacvlilisadmi miZRvnili sityvebi. maTgan yvelaze dasamaxsovrebe-
li aRmoCnda zinovievis gamosvla da stalinis `fici~.
trocki ar eswreboda leninis dakrZalvas. is am dros saqarTveloSi imyofe-
boda, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, soxumSi, dasasveneblad Casuli. trocki Semdeg le-
ninis dakrZalvaze Tavis aryofnas stalins abralebda, TiTqos man SecdomaSi Se-
iyvana da leninis dasaflavebis araswori TariRi acnoba. arsebobs mosazrebac,
romlis Tanaxmadac, trocki imitom ar Cavida moskovSi dakrZalvaze, rom depre-
siaSi iyo leninis sikvdilis gamo.
leninis mavzoleumTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli ritualebi Camoyalibda.
mavzoleumis SesasvlelTan dawesda posti 1 1, sadac dRedaRam guSagebi cvlid-
nen erTmaneTs. es posti 1993 w. oqtombramde arsebobda.
mavzoleumis tribunaze 7 noembers da 1 maiss adiodnen partiisa da saxel-
mwifos xelmZRvanelebi, saidanac esalmebodnen samxedro da moqalaqeTa aRlu-
mebs. sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis wlebSi leninis mavzoleumi moinaxula 150
milionze metma adamianma.

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Tavi ;.
leninis ànderZi~
10.1. ras ewodeba leninis ànderZi~
lenins aranairi ànderZi~ ar dautovebia. avadmyofobis dros lenini ime-

dovnebda, rom gamojanmrTeldeboda da Tavis saqmes daubrundeboda, amitomac
avadmyofobis dros mimdinare politikiT iyo dakavebuli. avadmyofma leninma
1922 wlis 23 dekembridan 1923 wlis 2 martamde mdivnebs ukarnaxa 8 werili, rom-
lebic Semdeg, komunisturi propagandis wyalobiT, istoriaSi Sevida rogorc
leninis `politikuri anderZi~. am statiebidan xuTSi (`furclebi dRiuridan~,
`kooperaciis Sesaxeb~, `Cveni revoluciis Sesaxeb~, `rogor movaxdinoT muSgle-
xinis reorganizacia~, ùmjobesia cota da kargi~) gadmocemulia sabWoTa kavSir-
Si politikuri reformisa da socializmis mSeneblobis ideebi. es statiebi maSin-
ve gamoqveynda. danarCeni sami werili (`werili yrilobas~, `gosplanisTvis saka-
nonmdeblo funqciebis miniWebis Sesaxeb~, èrovnebaTa sakiTxis anu àvtonomiza-
ciis~ Sesaxeb~) gankuTvnili iyo mxolod partiuli xelmZRvanelobisaTvis da pir-
velad gamoqveynda 1956 wels.
lenini idealistis poziciidan ocnebobda partiuli biurokratiis refor-
maze da am gzad esaxeboda masSi `dazgis muSebis~ CarTva.
meore statiaSi saubrobda kooperaciuli moZraobis gaSlaze, romelic Tan-
daTanobiT komunebad unda gadaqceuliyo.
seriozuli gavlena leninis am ideebs realur politikaze ar hqonia.
10.2. sabWoTa saxelmwifo aparatis reorganizaciis gegma
leninis azriT, xelisufleba unda darCeniliyo `Zveli partiuli gvardiis~

xelSi, amave dros xedavda, rom xelisufleba gadadioda axali Zalis — partiuli
aparatis xelSi. es SeSfoTeba aaxloebda mas trockisTan, romlis Seviwroebac da
xelmZRvanelobidan CamoSorebac dawyebuli iyo. trockis upirispirdebodnen
leninis Zveli `TanamebrZolebi~.
1921-1923 wlebSi lenini xedavda, rom sabWouri saxelmwifo aparati, revo-
luciuri moxeleebiT dakompleqtebuli, emsgavseboda Zvels, mefis ruseTisas.
moxeleebi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen da gadaiqcnen garkveul fenad, kastad.
lenins amis Tavidan acilebis gzad esaxeboda moxeleTa fenaSi mudmivad axali
adamianebis CarTva. amasTan, marTvaSi mizandasaxulad unda CaerToT isini, vinc
pasiuri iyo, — Tavs aridebda partiaSi, sabWoebSi da, saerTod, politikaSi Car-
Tvas. CarTvis gzad lenins esaxeboda e. w. `muSur-glexuri inspeqciis~ reorgani-
zeba. am Temas eZRvneba leninis ànderZSi~ Semavali ori statia: `rogor movaxdi-
noT muSglexinis reorganizacia~, ùmjobesia cota da kargi~.
muSglexini 1919 wels Seiqmna da uavtoriteto, amorfuli struqturis mqo-
ne aparats warmoadgenda 12 aTasi TanamSromliT, misi amocana iyo saxelmwifo uw-
yebebis finansuri da sabuRaltro kontroli. Tavidan muSglexini lenins masob-
riv organizaciad esaxeboda, Semdeg 400-500 yvelaze niWieri muSisgan unda Sem-
dgariyo.
arakompetenturi, uwignuri, pasiuri da uiniciativo pirebis CarTva sapasu-
xismgeblo administraciul muSaobaSi sruliadac ar aumjobesebda saxelmwifo

aparats, romelic isedac revoluciamdelze uxarisxo iyo, magram lenins miaCnda,
rom TandaTan es meTodi Sedegs moitanda. pasiuri mSromelebis CarTva moxeleTa
reviziaSi xels Seuwyobda maTi ganaTlebis amaRlebas, swavlas, politikur gaaq-
tiurebas. leninis azriT, mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda revoluciis SenarCuneba.
leninis idea muSglexinis reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebiT did enTuziazms
ar iwvevda arc stalinSi (is erTi periodi Tavad iyo muSglexinis xelmZRvaneli)
da arc trockis moswonda, romelsac miaCnda, rom muSglexiniT sabWoTa saxelmwi-
fo aparatis gaumjobesebis idea `fantaziis sferos~ miekuTvneboda.
muSglexinis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb werili `pravdaSi~ gamoqveynda. cen-
traluri komitetis mdivanma kuibiSevma winadadeba wamoayena, gazeTi erT egzem-
plarad daebeWdaT, avadmyofi leninisTvis rom eCvenebinaT, Tumca imaze SeTan-
xmdnen, rom dabeWdvis win statiidan amoiRebdnen erT monakveTs, sadac saubari
iyo generaluri mdivnis kontrolis meqanizmis Seqmnaze.
leninis bolo werilebis efeqts amcirebda gavrcelebuli xmebi — rom leni-
ni janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo arcTu mTlad Seracxadi iyo.
leninis miTiTebebis Sesabamisad, daiwyes `revizorebis~ Segroveba, 1922
wlis SemodgomisTvis ipoves muSglexinis pirveli 70 wevri saWiro 300-dan.
ra moxdeboda, es instituti marTla rom amoqmedebuliyo — ara saTaTbiro
organos, aramed aRmasrulebeli organos saxiT, — maSinve konfliqtSi moeqceoda
axal administraciul elitasTan, `sabWoTa mosamsaxureebTan~. arsebiTad, es iq-
neboda samoqalaqo omis axali etapi — `patiosani muSebi~ gamovidodnen `Tanamde-
bobis pirebis~ winaaRmdeg. am saxis samoqalaqo dapirispireba saxelwodebiT
`kulturuli revolucia~ 1960-ian wlebSi gamoiyena mao Ze dunma.
elitis gankerZoeba da hermetizacia — esaa kontrrevolucia, revoluciis
`moparvis~ mcdeloba. leninis gegma proletariatis pirdapiri diqtaturis ide-
asTan dabrunebaSi mdgomareobda, rodesac biurokratia ki ar uxelmZRvanelebda
muSebs, aramed muSebi gaakontrolebdnen xelisuflebas. amisken gadadgmuli na-
biji iyo `muSglexinis~ proeqti. Zneli saTqmelia, Tavad lenini rogor ganaxor-
cielebda Tavis gegmas, janmrTeli rom yofiliyo.

10.3. leninis mier bolSeviki liderebis daxasiaTeba
leninis erT-erT ukanasknel dokumentSi, romelic mis ànderZad~ gamocxad-

da, mocemulia misi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebis daxasiaTeba, kerZod, esaa `werili
yrilobisadmi~. 1922 w. 23 dekembris Rames lenins daemarTa marjvena xel-fexis
dambla, miuxedavad amisa, swored 23 dekembers man daiwyo dokumentis karnaxi,
romelsac `werili yrilobas~ ewoda. leninis mier Tavis uaxloesi garemocvis da-
xasiaTeba mkacri da mamxilebelia. SeiZleba dRes vinmes kiTxvac ki daebados, — Tu
ase fiqrobda am adamianebze, ratomRa hyavda Tavis garemocvaSi.
leninis azriT, isini sulac ar iyvnen idealurebi. xuT maTgans (trockis, ka-
menevs, zinovievs, buxarins da piatakovs) lenini politikur daxasiaTebas aZlevs,
TiToeulis warsulSi xedavs ideur da politikur meryeobas, misi Sexedulebe-
bisgan gansxvavebas. aRniSnavs trockis àrabolSevizms~, zinovievisa da kamenevis
meryeobas oqtombris revoluciis win. leninis daxasiaTebiT, buxarins ar hqonda
`savsebiT marqsistuli Sexedulebebi~, piatakovs ki ver daeyrdnobodi `serio-
zul politikur sakiTxSi~.
stalinis daxasiaTeba ki mxolod pirovnulia. stalinTan dakavSirebiT le-
ninma ver gamoyo verc erTi seriozuli momenti, romelSic stalins misgan gan-


v.i. lenini. werili yrilobisadmi. rCeuli nawerebi sam tomad. t.3, Tb., 1967, gv.907.

sxvavebuli ideuri pozicia ekava. zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, momavalSi aman di-
di roli Seasrula stalinis aRzevebasa da mis mier metoqeebis CamocilebaSi.
Tumca SeiZleba davasaxeloT ideuri sxvaoba, rasac lenini Tavis ukanasknel
werilebSi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda — gansxvaveba erTiani sabWoTa saxelmwifos
mSeneblobis gzebis xedvaSi, rasac, rom dascloda, savaraudod, stalinis Tanam-
debobidan gadayeneba mohyveboda.
leninma `werili yrilobas~ Tavis erT-erT mdivans lidia fotievas (1881-
1975) ukarnaxa da mas saidumlod unda Seenaxa, magram man stalins acnoba. Tumca
imasac aRniSnaven, rom lenins fotievas erTgulebaSi eWvi epareboda da SeiZleba
undoda kidec, rom stalins scodnoda werilis Sesaxeb.
1923 w. 4 ianvars leninma ukarnaxa mniSvnelovani damateba Tavisi werilis-
Tvis — stalinis generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebisa da mis adgilas
sxva pirovnebis daniSvnis moTxovna.
`werilSi yrilobisadmi~ (1922 wlis 23-25 dekemberi) lenini, pirvel rigSi,
axasiaTebs centraluri komitetis or gamoCenil belads — stalinsa da trockis:
àmx. stalinma, roca is generaluri mdivani gaxda, Tavis xelSi mo-

aqcia ganuzomeli Zalaufleba, da me darwmunebuli ara var, SeZ-
lebs Tu ara igi yovelTvis sakmaod frTxilad gamoiyenos es Zala-
ufleba...~

ioseb stalini
(1879-1953)

`... meore mxriv, amx. trocki, rogorc es ukve daamtkica misma
brZolam centraluri komitetis winaaRmdeg gzaTa saxalxo komi-
sariatis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ara marto SesaniSnavi niWiT ga-
moirCeva. piradad is, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze niWieri kacia ax-
landel centralur komitetSi, magram amave dros mas mosdgams
metismeti Tavdajerebuloba da metismeti gataceba saqmis wminda

lev trocki (1879- administraciuli mxariT.~
1940)
stalini — didi Za-
laufleba SeiZleba
lenini:
frTxilad ver ga-
àxlandeli centraluri komitetis ori gamoCenili beladis am
moiyenos.
or Tvisebas SeuZlia uneburad gamoiwvios gaTiSva, da Tu Cveni
trocki — metisme-
partia ar miiRebs zomebs, rom amas xeli SeuSalos, gaTiSva SeiZ-
ti Tavdajerebu-
leba moulodnelad moxdes.~
loba da adminis-
trirebiT gataceba.

leninis azriT, Tuki zomebi ar iqneboda miRebuli, partiaSi SeiZleba gaTiS-
va momxdariyo, Tumca Tavad arafers ambobda, Tu ra zomebi unda mieRo partias.
aseT zomad, SeiZleba miviCnioT leninis mier 24 dekembris werilisaTvis 1923

Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ȼ. ɉ., ɍɬɤɢɧ Ⱥ. ɂ.. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ;; ɜɟɤ. 11 ɤɥ.: ɍɱɟɛ. ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬ. ɭɱɟɛ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. 1995.

1922 wlis 29 dekembers fotievas ganmartebiTi baraTis dawera mouxda kamenevis saxelze da Tavs
imiT imarTlebda, rom ar icoda, werili saidumlod Sesanaxi rom iyo.


wlis 4 ianvars gakeTebuli damateba, romelSic pirdapir moiTxovda stalinis ga-
dayenebas generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobidan.

lenini:
`stalini Zalian uxeSia, da es nakli, romelic savsebiT asatania
Cvens, komunistebis wreSi da urTierTobaSi, autaneli xdeba ge-
neraluri mdivnis Tanamdebobaze. amitom me winadadebiT mivmar-
Tav amxanagebs, rom moifiqron am adgilidan stalinis sxvagan
gadayvanis saSualeba da daniSnon am adgilze sxva adamiani, ro-
melic yvela sxva mxriv gansxvavdeba amx. stalinisagan mxolod
erTi upiratesobiT, saxeldobr, ufro lmobieria, ufro loia-
luria, ufro Tavaziani da ufro yuradRebiania amxanagebisadmi,
nakleb Wirveulia da a.S.
es garemoeba SeiZleba umniSvnelo wvrilmanad mogveCvenos, mag-
ram vfiqrob, rom gaTiSvis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT da
stalinisa da trockis urTierTdamokidebulebaze Cem mier ze-
moT naTqvamis TvalsazrisiT es wvrilmani ar aris, an iseTi
wvrilmania, romelmac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba moipo-
vos.~

stalinis gadayenebis moTxovna fasdeba rogorc leninis zrunva qveynis uke-
Tes momavalze, magram Zalian hgavs intrigas, romlis mizanicaa lavireba stalin-
sa da trockis dajgufebebs Soris da amiT iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlis dro-
sac, gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaSi, advilad dabrundeboda xelisuflebaSi.
stalinisa da trockis daxasiaTebis fonze Zalze uferulad gamoiyureba
centraluri komitetis sxva Zveli wevrebis — zinovievisa da kamenevis daxasiaTe-
ba:

lenini:
`me aRar ganvagrZob centraluri komitetis sxva wevrTa daxasiaTebas
maT pirad TvisebaTa mixedviT. mogagonebT mxolod, rom zinovievisa da
kamenevis oqtombris epizodi, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar yofila, mag-

grigori zi- ram rom igi iseve naklebad SeiZleba bralad CaeTvalos maT piradad,
novievi rogorc arabolSevizmi trockis.~
(1883-1936)

(igulisxmeba zinovievisa da kamenevis moqmedeba oqtombris revoluci-
is win, rodesac isini SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen da
Semdeg 18 oqtombers `novaia JiznSi~ werili gamoaqveynes — bolSevikebi
ajanyebas amzadeben, Cven ki es avantiurad migvaCniao).

lev kamenevi
(1883-1936)

centraluri komitetis axalgazrda wevrebidan lenini gamoyofda nikolai
buxarinsa da giorgi piatakovs, maT yvelaze saukeTesoebad miiCnevda da Semdeg



TiToeulis nakls miuTiTebda, Tumca bolos am naklis gamosworebasac ar gamo-
ricxavda:

lenini:
yvelaze niWiere- `minda ramdenime sityva vTqva centraluri komitetis axalgazrda
bi axalgazrde- wevrebidan buxarinisa da piatakovis Sesaxeb. eseni, Cemi azriT, yve-
bidan laze SesaniSnavi Zalebi arian (yvelaze axalgazrda Zalebidan) da
maT Sesaxeb mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT Semdegi:
`buxarini ara marto uZvirfasesi da udidesi Teoretikosia partii-

sa, is agreTve samarTlianad iTvleba mTeli partiis sayvarel adami-
anad, magram misi Teoriuli Sexedulebani metad didi eWviT SeiZleba
savsebiT marqsistul Sexedulebebs miekuTvnos, vinaidan masSi aris
raRac sqolastikuri (mas arasodes ar uswavlia da, vfiqrob, araso-
des ar esmoda savsebiT dialeqtika)..~
nikolai buxarini
(1888-1938)
`piatakovi — ueWvelad SesaniSnavi nebisyofisa da SesaniSnavi niWis

adamiania, magram Zalian gatacebuli administratorobiT da saqmis
administratoruli mxariT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos daeyrdno mas se-
riozul politikur sakiTxSi.~

giorgi piatakovi
1890-1937)
`ra Tqma unda, erTsac da meore SeniSvnasac mxolod axlandeli dro-
gamosworebis isaTvis gamovTqvam im varaudiT, rom es ori gamoCenili da erTguli
Sansi muSaki ipovis SemTxvevas Seavson TavianTi codna da Secvalon Tavi-
anTi calmxrioba.~
leninis `werili yrilobas~, romelSic mniSvnelovan sakadro sakiTxebze iyo

saubari, gankuTvnili iyo rkp (b) ;,, yrilobisadmi, romelic leninis sicocxleSi-
ve gaimarTa. leninis werili yrilobas ar ganuxilavs.

10.4. leninis Semdeg: bolSevik liderTa oTxi jgufi
aqtiur politikaSi yofnis bolo periodSi lenini Taviseburi balansis

rols asrulebda or politikur dajgufebas Soris: erTi iyo trocki, romlis
poziciebic Zlieri iyo armiaSi, meore iyo stalin-zinoviev-kamenevis jgufi, ro-
melic partiul aparats eyrdnoboda. romelime mxaris gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi
lenini mowinaaRmdege dajgufebis poziciaze dgeboda da amiT inarCunebda parti-
uli erTianobis moCvenebiTobas.
komunistur partiaSi leninis avadmyofobisa da gardacvalebis droisaTvis
SeiZleba gamoiyos liderTa oTxi jgufi da oTxi fraqcia, romlebic xelisufle-
bisaTvis brZolaSi erTvebodnen, sanam stalinma ar moipova sruli gamarjveba:


Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱ. Ʉɪɨɜɚɜɵɣ ɜɟɤ. ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ., 2017. ɋ.321-322.

leninis uaxloesi par- kamenevi, zinovievi, krupskaia da sxvebi. swored maT
tiuli konservatore- moiyvanes xelisuflebaSi stalini, im gaTvliT, rom
bis jgufi droulad moaxerxebdnen Semdeg xelisuflebis saku-
Tar xelSi aRebas. Zveli lozungebis garda maT ara-
feri gaaCndaT.
samxedro-revoluciu- am jgufis lideri iyo trocki. maT male gamoscades
ri kulturis matare- sakuTar Tavze `diqtaturis usamarTloba~ da antibi-
bel axalgazrda li- urokratiuli opoziciis warmomadgenlebi gaxdnen.
derTa jgufi
umcrosi Taobis parti- eseni iyvnen provincielebi (pirvel rigSi kavkasiele-
uli konservatorebi bi), romelTac eyrdnoboda stalini. maT SenarCunebu-
li hqondaT revoluciuri ritorika, magram cdilob-
dnen kargad mowyobiliyvnen mSvidobian pirobebSi.
yvelaze zomieri axal- isini avlendnen yvelaze ukeTes kulturul-politi-
gazrda liderebi kur orientacias da yvelaze metad iyvnen momzade-
bulni mSvidi konstruqciuli muSaobisTvis. maT So-
ris Zlieri iyo modernistuli ganwyoba, rac gamoxa-
tavda kulturuli da politikuri paradigmebis Sec-
vlis mzaobas.
pirveli Setevaze gadavida trocki, romelmac partiuli aparati daadanaSa-
ula `biurokratiul gadagvarebaSi~, xolo kamenevi da zinovievi — adre gamovle-
nil laCrobaSi. leninis garemocva trockis mowinaaRmdege aRmoCnda.
Zveli metoqeebi mokle xniT gaaerTiana 1923 wels `germaniis revoluciis~
ganxorcielebis ideam, magram am avantiuris CaSlis Semdeg, rac leninis sikvdi-
lamde cota xniT adre moxda, am ori dajgufebis gzebi sabolood dascilda er-
TmaneTs. brZola mimdinareobda ara imdenad ideuri poziciebisTvis, ramdenadac
partiaSi da Zalovan struqturebze gavlenis mosapoveblad.
realuri xelisufleba kominternSi (komunistur internacionalSi) da sab-
WoTa kavSirSi 1922 wlis dekembridan gadavida `sameulis~ xelSi: grigori zinovi-
evi — lev kamenevi — ioseb stalini.
rac Seexeba lev trockis, man 1922 wlis bolos da 1923 wlis dasawyisSi poli-
tikuri liderobisTvis brZolaSi xelidan gauSva Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebis
Sansi. 1923 wlis noembersa da 1924 wlis ianvarSi mas samjer SesTavazes, daekavebi-
na saxkomsabWoSi leninis pirveli moadgilis posti. trocki amaze uars ambobda
da Tavis èbraelobas~ imizezebda.
leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg trockis momxreebi TandaTanobiT gavleniani
postebidan naklebgavlenian Tanamdebobebze gadaiyvanes. 1925 wlis zafxulis-
Tvis trocki formalurad rCeboda partiuli ierarqiis zeda safexurze, magram
sinamdvileSi dakarguli hqonda politikaze gavlenis moxdenis yvela realuri
SesaZlebloba.
yvela moeloda, rom mTavari dapirispireba stalinsa da trockis Soris ga-
iSleboda. trockis Secdoma is iyo, rom saTanadod ver afasebda stalinis SesaZ-
leblobebs. win iyo xangrZlivi da mZime Sidapartiuli brZola. uaRresad Zneli
iyo omiT dangreuli Rataki qveynis realuri modernizaciis gzebis povna.


profesori viqtor Cigrinski wers: `trocki kargi oratori, kargi organizatori da Zalian medi
duri adamiani iyo. stalins `saSualo SesaZleblobebis adamianad~ miiCnevda da misi mTavari Secdo
mac es iyo. 1917-1923 wlebis ganmavlobaSi stalinma imxela faruli saqmianoba gaaCaRa absoluturi
Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, rom leninis sikvdils momzadebuli Sexvda da mas ukve veravin SeuSala
xeli absoluturi Zalauflebisken winsvlaSi~.

leninis memkvidre saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris postze gaxda
aleqsei rikovi (1881-1938). is iyo rsdmp wevri 1898 wlidan, anu partiis daarsebis
droidan, xasiaTdeboda rogorc kargi organizatori da pragmatuli moqmedebis
adamiani, amave dros mas ar axasiaTebda zedmeti ambiciuroba da, rogorc Cans, es
garemoeba gadamwyveti aRmoCnda saxkomsabWos xelmZRvanelis postze mis daniS-
vnaSi.

aleqsei rikovi (1881-1938) partiul saqmianobaSi 1898 wlidan
iyo CarTuli, 1903 wels miemxro bolSevikebis fraqcias. 1901-
1917 wlebSi cxrajer iyo dapatimrebuli. 1921-1923 wlebSi iyo
rsfsr saxkomsabWos da, aseve, Sromisa da Tavdacvis sabWos
Tavmjdomaris moadgile, Tavmjdomaris posti lenins ekava.
1924 w. 2 Tebervals dainiSna ssr kavSiris saxkomsabWos Tav-
mjdomared, Sidapartiul brZolaSi stalins dauWira mxari
jer trockis, Semdeg ki zinovievisa da kamenevis winaaRmdeg,
1928-1929 wlebSi stalinis mowinaaRmdege aRmoCnda, axali eko-
rikovi Jurnal 7L-
PH-s 1924 w. 14 iv- nomikuri politikis SeCerebis winaaRmdegi iyo da buxarinTan
lisis nomris gare- erTad memarjvene opoziciis lideri gaxda. 1930 wlis 19 dekem-
kanze bers rikovi moxsnes ssrk saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomaris posti-
dan da 21 dekembers gamoiyvanes politbiuros Semadgenlobi-
dan.
rikovma `Secdomebi~ moinania da 1931 wlis ianvridan 1936
wlis seqtembramde iyo ssr kavSiris fosta-telegrafis saxal-
xo komisari. 1937 wlis TebervalSi a. rikovi partiidan garic-
xes. 1938 wels buxarinTan erTad gaasamarTles `moskovis mesa-
me procesze~ da sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni gamoutanes, 1938

lenini da rikovi wlis 15 marts daxvrites.
1988 wels reabilitirebulia.

10.5. rkp (b) ;,,, yriloba: partiis neba leninis `nebis~ winaaRmdeg
leninis mier partiis liderebis daxasiaTebas politbiuros wevrebi gaecnen

1924 wlis maisis bolos — ivnisis dasawyisSi. 1924 wlis 18 maiss rkp (b) centralu-
ri komitetis komisiam ganixila leninis erT-erTi ukanaskneli dokumenti — `we-
rili yrilobas~ da gadawyvita, dokumenti gaecnoT centraluri komitetis uax-
loesi plenumisTvis da partiuli yrilobisaTvis. plenumma es dokumenti 1924
wlis 21 maiss ganixila da gadawyvita, rom, leninis survilis Sesabamisad, wakiT-
xuli dokumentebi sajaro gamxdariyo momaval yrilobaze, amasTan delegatebis-
Tvis leninis werili unda gaecnoT ara plenarul sxdomaze, aramed regionebidan
Camosuli delegaciebis mixedviT. aseTi gadawyvetileba, savaraudod, miiRes ima-
ve mizezis gamo, ris gamoc rkp(b) ;,, yrilobaze leninis werili èrovnebaTa sa-
kiTxisaTvis anu àvtonomizaciis~ Sesaxeb~ wakiTxul iqna aseve delegaciebis mi-
xedviT. yrilobis plenarul sxdomebs stumrebi eswrebodnen, dokumentebi ki sai-
dumlo xasiaTis iyo da mxolod yrilobis delegatebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili.


am gadawyvetilebas xeli moaweres zinovievma, a. smirnovma, kalininma, buxarinma, stalinma da
kamenevma.

ɋɚɯɚɪɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ — KWWSV:OHQLQLVP.VXERRNV4136-SROLWLFKHVNRH-]DYHVKKDQLH-OHQLQD-
RNRQFKDQLH-NQLJL.KWPO?VKRZDOO 1 VWDUW 0.

rkp(b) ;,,, yriloba gaixsna 1924 wlis 23 maiss. samecniero literaturaSi
damkvidrebulia versia, rom delegaciebs `werili yrilobas~ waukiTxes zinoviev-
ma da kamenevma. am versiis Tanaxmad, swored maTma komentarebma werilis kiTxvis
dros da gancxadebam, rom stalini gaiTvaliswinebda leninis SeniSvnebs, ganapi-
roba is, rom yrilobis delegatebma ar imoqmedes leninis rCevis Sesabamisad da
stalini kvlav airCies generalur mdivnad. amrigad, zinovievi da kamenevi gamodi-
an stalinis gadamrCenlebad, magram delegaciebis mier Sedgenili oqmebi am ver-
sias ar adastureben.
delegaciebis mier leninis werilis gacnobis Semdeg yrilobis plenarul
sxdomaze prezidiumidan daisva kiTxva: yvela delegati icnobda Tu ara leninis
ànderZs~ da vinme xom ar Txoulobda mis ganxilvas. amaze yrilobis mxridan iyo
pasuxi, rom yvela icnobda da yrilobaze misi ganxilvis aucilebloba ar arsebob-
da. amasTan arc trockis da arc yrilobis sxva romelime monawilis mxridan ara-
nairi protesti ar gamoTqmula. aseve yrilobam erTsulovnad daadgina (maT So-
ris iyo trockic), rom leninis es werilebi presaSi ar gamoqveynebuliyo da arc
yrilobis stenogramaSi SeetanaT.
rkp(b) ;,,, yrilobis gadawyvetilebiT yrilobam airCia centraluri komite-
tis xuTi mdivani, generalur mdivnad ki kvlav airCies stalini. stalini aseve
airCies centraluri komitetis politbiurosa da orgbiuros SemadgenlobaSi.
amrigad, mxolod stalini iyo arCeuli centraluri komitetis samive organoSi.
es iyo stalinis didi gamarjveba, aseve gamarjveba im kursisa, rasac yrilobis de-
legatebi ukavSirebdnen stalinisa da leninis saxels. stalini generalur mdiv-
nad erTsulovnad airCies.
stalini generalur mdivnad airCies miuxedavad imisa, rom lenini pirdapir
moiTxovda mis gadayenebas. manamde bolSevikur partiaSi veravin SeZlo leninis
dartymis gadatana. delegatebs arCevanis gakeTeba uxdebodaT stalinis pirovne-
bis miTiTebul naklovanebebsa da stalin-politikosis aqtivebs Soris. ratom ga-
imarjva stalinma? stalinis gamarjveba uzrunvelyo yrilobis delegatebis mier
imis Segnebam, rom mimdinareobs ZalTa polarizeba da win iyo Sidapartiuli
brZolis gamwvaveba politikis principul sakiTxebze. yrilobis delegatebis-
Tvis stalini warmodgeboda liderad, romelsac SeeZlo rTuli politikuri
problemebis gadawyveta. yovelive aman gaaufasura sayvedurebi zedmeti uxeSo-
bisa da arasakmarisi Tavazianobis Sesaxeb da a.S. leninis mier pirdapir dasmul
sakiTxze yrilobam gasca pirdapiri pasuxi da stalins, rogorc leninis memkvid-
res, politikuri ndoba gamoucxada.

mdivnebad airCies: stalini, molotovi, andreevi, kaganoviCi, zelenski.

ɋɚɯɚɪɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ — KWWSV:OHQLQLVP.VXERRNV4136-SROLWLFKHVNRH-]DYHVKKDQLH-OHQLQD-
RNRQFKDQLH-NQLJL.KWPO?VKRZDOO 1 VWDUW 0.

Tavi ;,.
ideologiur-politikuri brZola 1920-ian wlebSi

Sidapartiuli brZola sakavSiro komunistur partiaSi (bolSevikebis) mim-
dinareobda partiaSi umaRlesi xelisuflebis gadasanawileblad. es brZola da-
iwyo v. leninis avadmyofobis dros da gaafTrebuli xasiaTi miiRo leninis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg. am brZolis mTavari monawileebi iyvnen stalini da trocki.

11.1. Sidapartiuli brZolebi leninis mmarTvelobis dros
Sidapartiuli brZolebi, bolSevikuri reJimis saSinao da sagareo politi-

kis gansxvavebuli xedvidan gamomdinare, leninis mmarTvelobis periodSic iyo. am
diskusiebis dros lenini Tavis oponentebis mimarT represiebs ar mimarTavda. mi-
si avtoriteti yvelasTvis angariSgasawevi iyo da leninis upirobo liderobas
eWvqveS aravin ayenebda. `Tavisianebs~ lenini yovelTvis indobda da erCivna uTan-
xmoebis molaparakebiT mogvareba.
leninis mmarTvelobis periodSi ramdenjerme gaiSala mwvave Sidapartiuli
uTanxmoeba da dapirispireba:
`samxedro opozicia~ — ruseTis kompartiis (bolSevikebis) 9,,, yrilobaze
(1919 w. marti) brestis zavis garSemo davis Semdeg Camoyalibda `samxedro opozi-
cia~, romelic mxars uWerda wiTeli armiis arsebobas moxaliseobis safuZvelze
arCeviTi meTaurebiT da daupirispirda trockis, romelic mxars uWerda mefis
armiis samxedro specialistebis (`voenspecebis~) gamoyenebas;
`muSaTa opozicia~ — partiis ,; (1920 w. marti) da ; yrilobebze (1921 w. mar-
ti) konfliqti warmoiSva `muSaTa opoziciasTan~, romelic moiTxovda, naciona-
lizebuli sawarmoebi ar yofiliyo erTi xelmZRvanelis mmarTvelobiT da samar-
Tavad gadascemoda profkavSirebs. muSaTa opoziciis xelmZRvaneli iyo aleqsan-
dre Sliapnikovi (1885-1937).
`samxedro opozicia~ da `muSaTa opozicia~ — orive `memarcxene~ gadaxrad,
mmarTvelobis tradiciuli formebis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebad iqna miCneuli da
maT ar daujeres, magram, amave dros, 1918-1920 wlebSi warmoebisa da vaWrobis
mTliani socializacia mimdinareobda nikolai osinskis (v. obolenskis) da iuri
larinis receptebiT, romlebic uaRresad radikalur Sexedulebebs gamoxatav-
dnen.
diskusia safinanso reformasTan dakavSirebiT — 1922-1924 wlebSi bazrisa
da fuladi sistemis aRdgenam axali dava gamoiwvia bolSevikur partiaSi, imis Ta-
obaze Tu ra gziT unda aRedginaT mrewveloba. grigori sokolnikovi, romelic
fulad reformas atarebda, saWirod Tvlida, jer soflis meurneoba daeyenebi-
naT fexze, Semdeg ki produqtebis eqsportidan miRebuli valuta CaedoT mrewve-
lobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. sagareo vaWrobaze saxelmwifos monopoliis piro-
bebSi es savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo. mis sapirispirod, saxelmwifo sagegmo komite-
tisa (Ƚɨɫɩɥɚɧ) da saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWos (ȼɋɇɏ) xelmZRvanelebi,
pirvel rigSi s. strumilini, Tvlidnen, rom mrewveloba unda dafinansebuliyo
ara valutiT, aramed qaRaldis fulis gamoSvebiT. isini miiCnevdnen, rom infla-
ciis SeCereba administraciuli meTodebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. sokolnikovis gzis
safrTxed miiCnies mrewvelobis aRdgenis damokidebuleba glexobasa da msoflio

bazrebze arsebul koniunqturaze; strumilinis gzis safrTxe iyo mosaxleobis
cxovrebis donis dacema da administraciuli Zaladoba saxalxo meurneobaze.
am diskusiebis dros mTavari arbitri lenini iyo. yvelas esmoda, rom mis
gareSe verc oqtombris gadatrialebas moawyobdnen da verc xelisuflebas Sei-
narCunebdnen. lenins aravisTvis sWirdeboda Tavisi liderobis damtkiceba.

11.2. Sidapartiuli brZolis mizezebi leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg
leninis avadmyofobam (1922-1923) da gardacvalebam (1924 w. 21 ianvari) viTa-

reba Zireulad Secvala. upirobo lideri, yvelas mier aRiarebuli, aRar arsebob-
da, leninis Canacvlebis msurveli ki ramdenime iyo.
SeiZleba gamoiyos bolSevikur partiaSi gaCaRebuli Sidapartiuli brZolis
ramdenime mizezi:
9 leninis avadmyofoba (1922 wlidan) da sikvdili (1924 wlis 21 ianvari);
9 sabWoTa reJimis sagareo politikis gansxvavebuli xedvebi;
9 axali ekonomikuri politikis (nep-is) gansxvavebuli xedvebi;
9 piradi brZola politikuri liderobisa da sabWoTa kavSiris politikis
`generaluri kursis~ gansazRvrisTvis.
brZolas isic amwvavebda, rom qveyanaSi arsebobda erTpartiuli sistema da
ar iyo opoziciis legalurad arsebobis SesaZlebloba. 1921 wels rkp (b) ; yrilo-
bam leninis iniciativiT miiRo rezolucia `partiis erTianobis Sesaxeb~ — aik-
rZala Sidapartiuli opoziciis Seqmna.
komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi gaSlil daundobel brZolas win
uswrebda angariSsworeba sxva politikur ZalebTan:
— 1921-1923 wlebSi gaimarTa menSevikebisa da eserebis partiebis liderebis
sasamarTlo procesebi. maT brali edebodaT SeTqmulebaSi sabWoTa xelisufle-
bis winaaRmdeg;
— 1922 wels ruseTidan gaigzavna `filosofiuri gemi~ — sazRvargareT gaa-
saxles ruseTis inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebi: filosofosebi,
RvTismetyvelebi, istorikosebi...
1922 weli — sasuliero pirebis sasamarTlo procesebi, patriarq tixonis da-
patimreba, saeklesio qonebis konfiskacia — aseTi politika morwmuneTa pro-
tests iwvevda.
es yvelaferi erTpartiuli diqtaturis damyarebas niSnavda.

`Cven gvsayveduroben sazRvargareT, rom CvenTan erTi partiis reJimia dam-
yarebuli... CvenTan bevri partiaa, magram, ucxoeTisgan gansxvavebiT, CvenTan er-
Ti partiaa xelisuflebaSi, danarCenebi ki cixeSi arian.~
mixail tomski (efremovi) ±(1880-1936).
1936 wlis 22 agvistos Tavi moikla, rodesac gaigo, rom sasamarTlo proces-
ze zinovievma da kamenevma is moulodnelad daasaxeles kontrrevoluciur saqmi-
anobaSi monawiled.
1920-iani wlebis Sidapartiuli brZolis dros erTmaneTs Seejaxa gansxvave-

bulialternatiuli Sexedulebebi erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleb-
lobis Taobaze (msoflio revoluciis gareSe).

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ;; ɜɟɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. Ȼ. Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɍɨɦ ,,. Ɇ., 2016. ɋɬɪ.46.

socialisturi idealebisaTvis brZola uTavsdeboda partiaSi liderobis-
Tvis brZolas. gaimarjves stalinma da misma garemocvam, romelic eyrdnoboda
marTvis Zalismier meTodebs.
1920-ian wlebSi axal ekonomikur politikaze uaris Tqma da forsirebuli
naxtomis ganxorcieleba bevrs warmoudgeboda erTaderT swor gadawyvetilebad,
romelic uzrunvelyofda minimalur vadaSi socializmis safuZvlebis aSenebas.
arCeuli kursis gasamarTleblad saxeldeboda Sida da gare mtrebisgan mom-
dinare safrTxe, ris dadasturebadac acxadebdnen dawyebul sasamarTlo proce-
sebs teqnikuri inteligenciisa da Zveli specialistebis warmomadgenlebis wina-
aRdeg.
1923-1929 wlebSi Sidapartiuli brZola mimdinareobda Semdeg jgufebsa da
pirovnebebs Soris:
wlebi dapirispirebuli mxareebi

1923-1924 wlebi stalini trocki
zinovievi (`memarcxene opo-
kamenevi zicia~)
1925-1926 wlebi stalini zinovievi
buxarini kamenevi
rikovi (àxali opozicia~)
1926-1927 wlebi stalini zinovievi
buxarini kamenevi
rikovi trocki
(`gaerTianebuli
opozicia~)
1928-1929 wlebi stalini buxarini
rikovi
tomski
(`memarjvene ga-
daxra~)
11.3. leninis Semdeg: `triumviratis~ Camoyalibeba
1922 w. maisSi leninma insulti gadaitana da droebiT gamovida mwyobridan.

saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomaris postze is a. rikovma Secvala, magram leninis udavo
memkvidred is ar miiCneoda.
zogi Tvlida, rom leninis memkvidre trocki unda gamxdariyo — samoqalaqo
omSi gamarjvebis organizatori, `revoluciis SeiaraRebuli winaswarmetyveli~.
magram trocki gatacebuli iyo msoflioSi ùwyveti revoluciis~ ideiT da Zalze
qedmaRali iyo imisTvis, rom urTierToba moegvarebina partiis centralur komi-
tetSi myof `sxvadasxva usaxur adamianebTan~.
leninTan adrindeli uTanxmoebis miuxedavad, zinovievi da kamenevi mniSvne-
lovan rols asrulebdnen partiis centralur komitetsa da saxkomsabWoSi.
mniSvnelovani figura gaxda stalini. misTvis samarTavad Cabarebul partiis
samdivnoSi Sedioda aRricxva-ganawilebis ganyofileba, romelic partiuli kad-
rebis Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis momzadebiT iyo dakavebuli. 1923 wlis noemberSi
centralurma komitetma daamtkica sia 1 1. masSi CamoTvlili iyo 4 aTasi Tanamde-
boba, romelTa dakavebac mxolod centraluri komitetis gadawyvetilebiT iyo
SesaZlebeli. am CamonaTvalma, anu TanamdebobaTa `nomenklaturam~ saxeli SesZi-
na partiul muSakTa maRal fenas, saidanac SeirCeoda kandidatebi partiisa da

mTavrobis maRal Tanamdebobebze dasaniSnad. stalini aqtiurad ayalibebda no-
menklaturis siebs. SerCevis kriteriumi iyo ara ganaTleba da raime sferoSi kom-
petenturoba, aramed `proletaruli warmomavloba.~ swored am xelmZRvaneli fe-
nis warmomadgenlebi iniSnebodnen da gadahyavdaT erTi Tanamdebobidan meoreze.
swored es fena iqca stalinis politikur dasayrdenad. 1920-iani wlebis Suaxane-
bidan stalini uSualod akontrolebda maT pirad kartoTekas.
lenini ukmayofilo iyo stalinis xelSi didi Zalauflebis TavmoyriT, misi
uxeSobiT da yrilobas weriliTac mosTxova stalinis gadayenebis sakiTxis gan-
xilva. lenini rom yrilobaze misuliyo, albaT stalins gadaayenebdnen, radganac
upirobo liders winaaRmdegobas ar gauwevdnen, magram 1923 wlis martSi, morigi
insultis Semdeg, lenini sruliad da sabolood gamovida mwyobridan.
1924 wlis ianvarSi, leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg, rogorc ukve iTqva, misi
memkvidre saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris postze aleqsei rikovi (1881-
1938) gaxda. 1922 wlis dekembridan realuri xelisufleba sabWoTa kavSirsa da ko-
munistur internacionalSi gadavida `sameulis~ xelSi: zinovievi — kamenevi —
stalini. win iyo Sidapolitikuri dapirispirebebis xangrZlivi periodi, radga-
nac uaRresad rTuli iyo qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzis arCeva.
`sameulis~ wevrebi da leninis sxva TanamebrZolebi sxvadasxvanairad aRiq-
vamdnen mis memkvidreobasa da axali ekonomikuri politikis pirobebSi sazogado-
ebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs.

11.4. ` memarcxeneebisa~ da `memarjveneebis~ gansxvavebuli midgomebi
`memarcxeneebi~ trockiT saTaveSi mxars uWerdnen saxelmwifos mareguli-

rebeli rolis gaZlierebas, glexebisa da nepmanebisTvis dakisrebuli gadasaxa-
debis gazrdas, axali ekonomikuri politikis Sekvecasa da mrewvelobis ganviTa-
rebis maRali tempis uzrunvelyofas.
trockis mier 1923 wlis oqtomberSi gamocxadebuli àxali kursis~ arsi
mdgomareobda axali ekonomikuri politikidan òqtombrisaken dabrunebaSi~,
anu, misi azriT, `namdvili~ komunisturi politikis ganxorcielebisken.
`memarjveneebi~, romelTa lideric n. buxarini iyo, gamodiodnen ekonomikaSi
SezRuduli gegmuri Carevis momxred, mxars uWerdnen industrializaciis zomi-
er temps da glexobisaTvis zomieri gadasaxadebis dawesebas, axali ekonomikuri
politikis SenarCunebas, rac socializmisaken winsvlis pirobad ganixileboda.
centristebi, staliniT saTaveSi, Tavidan cdilobdnen gaewonasworebinaT
`memarcxeneebi~ da `memarjveneebi~, Semdeg mxari dauWires memarjveneebs memar-
cxeneebis winaaRmdeg, magram 1920-iani wlebis bolos stalini iZulebuli gaxda
`marcxniv gadaxriliyo~, uari eTqva axal ekonomikur politikaze da daewyo eko-
nomikis forsirebuli modernizeba.

11.5. `muSaTa opozicia~ axali ekonomikuri politikis winaaRmdeg
axali ekonomikuri politikis pirveli kritikosebi iyvnen `muSaTa opozici-

is~ warmomadgenlebi, romlebis mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni ekonomikis sa-
xelmwifo seqtorTan. 1923 wlisaTvis axali ekonomikuri politikis winaaRmdeg
calkeuli gamosvlebi gaerTianda `memarcxene~ opoziciis erTian politikur mim-
dinareobad, romlis lideric trocki gaxda. 1923 wlis oqtomberSi, qveyanaSi ar-
sebuli mwvave ekonomikuri krizisis dros, trocki gamovida `kapitulanturi~
kursis winaaRmdeg.


am periodSi warmoiSva e. w. `fasebis makrateli~ — gamococxlebuli mrewve-
loba sul ufro zrdida saqonlis gamoSvebas soflisaTvis, magram fasebi am saqo-
nelze maRali iyo da SemodgomisTvis samrewvelo saqonelze saerTo fasi samjer
maRali iyo soflis meurneobis produqciis fasze. `fasebis makratelma~ gamoiw-
via sawyobebSi gauyidavi saqonlis Cawola da samrewvelo warmoebis gaCereba,
umuSevrobis zrda. krizisis dasaZlevad saWiro gaxda samrewvelo saqonelze fa-
sebis Semcireba da soflis meurneobis produqciaze dasamzadebeli fasebis gaz-
rda. amasTan dakavSirebiT opozicia moiTxovda gegmurobis gazrdas ekonomikaSi,
moiTxovdnen, aRkveTiliyo `biurokratiuli zedafenis~ mcdelobebi, mxari dae-
WiraT `wvrilburJuaziuli seqtorisaTvis~ proletariatis sazianod.
`memarcxeneebi~ pirdapir ar upirispirdebodnen axal ekonomikur politi-
kas, isini gamodiodnen `memarjvene~ partiuli xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg da
moiTxovdnen partiisa da sazogadoebis biurokratizaciis SeCerebas, Sidaparti-
uli demokratiis gafarToebasa da èrTi fraqciis diqtaturis~ Sesustebas.
1923 wlis Semodgomaze trockim, romelic politbiuros wevri da sabWoTa
kavSiris revoluciuri samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomare iyo, aRmoaCina, rom mis er-
Tgul adamianebs partiul-saxelmwifoebriv Tanamdebobebidan xsnian da sxvebiT
anacvleben. am sakadro politikas pirvel rigSi stalini axorcielebda. am situa-
ciam trockis ubiZga, gamosuliyo braldebebiT partiuli zedafenis winaaRmdeg,
kerZod, gailaSqra politbiuris wevrebis kamenevis, zinovievis, stalinis winaaR-
mdeg. mwvaved gaakritika stalinis mier damkvidrebuli `zemodan~ daniSvnis sis-
tema da winadadebas ayenebda, aerCiaT `qvemodan~. biurokratiasTan sabrZolve-
lad moiTxovda `dayrdnobodnen moswavle axalgazrdobas, rogorc partiis uer-
Tgules barometrs~.
rkp(b) ;,,, partiul konferenciaze (1924 w. 16-18 aprili) trockistebis pir-
veli Seteva stalinma moigeria. stalini trockis winaaRmdeg gamosvlisas parti-
ul aparats icavda. trockistebis pozicia Sefasda, rogorc àSkarad gamoxatu-
li wvrilburJuaziuli gadaxra~, `leninizmze pirdapir uaris Tqma~, `kapitulan-
toba~.
leninis sikvdilma gaamwvava brZola liderobisTvis rkp(b) xelmZRvaneloba-
Si. partiis ;,,, yrilobaze (1924 wlis 23-31 maisi) ganixiles leninis ànderZi~,
kerZod, generaluri mdivnis postidan stalinis gadayenebis sakiTxi, aq ukve sta-
lini zinovievma da kamenevma daicves. yrilobam es moTxovna uaryo, ar dakmayo-
filda stalinis Txovnac gadadgomis Taobaze.

11.6. trockizmis ideuri `mxileba~ da damarcxeba
trocki ar Tmobda partiis liderobaze pretenzias da 1924 wlis ivnisSi ga-

moaqveyna broSura `leninis Sesaxeb~, oqtombris revoluciis wlisTavze ki gamoq-
veynda misi sityvebisa da statiebis krebuli. winasityvaobaSi, romelsac erqva
òqtombris gakveTilebi~, trocki warmodgeboda leninis masStabis xelmZRvane-
lad, WeSmarit revolucionerad, romelsac SeuZlia dasZlios menSevizmi revo-
luciis Taobaze arsebul SexedulebebSi. krebulis gamosvlas mohyva trockis
kritika da mas brali dasdes partiis istoriis Segnebul damaxinjebaSi.
stalinma trockis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros mTavar argumentad gamoiyena
erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleblobis Tezisi da trockis amxelda,
rom mas ar swamda sabWoTa kavSirSi socializmis gamarjvebis realuroba.
trockisTvis gamanadgurebeli aRmoCnda mis mier n. CxeiZisaTvis 1913 wlis
aprilSi gagzavnili werilis gamoqveyneba, romelSic is uaRresad uaryofiTad
axasiaTebda lenins. trocki maSin werda: `leninizmis mTeli Senoba amJamad sic-

ruesa da falsifikaciazea agebuli da Tavis TavSi atarebs sakuTari gaxrwnis Sxa-
mian saTaves. raRac uazro cdunebad Cans binZuri intriga, romelsac aCaRebs am
saqmis ostati lenini, es profesionali eqspluatatori yovelive CamorCenilobi-
sa rusul muSaTa moZraobaSi~.
im viTarebaSi, rodesac gardacvlili leninisagan ukve kulti iyo Seqmnili
da partia mas uaRresi mowiwebiT ixseniebda, trockis es adre naTqvami sityvebi
saSinel mkrexelobad Canda. trockim ver SeZlo am Tavdasxmebis mogerieba. 1925
wlis ianvarSi man centralur komitets gaugzavna werili, romelSic iTxovda,
rom gaeTavisuflebinaT revoluciuri samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomaris movaleo-
bisagan, magram gamoxatavda mzadyofnas, emuSava partiaSi `centraluri komite-
tis kontrolis qveS~.
centraluri komitetis plenumma (1925 wlis 17-20 ianvars) dagmo leninizmis
trockizmiT Secvlis mcdeloba da daadgina, gagrZelebuliyo trockizmis
`wvrilburJuaziuli~ xasiaTis mxileba, dawyebuli 1903 wlidan.

stalinis politika trockis politika
komunistebis mier xelisuflebis Senar- revoluciuri ruseTis msxverplad mitana
Cuneba erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi evro- msoflio revoluciis dasaCqareblad.
pis momavali gasabWoebis perspeqtiviT.

11.7. trockis Camocileba armiisagan
1924 wels, rodesac trocki Riad mouwodebda, partiisTvis CamoecilebinaT

`TviTkmayofil-konservatiuli zedafena~ da ilaSqrebda sazogadoebis socia-
listuri gardaqmnis `kapitulanturi~ modelis winaaRmdeg, bevrs afiqrebda mos-
kovSi samxedro gadatrialebis safrTxe. eSinodaT, rom trockis SeeZlo day-
rdnoboda armias, pirvel rigSi, moskovis samxedro olqis jarebs, romelsac sa-
TaveSi edga misi momxre n. muraviovi, da xelisuflebis mopoveba ecada. moskovSi
vrceldeboda xmebi, rom revoluciuri samxedro sabWos politikuri sammarTve-
los xelmZRvanelma a. antonov-ovseenkom politbiuros gaugzavna werili da ga-
afrTxila, rom Tuki xels axleben trockis, mTeli wiTeli armia aRsdgeboda mis
dasacavad.
magram trockim ver gabeda gadatrialebis mowyoba. amave dros xelisufle-
baSi myofma `sameulma~ xarkovidan gamoiZaxa ukrainis samxedro olqis mTavarsar-
dali m. frunze. man Secvala trockis moadgile revoluciur samxedro sabWoSi e.
sklianski da centraluri komitetis plenumis dadgenilebiT, daiwyo samxedro
reforma, rac trockis momxreebisagan armiis `gawmendaSi~ gamoixateboda. re-
formis epizodi iyo tuxaCevskis gadadgoma dasavleTis frontis sardlis pos-
tidan (mogvianebiT fronti gaauqmes).
1925 wlis 25 ianvars sabWoTa kavSiris cak-is prezidiumma gadaayena trocki
revoluciuri samxedro sabWos Tavmjdomarisa da aseve samxedro da sazRvao saq-
meTa komisris Tanamdebobidan. am Tanamdebobebze dainiSna mixeil frunze (1885-
1925), misi moadgile ki gaxda stalinis momxre klimenti voroSilovi (1881-1969).
trocki meorexarisxovan rolebze aRmoCnda gadayvanili, Tumca jer kidev rCe-
boda politbiuros wevrad, trockis brZolaze xeli ar auRia da `memarcxene opo-
ziciis~ organizebiT dakavda.
frunze sul male daiRupa saoperacio magidaze `samedicino Secdomis~ Sede-
gad. movlenebi Semdegnairad ganviTarda: stalinma, frunzes janmrTelobaze
zrunvis motiviT, miaRwia centraluri komitetis gadawyvetilebas, òperacia ga-
ekeTebinaT amxanag frunzesTvis kuWis wylulis gamwvavebis gamo~. magram roca

operacia gaukeTes, aRmoCnda, rom wyluli didi xnis Sexorcebuli iyo, xolo
frunzes organizmma operaciis dros narkozisTvis gamoyenebuli qloroformi
ver gadaitana.
dRes samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, rom stalinisTvis frunze Zal-
ze damoukidebeli figura iyo samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa komisris postze da
Zalze daaxloebuli iyo zinovievTan da kamenevTan, amitomac awyobda frunzes
moSoreba. misi adgili daikaca klimenti voroSilovma, romelic `stalinis kaci~
iyo samoqalaqo omis periodidan.

11.8. stalinizmis dabadeba — erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis sakiTxi
1-li xuTwledis dawyebamde bolSevikebis revoluciur ideologiaSi mkafi-

od gamoiyofa ori etapi. pirvel etapze (1917 wlis oqtombridan 1924 wlis bo-
lomde) sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda mTel msoflioSi revolu-
ciis gaCaRebas da am ideas uqvemdebarebda `revoluciis samSoblos~ yvela re-
surss. magram msoflio revoluciis `dagvianeba~ pragmatulad moazrovne lide-
rebs aiZulebda, sul ufro metad gadarTuliyvnen msoflio revoluciis prob-
lemebidan `msoflio kapitalisTvis warTmeul~ ruseTis problemebze.
socializmis mSeneblobis idea Tavdapirvelad erT, calke aRebul qveyanaSi
leninis sikvdilis Semdeg pirvelad wamoayenes buxarinma da rikovma, Semdeg ki
(1924 wlis 17 dekembers) ganaviTara da Camoayaliba stalinma.
1924 wlis aprilSi stalini broSuraSi `leninizmis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~ jer
kidev uaryofda erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleblobas. maSin princi-
puli gansxvaveba stalinisa da trockis Sexedulebebs Soris ar yofila, iyo mxo-
lod brZola umaRlesi xelisuflebisTvis da leninis memkvidreobisaTvis.
1924 wlis bolos ki stalinma naSromSi òqtombris revolucia da rusi komu-
nistebis taqtika~ konceptualurad Camoayaliba erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSe-
nebis Teoria.
stalinis mtkicebiT, swored leninma miuTiTa, rom SeiZleboda socializmis
aSeneba erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi. amis dasadastureblad mohqonda konteqsti-
dan amoglejili citatebi. miuxedavad amisa, es idea kidev ramdenime wlis ganmav-
lobaSi sadiskusiod rCeboda. mwvave polemikis dros erT mxares iyvnen isini, vinc
SesaZleblad miiCnevda socializmis aSenebas ruseTSi msoflio proletaruli
revoluciis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi gadaiqceoda `bazad da instrumentad
msoflio revoluciisTvis~; meore mxares ki isini iyvnen, visac SeuZleblad miaC-
nda socializmis gamarjveba ruseTSi msoflio proletaruli revoluciis gare-
Se.
erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis Teoria ar gamomdinareobda proleta-
rul revoluciaze marqsisa da engelsis Sexedulebebidan da amis Taobaze arafe-
ri hqonda dawerili lenins. stalinis mier motanili citatebi leninis naSromebi-
dan konteqstidan iyo amoglejili. lenini mxolod saubrobda imaze, rom SesaZ-
lebeli iyo erT qveyanaSi gamarjvebul socialistur revolucias garkveul xans
gaeZlo sxva qveynebSi socialisturi revoluciis dawyebamde. aqedan ar gamomdi-
nareobda daskvna, rom msoflio revolucia ar moxdeboda da erT, miT umetes, Ca-
morCenil qveyanaSi aSendeboda socialisturi sazogadoeba. lenini aseT rames ar
iTvaliswinebda maSinac, rodesac ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciisken mouwo-
debda, da arc maSin, rodesac msoflio socialisturma revoluciam `daigviana~.

`socializmSi Sezrdis~ idea zogadi saxiT pirvelad Camoayaliba buxarinma 1922 wlis noemberSi,
1924 wlis TebervalSi buxarinma ganaviTara es idea, magram konceptualurad erT qveyanaSi
socializmis aSenebis Teoria swored stalinma Camoayaliba.

lenini ise gardaicvala, rom msoflio socialisturi revoluciis molodini
`dRis wesrigidan~ ar iyo moxsnili.
erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis Teoria safuZvlad daedo axal mimar-
Tulebas — stalinizms. es Teoria asaxavda ukve Camoyalibebuli mmarTveli fenis
— partiul-saxelmwifo nomenklaturis miswrafebebs. partiuli nomenklatura
msoflio revoluciis abstraqtul idealebsa da misTvis Tavganwirvas amjobineb-
da Tavisi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas bolSevikebis mier yofili ruseTis imperi-
is teritoriaze Seqmnil saxelmwifoSi da surda mopovebuli ZalauflebiT
`tkboba~.
garda komunisturi nomenklaturis interesebTan Sesabamisobisa, stalinis
TeoriiT, erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb SeiZleboda
masebiT manipulireba, maTTvis àxlo momavalSi socialuri bednierebis miRwe-
vis~ imedis Canergva da partiis diqtatisadmi morCilebis uzrunvelyofa. sinam-
dvileSi ki erT qveyanaSi socializmis mSenebloba iyo bolSevikuri nomenklatu-
ris mier msofliosgan izolirebuli militaristuli totalitaruli reJimis
Seqmna.
stalinizmi niSnavda erT qveyanaSi komunisturi reJimis ganmtkicebas. par-
tiul-saxelmwifo aparatma (`nomenklaturam~) 1920-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
trockis èmociur~ taqtikas — erT qveyanaSi gamarjvebul socialistur revo-
lucias yvelaferi gaekeTebina da Tundac Tavi gaewira msoflio revoluciis-
Tvis, amjobina stalinis `safuZvliani~ taqtika — gaemyarebina Tavisi xelisufle-
ba mis xelT moqceul msoflios 16 nawilSi da amis Semdeg ezruna `socializmis
samyaros~ farglebis gafarToebaze.
stalinis xelisufleba da stalinizmi sabolood Camoyalibda pirveli
xuTwledis periodSi. es iyo reJimi, romelsac mudmivi eqspansia sWirdeboda.
zogadad, komunistur reJims agresiuli miswrafebebis gareSe, leninis drosac da
stalinis Semdegac, arseboba ar SeeZlo. am ganuwyvetelma eqspansiam moutana war-
matebebic da sabolood ganapiroba misi kraxic. rogorc ki gorbaCovis dros ua-
ri iTqva eqspansiaze (1985-1987), radganac sabWoTa ekonomikas misi gaZleba ar Se-
eZlo, sabWoTa komunisturma reJimma sami welic ver iarseba.
11.9. rodis daemata `marqsizms~ `leninizmi~

sabWoTa kavSiris oficialuri ideologia iyo marqsizm-leninizmi. mkacrad
isjeboda nebismieri mcdeloba eWvis Setanisa marqsizm-leninizmis ZiriTad debu-
lebebSi. 1925 wels sabWoTa kavSiris yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi SemoiRes saga-
ni `marqsizm-leninizmis safuZvlebi~. marqsizm-leninizmis swavleba savaldebu-
lo iyo yvela saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi, ufrosi klasebidan dawyebuli.
sabWoTa kavSiris 1936 wels miRebulma konstituciam daafiqsira skkp xel-
mZRvaneli roli — partiisa, romelic marqsizm-leninizmiT xelmZRvanelobda.
sabWoTa kavSiris 1977 wlis konstituciiT ki marqsizm-leninizmi sabWoTa kavSi-
ris oficialur ideologiad gamocxadda.
lenini ruseTis social-demokratiaSi gamorCeuli lideri iyo, 1903 wlidan
faqtobrivad xelmZRvanelobda mimdinareobas, romelmac `bolSevizmis~ saxeli
miiRo. lenini, romelic radikalizmiTa da gansxvavebuli azris miuReblobiT ga-
moirCeoda, bevrs ekamaTeboda sxva revolucionerebs.
leninis mTavari siaxle marqsizmis TeoriaSi pirveli msoflio omis dros
Camoyalibebuli ìmperializmis, rogorc kapitalizmis umaRlesi da ukanaskneli

garda sabWoTa kavSirisa, marqsizm-leninizmi socialisturi banakis qveynebis oficialuri ideo-
logiac iyo.

stadiis~ Teoria iyo (1916 w.). man aseve cvlileba Seitana revoluciis marqsistul
TeoriaSi. marqsi da engelsi miiCnevdnen, rom socialistur revolucias ekonomi-
kurad dawinaurebul qveynebSi unda gaemarjva, lenini ki aRniSnavda, rom socia-
listuri revolucia SeiZleba dawyebuliyo ekonomikurad CamorCenil qveyanaSi,
romelic `susti rgoli~ iqneboda ìmperializmis jaWvSi~.
ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciis dawyebis SesaZlebloba, araTu sxva mi-
marTulebis socialistebs, bolSevikebis nawilsac ar sjeroda. 1917 wlis oq-
tombris gadatrialeba leninis daJinebuli moTxovniT da xelmZRvanelobiT gan-
xorcielda. leninis avtoriteti Seirya brestis zavis (1918 w.) periodSi, rode-
sac lenini amtkicebda, rom germaniisTvis unda daeTmoT `sivrce~, raTa moegoT
`dro~ da Tavi gadaerCinaT. ramdenime TveSi germania damarcxda, brestis zavis
pirobebi ki gauqmda. aman partiaSi leninis avtoriteti gazarda da SorsmWvrete-
li politikosis avtoriteti moutana.
leninisagan moelodnen axsnas, Tu rogor warimarTeboda `msoflio socia-
listuri revolucia~, ra unda gaekeTebinaT ruseTSi samoqalaqo omSi gamarjve-
bis Semdeg. leninis ukanasknelma naSromebma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT `leninis
anderZis~ saxeli miiRo.
leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg bolSevikuri partiis liderebs Soris gaiSa-
la brZola `leninis memkvidreobisaTvis~. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc marqsizms le-
ninizmi daumata, stalini iyo. 1924 wlis aprilSi stalinma waikiTxa leqciebis
cikli `leninizmis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~, sadac leninizmi marqsizmis Semdgom
ganviTarebad gamoacxada da ìmperializmis epoqis marqsizmi~ uwoda, leninizmis
gansazRvreba ki Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: `leninizmi aris imperializmisa da
proletaruli revoluciis epoqis marqsizmi. leninizmi aris proletaruli re-
voluciis Teoria da taqtika saerTod, proletariatis diqtaturis Teoria da
taqtika gansakuTrebiT~.
stalini daupirispirda zinovievs (1883-1936), romlisTvisac leninizmi iyo
marqsizmis gamoyeneba CamorCenili ruseTis pirobebSi (anu leninizms ar hqonda
saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba), da trockis, romelic leninizmSi misaRebad miiCnev-
da mxolod imas, rac leninma oqtombris revoluciis periodSi da Semdeg gaakeTa
da rasac bevr rameSi eTanxmeboda trocki (anu trocki uaryofda àdrindel le-
ninizms~). stalinis gancxadebiT, leninizmi ar iyo ekleqtikuri Teoria, `sxvadas-
xvagvar elementebisagan Sekowiwebuli, romelic uSvebs Tavis gakveTis SesaZleb-
lobas. leninizmi aris mTliani Teoria 1903 w. warmoSobili~.
es dava SemTxveviTi ar iyo. male cxadi gaxda, rom `marqsizm-leninizmi~ ga-
daiqca sakralur sityvad, romlis ganmarteba da ganviTareba SeeZlo mxolod
partiis generalur mdivans — stalins.

1917 wlis 25 oqtombris ajanyebis win bolSevikuri partiis centraluri komitetis ori cnobili
wevri — kamenevi da zinovievi ajanyebis winaaRmdeg wavidnen, revolucia naadrevad miiCnies da
TavianTi pozicia daafiqsires menSevikur gazeT `novaia Jizn~-Si.

brestis zavi — 1918 w. 3 marts sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaaforma samSvidobo xelSekruleba
germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan da dauTmo mniSvnelovani teritoriebi.

i. stalini. leninizmis sakiTxebi. meTerTmete gamocema, Tb., 1951, gv.2.

i. stalini. trockizmi Tu leninizmi? — Txz., t. 6, Tb., 1949, gv.402.

aris leninizmis sxva gansazRvrebebic. magaliTad, cnobili rusi filosofosi n. berdiaevi
miiCnevda, rom `leninizmi aris axali tipis beladizmi, is ayenebs masebis belads, romelsac
diqtatoris xelisufleba gaaCnia~.

raSi daSorda marqsizm-leninizmi marqsizms

sakiTxi marqsizmi marqsizm-leninizmi
moZRvreba par- komunistur partias ar moZRvreba àxali tipis~ partiis Sesaxeb.
tiis Sesaxeb akisrebs gansakuTrebul
rols.
proletariatis proletariatis diqtatu- moZRvrebam àxali tipis partiis~ Sesa-
diqtatura ra aris kapitalizmidan xeb proletariatis diqtatura gadaaq-
komunizmze gadasvlis sa- cia revoluciuri partiis diqtaturad,
Sualeba. romelic mTlianad akontrolebs yvela
sferos — politikas, ekonomikas da pi-
rad cxovrebas.
kapitalizmis moZRvreba imperializmis, rogorc kapi-
ganviTareba talizmis umaRlesi da ukanaskneli sta-
diis Sesaxeb.
socialisturi socialisturi revolu- socialisturma revoluciam SeiZleba
revoluciis gacia gaimarjvebs erTdro- gaimarjvos erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi,
marjvebis piro- ulad yvela ganviTare- Tundac is iyos CamorCenili da glexuri
bebi bul kapitalistur qveya- qveyana.
naSi.
marqsizm-leninizmi marqsizmis erT-erTi memarcxene radikaluri versiaa,

romelsac leninma Cauyara safuZveli. lenins miaCnda, rom mihyveboda marqsizmis
`revoluciur suls~ da icavda `revizionizmisa~ da òportunizmisagan~, romle-
bic mas Ralatobdnen. lenins arasodes uTqvams, rom Seqmna axali moZRvreba `le-
ninizmi~. amave dros `leninizmma~ marqsizmidan gaaqro mTeli rigi Temebi: huma-
nizmis, gaucxoebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, demokratiis da a.S. marqsizmma or-
Todoqsuli xasiaTi miiRo.
marqsizm-leninizmma mniSvnelovnad gaamartiva marqsizmi. es procesi le-
ninma daiwyo da gaagrZela stalinma. amiT oficialuri ideologia ufro gasagebi
gaxada komunisturi elitisa da masebisaTvis. meore mxriv, masSi Seitana mTeli
rigi principulad axali ideebi, magaliTad, erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis
Sesaxeb.
istoriulma gamocdilebam aCvena, rom marqsizm-leninizmi, misi principebi-
dan gamomdinare, aris avtoritaruli komunisturi reJimebis ideologiuri dasa-
buTeba. aseTi iyo im qveynebis bedi, romlebic marqsizm-leninizmiT naCvenebi
gziT wavidnen.
istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, cnobilma mecnierma imanuil va-
lerstainma leninizmi Semdegnairad gansazRvra: `leninizmi esaa erT calke aRe-
bul qveyanaSi xelisuflebis dapyrobis, ganmtkicebis da SenarCunebis strate-
gia~. misi TqmiT, am saxis leninizmi mraval qveyanaSi vlindeba sxvadasxva saxeliT,
an sulac yovelgvari saxelis gareSe.
valerstainis Tanaxmad, leninizms axasiaTebs eqvsi aucilebeli niSani:
pirveli. partiismoZraobis praqtikuli saqmianoba, romelic darwmunebu-
lia, rom unda movides saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saTaveSi da xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis SemTxvevaSi darwmunebulia, rom unda flobdes xelisuflebas. partias
miaCnia, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gareSe verafers miaRwevs;

ɂɦɦɚɧɭɢɥ ȼɚɥɥɟɪɫɬɚɣɧ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɢ ɥɟɧɢɧɢɡɦ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɡɚɜɬɪɚ — 25.01.2011— KWWSV: DYD.PG20110121OHQLQ-L-
OHQLQL]P-VHJRGQ\D-L-SRVOH]DYWUD.

meore. partiismoZraobis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave upirvelesi amoca-
na xdeba saxelmwifo aparatis mkveTri gaZliereba. saxelmwifo aparati miuwvdo-
meli xdeba qveynis SigniT gansxvavebul poziciaze mdgomTaTvis da gareSe Zale-
bisTvis. amas SeiZleba suverenitetis ganmtkiceba ewodos;
mesame. partiasmoZraobas aqvs mkacrad ierarqiuli agebuleba mkafio mbrZa-
nebluri struqturiT da upirobo morCilebiT;
meoTxe. mTavari politikuri mizania ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba,
raTa gavidnen `msoflios mowinave maCveneblebze~;
mexuTe. ideologiurad partiamoZraoba Tavs miiCnevs imperializmis wina-
aRmdeg brZolis bastionad. antiimperializmis ritorika Cadebulia leninizmis
ideur-politikuri konstruqciis safuZvelSi. leninizmi aris mobilizaciuri pa-
suxi CamorCenis situaciasa da sircxvilze sakuTari CamorCenili qveynis gamo;
meeqvse. partiamoZraoba xelisuflebaSi Tanmimdvrulad pragmatulia, is
swrafad reagirebs Secvlil situaciaze da cvlis kurss, Tuki amas xelisuflebis
SenarCunebis interesi moiTxovs.
yvela am maxasiaTeblis Sexameba leninizms aqcevs politikuri reJimis arse-
bobis efeqtur saSualebad.
11.10. àxali opozicia~ da stalin-buxarinis kavSiri

xelisuflebidan trockis Camocilebas is mohyva, rom antitrockistuli

samTa kavSiri dairRva da ambiciuri zinovievi da stalini xelisuflebisTvis
brZolaSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen.
trocki ukmayofilo iyo imiT, rom partia ki ar akontrolebda Tavis apa-
rats, aramed aparati marTavda partias da eSinoda, rom axali ekonomikuri poli-
tikis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi movidoda `nepmanebis, kulakebis da biurokrate-
bis~ kavSiri. mas eSinoda axali ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad `burJuaziuli
stiqiis~ aRorZinebisa, romelic ganmtkicdeboda da adre Tu gvian daamxobda
bolSevikur reJims. sabolod zinovievi da kamenevi trockis poziciisken gadai-
xarnen, stalini ki eyrdnoboda axali ekonomikuri politikis momxreebs — `memar-
jveneebs~: buxarins, rikovsa da tomskis, raTa ar daeSva zinovievisa da kamenevis
gaZliereba.
brZola, erTi mxriv, stalinsa da, meore mxriv, zinovievsa da kamenevs Soris
1924 wlis ivnisSi daiwyo, periodulad sustdeboda, magram 1925 wlis ganmavloba-
Si dapirispireba sul ufro Rrmavdeboda. frunzes sikvdili saoperacio magida-
ze am brZolis nawili iyo. stalinis xelSi iyo partiuli aparati — `nomenklatu-
ra~, zinovievi ki eyrdnoboda partiis erT-erT udides struqturas — leningra-
dis partiul organizacias, romelsac saTaveSi edga.
grigori zinovievi da lev kamenevi, romlebic Tavidan trockis winaaRmdeg
stalinis mxareze gamodiodnen, 1925 wels opoziciaSi gadavidnen. pirveli Seta-
keba àxal opoziciasTan~ stalins mouxda 1925 wlis aprilSi, rodesac ganixile-
boda Tezisebi `rkp(b) da kominternis amocanebis Sesaxeb~. zinovievi winadadebas
ayenebda, rezoluciaSi CaeweraT, rom socializmis gamarjveba SeiZleba miRweu-
li yofiliyo mxolod saerTaSoriso masStabiT. plenumma uaryo misi proeqti da
mouwoda, gaegrZelebinaT socialisturi sazogadoebis mSenebloba im rwmeniT,
rom ès mSenebloba warmatebuli iqneba~.
am droidan vidre 1928 wlamde umaRlesi partiuli xelmZRvaneloba stalini-
sa da buxarinis kavSirs emyareboda. maTi gavleniani mokavSireebi rikovi, molo-

sinamdvileSi trocki wuxda sakuTar Tavze, radganac partiul aparats stalini akontrolebda.

tovi da tomski iyvnen. nikolai buxarini am dros komunisturi partiis mTavari
organos gazeT `pravdis~ redaqtori iyo; aleqsei rikovi — saxalxo komisarTa
sabWos Tavmjdomare; viaCeslav molotovi ki — centraluri komitetis mdivani da
centraluri komitetis orgbiuros xelmZRvaneli.
;,9 partiul konferenciaze (1925 w. 27-29 aprili) gaiSala diskusia aseve
imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda gaekeTebinaT soflad — ganemtkicebinaT sabazro urTi-
erTobebi Tu dabrunebodnen glexebisaTvis `nameti~ produqtis iZulebiT Camor-
Tmevis gzas. zinovievi da kamenevi emxrobodnen glexobis sagadasaxado tvirTis
gazrdas, stalini, buxarini da kalinini — glexobis sagadasaxado tvirTis Semci-
rebas. stalinis gancxadebiT, mTavari amocana iyo saSualo glexis Sromis nayofi-
erebis gazrda da bolSevikebs unda moepovebinaT saSualo glexis simpaTia. sami
wlis Semdeg stalini sruliad sapirispiro politikas gaatarebs.
àxalma opoziciam~ stalinisa da buxarinis Tezisi erT qveyanaSi socializ-
mis aSenebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb msoflio revoluciis saqmis Ralatad gamo-
acxada.
n. buxarini asabuTebda axal strategiul kurss, romlis Tanaxmadac, àxali
ekonomikuri politikis gavliT unda momxdariyo socializmSi Sezrda~ da 1925
wlis aprilis Sua ricxvebSi wamoayena dagrovebis politikis lozungi — `gamdid-
rdiT!~, romelic mTeli glexobisadmi iyo mimarTuli. opozicia gmobda am lo-
zungs da mTlianad axal ekonomikur politikas acxadebda, rogorc kapitalizmis
winaSe ukandaxevas qalaqSic da sofelSic, xolo CamorCenil ruseTSi socializ-
mis mSeneblobis idea miaCnda `nacional-bolSevizmad~, proletaruli interna-
cionalizmis Ralatad.
gadamwyveti brZola, erTi mxriv, stalinsa da mis momxrebsa da, meore mxriv,
zinovievsa da kamenevs Soris Sedga partiis ;,9 yrilobaze (1925 w. dekemberi).
yrilobis mowveva stalinma 9 TviT gadaavada, ukeT rom momzadebuliyo zinoviev-
Tan sabrZolvelad. yrilobamde erTi TviT adre moskoveli emisrebisgan parti-
ulma masam gaigo, rom komunistur partiaSi arsebobda àxali opozicia~. sinam-
dvileSi ki am opozicias aranairi gansakuTrebuli platforma ar hqonda. 1925
wlis 1 dekembers leningradis partorganizaciis ;;,, konferenciam daadgina:
`konferencia mTlianad da srulad iwonebs centraluri komitetis politikur
da organizaciul xazs~. glexTa sakiTxi bolSevikuri xelmZRvanelobisTvis Zal-
ze patara iyo, erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis sakiTxi ki — Zalze abstraqtu-
li, masze rom Tavi etexaT. sinamdvileSi davis sakiTxi sxva ram iyo. stalinis
TqmiT, opoziciis axali platformis arsi `samdivnos reformaSi~ mdgomareobda,
e. i. es iyo generaluri mdivnis winaaRmdeg brZola.
sak. kp (b) ;,9 yrilobaze (1925 wlis dekemberi) kamenevma winadadeba wamoayena,
SeesrulebinaT leninis miTiTeba da stalini moexsnaT generaluri mdivnis posti-
dan. aRsaniSnavia, rom wina ;,,, yrilobaze swored kamenevi icavda stalinis am Tanam-
debobaze datovebas, leninis moTxovnis sawinaaRmdegod. trocki ;,9 yrilobaze
Cumad iyo, mas arc stalinisTvis dauWeria mxari da arc zinoviev-kamenevisTvis.
sak. kp (b) ;,9 yrilobaze àxalma opoziciam~ marcxi ganicada, yrilobam uar-
yo winadadeba generaluri mdivnis postidan stalinis gadayenebis Sesaxeb. yri-
lobaze stalinma ganacxada, rom `partias erTianoba esaWiroeboda da amas miaR-
wevda zinovievTan da kamenevTan erTad, Tuki isini amas moisurvebdnen, an maT ga-
reSe, Tuki amas ar moisurvebdnen~.
stalinis poziciebi politbiuroSi ganmtkicda. centraluri komitetis ian-
vris plenumma (1926) politbiuroSi Seiyvana kalinini, molotovi da voroSilovi,
romelic frunzes sikvdilis Semdeg dainiSna samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxal-
xo komisrad.

amave dros zinovievi, kamenevi da sxva òpozicionerebi~ partiuli Tanamde-
bobebidan gadaayenes. kamenevi politbiuros
wevrobidan kandidatad gadaiyvanes, 8 ian-
vars ki leningradis saolqo komitetis pir-
vel mdivnad zinovievis nacvlad kirovi air-
Cies. trocki kvlav Cumad iyo, SeiZleba mas
zinovievisa da kamenevisTvis ver epatiebina
1923-1924 wlebi, rodesac isini stalinTan
erTad trockis devnidnen.

stalini, rikovi, zinovievi da buxarini
1924 wlis seqtemberSi.

11.11. gaerTianebuli `trockistul-zinovievuri bloki~
zinovievTan da kamenevTan dapirispirebis dros stalini Tavidan trockis-

Tan kavSiriskenac ki ixreboda. stalinma maT sapirispirod mxari dauWira troc-
kis xelaxla arCevas centralur komitetsa da politbiuroSi.
izolaciaSi moqceulma zinovievma da kamenevma gadawyvites mimxrobodnen
`memarcxene opozicias~, e. i. trockis da is CamoecilebinaT stalinisaTvis. 1925
wels trockim, zinovievma da kamenevma mkafiod gaicnobieres, rom praqtikulad
erTnairi negatiuri pozicia hqondaT erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZ-
leblobis sakiTxisadmi. `memarcxene opoziciis~ samive lideri uaryofda erT
qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleblobas da arsebiTad imeorebdnen manamde
bolSevizmis udavo debulebas msoflio revoluciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.
centraluri komitetis 1926 aprilis plenumze daiwyo trockisa da zinovi-
ev-kamenevis daaxloeba ara politikis niadagze (erToblivi brZola stalinis
diqtatis winaaRmdeg), aramed ekonomikis niadagze (xelfasis gazrda muSebisTvis,
kulakuri meurneobebis axali 15-iani gadasaxadiT dabegvra, qveyanaSi farTo
moxmarebis sagnebis warmoebis gazrda). stalinma maSinve gamoacxada, rom `memar-
cxeneebi~ soflis `gaZarcvas~ sTavazoben partias, TiTqosda TviTon glexebze
guli Sestkioda da maT icavda.
centraluri komitetis 1926 wlis aprilis plenumze Seiqmna `trocki-zino-
vievis bloki~. isini stalinisa da misi momxreebis politikur kurss miiCnevdnen
proletariatis diqtaturis biurokratiul reJimad gadagvarebis Sedegad. blo-
ki mouwodebda, gaeZlierebinaT zewola `klasobrivad ucxo~ elementebze qala-
qad da soflad, pirvel rigSi ki kulakebze.

`gaerTianebuli opoziciis~ ZiriTadi debulebebi iyo:
9 revolucias uRalata partiulma biurokratiam;
9 qveyana gadatrialebis zRurblzea;
9 aucilebelia politikuri da ekonomikuri kursis Secvla;
9 unda daCqardes mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba;
9 gaumjobesdes muSebis Sromis pirobebi;
9 moxdes partiis demokratizacia;
9 brZola nepmanebisa da kulakebis gamdidrebasTan.
opozicias aekrZala Tavisi Sexedulebebis propaganda, amitom isini gadavid-
nen masebSi muSaobis aralegaluri formebis gamoyenebaze. 1926 wlis zafxulidan
dawyebuli trockisa da zinovievis xelmZRvanelobiT moqmedi konspiraciuli

centri Seudga muSebs Soris saagitacio masalebis gavrcelebas, magram amas war-
mateba ar mohyolia. 1926 wlis 23 oqtombers centraluri komitetisa da centra-
luri sakontrolo komisiis gaerTianebulma plenumma winadadeba wamoayena, zi-
novievi gaeTavisuflebinaT kominternis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris postidan (gaa-
Tavisufles 1926 wlis noemberSi), trocki gamoiyvana politbiuros Semadgenlo-
bidan, xolo kamenevi moixsna politbiuros wevrobis kandidatobidan.
miuxedavad amisa, memarcxene opozicia brZolas agrZelebda da amisaTvis aq-
tiurad gamoiyena stalinis xelmZRvanelobis mier mowonebuli politika CineTSi,
romlis Tanaxmadac, CineTis kompartia gomindanTan kavSirSi unda gamosuliyo.
amas mohyva komunistebis damarcxeba da Can kaiSis mosvla xelisuflebis saTaveSi.
1927 wlis maisis bolos trockistul-zinovievuri blokis 83-ma monawilem po-
litbiuros gaugzavna werili-platforma. masSi amtkicebdnen, rom Cavardna saga-
reo arenaze erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis Teoriis mcdarobis udavo da-
dastureba iyo. es Teoria gamoacxades `wvrilburJuaziulad~, romelsac saerTo
araferi hqonda marqsizm-leninizmTan.
stalinuri umravlesobis winaaRmdeg opoziciis brZolis umTavresi forma
iyo umaRles partiul organoebSi saprotesto werilebisa da gancxadebebis ga-
nuwyveteli gzavna. aqtiurad iyenebdnen sxvadasxva partiuli mitingebisa da kre-
bebis tribunebs. stalins, buxarins, molotovs da maT momxreebs brals sdebdnen
`memarjvene gadaxraSi~, `menSevizmSi~, òportunizmSi~. kominternis xelmZRvane-
lobidan zinovievis moxsnis Semdeg ki brals sdebdnen kominternis politikis Ca-
vardnaSic.
1926 wlis bolos `83-is platforma~ gaxda partiul krebebze ganxilvis saga-
ni, sadac stalinelebma upiratesoba moipoves `memarcxeneebze~.
memarcxene opoziciam amis Semdeg scada gaevrcelebina broSura, romelSic
gadmocemuli iyo `bolSevik-lenine-
lebis platforma~, wamoiwyo axali
diskusia da oqtombris gadatrialebis
me-10 wlisTavze, 1927 wlis 7 noembers
trockim da zinovievma moawyves de-
monstraciebi moskovSi, leningradsa
da xarkovSi TavianTi lozungebiT.
demonstrantebi daarbies da daSales.
Sedegad sak. kp(b) centraluri komite-
tisa da centraluri sakontrolo ko-
misiis gaerTianebulma plenumma (1927 wlis noemberi) zinovievi da trocki parti-
idan garicxa.
plenumze trockim warmoTqva sityva, rac samudamod daamaxsovrdaT mis mo-
winaaRmdegeebs da mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba trockis daRupva: `Tqven uniWo
biurokratebis jgufi xarT. Tuki dadgeba sabWoTa qveynis bedis sakiTxi, Tuki da-
iwyeba omi, Tqven uZluri iqnebiT daicvaT qveyana da gamarjvebas miaRwioT. maSin,
rodesac mteri iqneba moskovidan 100 kilometrSi, Cven gavakeTebT imas, rac Tavis
droze gaakeTa klemansom, — davamxobT uniWo mTavrobas, magram im gansxvavebiT,
rom klemanso dakmayofilda xelisuflebis aRebiT, Cven ki garda amisa, dav-
xvretT revoluciis moRalate am ususuri biurokratebis Clung bandas. diax,
Cven amas gavakeTebT. Tqven aseve gindaT Cveni daxvreta, magram ver gabedavT. Cven
ki gavbedavT, radganac es iqneba gamarjvebis sruliad aucilebeli piroba~.
1927 wlis dekemberSi sak. kp(b) ;9 yrilobam partiidan garicxa 93 cnobili
opozicioneri, maT Soris kamenevi, piatakovi, radeki, rakovski, smilga. yrilobis
damTavrebis meore dRes aseve moeqcnen da partiidan garicxes aTasobiT troc-

kisti. memarcxene opoziciam dakarga partiaSi Tavisi yvela oficialuri pozi-
cia.
1927 wlis dekemberi, partiis ;9 yriloba SeiZleba miviCnioT stalinis erTpi-

rovnuli mmarTvelobis dasawyisad.
zinovievi da kamenevi stalinis winaSe kapitulaciis gzas daadgnen. 1927 wlis

dekemberSi maT ganacxades, rom emorCilebian ;9 yrilobis rezolucias, rome-
lic dauSveblad miiCnevda partiaSi opoziciuri fraqciis arsebobas da misi ide-
ebis propagandas. trockistebi ki ar daeTanxmnen dadgenilebis punqts Sexedule-
bebis propagandis akrZalvis Taobaze.
zinovievma da kamenevma monaniebis weriliT mimarTes sak. kp(b) yrilobis pre-
zidiums da ganacxades ìdeuri da organizaciuli ganiaraRebis Taobaze~. orive
1928 wlis ivnisSi aRadgines partiaSi. stalini, albaT, Tvlida, rom maTi daxmare-
ba dasWirdeboda memarjvene opoziciasTan brZolaSi.
1928 wlis ianvarSi moskovidan gaasaxles yvela cnobili opozicioneri.
trocki gadaasaxles jer alma-ataSi, xolo 1929 wlis TebervalSi ucxoeTSi, Tur-
qeTSi gaaZeves. mis momxreebs ki an unda eRiarebinaT stalinis kursis `siswore~,
an wasuliyvnen sakoncentracio banakebSi.
mravali ideuri trockisti, revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis aqtiuri mona-
wile: b. elcini, v.kosiori, m. varSavskaia, i. smirnovi bolomde erTgulni darCnen
TavianTi Tvalsazrisisa, daxvretis winac ar aRiarebdnen stalinuri xazis `sis-
wores~. 1936-1938 wlebSi gulagSi daxvrites ramdenime aTasi ideuri trockisti,
romlebic sikvdilis win msoflio revoluciisa da trockis saxels gahyvirod-
nen.

11.12. axali ekonomikuri politikis krizisi da uTanxmoeba stalin-
buxarins Soris
1928 wlis gazafxulze stalinsa da buxarins Soris uTanxmoeba gamoikveTa.

stalinis dajgufebam brZola daiwyo nepis yvelaze Tanmimdevruli damcvelebis
winaaRmdeg.
sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli ori xuTwledis ganxorcielebis periodi (1928
wlis 1 oqtomberi — 1937 wlis bolomde) iyo èrT calke aRebul qveyanaSi~ socia-
lizmis aSenebis mcdeloba. arsebiTad, es iyo qveynis modernizaciis politika.
amisaTvis pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo mZime industriis ganviTareba.
am miznis misaRwevad gamoikveTa ori gza:
pirveli gza gulisxmobda qveynis industrializaciisaTvis ekonomikuri
berketebis gamoyenebas. industrializaciisTvis saxsrebi unda gamoenaxaT sa-
kuTrebis arsebuli formebis, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis gamoyenebiT,
am gziT soflis meurneobisa da msubuqi mrewvelobis sferoebSi saxsrebis dagro-
vebiT, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebi-
saTvis. es gza gulisxmobda axali ekonomikuri politikis gagrZelebas. am gziT
wasvlas emxroboda n. buxarini, romlis poziciac `memarjvene gadaxrad~ Sefasda.
meore gza, romliskenac sul ufro metad ixreboda stalini, miznad isaxavda
mTeli meurneobis koncentracias saxelmwifos xelSi, industrializaciisTvis
saWiro resursebis mobilizebisTvis araekonomikuri, saxelmwifo-administraci-
uli meTodebis gamoyenebas. es niSnavda axal ekonomikur politikaze uaris Tqmas,


resursebis masStabur da sarisko amoRebas soflis meurneobidan da msubuqi
mrewvelobidan, raTa daeCqarebinaT mZime mrewvelobis Seqmna. mZime mrewveloba
ki Semdeg safuZvlad daedeboda yvela sxva dargis ganviTarebas.
stalini ukve nawilobriv mimarTavda `memarcxeneTa~ lozungebs `kulakebisa
da nepmanebis~ winaaRmdeg da moiTxovda `klasobrivi brZolis gamwvavebas~. buxa-
rini gamodioda kulakebis devnis winaaRmdeg, daCqarebuli koleqtivizaciis wi-
naaRmdeg da wamoayena idea `klasobrivi brZolis qrobis~, `burJuaziis socia-
lizmSi mSvidobiani Sezrdis~ Sesaxeb.
1928 wlis 30 seqtembers buxarinma `pravdaSi~ gamoaqveyna statia èkonomis-
tis SeniSvnebi~, romelSic werda mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ukriziso
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobasa da aucileblobaze, vinmes dasaxelebis gareSe akri-
tikebda `zeindustrializaciis~ momxreebs. statia aSkara Tavdasxma iyo stali-
nis jgufze da mwvave polemika gamoiwvia politbiuros sxdomaze. stalinma buxa-
rins mosTxova, Seewyvita `koleqtivizaciis damuxruWebis xazi~, buxarinma ki sta-
lins uwoda `patara aRmosavluri despoti~.
buxarini cdilobda Tavisi momxreebis gazrdas da Seecada kontaqti daemya-
rebina `memarcxene opoziciis~ yofil liderebTan. 1928 w. ivnisSi is Sexvda kame-
nevs, romelic specialurad Camovida kalugidan (iq iyo gadasaxlebuli). buxarini
Sexvedris dros aRniSnavda, rom `revolucia daRupulia~, rom `stalini Cingiz-
xania~, stalins `yvelaze cudi saxis intrigans~ uwodebda, romelsac àraferi
ainteresebs, garda xelisuflebis SenarCunebisa~.
buxarinma kamenevs stalinis winaaRmdeg kavSiris Seqmna SesTavaza. kamenevi
amas ar daTanxmda, imedovnebda, rom morigi SidabrZolis dros mas kvlav gaixse-
nebdnen da xelisuflebaSi daabrunebdnen. magram am Sexvedris Sesaxeb kamenevma
informacia miawoda àxalgazrda trockistebs~, romlebmac es gamoaqveynes 1929
w. ianvarSi aralegalurad gamocemul broSuraSi.
buxarini Seecada Tavis mxares gadaeyvana voroSilovi da kalinini; iagodasa
da trilisers elaparakeboda stalinis xelisuflebidan Camocilebis Sesaxeb.
1929 w. ianvris Sua ricxvebSi, rikovsa da tomskisTan erTad, gamovida trockis ga-
dasaxlebis winaaRmdeg. magram stalinis momxre umravlesobam mxari dauWira
trockis gadasaxlebaSi yofnas, radganac is alma-atidan Tavis momxreebs mouwo-
debda, gadasuliyvnen aqtiur moqmedebaze.
1929 wlis 11 Tebervals trocki gemze dasves, romelic konstantinepolSi
midioda, da sabWoTa kavSiridan gaaZeves.
xuTwledis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi buxarini samjer gamovida gazeT
`pravdaSi~ stalinis `generaluri xazis~ winaaRmdeg. yvelaze mkveTri iyo misi ga-
mosvla sityvaSi, romelic leninis gardacvalebis me-5 wlisTavs eZRvneboda (ga-
moqveynda 24 ianvars saTauriT `leninis politikuri anderZi~). statiaSi gadmo-
cemuli iyo socializmis mSeneblobis leninis gegma da mimarTuli iyo stalinis
winaaRmdeg. es iyo axali ekonomikuri politikis filosofiisa da politikis dac-
va, misi saTauri ki Sexseneba iyo leninis ànderZisa~ — generaluri mdivnis posti-
dan stalinis gadayenebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

mixail triliseri (1883-1940) iyo Cekisti da sagareo dazvervis samsaxuris erT-erTi organizatori.

1933 wels trocki safrangeTSi gadavida, 1935 wels — norvegiaSi, 1937 w. ianvridan cxovrobda
meqsikaSi, 1940 wlis agvistoSi trocki mokla r. merkaderma, stalinis agentma.

11.13. gadamwyveti Setakeba stalinisa da buxarinis momxreebs Soris
politbiurosa da centraluri sakontrolo komisiis prezidiumis erTob-

liv sxdomaze (1929 w. 30 ianvari — 9 Tebervali) moxda gadamwyveti Setakeba sta-
linsa da buxarins Soris, rasac politbiuroSi axali ganxeTqileba mohyva. sta-
linma pirvelad daasaxela `memarjveneTa~ saxelebi: buxarini, rikovi, tomski. maT
brali dasdo ara ubralod Teoriul SecdomebSi, aramed `memarjvene-oportunis-
tuli, kapitulanturi platformis qonaSi~, romelTac ganzraxuli hqondaT
`trockistebTan antipartiuli blokis Sekvra~.
`memarjvene~ opoziciisTvis gamanadgurebeli aRmoCnda centraluri komi-
tetisa da centraluri sakontrolo komisiis gaerTianebuli plenumi (1929 wlis
16-23 aprili). plenumis 300-ze meti monawilidan buxarinis momxre 10-ze cota me-
ti aRmoCnda. plenumi stalinma pirvelad Caayena saqmis kursSi, rom ukve erTi we-
li mimdinareobda brZola `memarjveneebTan~. plenums dasamtkiceblad warudgi-
nes politbiuros rezolucia, sadac mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli buxarini.
stalinis mtkicebiT, im sagareo da saSinao politikis gatareba, rasac buxa-
rini moiTxovda, niSnavda `muSaTa klasis, revoluciis Ralats~. gansakuTrebuli
aqcenti gaakeTa buxarinze, rogorc sust Teoretikosze. gaixsena leninis Sefase-
ba, rom buxarini `mTlad marqsisti araa~. mkacrad gaakritikes aseve rikovi da
tomski.
plenumis gadawyvetilebiT buxarini Camoaciles `pravdasa~ da kominternSi
muSaobas, tomski gadaayenes profkavSirebis Tavmjdomaris postidan da gaaf-
rTxiles, rom politbiurodanac gaiyvandnen, Tuki kvlav Seecdeboda `kapitu-
lanturi~ Sexedulebebis propagandas. politbiuroSi adgili dakarga nikolai
uglanovmac.
1929 wlis noemberSi centraluri komitetis plenumis muSaobis dros `memar-
jveneebis~ liderebma gancxadebiT mimarTes centraluri komitetisa da centra-
luri sakontrolo komisiis wevrebs. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom axal ekonomikur po-
litikaze uaris Tqmas da `samxedro komunizmis~ idealebis aRorZinebas mohyvebo-
da krizisi soflis meurneobaSi, Seaferxebda qalaqebis sursaTiT momaragebas.
pasuxi mkacri iyo: buxarini, rogorc `memarjvene gadaxris xelmZRvaneli,~ po-
litbiuros Semadgenlobidan gamoiyvanes. rikovs, tomskis da sxvebs ki seriozu-
li gafrTxileba misces. `memarjvene~ oportunizmis propaganda da mis mimarT
Semrigebluri damokidebuleba partiaSi yofnasTan SeuTavseblad gamocxadda.
rezoluciam efeqti iqonia. 1929 wlis 26 noembers `memarjveneTa~ liderebma
ganacxades, rom wyveten brZolas. `pravdaSi~ gamoqveynda tomskis, buxarinisa da
rikovis Sesabamisi werili. momdevno dReebSi erTimeoris miyolebiT gancxade-
bebs akeTebdnen `buxarinis skolis~ warmomadgenlebi, romlebic uars ambobdnen
opoziciur saqmianobaze. eseni iyvnen inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac
xelmZRvaneli postebi ekavaT centralur da adgilobriv ideologiur dawesebu-
lebebSi, sagegmo da sameurneo organoebSi.

;9 yrilobidan ori wlis Semdeg, 1929 wels sabolood ganmtkicda stali-
nis erTpirovnuli xelisufleba. 1929 wlis dekembris bolos sazeimod aRiniS-
na `beladis~ 50 wlis iubile.

nikolai uglanovi (1886-1936). 1923-1930 wlebSi iyo sak. kp(b) centraluri komitetis wevri, 1926-
1929 wlebSi — politbiuros wevrobis kandidati. memarjvene opoziciis erT-erTi lideri, 1936 wlis
23 agvistos daxvrites.

Tavi ;,,.
ram ganapiroba stalinis gamarjveba

12.1. 1920-iani wlebis Sidapartiuli brZolis zogadi daxasiaTeba
arc stalini da arc misi mokavSireebi Tu mowinaaRmdegeebi bolSevikuri

partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi ar fiqrobdnen xalxis keTildReobaze. sinamdvileSi
isini pirvelobisTvis ibrZodnen da aseve kamaTobdnen imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Se-
enarCunebinaT xelisufleba da gaefarToebinaT komunisturi gavlena mTel
msoflioze.
Sidapartiul brZolas mwvave da daundobeli forma hqonda. dapirispirebuli
mxareebi erTmaneTs brals sdebdnen `kontrrevoluciurobaSi~, `wvrilburJuaziu-
lobaSi~, `leninizmidan CamocilebaSi~, `faSizmSi~, sxvadasxva `gadaxrebSi~. magali-
Tad, 1925 wels zinovievi stalins brals sdebda `naxevrad trockistul gadaxra-
Si~, sapasuxod ki miiRo aseve absurduli braldeba àqselrodovSCineobaSi~ (e. i.
menSevikobaSi, cnobili menSevikis p. aqselrodis gvaris mixedviT), miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom zinovievi centralur komitets akritikebda ara marjvnidan, aramed mar-
cxnidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1923 wels rkp (b) ;,, yrilobaze Tavad zinovievi, rome-
lic im dros centralur komitets edga saTaveSi, acxadebda: `partiuli xazis ne-
bismieri kritika, Tundac e. w. `memarcxene~, obieqturad menSevikuri kritikaa~.
mimdinareobda `makomprometirebeli masalebiT brZola~, ZiriTadad iyeneb-
dnen Zvel uTanxmoebebs leninTan, rac sxvadasxva dros hqonda xelisuflebis-
Tvis brZolis yvela pretendents. magaliTad, kominternis aRmaskomis 9,, gafar-
Toebul plenumze (1926) stalinma ganacxada, rom 1917 wels kamenevma, roca gaigo
Tebervlis revoluciis Sesaxeb, gadasaxlebidan (aCinskidan) misasalmebeli depe-
Sa gaugzavna did mTavar mixeils, rogorc `Tavisufali ruseTis pirvel moqala-
qes~. sinamdvileSi xmebi `kamenevis depeSis~ Sesaxeb 1917 wlis gazafxulze iyo gav-
rcelebuli petrogradSi da is `pravdam~ uaryo.
Tavad stalinze didi makomprometirebeli masala iyo leninis werili ;,,
yrilobas (`leninis anderZi~), sadac erT-erTi rekomendacia generaluri mdivnis
postidan stalinis gadayeneba iyo. Semdeg gavrcelda xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom sta-
lini revoluciamde TiTqosda TanamSromlobda mefis òxrankasTan~.
xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis procesis Tavisebureba isic iyo, rom mas Tan
axlda gaafTrebuli diskusia sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri, politikuri da
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Taobaze.
konfliqtis yvela mxare didad ar dardobda moralur principebze. isini Se-
Tanxmebebs debdnen yofil mowinaaRmdegeebTan guSindeli mokavSireebis winaaR-
mdeg, cvlidnen TavianT platformebs sapirispiroze.
magaliTad, `zinovieveli~ uglanovi 1925 wels gadavida stalinis mxareze,
magram 1928 wels SeuerTda `memarjvene gadaxras~. trocki ibrZoda `Sidapartiu-
li demokratiisaTvis~ da `Termidoris~ winaaRmdeg, Tumca samoqalaqo omis Sem-
deg Tavad mas warmoadgendnen `wiTeli bonapartis~ kandidatad. rac Seexeba de-
mokratias, trocki, sanam xelisuflebaSi iyo, ; yrilobaze (1921) acxadebda, rom
misi oponentebi `demokratizmis~ lozungisgan fetiSs qmnian, xelisuflebidan
Camocilebis Semdeg ki aqtiurad moiTxovda demokratiis gafarToebas. stalinma
;,,, partkonferenciaze (1924) aRniSna, rom trockis `demokratia sWirdeba ro-
gorc strategiuli manevri~.

Tavad stalini 1926-1927 wlebSi ebrZoda trocki-zinovievis `memarcxene~
opozicias, magram misi ganadgurebis Semdeg, 1927 wels, puris damzadebis krizi-
sis gavleniT, Tavad aiRo opoziciis lozungebi; industrializaciisa da koleq-
tivizaciis sferoSi stalinma faqtobrivad ganaxorciela trockistTa programa.
zinovievi samoqalaqo omis wlebSi trockis piradi mteri gaxda, 1923-1924
wlebSi gaafTrebiT ebrZoda mas (trocki zinovievs miawerda termin `trockiz-
mis~ gaCenas), magram 1926 wels zinovievma bloki Seqmna swored trockisTan.
aranakleb STambeWdavia buxarinis, 1920-iani wlebis erT-erTi yvelaze zomi-
eri politikuri lideris, ideuri evolucia: samoqalaqo omis wlebSi is iyo ara
bolSevizmis marjvena flangze, aramed marcxena flangze, dawera kidec popula-
ruli partiuli saxelmZRvanelo `komunizmis anbani~, romelic `samxedro komu-
nizmis~ apologia iyo.
1930-iani wlebisaTvis sabWoTa saxelmwifo ideologia gamdidrda ramdenime
axali debulebiT. stalinis pirad gamogonebad iTvleba 1924 wels mis mier wamo-
yenebuli Tezisi èrT calke aRebul qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis Sesaxeb~.
1920-iani wlebis ideologiuri brZolebis Semdeg stalinis oficialur sabWoTa
doqtrinaSi Sevida mTeli rigi debulebebi, romlebic stalinis mowinaaRmdegeeb-
ma SeimuSaves. magaliTad, termini `partiis generaluri xazi~ pirvelad buxarinma
gamoiyena, leningrads `sami revoluciis qalaqi~ uwoda zinovievma, zinovievs ase-
ve ekuTvnis Tezisi germaniis social-demokratiis `social-faSizmad~ gadagvare-
bis Sesaxeb; saboloo jamSi am Tezisma xeli SeuSala germaniaSi memarcxene Zale-
bis gaerTianebas nacizmis winaaRmdeg.
glexobisagan Tanxebis amoRebis gziT forsirebuli `zeindustrializaciis~
doqtrina 1924 wels SeimuSava trockisTan axlos mdgomma ekonomistma preobra-
Jenskim.
paradoqsulia, magram lozungi `stalini — es dRevandeli leninia~ wamoayena
kamenevma.

12.2. xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi stalinis gamarjveba da misi pirov-
nebis kultis formirebis dasawyisi

rogorc vnaxeT, 1920-ian wlebSi xdeboda xelisuflebis TandaTanobiTi kon-
centracia adamianTa sul ufro mcire jgufis xelSi:
9 yrilobidan — centraluri komitetis xelSi;
9 centraluri komitetidan — politbiuros xelSi;
9 politbiurodan — araformaluri `sameulis~ xelSi (stalini-zinovie-
vi-kamenevi);
9 stalinis erTmmarTvelobis damyareba.
SeiZleba davasaxeloT xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi stalinis gamarjvebis
mizezebi:
opoziciasTan brZolaSi moxerxebulad gamoiyena partiuli aparatis re-
sursi, SesaZlebloba hqonda Tavisi momxreebi daeniSna sakvanZo postebze;
stalinma moaxerxa sakuTari Tavis warmoCena leninis ideebisa da axal
ekonomikur politikasTan mimarTebaSi partiis generaluri xazis damcvelad;
leninis sikvdilis Semdeg masobrivi miReba partiaSi aZlierebda stali-
nis poziciebs;
stalinma moaxerxa politbiuros wevrTa umravlesobis koaliciis Seqmna,
amasTan STabeWdilebas qmnida, rom ar iyo dainteresebuli piradi xelisuflebis
gaZlierebiT.

1929 wlisaTvis qveyanaSi stalinma mTlianad Camoicila mowinaaRmdegeebi da
Camoyalibda stalinis erTxelisuflebianoba, romelmac mTlianad gaanadgura
Tavisi politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi.
1929 wlis dekemberSi sazeimod aRiniSna stalinis dabadebidan 50 wlisTavi.
stalini ukve iyo sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiisa da kominternis aRiare-
buli lideri, Tumca misi gandideba TandaTan xdeboda. jer kidev 1925 wlis de-
kemberSi sak. kp(b) ;,9 yrilobaze klim voroSilovma Tavis gamosvlaSi stalins
uwoda `politbiuros mTavari wevri~.
ruseTis istoriaSi pirovnebis kulti vlindeboda ara mxolod mefeebisa da
patriarqebis mimarT, aramed leninis SemTxvevaSi (partiaSi), trockis SemTxvevaSi
(samxedro wreebSi), zinovievis mimarT (leningradSi). 1920-iani wlebis bolos ya-
libdeba stalinis pirovnebis kulti. stalins mxars uWerda axali mmarTveli
klasis (`nomenklaturis~) umravlesoba, romlis interesebsac stalini gamoxa-
tavda.

stalinis pirovnebis kultis Camoyalibebis mizezebi:
x totalitaruli sistemis funqcionirebis
ideologiuri uzrunvelyofis moTxovnile-
ba;
x masebis kulturis, ganaTlebis dabali done,
masebis fsiqologiis saukunovani tradicie-
bi — beladis sidiadisa da uSecdomobis
rwmena;
x qveynis xelmZRvanelobis sazogadoebrivi da
politikuri kulturis done — miswrafeba
ganemtkicebinaT Tavisi poziciebi beladis kultis danergviT;
x stalinis piradi Tvisebebi — sakuTari kultis Seqmnisken swrafva, `xalxTa ma-
mis~ saxis damkvidreba.

1929 wels stalinis iubiles sazeimod aRniSvnam aCvena, rom daiwyo pirovne-
bis kultis mizanmimarTuli formireba, romelic ganuxrelad tardeboda da Zli-
erdeboda momdevno meoTxedi saukunis manZilze. stalinis pirovnebis kulti —
am terminiT aRiniSneba stalinis gandidebis politika.
1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi oficialur dawesebulebaTa umravlesobaSi ga-
mokruli iyo leninisa da trockis portretebi (1924 wlis Semdeg trockis por-
tretebi Camoxsnes), magram stalinis portretebi jer
kidev ar iyo. stalinis portretebi mxolod 1930 wels
gamoCnda, mas Semdeg, rac 1929 wlis dekemberSi manamde
arnaxuli pompezurobiT aRiniSna stalinis 50 wlis iu-
bile. misalmebebSi stalins uwodebdnen ara marto `Se-
saniSnavs~ da `gamoCenils~, aramed ukve `dids~ da `geni-
alurs~.
1931 wels leninis TxzulebaTa 6-tomeulis wina-
sityvaobaSi v. adoracki werda, rom leninis naSromebi
unda Seiswavlon stalinis naSromebis meSveobiT.
stalinis pirovnebis kultis damkvidrebis gzebi:

x xalxis mier beladis sityvebis miReba dogmebis sa-
xiT da pirdapiri moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelod;

x stalinis moxsenebebis, sityvebisa da naSromebis,
stalinis suraTebisa da gamosaxulebebis masobrivi ti-
raJireba;
x uaxloesi garemocvis mier beladis gandideba;
x stalinis saxelTan dakavSirebuli iubileebisa da
sxva RonisZiebebis masStaburi aRniSvna;
x simboluri saxis Seqmna — stalinis Zeglebis dad-
gma dasaxlebul punqtebSi, biustebisa da portretebis
ganTavseba dawesebulebebsa da saxlebSi;
x stalinis saxelis masobrivi miniWeba dasaxlebuli
punqtebisaTvis, kolmeurneobebisTvis, quCebisTvis,
qarxnebisTvis da geografiuli obieqtebisaTvis — sta-
lingradi (1925 wlamde — caricini), stalinabadi (1929 wlamde — duSanbe), mTa sta-
linis piki da sxva;
x beladis sapativcemulod axali saxelebis gaCena, romelTac bavSvebs arqmev-
dnen — stalina, stalinina, stalenita, stali, ivstali, stalivi;

12.3. stalinis dasayrdeni — partiuli aparati da `leninuri gawveve-
biT~ Seqmnili partiuli masebi
stalinis umTavresi dasayrdeni politikur mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSi

partiuli aparati iyo. es iyo `partia partiaSi~, rogorc acxadebda trocki.
rac Seexeba partiis rigiT wevrebsa da adgilobriv organizaciebs, aq Tavi-
dan stalinis poziciebi mtkice ar iyo. magaliTad, trockis winaaRmdeg brZolis
dros `moskovis proletarul ujredebSi~ stalinma miiRo 9843 xma, xolo troc-
kim — 2223 xma. partiis wevrebis umravlesobam ki uari Tqva diskusiaSi monawileo-
baze.
stalinis poziciebi katastrofuli iyo moskovis umaRlesi saswavleblebis
partiul organizaciebSi. umaRlesi saswavleblebis 72 partiuli ujredidan cen-
tralur komitets mxari dauWira 32-ma (2790 kaci), opozicias — 40 ujredma (6594
adamianma).
kidev ufro rTuli iyo stalinis poziciebi provinciul organizaciebSi, sa-
dac gadaWriT moiTxovdnen stalinis àxali kursis~ Sewyvetas. stalinis pozici-
ebi partiaSi ganamtkica axali wevrebis masobrivma miRebam.
1920-ian wlebSi Sidapartiuli diskusia mimdinareobda partiaSi muSebis ma-
sobrivi gawvevis TanxlebiT. es iyo e. w, `leninuri gawveva~, romelsac saTave dau-
do ;,,, partiulma konferenciam — partiaSi Rebulobdnen `namdvil~ proleta-
rebs -`dazgis muSebs~, romelTa ganaTlebis done dabali iyo, da kari CaeketaT
`wvrilburJuaziul~ elementebs — es iyo provincia (glexebi) da umaRlesi saswav-
leblebi (studentebi).

leninuri gawveva:
1924 w. Tebervali — 130 aTasi gancxadeba;

1924 w. 10 martisTvis — 204 aTasi
1924 w. 23 maisisTvis — 350 aTasze meti

`leninuri gawveviT~ partiaSi miiRes 250 aTasi muSa warmoebidan, romlebic
TanaugrZnobdnen stalinis kurss. 1924 wlis maisisTvis partia 730 aTas wevramde
gaizarda. amave dros, mimdinareobda partiis wmenda `wvrilburJuaziuli elemen-
tebisagan~, anu, pirvel rigSi, im adamianebisagan, romelTac 1923 wlis diskusiis
dros mxari dauWires trockis.
partiuli wmendis Semdeg 1925 wlis bolosTvis partiaSi iyo mxolod 640
aTasi adamiani. partiidan gairicxa daaxloebiT 100 aTasi adamiani — studentebi,
profesorebi da sxva `wvrilburJuaziuli elementebi~.
partiis rigiTi wevrebis umravlesobas ar esmoda da arc ainteresebda is
partiuli diskusiebi, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad sqolastikur xasiaTs atarebda
da sadac partiis liderebi erTmaneTis diskreditacias cdilobdnen. imdroinde-
li dokumentebis Seswavla aCvenebs, rom qveda rgolis partiuli ujredebi ar in-
teresdebodnen diskusiebiT da amjobinebdnen, xma miecaT stalinisTvis, rome-
lic postebsa da privilegiebs anawilebda.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis rigiTi komunistebis absolutur umravle-
sobas, TiTqmis 75-s, mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTleba hqonda, bevrma wera-kiTxvac
ar icoda. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi bolSevikebSi yovelTvis cotani
iyvnen, am droisaTvis maTi ricxvi partiaSi 1-mde Semcirda. agraruli Warbmo-
saxleobisa da umuSevrobis pirobebSi (1920-ian wlebSi 15-s aRwevda), adamianebs
ara diskusiebi, aramed saarsebo pirobebi ainteresebdaT.

1920-iani wlebis opoziciuri dajgufebebi

opoziciis arsebo- Semadgen- ras icavdnen rodis da rogor Sewyvi-
saxelwodeba bis dro loba ta arseboba
`memarcxene 1923- trocki moiTxovdnen partiis trocki gaaTavisufles
opozicia~ 1925 piatakovi demokratizacias da oficialuri samTavro-
preobra- kontrolis damyarebas bo postebidan
Jenski partiul aparatze,
fraqciebis Tavisufle-
bis aRdgenas
àxali opo- 1925 zinovievi Tvlidnen, rom nepma zinovievi da kamenevi
zicia~ kamenevi Tavisi amocanebi Seas- Tanamdebobebidan mox-
sokolni- rula da SeiZleba eko- snes
kovi nomikis sabazro ele-
krupskaia mentebze Setevis dawye-
ba
`gaerTiane- 1926- trocki ar eTanxmebodnen Te- 1927 wels garicxes par-
buli opozi- 1927 zinovievi ziss, rom SeiZleba erT tiidan, trocki saz-
cia~ kamenevi qveyanaSi socializmma RvargareT gaaZeves
sapronovi gaimarjvos
`memarjvene 1928- buxarini mxars uWerdnen nepis 1929 w. noemberSi saja-
opozicia~ 1929 tomski gagrZelebas, winaaR- rod uari Tqves TavianT
rikovi mdegi iyvnen soflad Sexedulebebze
sagangebo zomebis gata-
rebisa

1920-iani wlebis Sidapartiuli brZolis qronika
TariRi faqti
1922 w. 3 aprili rkp(b) centraluri komitetis plenumze stalini airCies centraluri

komitetis generalur mdivnad.
1922 w. 26 maisi lenins avadmyofobis pirveli Seteva daemarTa da oqtombramde aRar
monawileobda politikur cxovrebaSi.
1922 w. 16 dekemberi lenins avadmyofobis meore Seteva hqonda.
1922 w. 23-26 dekem- leninma ukarnaxa `werili yrilobas~, romelSic daaxasiaTa Tavisi Ta-
beri namebrZolebi da SesaZlo politikuri memkvidreebi.
1923 w. 4 ianvari lenini yrilobisadmi werils postkriptums ukeTebs, romelSic reko-
mendacias iZleva Seicvalos stalini generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebo-
baze.
1923 w. 9 marti lenins avadmyofobis mesame Seteva hqonda da sabolood Camoscilda
politikur scenas.
1923 w. 11 dekemberi lev trockim gamoaqveyna statia àxali kursi~. partiaSi daiwyo dis-
kusia.
1923 w. 15 dekemberi stalinma gamoaqveyna statia `pravdaSi~ da daiwyo brZola `trockiz-
mis~ winaaRmdeg.
1924 w. 21 ianvari lenini gardaicvala.
1924 w. ianvari ;,,, partiuli konferencia. stalini, kamenevi da zinovievi trockis
winaaRmdeg; konferenciam dagmo trocki da misi àxali kursi~.
1924 w. maisi rkp (b) ;,,, yriloba — stalinma SeinarCuna posti zinovievisa da kame-
nevis mxardaWeris Sedegad.
1924 w. oqtomberi trockim gamoaqveyna statia òqtombris gakveTilebi~, romelSic
warmoaCina Tavisi roli oqtombris revoluciaSi; amtkicebda, rom
revolucias uRalates `memarjveneebma~; akritikebda zinovievsa da
kamenevs.
trockis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen stalini, kamenevi, zinovievi, buxari-
ni, rikovi, tomski, kuibiSevi. maT trocki daadanaSaules `partiis is-
toriis Segnebul damaxinjebaSi~.
1925 w. ianvari rkp (b) centraluri komitetis plenumi. dagmes trocki da trockiz-
mi. trocki moxsnes revoluciuri samxedro sabWos da aseve samxedro
da sazRvao saxalxo komisris postidan, magram datoves politbiu-
ros wevrad.
1925-1926 wlebi àxali opozicia~ — kamenevi, zinovievi (mxari dauWira krupskaiam) —
akritikebdnen axal ekonomikur politikas, rogorc revoluciis saq-
midan ukandaxevas.
maT daupirispirdnen stalini, buxarini, tomski da rikovi — mxars
uWerdnen axali ekonomikuri politikis SenarCunebas, aseve asabuTeb-
dnen socializmis gamarjvebis SesaZleblobas erT calke aRebul qve-
yanaSi.
zinovievi ;,9 partiul konferenciaze gamovida buxarinis winaaRmdeg.
buxarini moiTxovda samrewvelo saqonelze fasebis Semcirebas, miwaze
gadasaxadis Semcirebas da SeRavaTebis SemoRebas miwis ijaraze.

1925 w. dekemberi rkp (b) ;,9 yrilobaze zinovievi gadaayenes leningradis partiuli
organizaciis xelmZRvanelis postidan. partias ewoda sakavSiro kp (b)
1926 weli Seiqmna `gaerTianebuli opozicia~ (zinovievi, kamenevi, trocki, pia-
takovi, radeki, antonov-ovseenko da sxvebi).
maT upirispirdebodnen stalini, buxarini, rikovi.
opoziciam scada moskovisa da leningradis partiuli organizacie-
bis gaTiSva, magram uSedegod.
1926 w. oqtomberi trockis, zinovievis, kamenevis, sokolnikovis, piatakovis, evdokimo-
vis monaniebiTi werili.
1926 w. oqtomber— sak kp (b) ;9 partiulma konferenciam dagmo opozicionerebi da maT-
noemberi gan moiTxova Secdomebis sajarod aRiareba.
1927 w. 7 noemberi arasanqcirebuli mitingebi moskovSi. demonstrantebis garekva da
cema-tyepa.
1927 w. dekemberi partiidan garicxes kamenevi, zinovievi, trocki. kamenevi da zinovie-
vi daapatimres (1936 wels daxvrites).
1928 weli trocki gadaasaxles alma-ataSi, erTi wlis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri-
dan gaaZeves.
1928 weli Camoyalibda `memarjvene opozicia~:
buxarini, rikovi, tomski ar eTanxmebodnen zeindustrializaciis me-
Todebs da axali ekonomikuri politikis SezRudvas.
1929 w. aprili sak. kp (b) ;9, partiuli konferencia — opozicia damarcxda:
buxarini moxsnes gazeT `pravdis~ redaqtorobidan da gaaTavisufles
kominternis xelmZRvanelobidan;
tomski gaaTavisufles profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelobidan.
rikovi gadadga saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebo-
bidan.
centralurma sakontrolo komisiam Caatara wmenda partiaSi.
1929 w. noemberi buxarini garicxes politbiuros Semadgenlobidan.

nawili mexuTe
socializmis mSeneblobis
stalinuri gegma
mas Semdeg, rac msoflio revoluciis molodinma ar gaamarTla da sabWoTa
kavSiri marto darCa kapitalistur garemocvaSi, bolSevikebma mTavar amocanad
daisaxes erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSeneba da es `leninur miTiTebad~ gamoacxa-
des. 1925 wels ;,9 partiulma konferenciam daadgina: partiam `mTeli Zal-Rone
unda ixmaros, raTa aSenos socialisturi sazogadoeba im rwmeniT, rom es mSeneb-
loba SeiZleba iyos da usaTuod iqneba Zlevamosili, Tu moxerxda qveynis dacva
restavraciis yoveli cdisagan~.
`restavraciis safrTxeSi~ ganasxvavebdnen Sida da gare safrTxeebs. Sida
safrTxis gasaneitraleblad sabolood unda moespoT kapitalizmi qveynis Sig-
niT. sagareo safrTxeSi ki igulisxmeboda SesaZlo intervencia. msoflio revo-
luciis dagvianebis pirobebSi sabWoTa reJims Tavis Sinagan resursebze dayrdno-
biT unda Seeqmna industriuli baza da ganexorcielebina saxalxo meurneobis so-
cialisturi rekonstruqcia.
stalinma Camoayaliba socializmis aSenebis, anu sazogadoebis Zireuli gar-
daqmnis samerTiani amocana:
x industrializacia
x koleqtivizacia
x kulturuli revolucia
amasTan, es yvelaferi mokle periodSi unda ganexorcielebinaT. 1931 wlis
TebervalSi stalinma ganacxada: `Cven 50±100 wliT CamovrCiT mowinave qveynebs.
Cven es manZili aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda gavirbinoT. an SevasrulebT amas, an
gagvsresen~.
intervenciisa da restavraciis safrTxeze miTiTeba mTavari argumenti iyo
industrializaciisa da koleqtivizaciis maRali tempisa da Zaladobrivi meTo-
debis gamosayeneblad. industrializacia da koleqtivizacia ganxorcielda pir-
vel (1928-1932) da meore (1933-1937) xuTwledebSi.
1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi samrewvelo warmoebis maCveneblebi daaxloebiT
1913 wlis doneze idga. stalinis moTxovna, 10 weliwadSi daeZliaT dasavleTisgan
CamorCena, ver Sesruldeboda, saqme exeboda mxolod im CamorCenis daZlevas, rac
oqtombris revoluciam da misma Sedegebma gamoiwvia, magram esec ki moiTxovda
resursebis ukidures mobilizacias.

i. stalini, leninizmis sakiTxebi, me-11 gamoc. 1949, gv.412.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɦ ,,. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2016, ɫɬɪ.199.

Tavi ;,,,.
industrializacia
13.1. industrializaciis Taviseburebani sabWoTa kavSirSi
sabWoTa kavSirSi industrializaciis kursis aReba ganapiroba ramdenime mi-

zezma:
x axali ekonomikuri politikis winaaRmdegobaTa perioduli gamwvaveba
ekonomikis, socialur da politikis sferoSi;
x sazogadoebaSi dominirebda bolSevikuri Tvalsazrisi axali ekonomiku-
ri politikis droebiTigardamavali xasiaTisa da arasabazro ekonomika-
ze gadasvlis Taobaze;
x uari axali ekonomikuri politikis principebze soflad imis gamo, rom
partiam gadawyvetileba miiRo, ekonomikis modernizeba ganexorcielebi-
na soflidan saxsrebis iZulebiTi amoqaCviT da am saxsrebis industria-
lizaciisaTvis gamosayeneblad;
x sabWoTa ekonomikis TviTizolacia da farTo kavSirebis ararseboba da-
narCen msofliosTan.
sabWoTa ekonomikis ganviTarebis pirvelxarisxovan amocanad industriali-
zacia gamocxadda 1925 wlis bolos, partiis ;,9 yrilobaze; ganisazRvra indus-
trializaciis ZiriTadi miznebi:
x qveynis teqnikur-ekonomikuri CamorCenis daZleva;
x ekonomikuri damoukideblobis miRweva;
x mZlavri TavdacviTi mrewvelobis Seqmna;
x mrewvelobis sabazo dargebis (saTbobi, metalurgiuli, qimiuri, manqa-
naTmSeneblobis) Seqmna.

axali ekonomikuri
politikis winaaR- winaaRmdegobaTa arsi
mdegobebi
ekonomikis sferoSi x winaaRmdegoba ekonomikis sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifo
da individualur-glexur da kerZo seqtorebs Soris;
x winaaRmdegoba ekonomikaSi direqtiul-mbrZaneblur da
sabazro sawyisebs Soris.
socialur sferoSi x qonebrivi uTanasworobis zrdasTan erTad winaaRmde-
gobis zrda socialur jgufebs Soris;
x bolSevikebis mxridan negatiuri damokidebuleba `nep-
manebisadmi~, rogorc `klasobrivad ucxo~, eqspluata-
toruli elementebisadmi.
politikisa da ideo- x winaaRmdegoba gabatonebul komunistur idealebsa da
logiis sferoSi axali ekonomikuri politikis (`burJuaziul~) realur
praqtikas Soris;
x winaaRmdegoba avtoritarul politikur sistemasa da
pluralistur ekonomikur urTierTobebs Soris.

1927 wels stalinma kursi aiRo `socialistur industrializaciaze~. am
droisaTvis axali ekonomikuri politikis warmatebebis Sedegad samrewvelo war-
moebam miaRwia omamdel (1913) dones, magram am droisaTvis sxva qveynebi Tavis gan-
viTarebaSi ufro win wavidnen. `msoflio revoluciis~ dagvianebis pirobebSi,
stalinma amocanad dasaxa, mokle droSi Seqmniliyo mZlavri industriuli baza,
romelze dayrdnobiTac sabWoTa kavSiri gauZlebda saerTaSoriso izolacias da
moigeriebda SesaZlo agresias.
am gegmebis realizebisTvis saWiro iyo uzarmazari Tanxebi. saidan unda moe-
tanaT saWiro saxsrebi? sxva qveynebis gamocdileba aCvenebda, rom dagrovebis
wili unda gazrdiliyo erovnuli Semosavlis 5-10-idan 20-30-mde (ZiriTadad
investiciebis gazrdiT da moxmarebis wilis SemcirebiT).
axal ekonomikur politikas aseTi saxsrebis mocema ar SeeZlo. 1926 wels gai-
Sala diskusia industrializaciis meTodebsa da misTvis saWiro saxsrebis dag-
rovebis wyaroebze. Tanac, industrializaciis mTavar mimarTulebad gamocxadda
mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba.
yvela qveyana industrializacias iwyebda msubuqi mrewvelobidan. es saSua-
lebas iZleoda, saxsrebi daegrovebinaT mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
sabWoTa kavSirma, Tavdacvis interesebidan gamomdinare, industrializacia da-
iwyo mZime mrewvelobidan.
dasavleTis qveynebi industrializaciis Tanxebs Soulobdnen garedan: es
iyo koloniebis Zarcva, uTanasworo savaWro gacvla sxva qveynebTan, samxedro
kontribuciebi, ucxouri sesxebi.

dasavleTis qveynebis stalinuri industrializaciis
industrializaciis Taviseburebani: Taviseburebani:
9 industrializacia iwyeboda msu- 9 industrializaciis mokle vade-
buqi mrewvelobiT; bi;
9 xorcieldeboda xangrZlivi 9 industrializaciis maRali tem-
drois ganmavlobaSi; pi;
9 industrializaciis dros gamoi- 9 mZime mrewvelobis upiratesi
yeneboda gare wyaroebi. ganviTareba msubuqis sazianod;
9 industrializaciis ganxorcie-
leba Sida wyaroebis xarjze.

sabWoTa kavSirSi industrializaciis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxo-
lod Sida rezervebis meSveobiT. qveynidan intensiurad gahqondaT nedleuli,
sursaTi, romlis moxmarebac mosaxleobas mkveTrad SeezRuda. gahqondaT navTo-
bi, oqro, xetye, yididnen muzeumebisa da eklesia-monastrebis ganZeuls.
gadamwyvet rols asrulebda resursebis centralizebuli ganawileba. es ga-
momdinareobda ara mxolod samoqalaqo omis gamocdilebidan,
aramed marqsizmis debulebidan gegmuri socialisturi ekono-
mikis upiratesobis Taobaze.

sabWoTa kavSirSi industrializaciis
ganxorcielebis wyaroebi:
9 nepmanebisTvis dakisrebuli gadasaxadi;
9 saxelmwifos mier mosaxleobisgan aRebuli sesxebi;
9 soflis meurneobidan miRebuli Semosavali (ZiriTadi
wyaro);
9 sagareo vaWrobaze saxelmwifo monopoliidan miRebuli mogeba;

9 msubuqi mrewvelobis Semosavali;
9 mosaxleobis ideuri ganwyoba.

1927 wlisaTvis Camoyalibda ori Tvalsazrisi industrializaciis ganxor-
cielebis Taobaze:
pirveli midgoma niSnavda industrializaciis ganxorcielebas axali eko-
nomikuri politikisa da bazris SenarCunebis pirobebSi (mecnier-ekonomistebi):
kapitali industrializaciis dafinansebisaTvis unda mieRoT kerZo mewarmeobis
ganviTarebiT, ucxouri sesxebis mozidviT, savaWro brunvis gafarToebiT; indus-
trializaciis tempi maRali unda yofiliyo, magram es unda damyareboda realur
SesaZleblobebs da ara politikur saWiroebebs; industrializacias ar unda moh-
yoloda mosaxleobis, pirvel rigSi, glexobis cxovrebis donis mkveTri Semcire-
ba.
meore midgoma niSnavda axal ekonomikur politikaze uaris Tqmas, gadas-
vlas mbrZaneblur da uaRresad centralizebul ekonomikaze. misi principebi
Tavdapirvelad Camoayalibes memarcxene opoziciis liderebma: industrializa-
ciis dafinanseba gare resursebis xarjze SeuZlebelia; saWiroa Tanxebis moZebna
qveynis SigniT msubuq mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi, Semdeg ki maTi gada-
qaCva mZime mrewvelobaSi; aucilebelia samrewvelo zrdis forsireba, industria-
lizaciis ganxorcieleba 5 ± 10 weliwadSi; industrializaciis fasze fiqri dana-
Saulia; glexoba `Sida koloniaa~, romelic yvela siZnelisTvis gadaixdis.

stalini: sagangebo buxarini: ekonomikuri berketebis
zomebis gatareba amoqmedeba
¾ daCqarebuli tempi; ¾ TandaTanobiTi tempi;
¾ mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba; ¾ msubuqi mrewvelobis ganviTareba;
¾ glexuri meurneobebis koleqtivi- ¾ kooperaciuli moZraobis ganviTareba
zacia; soflad;
¾ kulakobis rogorc klasis likvi- ¾ kulakebisTvis gadasaxadebis gazrda;
dacia; ¾ sabazro elementebi.
¾ centralizebuli dagegmva.

13.2. pirveli xuTwledi
1929 wlis maisSi sabWoebis 9 sakavSiro yrilobam daamtkica sabWoTa kavSiris

ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis pirveli xuTwliani gegma. ukve 1929
wlis dekemberSi stalinma wamoayena lozungi: `xuTwledi oTx weliwadSi~. gadai-
sinja da mniSvnelovnad gaizarda xuTwledis yvela sagegmo maCvenebeli.
milionobiT adamiani didi enTuziazmiT, TiTqmis ufasod muSaobda xuTwle-
dis mSeneblobebze. mTel qveyanaSi gaiSala moZraoba lozungiT: `wavarTvaT weli
xuTwleds, SevasruloT xuTwledi oTx weliwadSi~.
xuTwledis vercerTi maCvenebeli ver Sesrulda. 1932 wlisaTvis mrewve-
lobis moculoba 8,5-iT gaizarda, nacvlad gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 36-isa,
1933 wlisaTvis gamouSves 53 aTasi traqtori, nacvlad 170 aTasisa; 24 aTasi avto-
mobili, nacvlad gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 200 aTasisa. gaiyvanes 5500 km rkinigza,
nacvlad 16 aTasisa. miuxedavad amisa, 1932 wlis dekemberSi xuTwledi Sesrulebu-

xuTwliani gegma SeimuSaves saxkomsabWos Tavmjdomarem a. rikovma, `gosplanis~ Tavmjdomarem
g. kriJanovskim da saxalxo meurneobis sakavSiro sabWos Tavmjdomarem v. kuibiSevma.

lad gamocxadda. sinamdvileSi, 1933 weli krizisuli iyo da meore xuTwliani geg-
mis Sedgena mxolod erTi wlis Semdeg moxerxda, partiis ;9,, yrilobisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli xuTwledis gegmebis Sesruleba ver moxerxda,
mainc mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidga win. aSenda 1500 msxvili samrewvelo sawarmo.
mZime mrewvelobis produqciis warmoeba 2,8-jer gaizarda, manqanaTmSenebloba —
4-jer. mwyobrSi Cadga dneprhesi, magnitogorskisa da kuzneckis metalurgiuli
kombinatebi, msxvili qvanaxSiris Saxtebi donbassa da kuzbasSi, stalingradisa da
xarkovis satraqtoro qarxnebi, moskovisa da gorkis saavtomobilo qarxnebi, ga-
ixsna Turqestan-cimbiris rkinigza. qveyanaSi gaCnda mrewvelobis axali dargebi:
saaviacio, satraqtoro, eleqtroenergetikuli, qimiuri da a. S.
manqanaTmSeneblobis warmatebebma sabWoTa kavSiri gadaaqcia samrewvelo
danadgarebis Semomtani qveynidan maT mwarmoebel qveynad.
pirveli xuTwledi (1929-1932):

x SemuSaveba daiwyo 1927 wels, daamtkica 1928 w. ma-
isSi sakavSiro sabWoebis 9 yrilobam;
x rodesac xuTwledis gegma Sedga, stalinma saku-
Tari xeliT Seitana Sesworebebi da mniSvnelov-
nad gazarda yvela sagegmo maCvenebeli;
x xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi samrewvelo warmoeba
180-iT, xolo soflis meurneoba 55-iT unda
gazrdiliyo;
x mZime mrewveloba upiratesi tempiT unda gazrdi-
liyo — 230-iT 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi;
x 1929 w. dekemberSi Sromis damkvrelTa yrilobaze
wamoyenebul iqna lozungi: `xuTwledi oTx weli-
wadSi~;
x 1929 wels stalinma wamoayena `didi naxtomis~ idea — 10 weliwadSi dasweodnen
dasavleTs.
pirveli xuTwliani gegma

produqciis saxe 1928 w. (faq- zrdis op- zrdis koreq- faqtobrivi Ses-
tiuri) timisturi tirebuli ruleba
gegma gegma (1932)
Tuji
3 10 17 6
(mln t.)
qvanaxSiri
36 75 105 64
(mln. t.)
navTobi
12 22 55 21
(mln. t.)
eleqtroenergia
5 22 40 13,5
(mlrd. kvsT)
traqtorebi (cali) 2000 55.000 170.000 49.000
avtomobilebi 800 100.000 200.000 24.000

xuTwledis Tavdapirveli gegma savsebiT realisturi iyo.

dneprhess evropaSi udidesi kaSxali hqonda. dneprhesis mSenebloba xorcieldeboda amerikeli
inJinris hiu l. kuperis xelmZRvanelobiT. kaSxalma mxolod 10 weli iarseba. is moskovidan miRebu-
li brZanebiT 1941 wels aafeTqes wiTeli armiis ukandaxevis dros.

maCveneblebi gaizarda samrewvelo ganviTarebis obieqturi SesaZleblobe-
bis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
Sedegad pirveli xuTwledi (iseve rogorc yvela momdevno xuTwledi) ver
Sesrulda.

1930-iani wlebis bolSevikuri plakati:

`Cveni gegmebis realuroba — Cven
TviTonve varT~
sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba did mniSvne-
lobas aniWebda propagandas industriali-
zaciis amocanebis Sesasruleblad masebis
mobilizebisaTvis.

13.3. pirveli xuTwledis socialuri Sedegebi
gegmebis Sesasruleblad saWiro iyo samuSao Zalis didi raodenoba. mokle

vadaSi likvidirebul iqna umuSevroba. 1930 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi daixura uka-
naskneli Sromis birJa (sadac umuSevrebi registrirdebodnen). magram xuTwledis
mSeneblobebze ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda arakvalificiuri Sroma, igrZnoboda sa-
inJinro-teqnikuri kadrebis mwvave nakleboba. xSirad koleqtivs didi xnis gan-
mavlobaSi ar SeeZlo axal sawarmoebSi dadgmuli manqana-mowyobilobebis aTvise-
ba da produqciis gamoSvebis dawyeba. gaizarda umaRlesi da saSualo teqnikuri
dawesebulebebis raodenoba. institutebTan iqmneboda saRamos ganyofilebebi,
samrewvelo akademiebi. saukeTeso axalgazrda muSebi saswavleblad igzavneboda
partiuli da komkavSiruli organizaciebis sagzurebiT. kampania mimdinareobda
lozungebiT: `bolSevikebi unda daeuflon teqnikas!~, `teqnika rekonstruqciis
periodSi yvelafers wyvets!~.
pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi momzadda 128,5 aTasi umaRlesi da saSua-
lo ganaTlebis mqone specialisti, maTgan TiTqmis naxevari yofili muSebi iyvnen.
pirvel xuTwledSi STambeWdav miRwevebTan erTad iyo seriozuli xarveze-
bic, pirvel rigSi, socialur sferoSi.
1930 wels sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo sagegmo komisiam gamosca gankargu-
leba gegmur ekonomikaSi patimarTa Sromis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT Sinagan
saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis qveganyofilebis saxiT Seiqmna banakebis mTavari
sammarTvelo (`gulagi~ ȽɍɅȺȽ). 1938 wlis dasawyisis monacemebiT, banakebsa da
SromiT-gamosasworebel koloniebSi iyo 1.851.570 patimari, garda amisa gamoiye-
neboda e.w. specdasaxlebulTa Sroma, romelTa raodenobac 880.007 adamians Sead-
genda.
pirveli xuTwledebis mniSvnelovani obieqtebis umravlesoba patimarTa xe-
liT iyo aSenebuli, maT Soris `belomorkanali~, romelic TeTr da baltiis
zRvebs aerTebda. aq 100 aTasi patimari uzarmazar qvabuls Txrida raime teqnikis
gamoyenebis gareSe. arxis mSenebloba 4-jer iafi dajda, vidre mSeneblebi varau-
dobdnen.
patimarTa Sroma gamoiyeneboda xetyis damzadebaze, mSeneblobebze, wiaRise-
ulis mopovebaze. Camoyalibda e. w. `SaraSkebi~, sadac dapatimrebuli inJinrebi
da mecnierebi muSaobdnen.

viqtor denisis posteri demian bednis
leqsze `xuTwledis mtrebi~ (1929 weli).
xuTwledis mtrebad gamocxadebuli iy-
vnen: memamule, kulaki, loTi, mRvdeli,
gamyidveli Jurnalisti, menSeviki, TeT-
rgvardieli.

1929 wlis maisSi industrializaciis Sedegebi

plusebi minusebi
mZime mrewvelobis zrdis maRali msubuqi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis
tempi; CamorCena;
msoflioSi meore adgilze gas- ekonomikis zecentralizacia;
vla samrewvelo warmoebis mocu-
lobis mxriv;
Seiqmna im droisaTvis mowinave bazris SezRudva;
warmoebis materialur-teqniku-
ri baza;
sabWoTa kavSiri agrarulidan in- mbrZaneblur-administraciuli meTodebis
dustriul qveynad gadaiqca. danergva;

13.4. meore xuTwliani gegma (1933-1937)
sabWoTa xelisuflebam didis ambiT ganacxada pirveli xuTwliani gegmis va-
damde Sesrulebis Sesaxeb (Tumca sinamdvileSi xuTwledi ver Sesrulda -ix. ze-
moT cxrili), amasTan, stalinma ganacxada, rom aRar iyo zemaRali tempis auci-
lebloba da SeiZleboda ramdenadme Semcirebuliyo samrewvelo mSeneblobis tem-
pi. sak. kp (b) ;9,, yrilobam daamtkica saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis meore
xuTwliani gegma. is iTvaliswinebda samrewvelo
produqciis warmoebis zrdis yovelwliuri tempis
Semcirebas 30-idan 16,5-mde. msubuqi mrewvelo-
bis ganviTarebas cotaTi unda gaeswro mZime mrew-
velobis ganviTarebisTvis.

meore xuTwliani gegma (1933-1937)
9 ufro dabalansebuli iyo;
9 warmoiSva staxanovuri moZraoba;
9 masobrivi enTuziazmis gaZlierebas uxamde-
boda administraciuli zomebis gamkacreba:
a) iZulebiTi saxelmwifo sesxebi; b) sapas-
porto sistemis SemoReba 1932 wels; g) Sro-
mis wignakebis SemoReba 1938 wels; d) mkacri
sasjeli gacdena-dagvianebisaTvis;
9 sabWoTa kavSiri gadaiqca mZlavr industri-
ul saxelmwifod.

meore xuTwledma sabWoTa kavSiri gadaaqcia industriul da ekonomikurad
damoukidebel saxelmwifod. aSenda 4500-ze meti msxvili samrewvelo sawarmo.
mTeli mrewvelobis produqciis warmoeba 1937 wlis bolos, 1932 welTan Sedare-
biT, 2,2-jer gaizarda, xolo 1928 welTan SedarebiT — 4,5-jer. warmoebuli pro-
duqciis 80-ze meti gamouSves axalma an rekonstruirebulma sawarmoebma. 10
wlis ganmavlobaSi, udidesi daZabulobisa da msxverplis fasad, sabWoTa kavSirma
industriuli siZlieris TvalsazrisiT gaaswro evropis wamyvan saxelmwifoebs.
1940 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoadnes 18,3 mln tona foladi, germaniaSi — 20
mln tona.
orive xuTwledis Sesaxeb oficialurad iTqva, rom TiToeuli Sesrulda 4
weliwadsa da 3 TveSi (meore xuTwledi Sesrulebulad gamocxadda 1937 wlis 1 ap-
rilisTvis), Tumca es cifrebiT manipulireba iyo. xuTwlediT dasaxelebuli maC-
veneblebi miuRweveli darCa imis gamo, rom ekonomikurad dausabuTebeli da ara-
realisturi iyo.
pirveli da meore xuTwledebiT dasaxul maCveneblebs metalurgiasa da
traqtormSeneblobaSi sabWoTa kavSirma miaRwia mxolod 1949 wels.
seriozuli Cavardnebi hqonda mesame xuTwledsac (1938-1941 w. ivnisi), rome-
lic nacistur germaniasTan dawyebuli omis gamo Sewyda.

13.5. sergo orjonikiZis bedi
mZime industriis mSeneblobas xelmZRvanelobda sergo orjonikiZe (1886-

1937). mas imdroindeli propaganda `mZime mrewvelobis armiis sardals~ uwodeb-
da. 1932 wels sergo orjonikiZe dainiSna mZime mrewvelobis saxalxo komisrad.
orjonikiZis sicocxlis bolo TveebSi mis uwyebaSi `Cekistebi~ daTareSob-
dnen — adre yofil opozicionerebs politikuri Tanamdebobebidan aTavisufleb-
dnen da sameurneo saqmianobaze gadahyavdaT, axla ki isini represiebis qveS xvde-
bodnen, rogorc trockist-zinovievelebi. sergo orjonikiZe ver axerxebda Ta-
visi kadrebis dacvas. 1936 wlis 24 oqtom-
bers, rodesac sergo orjonikiZe 50 wlis
gaxda, misi ufrosi Zma pavle (papulia)
daapatimres da Semdeg daxvrites. cixeSi
ukve iyo mravali TanamebrZoli, zogi da-
kiTxvaze sergosac adebda xels. 1937
wlis Teberval-martis plenumze orjoni-
kiZes sityva unda warmoeTqva mZime mrew-
velobis saxalxo komisariatSi myofi ìa-
ponia-germania-trockist~ agentebze. do-
kumentebis Tanaxmad, sergo cdilobda,
Tavidan aeridebina amaze saubari, magram sergo orjonikiZis gamosvla
stalini mkveTr pozicias moiTxovda. muSebis winaSe
sergo orjonikiZem daikava mZime
mrewvelobis saxalxo komisris posti, mis saxels ukavSirdeba industrializaci-
is ganxorcieleba, giganturi qarxnebis amuSaveba, xSirad Cadioda mSenebare obi-

stalinis droindeli sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis saxelmZRvanelo mas Semdegnairad axasiaTebda:
`socialisturi mSeneblobis wlebSi igi gaxda socialisturi mSeneblobis frontze gamarjvebaTa
udidesi organizatori. orjonikiZis Seurigeblobam socializmis yvela mtrisadmi, misma maRalma
principulobam da ideurobam, misma pirdapirobam da kristalurma sispetakem, misma guliTadma, ub
ralo da mzrunvelma damokidebulebam adamianebisadmi mas yvela mSromelis udidesi siyvaruli da
sayovelTao pativiscema moupoves. pirveli xuTwledi da misi Sesruleba dakavSirebulia sergo or
jonikiZis udides muSaobasTan~ (ssrk istoria. nawili ,,,, Tb., 1950, gv.374-375).

eqtebze, esaubreboda muSebs da cdilobda, moegvarebina maTi problemebi. arana-
iri òpozicioneri~ ar yofila, cdilobda daecva mis uwyebaSi momuSave specia-
listebi, romelTac `xalxis mtrebad~ acxadebdnen.
orjonikiZe moulodnelad gardaicvala. oficialuri versiiT, sikvdilis
mizezi infarqti iyo, Tumca maSinve gavrcelda xmebi, rom Tavi moikla. sikvdili-
dan 25 wlis Semdeg xruSCovma skkp ;; yrilobaze ganacxada, rom orjonikiZem Ta-
vi moikla, ;;,, yrilobaze ki ganacxada, rom sergo orjonikiZes ar surda pasu-
xismgebloba gaeziarebina `xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebaze~.
sergom Tavi moikla 1937 wlis 18 Tebervals, plenumamde xuTi dRiT adre.
orjonikiZe didi pativiT daasaflaves da urna misi ferfliT kremlis kedelSi
damarxes, magram plenumze gardacvlili sergo orjonikiZe gaakritikes sifxiz-
lis naklebobis gamo. male daapatimres misi qvrivi — zinaida pavluckaia da 10
wliT patimroba miusajes, 1938 wels daapatimres sergos Zma ivane da misi meuRle,
1941 wels daapatimres mesame Zma — konstantine. CrdiloeT oseTis dedaqalaqs,
romelsac orjonikiZe erqva, 1944 wels Zau-jikau daarqves. aRsaniSnavia, rom sta-
linis sikvdilis Semdeg, 1954 wels, am qalaqs kvlav orjonikiZe daarqves, 1990-ian
wlebSi ki revoluciamdeli saxeli — vladikavkazi daerqva.

sabWoTa kavSiris industrializaciis periodizacia
rodis iqna miRebuli drois periodi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
gadawyvetileba
sak. kp(b) ;,9 yriloba 1926-1928 Zveli sawarmoebis rekonstruqcia
(1925 w. dekemberi) da gadaiaraReba;
sak. kp(b) plenumi 1929-1937 à~ jgufis (mZime mrewvelobis) sam-
(1928 w. 29 noemberi) rewvelo sawarmoebis industriuli
mSeneblobis forsirebuli tempi.

meore xuTwledis Sedegebi: sabWoTa kavSiris msxvili mrewvelobis wilis
zrda msoflio mrewvelobaSi (procentobiT)
qveyana 1913 1929 1937
SeerTebuli Statebi 38,2 46,6 41,9
ruseTi ssrk 2,6 3,7 13,7
germania 15,3 11,1 11,6
inglisi 12,1 8,6 9,3
safrangeTi 6,6 6,5 5,7
danarCeni qveynebi 25,2 23,5 17,5

13.6. muSaTa mdgomareoba
meore xuTwledi gamocxadda àdamianisaken Semobrunebis~ periodad. àdami-

ani yvelaze Zvirfasi kapitalia~, `kadrebi wyveten yvelafers~, — gamoacxada sta-
linma. 1935 wlis 1 ianvridan gauqmda sabaraTo sistema sursaTze, xolo meore
xuTwledis STambeWdavi Sedegebi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis imedebs aRZravda.
magram sabaraTo sistemis gauqmebam ver gaaumjobesa muSaTa mdgomareoba.
likvidirebul iqna komerciuli fasebi da SemoiRes erTiani fasebi, rac gacile-
biT maRali iyo Zvel, `normirebul~ fasebTan SedarebiT, romliTac muSebi yidu-
lobdnen produqtebs baraTebiT.

KWWSV:QDPHGQLERRN.UXVPHUW-RUG]KRQLNLG]H.KWPO

muSebs iZulebiTi wesiT xeli unda moeweraT saxelmwifo sesxze ori-oTxi
kviris xelfasis moculobiT (am fuls saxelmwifo maTgan sesxad iRebda). es fuli
xmardeboda industrializacias. binis qira dabali iyo, magram cxovrebis pirobe-
bi ar umjobesdeboda. qalaqebis mosaxleoba mudmivad izrdeboda. muSebi, ro-
gorc wesi, komunalur binebSi an barakebSi cxovrobdnen, yovelgvari komfortis
gareSe.
1936 da 1939 wlebis mousavlianobam gamoiwvia kvebis produqtebis: puris,
Saqris, xorcis mwvave nakleboba. 1932 wels maTi moxmareba qalaqebSi Semcirda
samjer. 2 kilogrami qeris puris misaRebad yvelaze damkvreluri mSeneblobebis
muSebsac uxdebodaT 10-12 saaTi rigSi dgoma. gaqra saponi, asanTi, navTi...
1926-1933 wlebSi qalaqebis mosaxleoba 15 milioni adamianiT gaizarda, xolo
1939 wlisaTvis — kidev 16 milioni adamianiT (e. i. gaizarda 60-iT). Sedegad sac-
xovrebeli farTis saSualo norma moskovSi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1930-1940) erT
adamianze 5,5 kvadratuli metridan 4 metramde Semcirda. Cveulebrivi movlena
gaxda komunaluri binebi, magram esec fufuneba iyo maTTvis, vinc fardulebsa da
vagonebSi cxovrobda.
yoveldRiuri moxmarebis saqonlis naklebobam mZime dartyma miayena biuje-
tis saSemosavlo nawilsac. Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosavali xelisuflebam
naxa aryis warmoebis gazrdaSi, saidanac meore msoflio omis win biujeti Rebu-
lobda Semosavlis 20-s.
kustaruli warmoebis akrZalvam ganapiroba ara marto samrewvelo nawarmis
nakleboba, aramed maTi xarisxis mkveTri Semcireba. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac sa-
xelmwifo maRaziebSi iyideboda paltoebi da kostiumebi saxeloebis gareSe. ase-
ve, moskovsa da leningradSi fexsacmlis maRaziebis gaxsnis win rigSi 6 aTas ka-
camde grovdeboda.
saqonlis deficiti spekulacias warmoSobda. xorci sacalo vaWrobaSi ofi-
cialurad Rirda 2 rubli, magram bazarze misi arqonis gamo fasi 11 rublamde
adioda, kartofilis saxelmwifo fasi iyo 18 kapiki, spekulaciuri ki — 1 rubli.
saxelmwifom 1930-1936 wlebSi dauSva maRaziebis qselis gaxsna ucxoelebTan
vaWrobisaTvis, sadac saqoneli iyideboda ucxour valutaze da oqro-vercxlze,
platinaze, romlis mitanac nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo. amiT xelisuflebam mo-
saxleobisagan amoiRo revoluciis Semdeg darCenili ukanaskneli Zvirfaseulo-
bebi.
swrafad mkvidrdeboda `nacnoboba-naTesaobis~ sistema, romlis saSualebi-
Tac SeiZleboda saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miReba.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo axali saxelebis gaCena:
viloriki ( v. i. lenini — revoluciis da kominternis mama), dazdraperma (gaumar-
jos 1 maiss), marselioza, remiri (revolucia da msoflio).

sverdlovskis pirveli mSeneblebi,

romlebic miwurebSi cxovrobdnen
pirveli xuTwledis umniSvnelovanes mSeneblo-

bebze muSebis 95-mde barakebsa da miwurebSi cxov-
robda.

13.7. staxanovuri moZraoba
muSebs ukeTesad cxovreba surdaT, pirvel rigSi, Sromis dros ukeTesi maC-
veneblebis miRweviT. am miswrafebis gamoxatulebad, garkveulwilad, staxanovu-
ri moZraoba unda miviCnioT.
1935 wlis agvistoSi upartio meSaxtem aleqsei staxanovma (1906-1977) erT sa-
muSao dReSi moangria 102 tona qvanaxSiri, nacvlad normiT gaTvaliswinebuli 7
tonisa. staxanovma dRiuri norma 40 wuTSi Seasrula, mTlianad ki erT dReSi 12
norma Seasrula. am maCveneblebis miRwevaSi mas ori muSa exmareboda, romlebic
maRaroSi samagr samuSaoebs asrulebdnen.
staxanovs sinamdvileSi andrei erqva. gazeT `pravdaSi~ gagzavnil informa-
ciaSi saxelis nacvlad iniciali ewera — à. staxanovi~. gazeTis TanamSromelma
CaTvala, rom es àleqsei~ iyo da ase dawera. stalinma rom waikiTxa sagazeTo in-
formacia, saxelic moiwona — lamazi rusuli saxeliao. raRa unda eqnaT — staxa-
novs saswrafod pasporti Seucvales da saxelad aleqsei Cauweres. staxanovis re-
kordis iniciatori maRaros partorgi petrovi iyo, maRaros direqtori ki — wina-
aRmdegi. direqtori Semdeg gadaayenes da daxvrites, mis adgilze ki petrovi da-
niSnes. rekordis damyarebis Semdeg staxanovi maRaroSi TiTqmis aRar Cadioda —
mitingebsa da krebebze gamodioda. staxanovis iniciativa sxvebmac aitaces da
mrewvelobis mraval dargze gavrcelda. 1935 wlis dekemberSi sak. kompartiis (b)
centralurma komitetma moiwona `mSromelTa iniciativa~. mrewvelobaSi gamomu-
Savebis normebi gaizarda 15-20-iT.
foto Jurnal 7LPH-s ydaze 1935 w. 16 dekembers.
staxanovis rekordi maleve daZlies: 4 seqtembers ima-
ve maRaroSi miron diukanovma erT cvlaSi 115 tona qva-
naxSiri moangria, 19 seqtembers Tavad staxanovma — 227
tona. yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli 1936 wels aCvena niki-
ta izotovma — 607 tona.
1935 wlis 17 noembers stalini sityviT gamovida
staxanovelTa pirvel sakavSiro TaTbirze. swored iq
gamosvlis dros warmoTqva stalinma cnobili sityvebi:
`cxovreba ukeTesi gaxda, ufro mxiarulio~. stalinis
TqmiT, cxovreba aseTi rom ar iyos, aranairi staxanovu-
ri moZraoba ar iqnebodao. stalinis am sityvebs xSirad
imeorebda sabWoTa presa, xalxSi ki gaCnda riTmuli
gagrZeleba: `kiseri ufro Txeli gaxda, samagierod
dagrZelda~.
1937 wels gamovida staxanovis wigni `moTxroba Ce-
mi cxovrebis Sesaxeb~. staxanovs mxolod sami klasis
ganaTleba hqonda da, cxadia, wigni Jurnalistebma dau-
weres.
staxanovi male moskovSi gadasaxlda. bevrs svamda.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, stalins mobezrda misi loToba
da uTqvams: ùTxariT im vaJbatons loTobas Tu ar Sew-
yvets, cnobil gvars ufro mokrZalebuliT Sevuc-
vliT~.
stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg staxanovi pativSi
aRar iyo, xruSCovi ar swyalobda da ukan, donbasSi ga-

KWWSV:ZZZ.JD]HWD.UXVFLHQFH20150830±D±7719569.VKWPO

daasaxla. 1970 wels, staxanovuri moZraobis 35-e wlisTavze staxanovi breJnevs
gaaxsenda da Sromis gmiris wodeba mianiWa.
staxanovelis xelfasi 1935 wels Seadgenda 700-dan 2000 maneTamde TveSi.
staxanovelebi mniSvnelovani privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen, maT ordenebiT
ajildoebdnen da sabWoTa elitis nawili gaxdnen. mimdinareobda muSaTa klasis
socialuri diferencireba.
yvela muSa rodi iwonebda staxanovelTa saqmianobas, bevri uaryofiTad
uyurebda eqsperimentebs, romelTac mosdevda gamomuSavebis normisa da samuSao
drois zrda, mniSvnelovani sxvaobis warmoqmna xelfasSi. TavianT ukmayofilebas
muSebi gamoxatavdnen samuSao adgilis xSiri cvliT, SromiTi da sawarmoo dis-
ciplinis dabali doniT, iSviaTi ar iyo xulignoba da loToba.
mTavrobam sapasuxod represiuli RonisZiebebi gaaZliera. 1938 wlis dekem-
berSi SemoiRes SromiTi wignakebi, romlis wardgenac aucilebeli iyo samuSaoze
misaRebad. jer kidev 1932-1933 wlebSi qalaqebsa da muSaTa dasaxlebebSi SemoiRes
sapasporto sistema. 1931 wlis kanonis Tanaxmad, socialuri mxardaWeris mocu-
loba pirdapir iyo damokidebuli sawarmoSi staJis uwyvetobaze. samuSaoze gamo-
ucxadebloba mkacrad isjeboda: damnaSaveebs dauyovnebliv aTavisuflebdnen,
arTmevdnen sasursaTo baraTebsa da sacxovrebel farTs. SemdgomSi es zomebi ki-
dev ufro gamkacrda.

trocki staxanovuri moZraobis Sesaxeb:
`staxanovuri moZraobis Taobaze daskvnebis gamotana jer kidev adrea. mag-
ram ukve SeiZleba gamovyoT is niSnebi, rac axasiaTebs am moZraobas da reJims
mTlianad. calkeuli muSebis zogierTi moZraoba uaRresad sainteresoa, rogorc
maCvenebeli imisa, Tu ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia socializms, magram am SesaZleb-
lobebidan mis mTeli meurneobis masStabiT ganxorcielebamde grZeli gzaa... sa-
Sualo mwarmoeblurobis gazrda miuRwevelia warmoebis reorganizaciis gareSe
rogorc calke qarxanaSi, ise sawarmoebs Soris. amave dros milionobiT mSrome-
lis ayvana teqnikuri kvalifikaciis ramdenime safexuriT maRla gacilebiT Zne-
lia, vidre aTasobiT mowinavis waxaliseba.~
wignidan `revolucia, romelsac uRalates~.

staxanovelebisTvis, novatorebisTvis, damkvrelebisTvis,
mowinaveebisTvis, romelTac did warmatebebs miaRwies Sroma-
Si, 1938 w. 27 dekembers dawesda socialisturi Sromis gmiris
wodeba. Tumca, pirveli dajildoeba Sedga 1939 w. 20 dekembers
da socialisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba mieniWa i. stalins da-
badebidan 60 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT, im damsaxurebaTa gamo,
rac mas hqonda bolSevikuri partiis organizebis, sabWoTa sa-
xelmwifos Seqmnis, sabWoTa kavSirSi socializmis aSenebisa da
sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebs Soris megobrobis ganmtkicebis saq-
meSi.
1940 w. socialisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba mieniWaT v. deg-
tiarevs, f. tokarevs da kidev 10 adamians.
1943 w. 30 seqtembers socialisturi Sromis gmirebi gaxdnen
politbiuros wevrebi: l. beria, g. malenkovi, a. miqoiani, v. mo-
lotovi.
socialisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba mieniWa 20.613 adamians.
aqedan soflis meurneobis muSaki — 12.441, mrewvelobis sfero-
dan — 4.856, mSeneblobidan — 1.076, transportis sferodan — 800
da a.S.

13.8. industrializaciis politikis Sedegebi
pirveli xuTwledebis dros mZime mrewvelobis zrdis tempi 2-3-jer meti iyo,
vidre pirveli msoflio omis winandel ruseTSi. 1930-iani wlebis bolos samrew-
velo warmoebis absoluturi moculobis mxriv sabWoTa kavSiri meore adgilze
gavida msoflioSi aSS-is Semdeg. Semcirda ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveyneb-
Tan SedarebiT CamorCena erT sul mosaxleze warmoebuli produqciis odenobis
mixedviT. samrewvelo warmoebis zrdis tempi — 10-dan 17 weliwadSi — iyo yvela-
ze maRali msoflioSi.
sabWoTa kavSirma pirveli ori xuTwledis dros ganaxorciela giganturi nax-
tomi Tavis ganviTarebaSi. ukve pirvel xuTwledSi sabWoTa kavSirma samrewvelo
produqciis moculobis mxriv gauswro safrangeTs. meore xuTwledSi ki — inglissa
da germanias samrewvelo warmoebis absoluturi maCveneblebis mixedviT, 1930-iani
wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSiri gavida msoflioSi meore adgilze (aSS-is Semdeg), mag-
ram mosaxleobis cxovrebis done erT-erTi yvelaze dabali iyo msoflioSi.

industrializaciis Sedegebi:
x sabWoTa kavSiri gavida msoflioSi meore adgilze samrewvelo warmo-
ebis mxriv (saerTo zrda — 4,5-jer);
x Semcirda sxvaoba sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleTis qveynebs Soris erT
sul mosaxleze samrewvelo warmoebis moculobis maCveneblebiT;
x aSenda aTobiT msxvili sawarmo;
x gaqra umuSevroba;
x sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo yvela saxis samrewvelo produqciis warmoe-
ba;
x amasTan erTad zrdis dasaxul maCveneblebs ver miaRwies da Camoya-
libda zrdis tempis mudmivad Semcirebis tendencia.

sabWoTa kavSiri gadaiqca qveynad, romelsac SeeZlo nebismieri saxis samrew-
velo produqciis warmoeba da ar saWiroebda saqonlis imports. 1930-ian wlebSi
Seqmnilma ekonomikurma potencialma SesaZlebeli gaxada mravaldargiani samxed-
ro-samrewvelo kompleqsis Seqmna, romelic saukeTeso msoflio standartebis
produqcias uSvebda.
mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi naxtomis fasi iyo CamorCena ekonomikis
sxva dargebSi, pirvel rigSi, msubuq mrewvelobasa da agrarul seqtorSi, ekono-
mikuri cxovrebis zecentralizacia, sabazro meqanizmebis moqmedebis sferos
ukiduresad SezRudva. sabolood, daimsxvra ekonomikis TviTregulaciis meqa-
nizmebi, warmoeba mTlianad daeqvemdebara saxelmwifos, sul ufro farTod gamo-
iyeneboda araekonomikuri iZulebis meTodebi.

ra fasad iqna miRweuli industrializaciis warmatebebi?
x dauZlurebuli soflis meurneoba;
x msubuqi mrewvelobis CamorCena;
x mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba;
x patimarTa ufaso Sromis sul ufro farTo gamoyeneba, patimarTa raodeno-
ba ki ganuxrelad izrdeboda.
mTavari, sadac mivida sabWoTa kavSiri forsirebuli industrializaciis

kursis Sedegad, — esaa zecentralizebuli, mbrZanebluri ekonomikis formireba,

romelic emorCileboda direqtiul dagegmvas. ekonomika iyo mTlianad saxelmwi-
fos xelSi moqceuli. sistematurad mimarTavda iZulebis araekonomikur zomebs
da amitom iyo represiuli. amiT Seiqmna totalitaruli sazogadoebis ekonomiku-
ri safuZveli.

13.9. industrializaciis politika saqarTveloSi
industrializaciis politika, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri 1925 wlidan daad-

ga, erTiani gegmiT xorcieldeboda da im mizansac emsaxureboda, rom `gasabWoe-
buli~ respublikebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos arseboba ruseTis dauxmareblad
SeuZlebeli yofiliyo. mizanmimarTulad Ziri eTxreboda saqarTvelos ekonomi-
kur damoukideblobas. iqmneboda iseTi dargebi da sawarmoebi, romlebic mxolod
sabWoTa reJimsa da èrTian sabWoTa saxelmwifos~ esaWiroeboda.
1925 wlis dekemberSi Catarda saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (bolSevi-
kebis) ,9 yriloba, romelmac saWirod miiCnia mZime industriis ganviTareba. ufro
sworad saqarTvelos, pirvel rigSi, evaleboda mZime industriisTvis saWiro ned-
leulis — manganumis, qvanaxSiris, spilenZisa da sxva wiaRiseuli sabadoebis da-
muSaveba. `komunistebma saqarTveloSi `koloniuri~ ekonomikuri politikis ga-
tareba daiwyes. amis gamo saqarTvelos mTeli ekonomika sabWoTa ruseTis ekono-
mikas mieba. TandaTanobiT saqarTvelo, romelsac pirvel msoflio omamde da da-
moukideblobis periodSi mniSvnelovani savaWro urTierToba hqonda garesamya-
rosTan, mTlianad rusul bazarze gaxda damokidebuli~, — naTqvamia aSS-is kon-
gresisTvis wardgenil moxsenebaSi.
1921-1941 wlebSi saqarTveloSi 315 msxvili sawarmo aSenda.
1930 wlidan saqarTveloSi aRar fiqsirdeboda umuSevroba.
moskovi Tavisi neba-surviliT gankargavda nebismieri erovnuli respubli-
kis bunebriv simdidres. magaliTad, 1925 wlis ivnisSi gaformda xelSekruleba Wi-
aTuris manganumis sabados 20 wliT sakoncesiod gadacemis Sesaxeb. es ufleba
amerikelma mrewvelma a.harimanma moipova. 1928 wels sabWoTa xelisuflebam gau-
uqma harimans xelSekruleba im motiviT, rom cudad asrulebda valdebulebebs.
WiaTuris koncesiis sakiTxebs uSualod moskovi,
politbiuro ganixilavda.
socializmis mSeneblobis periodSi saqar-
TveloSi likvidirebul iqna kerZo sakuTreba da
sabazro ekonomika. mis nacvlad damkvidrda sa-
xelmwifo sakuTrebaze damyarebuli socialur-
ekonomikuri sistema, ekonomika mTlianad saxel-
mwifo kontrols daeqvemdebara. myari safuZveli
Seeqmna totalitarul politikur sistemas.
samrewvelo warmoebis zrda saqarTveloSi
gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebuleba:
x 1928 weli — 37 mln maneTi
x 1932 weli — 257 mln. maneTi
x 1937 weli — 1047 mln. maneTi

komunisturi gadatrialeba da saqarTvelos okupacia. sagangebo komitetis specialuri angariSi
1 6 komunisturi agresiis Sesaxeb. vaSingtoni, 1955, gv. 50.

sabWoTa mxare ToToeul eqsportirebul tona manganumze pirvel wels — 3, momdevno wlidan ki 4
dolars iRebda.

Tavi ;,9.
soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia
14.1. koleqtivizaciis mizezebi
daCqarebuli industrializacia gigantur resursebs moiTxovda. jer kidev

1920-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi zogierTi partiuli lideri amtkicebda: Tuki kapita-
listuri qveynebi TavianT mrewvelobas qmnidnen koloniebidan miRebuli Tanxe-
bis gamoyenebiT, socialisturi industrializacia SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo
`Sida koloniis~ — glexobis eqspluataciis gziT. sofeli ganixileboda ara mxo-
lod sursaTis wyarod, aramed forsirebuli industrializaciisTvis aucilebe-
li saxsrebis mopovebis mniSvnelovan wyarodac. amasTan, gacilebiT advili iyo am
Tanxebis amoReba ramdenime aTasi msxvili meurneobidan, vidre milionobiT wvri-
li mesakuTridan.
industrializaciis dawyebasTan erTad kursi aiRes soflis meurneobis ko-
leqtivizaciaze, romlis amocanac, oficialuri dokumentebis mixedviT, mdgoma-
reobda `soflad socialisturi gardaqmnebis ganxorcielebaSi~.
industrializaciis amocana saWiroebda masStaburi gardaqmnebis ganxorci-
elebas agrarul seqtorSi. saWiro iyo efeqturi msxvili agraruli meurneobebis
Seqmna, romelic gazrdida soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebas da Seamci-
rebda soflad dasaqmebulTa raodenobas. aq SesaZlebeli iyo minimum ori varian-
ti:
pirveli gulisxmobda imedis damyarebas sasaqonlo marcvleulis mTavar
momwodebelze — e. w. kulakebze, romlebic, miuxedavad maTi `SezRudvisa da gan-
devnis~ politikisa, kvlav iZleodnen soflis meurneobis produqciis ZiriTad
nawils. maTze dayrdnobiT, Tuki gadascemdnen damatebiT miwas da inventars, ku-
lakebs SeeZloT warmoebis mdgradi zrdis uzrunvelyofa. am Tvalsazriss izia-
rebda buxarini.
meore gza gulisxmobda soflad imedis damyarebas Rarib glexobaze, romel-
Ta gaerTianeba kolmeurneobebad igegmeboda. kolmeurneobebze imeds leninic
amyarebda. gansxvaveba is iyo, rom lenins kolmeurneobebze gadasvla nebayoflo-
biT da TandaTanobiT esaxeboda. stalini ki miiCnevda, rom es problema mokle
droSi unda gadaWriliyo.
puris damzadebis krizisma 1926-1929 wlebSi daaCqara xelisuflebis mxridan
gadawyvetilebis miReba. krizisis arsi Semdegi iyo: glexebi amcirebdnen saxel-
mwifosTvis xorblis miwodebas da ar xdeboda dagegmili maCveneblebis Sesrule-
ba. amis mizezi ki dabali Sesasyidi fasebi iyo, garda amisa, ar hqondaT stimuli
saTesi farTobis gasazrdelad.
1920-iani wlebis bolos kvlav warmoiqmna `fasebis makrateli~ da puris dam-
zadebis krizisi. mrewveloba saxelmwifos xelSi wamgebiani iyo da subsidiebs sa-
Wiroebda, es subsidiebi ki glexebisgan mihqondaT. samrewvelo saqonelze fasebi
maRali iyo, xorbalze sabazro fasebi izrdeboda, saxelmwifo ki `mtkice~ fase-
biT yidulobda xorbals da, amasTan, Sesasyid fass yovelwliurad amcirebda.
arsobrivad, ekonomikur problemas komunisturi xelisufleba politiku-
rad miiCnevda da Sesabamisi gadawyvetis gzebs saxavda:

1928 wels xorbali bazarze Rirda centneri 11 rubli, saxelmwifo ki glexebs Sesyidvisas mxolod
6 rubls aZlevda.

9 puriT Tavisufali vaWrobis akrZalva;
9 marcvleulis maragis konfiskacia;
9 Raribi glexebis waqezeba SeZlebulTa winaaRmdeg.
Sedegebi partias arwmunebda Zaladobrivi zomebis efeqturobaSi.

sabWoTa kavSiris sofeli 1929 wlisTvis Semdeg suraTs warmoadgenda:
ssrk mosaxleoba — daaxloebiT 160 mln. adamiani.
— aqedan 80 — glexoba.
26 milioni glexuri meurneoba,aqedan:
-8,5 milioni Raribi glexis meurneoba;
-15 milioni saSualo glexuri meurneoba;
-1 milionze meti kulakuri meurneoba.
1929 wlis 7 noembers `pravdaSi~ daibeWda stalinis statia `diadi gardate-

xis weli~, romelSic laparaki iyo `Zireul gardatexaze~ qveynis miwaTmoqmedebis
ganviTarebaSi, — TiTqosda xdeboda gadasvla wvrili da CamorCenili individua-
luri meurneobebidan `msxvil da mowinave koleqtiur miwaTmoqmedebaze~. es iyo
mTliani koleqtivizaciis kursis dasawyisi.
forsirebuli sakolmeurneo mSenebloba umTavres amocanad iqna miCneuli.
sabWoTa xelisuflebam kursi aiRo erTpirovnuli meurneobebis likvidaciaze,
xorblis bazris ganadgurebaze, soflis meurneobis faqtobriv gasaxelmwifoeb-
riobaze. koleqtivizaciis politika tardeboda ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: a
kolmeurneobebad erTpirovnuli glexuri meurneobebis gaerTianeba da b ganku-
lakeba.
glexuri kooperaciis ZiriTad formad arCeul iqna sasoflo-sameurneo ar-
teli. is gansxvavdeboda komunisagan (komunaSi gansazogadoebuli iyo ara marto
Sroma, aramed Sromis Sedegebic, inventari, saqoneli da a. S.) da miwis erToblivi
damuSavebis amxanagobisagan (amxanagobaSi koleqtiuri iyo mxolod Sroma). ar-
telSi koleqtiur SromasTan, miwis, saqonlis da inventaris gansazogadoebasTan
erTad, rCeboda piradi damxmare meurneoba.
1929 wlis dasawyisisTvis qalaqebSi axali ekonomikuri politika praqtiku-
lad Sewyda. wvril movaWreebs da mewarmeebs: dalaqebs, mkeravebs, mewaReebs gaz-
rdili gadasaxadebiT axrCobdnen. jeri glexobaze midga.
1929 wlis dekembris bolos stalinma gamoacxada axali ekonomikuri poli-
tikis damTavrebisa da `kulakobis rogorc klasis likvidaciis~ politikaze ga-
dasvlis Sesaxeb.
1930 wlis 5 ianvars gamovida sak. kp(b) centraluri komitetis dadgenileba
`koleqtivizaciis tempebisa da sakolmeurneo mSeneblobisadmi saxelmwifos dax-
marebis zomebis Sesaxeb~. dadgenileba auqmebda koleqtivizaciis Tavdapirvel
gegmas (pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi, — 1928 wlis oqtombridan 1933 wlis CaT-
vliT kolmeurneobebSi moeqciaT glexobis 20) da adgenda koleqtivizaciis
damTavrebis mkacr vadebs: qvemo da Sua volgispireTi — 1930 w. Semodgoma, ukidu-
res SemTxvevaSi 1931 w. gazafxuli, danarCeni marcvleulis mwarmoebeli raione-
bisTvis — 1931 w. Semodgoma, an ara ugvianes 1932 w. gazafxulisa. sabWoTa kavSiris
danarCeni raionebisTvis koleqtivizaciis amocanebi unda gadawyvetiliyo xuTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi.

dokumenti Riad tovebda ZiriTad sakiTxebs: ra meTodebiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo koleqtivi
zacia; rogor unda gatarebuliyo gankulakeba; rogor unda moqceodnen gankulakebulebs. pasuxebi

gegmis Tanaxmad:
1 kulakebisTvis unda CamoerTmiaT mTeli qoneba da gadaesaxlebinaT isini;
2 kulakebis qoneba gadaecaT kolmeurneobebisTvis rogorc soflis Rari-
bebis wili. swored Raribebze dayrdnobas apirebdnen bolSevikebi;
3 aeZulebinaT saSualo glexi, Sesuliyo kolmeurneobaSi da Seetana mTeli
Tavisi qoneba.
bolSevikebis SefasebiT, sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo 2 milioni kulakuri meurneo-
ba; 15 milioni saSualo glexi, 8 milioni Raribi glexi. Tavis mxriv, kulakebs sam
jgufad yofdnen: pirvel jgufSi Sevidnen àqtiuri kontrrevolucionerebi~,
romlebic an unda daexvritaT, an banakebSi CaesvaT; meore jgufSi Sediodnen isi-
ni, vinc unda gadaesaxlebinaT Soreul adgilebSi (specdasaxlebebi); mesameSi —
isini, romelTac soflidan gaasaxlebdnen, oRond TavianT olqis farglebSi.
1930 wlis 30 ianvars politbiurom miiRo saidumlo dadgenileba, romlis mi-
xedviTac, ukve dasawyisSive unda ganekulakebinaT 200 aTasze meti adamiani, aqe-
dan 60 aTasi daexvritaT anda gaegzavnaT sapatimro banakebSi, xolo 150 aTasi ga-
daesaxlebinaT Soreul adgilebSi.
1930 wlis 5-6 Tebervals RamiT gankulakeba daiwyo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da
Semdeg mTeli sabWoTa kavSiri moicva. koleqtivizaciasa da gankulakebaSi dasax-
mareblad qalaqebidan soflad gaigzavna 25 aTasi muSa (Semdeg maT daemata 35 aTa-
si adamiani). isini iseTi tempiT moqmedebdnen, rom erT TveSi glexebis 58 Caewe-
ra kolmeurneobebSi.
koleqtivizaciis tempebi sabWoTa kavSirSi
regionebi damTavrebis vadebi
CrdiloeT kavkasia, Sua da qveda volgis- 1930 w. Semodgoma — 1931 w. gazafxu-
pireTi li
ukraina, centraluri Savmiwa raioni, cim- 1931 w. Semodgoma — 1932 w. gazafxu-
biri, urali, yazaxeTi li
danarCeni regionebi 1933 wlisaTvis

koleqtivizaciis miznebi:
x `kulakobis rogorc klasis likvidacia~;
x warmoebis saSualebaTa gansazogadoeba;
x soflis meurneobis centralizebuli marTva;
x Sromis efeqturobis amaRleba;
x industrializaciisTvis saxsrebis miReba.

14.2. gankulakeba
kulakebi, anu mdidari glexebi, miCneuli iyvnen sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebul

ukanasknel kapitalistur klasad. socialisturi industrializaciis warmate-
bebTan erTad, garduvalad miiCneoda kulakobis rogorc klasis likvidacia.
1928 wlidan daiwyo Seteva kulakobis winaaRmdeg, romelic Semdeg Seicvala

igulisxmeboda, — soflad jer kidev ar iyo daviwyebuli puris damamzadebeli kampaniebis Zaladoba
da xelisufleba sofelTan urTierTobaSi Zaladobas kvlav aqcevda mTavar iaraRad.


kulakobis rogorc klasis likvidaciis politikiT. koleqtivizaciis politika
gulisxmobda kulakobis likvidaciis politikasac.
soflad mimdinareobda ori urTierTdakavSirebuli Zaladobrivi procesi:
kolmeurneobebis Seqmna da gankulakeba. kulakuri meurneobebis likvidacia, pir-
vel rigSi, imitom xdeboda, rom uzrunveleyoT koleqtiuri meurneobebi materi-
aluri baziT. 1929 wlis bolodan 1930 wlis Suaxanebamde ganakulakes 350 aTasze
meti glexuri meurneoba, maTi qoneba ki kolmeurneobebs gadaeca.

xelisuflebas zustad ar ganusazRvravs, vin unda

CaeTvalaT kulakebad. tradiciulad, kulakad iTvle-
boda is, vinc iyenebda daqiravebul Sromas, magram
praqtikaSi kulakad SeiZleba CaeTvalaT saSualo gle-
xic, romelsac hyavda ori Zroxa an ori cxeni, an hqonda
kargi saxli. TiToeulma raionma miiRo gankulakebis
norma, rac udrida glexTa mTliani komlebis 3 ± 5-s.
adgilobrivi xelisufalni cdilobdnen `Tavi gamoeCi-
naT~ da cdilobdnen gankulakebisas am maCveneblis-
Tvis gadaeWarbebinaT. xSirad kulakebis ricxvSi Seh-
yavdaT ara mxolod saSualo, aramed Raribi glexebic
ki, romlebic raime mizeziT ar moswondaT. am moqmede-
bis gasamarTleblad moigones sityva `podkulaCniki~.
calkeul raionebSi gankulakebulTa ricxvi 15-20-s
aRwevda. gankulakebis politikiT, zogierTi monaceme-
biT, dazaralda 15 milioni adamiani.
gankulakeba sofels arTmevda aqtiur, iniciativisa da mewarmeobis unaris
mqone damoukidebel glexebs. maT beds unda SeeSinebina isini, visac ar surda
kolmeurneobaSi nebayoflobiT Sesvla. kulakebs ojaxebianad asaxlebdnen, bav-
SvebiTa da moxucebiT, civ vagonebSi, minimaluri bargiT aTasobiT kilometrze
mihyavdaT uralis, cimbiris, yazaxeTis Soreul raionebSi; amasTan, xSir SemTxve-
vaSi, pirdapir trial mindorze Camosxamdnen xolme. maT, visac CaTvlidnen aqti-
ur àntisabWour~ elementebad sakoncentracio banakebSi agzavnidnen.

1929-1931 wlebSi likvidirebuli `kulakuri me-

urneobebis~ saerTo raodenoba Seadgenda 381 aTass
(1,8 mln. adamiani), xolo sul koleqtivizaciis wlebSi
miaRwia 1,1 milion glexur meurneobas. 1932 wlis ian-
vrisaTvis uralSi, cimbirSi, evropul CrdiloeTsa da
yazaxeTSi gadaasaxles 1,4 milioni glexi.
sul koleqtivizaciis periodSi Soreul raioneb-
Si gadaasaxles 2,1 milioni adamiani, daaxloebiT amde-
nive gaasaxles imave mxarisa da olqis farglebSi. 4 mi-
lioni deportirebulidan 1.8 milioni daiRupa.

Tu vin CaeTvalaT kulakad da gaesaxlebinaT, amas wyvetda adgilobrivi aqtivi, Raribi glexebisgan
Semdgari. gankulakebulebs 2 saaTi eZleodaT mosamzadeblad da uaxloes rkinigzis sadgurze
mihyavdaT.

kulakis mxardamWeri, kulakis gavlenis qveS myofi adamiani — `kulakis kudis amwevi~.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɦ ,,. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2016, ɫɬɪ.170

14.3. `Tavbrudaxveva warmatebebisagan~
mraval raionSi, gansakuTrebiT ukrainaSi, kavkasiasa da Sua aziaSi glexebi

winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen masobriv gankulakebas. 1930 wlis ianvar-aprilSi moxda
glexTa 6117 saprotesto gamosvla, romelSic 1.755.000 adamiani monawileobda.
glexTa mRelvarebebis CasaxSobad gamoiyenes wiTeli armiis nawilebi, magram uf-
ro metad glexebi mimarTavdnen protestis pasiur formebs: uars ambobdnen kol-
meurneobebSi Sesvlaze, anadgurebdnen saqonelsa da inventars, awyobdnen tero-
ristul aqtebsac qalaqebidan gagzavnili komunistebisa da kolmeurneobebis ad-
gilobrivi aqtivistebis winaaRmdeg.
1930 wlis gazafxulze stalinisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom koleqtiuri meurneo-
bebis daCqarebuli Seqmna, rac misi brZanebiT daiwyo, katastrofis seriozul
safrTxes Seicavda. ukmayofileba armiaSic Cndeboda. aseT pirobebSi stalinma
gadadga kargad gaTvlili taqtikuri nabiji. 2 marts `pravdaSi~ daibeWda misi
statia `Tavbrudaxveva warmatebebisagan~. stalini Seqmnil mdgomareobaze mTel
pasuxismgeblobas adgilobriv muSakebs, Semsruleblebs akisrebda. stalini acxa-
debda, rom àr SeiZleba kolmeurneobebis ZaliT danergva~. am statiis gamoCenis
Semdeg glexebis umravlesoba stalins miiCnevda Tavisi interesebis damcvelad.
daiwyo glexobis masobrivi gamosvla kolmeurneobebidan. milionobiT glexma da-
tova kolmeurneobebi. Tumca 1930 wlis Semodgomidan kvlav gaZlierda zewola
glexebze, raTa kolmeurneobebSi Sesuliyvnen.
`nabiji ukan~ mxolod imitom gadaidga, rom iqve gakeTebuliyo axali naxto-
mi. 1930 wlis seqtemberSi sak. kp (b) centralurma komitetma werili gaugzavna ad-
gilobriv partiul organizaciebs, romelSic dagmo maTi pasiuri qceva, `gadaxre-
bis~ winaSe SiSi da moiTxova `sakolmeurneo moZraobis axali aRmavlobis~ uzrun-
velyofa. 1930 wlis martSi koleqtivizaciis done 57-s aRwevda, stalinis weri-
lis Semdeg, aprilSi Semcirda 38-mde, ivnisSi — 25-mde. 1931 wlis ianvrisaTvis
dastabilurda 22-24-is doneze. Semdeg, axali miTiTebis Sesabamisad, kvlav da-
iwyo glexebis koleqtiur meurneobebSi Seyvana. 1933 wlisaTvis kolmeurneobebSi
gaerTianebuli iyo glexebis 60, 1934 wels — 75, 1937 wlisaTvis ki — daaxloe-
biT 93.

14.4. koleqtivizaciis Sedegebi
masobrivi koleqtivizaciis politikam katastrofuli Sedegebi gamoiRo:

1929-1934 wlebSi marcvleulis mTliani warmoeba 10-iT Semcirda, msxvili rqo-
sani pirutyvisa da cxenebis raodenoba 1929-1932 wlebSi Semcirda erTi mesame-
diT, Rorebis — orjer, cxvrebis — 2,5-jer.
koleqtivizaciis Sedegad glexuri meurneobebis raodenoba 1928 wels arse-
buli 24,5 milionidan 1937 wlisaTvis 19,9 milionamde Semcirda. es iyo gankulake-
bisa da glexebis qalaqebSi nebayoflobiT wasvlis Sedegi. 1930-ian wlebSi sofli-
dan wavida 15 milion adamianze meti, muSaTa klasis ricxvi ki 9 milionidan 24 mi-
lion adamianamde gaizarda.
1929 wels qalaqad cxovrobda sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 18, daaxloe-
biT imdeni, rac pirveli msoflio omis win ruseTis imperiaSi. 1934 wels ukve 24
cxovrobda qalaqad. 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis mosaxleobis 6 (10 milion ada-
mianze meti) wavida qalaqad. 1940 wels qalaqebSi 34 cxovrobda.

kolmeurneobebi datova masSi Seyvanili glexebis orma mesamedma.


1934 wlis bolosTvis glexTa meurneobebis ô koleqtivSi iyo Sesuli, Seiq-
mna 200 aTasi kolmeurneoba, TiToeulSi saSualod iyo 75 glexuri komli, da 9,5
aTasi sabWoTa meurneoba.
saqonlis ganadgurebas, gankulakebis politikiT soflis gaRatakebas, kol-
meurneobebis muSaobis dezorganizacias Sedegad mohyva 1932-1933 wlebSi arnaxu-
li SimSiloba, ramac daaxloebiT 25-30 milioni adamiani moicva. mniSvnelovanwi-
lad is xelisuflebis politikiT iyo gamowveuli.
xelisufleba cdilobda tragediis damalvas da akrZala SimSilobis Sesaxeb
raimes dawera masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. miuxedavad masStaburi SimSi-
lobisa, sazRvargareT gaitanes 18 milioni centneri marcvleuli industriali-
zaciis saWiroebebisaTvis valutis misaRebad.
am periodis masobrivma SimSilobam ukrainaSi (1932-1933) miiRo `golodomo-
ris~ saxeli. 2006 wels ukrainis umaRlesma radam golodomori gamoacxada ukrai-
neli xalxis genocidis aqtad. ukrainaSi SimSilobiT daRupulTa sxvadasxva rao-
denoba saxeldeba, erT-erTi SefasebiT, 3 917,8 adamiani (imave SefasebiT, ruseTSi
3 264,6 aTasi, yazaxeTSi — 1 258,2 aTasi adamiani, sul sabWoTa kavSirSi — 8 731,9
aTasi adamiani).
miuxedavad marcvleulis warmoebis Semcirebisa, misi saxelmwifosTvis mi-
wodeba 2-jer gaizarda. koleqtivizaciam qalaqis gankargulebaSi moaqcia samu-
Sao Zalis didi odenoba, mrewveloba uzrunvelyo aucilebeli nedleuliT, Seq-
mna pirobebi saxsrebis misazidad industrializaciis saWiroebebisaTvis. koleq-
tivizaciam mospo sabazro ekonomikis ukanaskneli kunZuli — kerZomesakuTruli
glexuri meurneoba.
koleqtivizaciis Sedegad soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba faqtob-
rivad ar Secvlila. mxolod marcvleulis saSualo-wliuri warmoeba gaizarda 6
± 7 milioni toniT. am maCvenebels axla uzrunvelyofda ara 55 milioni glexi ker-
Zo meurne, aramed 35 milioni kolmeurne, romlebic mTlianad saxelmwifoze iy-
vnen damokidebuli.
gankulakebis Semdeg soflis meurneobis produqciis saxelmwifo Sesasyidi
fasebi kidev ufro mZarcveluri gaxda. magaliTad, saxelmwifo karaqs yidulob-
da kilograms 4 maneTad, maRaziaSi ki 28 maneTad yidda, anu 7-jer Zvirad. analo-
giuri iyo mdgomareoba sxva produqtebzec.
koleqtivizacias ar gauzrdia marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianoba. piri-
qiT, Semcirda kidec. mecxoveleobis produqtebi ki erT sul mosaxleze 1940 wli-
saTvis 35-iT naklebi iyo, vidre koleqtivizaciis dawyebamde.

periodi warmoeba
marcvleuli xorci, mln tona
centneri ha-ze
axali ekonomikuri politikis 7 wlis gan- 7,56 4,17
mavlobaSi. 1923-1929 wlebi
koleqtivizaciis 4 weli, 1930-1933 wlebi 7,22 3,33
sakolmeurneo wyobis 7 weli, 1934-1940 wle- 7,37 3,61
bi

koleqtivizaciis Sedegebi:
x koleqtivizaciam aunazRaurebeli ziani miayena agrarul meurneobas (Sem-
cirda marcvleulis warmoeba, saqonlis odenoba, mosavlianoba, naTesi
farTobi da a.S.)

x kolmeurneobebi formalurad iyo nebayoflobiTi kooperaciuli gaerTia-
nebebi, magram sinamdvileSi gadaiqcnen saxelmwifo sawarmoebis saxeobad,
romelTac mkacri sagegmo davalebebi hqondaT da direqtiul marTvas eq-
vemdebarebodnen;
x moispo glex-mesakuTreTa mTeli socialuri fena maTi cxovrebis wesiT,
zneobrivi faseulobebiT. misi adgili daikava kolmeurne glexobam.

14.5. kolmeurne glexoba
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa soflis cxovreba mimdinareobda im sa-

SinelebaTa fonze, rac ukavSirdeboda gankulakebas da kolmeurneobebis Seqmnas.
gaqrnen kulakebi, saSualo glexebi da Raribebic. gaCnda axali terminebi: kolme-
urne glexoba, kolmeurne.
mdgomareoba sofelSi ufro rTuli iyo, vidre qalaqSi. sofels uyurebdnen,
rogorc iafi marcvleulisa da iafi samuSao Zalis wyaros. saxelmwifo ganuw-
yvetliv zrdida puris damzadebis normas, glexebs arTmevdnen mosavlis TiTqmis
naxevars. miwodebuli marcvleulis sanacvlod saxelmwifo glexobas uxdida
Tanxas myari fasebis mixedviT, romelic ar Secvlila 1930-iani wlebis ganmavlo-
baSi. amave periodSi samrewvelo saqonelze fasebi 10-jer gaizarda. kolmeurneTa
Sromis anazRaureba xdeboda SromadReebis sistemiT. misi sidide ganisazRvrebo-
da kolmeurneobis Semosavlis mixedviT, e. i. mosavlis im nawiliT, romelic kol-
meurneobas rCeboda saxelmwifosTan da manqana-satraqtoro sadgurebTan anga-
riSis gasworebis Semdeg. rogorc wesi, kolmeurneobebis Semosavali dabali iyo
da ver akmayofilebda saarsebo minimums. SromadReebis sanacvlod glexebi Rebu-
lobdnen marcvals an sxva produqcias. kolmeurnis Sroma fuliT faqtobrivad
ar nazRaurdeboda.
industrializaciis warmatebebTan erTad, sofeli sul ufro met traqtor-
sa da sxva teqnikas iRebda, romelic Tavs iyrida manqana-traqtorebis sadgureb-
Si. aman garkveulwilad gaaneitrala muSa saqonlis — xarebisa da cxenebis Semci-
reba. soflad gamoCndnen axalgazrda specialistebi — agronomebi, meqanizatore-
bi, romlebic qveynis saswavleblebma moamzades.
1930-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi mdgomareoba soflis meurneobaSi garkveulwi-
lad stabilizirda. 1935 wlis TebervalSi glexebs neba darTes hqonodaT mcire
piradi nakveTi, erTi Zroxa, ori xbo, Rori goWebiT da 10 cxvari. individualurma
meurneobebma daiwyes bazrisTvis produqciis miwodeba. gauqmda sabaraTo siste-
ma. sofelSi cxovreba gaumjobesebis gzas daadga.
kolmeurne glexebs Tavis pirad nakveTebze, rasac saxnavi miwis mxolod 4
ekavaT, 1938 wels mohyavdaT sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis 40-ze meti da gle-
xobis fuladi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo.
sabWoTa sofeli Seurigda sakolmeurneo wyobas, Tumca glexoba mosaxleo-
bis yvelaze uuflebo fena iyo. 1932 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi Sida pasportebi Semo-
iRes, romlis gareSec verc sacxovrebel adgils Seicvlida adamiani da verc mu-
Saobas daiwyebda. glexebs pasportebi ar misces, Sesabamisad isini nebarTvis ga-
reSe versad wavidodnen da yma-glexebis msgavsad miwaze mimagrebuli aRmoCndnen.
maSin kompartiis rusuli saxelwodebis abreviatura ȼɄɉ(ɛ) Semdegnairad gaSif-
res — `meore batonymoba (bolSevikebisa)~ ± ©ȼɬɨɪɨɟ Ʉɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɉɪɚɜɨ (ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ)~.

manamde pasportebs oficialuri propaganda gmobda, rogorc kapitalistur qveynebSi arsebul
policiur sistemas.

koleqtivizaciis Sedegad kolmeurneebs ar ainteresebdaT gansazogadoebuli
qoneba da Tavisi Sromis Sedegi.
koleqtivizaciis politikis mTavari mizani iyo pirobebis Seqmna industria-
lizaciisaTvis Tanxebis amosaRebad. koleqtivizacia iZulebiTi meTodebiT tar-
deboda, Tan axlda masobrivi represiebi ara mxolod kulakebis, aramed saSualo
glexebis mimarTac.
kolmeurne arc xelfass iRebda, mas mxolod `SromadReebs~ unazRaurebdnen
(Cveulebriv, naturiT), mosavlis im nawilidan, rac saxelmwifo damzadebis gegmis
Sesrulebis Semdeg rCeboda. Tuki mosavali dabali iyo, saxelmwifos Tavis wili
mainc mihqonda, glexs ki araferi rCeboda.
rodesac sofelma daiwyo teqnikis miReba, is mTlianad Tavmoyrili iyo man-
qana-traqtorebis sadgurebSi (mts — ɆɌɋ), romelTa momsaxureobac kolmeurneo-
bebs Tavisi mosavlis nawili ujdeboda. mts-ebi Semdeg ara marto emsaxurebodnen,
aramed akontrolebdnen maTze mimagrebul kolmeurneobebs: mts-ebTan Seiqmna
polit-ganyofilebebi, romlebic Tvals adevnebdnen kolmeurneTa keTil-saime-
doobas. mts-ebi iRebdnen kolmeurneobebidan TavianT wils da saxelmwifos kuT-
vnil gadasaxadebsac.
1932 wlis 7 agvistos gamovida umkacresi kanoni `saxelmwifo sawarmoebis,
kolmeurneobebisa da kooperaciis qonebis dacvis Sesaxeb~. socialisturi sakuT-
rebis datacebisTvis es kanoni iTvaliswinebda daxvretas qonebis konfiskaciiT
da Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebis pirobebSi — patimrobas aranakleb 10 wliT. `da-
tacebis~ masStabebs mniSvneloba ar hqonda da xalxSi am kanonma miiRo `sami Tav-
Tavis Sesaxeb kanonis~ saxeli — bevri kolmeurne daapatimres da banakSi aRmoCnda
imis gamo, rom sakolmeurneo mindorze mosavlis aRebis Semdeg darCenil TavTa-
vebs agrovebda. am kanoniT dasajes mravalSviliani dedebic, romelTac ar icod-
nen rogor gamoekvebaT TavianTi mSieri bavSvebi. gaCnda axali sityva ©ɫɬɪɢɝɭɧɵ~ —
es mSieri glexebi iyvnen, romlebic yanaSi TavTavebs makratliT Wridnen.

14.6.miTi koleqtivizaciis aucileblobis Taobaze
sabWoTa droidan arsebobs legenda, rom koleqtivizacia aucilebeli iyo

imisaTvis, rom resursebi gadaesrolaT soflis meurneobidan mrewvelobaSi. es
legenda 1920-ian wlebSi Seqmna e. preobraJenskis Teoriam `Tavdapirveli socia-
listuri dagrovebis~ Sesaxeb. misi azriT, saxelmwifos glexebisgan produqtebi
Semcirebuli fasebiT unda eyida, xolo realizeba gazrdili fasebiT moexdina,
mogeba ki mrewvelobaSi CaedoT. magram preobraJenskis ar ufiqria imaze, rom
glexebi Semcirebuli fasebiT produqtebis Cabarebas nebiT ar moindomebdnen,
aramed gazrdidnen sakuTar moxmarebas da Seamcirebdnen warmoebas.
kolmeurneobebis saxiT stalinma Seqmna meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofda
soflis meurneobis produqtebis regularul Cabarebas dabali fasebiT. marTa-
lia, saxelmwifos mier kolmeurneobebidan miRebuli produqciis moculoba iz-
rdeboda, magram imavdroulad izrdeboda is produqciac, romelsac mrewveloba
sofels awvdida: traqtorebi, kombainebi, satvirTo avtomobilebi, qimiuri sasu-
qebi. magaliTad, 1932-1936 wlebSi mrewvelobam soflis meurneobas miawoda naxe-
vari milioni traqtori. koleqtivizaciis gamo cxenebis masobrivi ganadgureba
rom ara, SesaZlebeli iqneboda teqnikis aseTi masStaburi miwodebis gadadeba.
sinamdvileSi koleqtivizaciam industriis ganviTareba mxolod daazarala.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis variantebis maTematikuri modelireba aCvenebs, rom
koleqtivizaciis gareSe 1941 wlisaTvis ZiriTadi sawarmoo fondebi qveyanaSi
13-iT meti iqneboda, xolo mZime da samSeneblo mrewvelobis warmoeba — TiTqmis

orjer meti. samuSao Zala sofelSi Warbad iqneboda da qalaqad wavidoda nebismi-
er SemTxvevaSi. 9 milioni adamianis daRupva, amasTan Sromismoyvare da warmate-
buli glexobisa, ara mxolod uzneoba iyo, aramed udidesi ekonomikuri danakar-
gic. koleqtivizaciam daasusta qveyana politikuradac. 1941 wels masobrivad
tyved Cabareba glexi-wiTelarmielebisa mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebuli iyo
sakolmeurneo wyobis siZulviliT.

14.7. miTi pavlik morozovze
koleqtivizaciis periodsa da kulakebis winaaRmdeg brZolis xanas ekuTvnis

sabWoTa propagandistuli miTis gaCena pavlik morozovis (1918-1932) Sesaxeb. ko-
munisturi legendis Tanaxmad, 12 wlis moswavle-pioneri cimbiris sofel gerasi-
movkidan sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da sakolmeurneo mSeneblobis aqtiuri momxre
iyo. man sasamarTloSi amxila Tavisi meqrTame mama, romelic kulakebTan Tanam-
Sromlobda (roca soflsabWos Tavmjdomare iyo, sofelSi gadasaxlebul ganku-
lakebulebze cnobas gascemda, rom iyvnen soflis mkvidrebi da amiT saSualebas
aZlevda, qalaqSi samuSaod wasuliyvnen) da aseve miuTiTa, Tu sad malavda mamami-
si purs.
1932 wlis 2 seqtembers pavliki da misi 9 wlis Zma fedia tyeSi wavidnen ken-
kris sakrefad da Semdeg daxocilebi ipoves. mkvleloba dahbraldaT bebia-babuas
(mamis mSoblebs) da sxva axlo naTesavebs. sikvdiliT dasajes 19 wlis biZaSvili
danila morozovi da biZa arseni kulikanovi. daapatimres 81 wlis babua sergei mo-
rozovi da bebia qsenia, romlebic cixeSi gardaicvalnen.
pavlik morozovis gmirobis ambavi Tavidan farTod gamoiyeneboda kulake-
bis winaaRmdeg brZolis periodSi, 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevridan samagali-
Tod saxavdnen pionerebisaTvis, romlebic sajarod emijnebodnen TavianT `xal-
xis mter~ — mSoblebs.

Semdgom mamis dambezRebeli pioneri didad mimzidvel gmi-
rad aRar gamoiyureboda. amitom 1950 wels gamocemul sabWoTa
kavSiris istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi mokled iyo naT-
qvami: `1932 wels uralSi 12 wlis moswavle pioneri pavlik moro-
zovi amxilebda kulakebsa da maT damqaSebs, romlebic Zirgamom-
Txrel muSaobas eweodnen kolmeurneobaTa winaaRmdeg. kulakebi
pavliks tyeSi Causafrdnen da mokles~.
postsabWoTa periodSi es miTi ara mxolod zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT dadga

eWvqveS. pavlik morozovis ambavi aSkarad SeTxzuli iyo. pavliki pioneri ver iq-
neboda, radganac sofelSi pioneruli organizacia ar arsebobda; skolaSi faq-
tobrivad ver dadioda, radganac muSaoba uxdeboda. mamamisma col-Svili miatova
da mTvrali pavliks cemda xolme kidec. amitom pavlikma mama Tu daabezRa, mxo-
lod gabrazebulma cudi mopyrobis gamo. Zmebi tyeSi SeiZleba daxoca romelime
gadasaxlebulma, Tundac puris natexisTvis, babuas da sxva naTesavebs ki mom-


ȿɥɟɧɚ ɒɢɪɨɤɨɜɚ. ɉɚɜɥɢɤ Ɇɨɪɨɡɨɜ — KWWS:SWLEXUGXNRY.UX

ssrk istoria. nawili ,,,, Tb., 1950, gv.381.

xdarTan araviTar kavSiri ar hqondaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom babua yofili Jandarmi
iyo da bolSevikur propagandas es faqti `damatebiT masalas~ aZlevda.

koleqtivizaciis ZiriTadi TariRebi:
1928 — kolmeurneobaTa forsirebuli Seqmnis dasawyisi;
1929 — gazeT `pravdaSi~ daibeWda stalinis statia `diadi gardatexis weli~;
1930 — gamocxadda `kulakobis rogorc klasis likvidaciis~ politika;
1932-1933 — SimSiloba;
1940-iani wlebi — damamTavrebeli etapi.

14. 8. koleqtivizacia saqarTveloSi
moskovSi SemuSavebuli grafikis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis

mTliani koleqtivizacia 1933 wlisTvis unda damTavrebuliyo, magram saqarTve-
los komunisturma xelmZRvanelobam gegmis erTi wliT adre Sesruleba gadawyvi-
ta, raTa aseTi `didi miRweviT~ aReniSna saqarTvelos gasabWoebis me-10 wlisTa-
vi. koleqtivizacia saqarTveloSi ruseTTan SedarebiT kidev ufro miuRebeli
iyo. rusi glexi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeCveuli iyo Tems da miwaze kerZo sa-
kuTrebis ararsebobas. saqarTveloSi ki qarTveli glexi saukuneebis manZilze
Tavis kuTvnil miwis nakveTs amuSavebda.
gasabWoebis droisaTvis saqarTveloSi sul 2 401,5 aTasi kaci cxovrobda,
aqedan sofelSi — 1 926,4 aTasi, romelic 326,4 aTas glexur meurneobas warmoad-
genda. Tumca, ufasod miwis miRebis imediT an miwis CamorTmevis SiSiT ojaxebi
swrafad iyofoda. 1925 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos sofelSi ukve 413,9 aTasi glexu-
ri meurneoba iyo.
koleqtivizaciis sawyis etapze saqarTvelos soflis socialuri saxe ase ga-
moiyureboda: Raribi glexi — daaxloebiT 30, saSualo glexi — daaxloebiT 65,
soflis burJuazia — 5 (varaudoben, rom misi wili ufro naklebi — 1,4 ± 2,4
iyo).
1930 wlis ianvris bolodan 1 martamde saqarTveloSi kolmeurneobebSi Seiy-
vanes glexebis 64. saqarTveloSi `kulakebis~ ricxvi glexuri mosaxleobis 1,5-
2-s ar aRemateboda. Seviwroebis politikas 1930 wlidan `kulakTa~ sruli ga-
nadgurebis politika mohyva. `ganakulakes~ glexebis 5-6. `SavsielTa~, e.i. poli-
tikurad ùflebaayrilTa~ raodenobam glexobis 10-15-s miaRwia.
soflad `koleqtivizaciis~ procesis dawyebasTan erTad represirebuli iq-
na komunistebis mier yvelaze masobriv èqspluatatorul~ fenad gamocxadebuli
e.w. kulakebi. viTarebas kidev ufro amZafrebda isic, rom xSirad erTmaneTSi
urevdnen kulakebsa da saSualo glexebs. komunisturi partiis mier waxalisebu-
li soflis aqtivistebi sastikad uswordebodnen `kulakebad~ miCneul ojaxebs.
1930 wlis martidan stalinis miTiTebiT `Secdomebisa~ da `gadaxrebis~ ga-
mosworeba mxolod taqtikuri da droebiTi RonisZieba iyo, romelic, mTlianoba-
Si, komunisturi reJimis strategiul politikaSi arafers cvlida. marTalia,
stalinis miTiTebis Semdeg erT TveSi koleqtivizaciis procenti saqarTveloSi
64-idan 29-mde Semcirda, 1 seqtembrisaTvis ki kolmeurneobebSi glexebis mxo-
lod 15 iricxeboda.

saqarTvelos istoria ;; saukune. Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2003, gv.131.

f. lomaSvili. saqarTvelos istoria 1801-2001. Tb., iveria, 2002, gv. 69.

koleqtivizaciis dros daSvebuli `Secdomebis~ gamo stalinma saqarTvelos
kompartiis pirvel mdivnad lavrenti beria daniSna, am postze myofi mamia oraxe-
laSvili ki moskovSi gadaiyvana.
koleqtivizacia uzarmazari msxverplis fasad ganxorcielda. man mZime dar-
tyma miayena saqarTvelos soflis meurneobas, Seamcira sasoflo-sameurneo war-
moeba, daakabala glexebi, romelTac pasportebsac ar aZlevdnen, raTa soflidan
ar wasuliyvnen, Sroma-dReebze mizeruli anazRaurebis gamo, arcTu iSviaTad
SimSilobis zRvarze uxdebodaT cxovreba. daangria misi istoriulad Camoyali-
bebuli dargobrivi struqtura. skp(b) 1931 wlis 31 oqtombris dadgenilebiT, sa-
qarTvelos soflis meurneobas orientacia unda aeRo teqnikuri da subtropiku-
li kulturebis ganviTarebaze. es, sabWoTa bazris dakargvis SemTxvevaSi, saqar-
Tvelos soflis meurneobas umZimes mdgomareobaSi ayenebda.
Semdgom wlebSi koleqtivizacia gagrZelda. 1936 wels saqarTveloSi 4.334
kolmeurneoba iyo, romelSic 371 aTasze meti glexuri meurneoba (mTeli meurne-
obebis 75-ze meti) iyo gaerTianebuli. koleqtivizacia damTavrebulad gamoc-
xadda 1937 wels, Tumca im droisaTvis kolmeurneobebSi gaerTianebuli ar iyo
116.354 glexuri meurneoba. 1940 wlisaTvis kolmeurneobebSi gaerTianebuli iyo
saqarTvelos glexebis 92,3.

koleqtiuri meurneobebis zrda saqarTveloSi:
1927 wels ± 85;
1939 wels — 4254
1937 wels saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 48 manqana-
traqtorebis sadguri, sadac 4500-ze meti traqtori
da 360 kombaini iyo.

rusuli kolonializmi saqarTveloSi. Tb., ùniversali~, 2008, gv.430.

f. lomaSvili. saqarTvelos istoria 1801-2001. Tb., iveria, 2002, gv. 69.

Tavi ;9.
kulturuli revolucia
15.1. kulturuli revoluciis arsi

termini `kulturuli revolucia~ sabWour politikur leqsikonSi leninma
Semoitana naSromSi `kooperaciis Sesaxeb~. misi daxasiaTebiT, es iyo mTeli gadat-
rialeba, etapi xalxis masebis kulturul ganviTarebaSi. kulturuli revolucia
ewodeba bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebs sazoga-
doebis kulturuli da ideologiuri cxovrebis Zireulad gardasaqmnelad. miza-
ni iyo kulturis axali tipis formireba, rac ganixileboda socialisturi sazo-
gadoebis mSeneblobis nawilad. misi erT-erTi umTavresi amocana iyo proleta-
ruli klasebidan gamosulTa wilis gazrda inteligenciis socialur Semadgen-
lobaSi.
kulturuli revoluciis amocanebis gadawyve-
taze sabWoTa xelisufleba Tavidanve zrunavda,
magram masirebulad realizebul iqna pirveli xuT-
wledebis dros. 1930-ian wlebSi kulturuli revo-
lucia esmodaT rogorc sazogadoebis didi gardaq-
mnis nawili — industrializaciasa da koleqtiviza-
ciasTan erTad. aseve kulturuli revoluciis far-
glebSi Seicvala samecniero saqmianobis organiza-
cia sabWoTa kavSirSi.
kulturuli revolucia, pirvel rigSi, sazogadoebis ideologiur gardaqmnas
isaxavda miznad. kulturuli revoluciis mTavari amocana iyo sabWoTa adamiane-
bis msoflmxedvelobaSi marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis principebis daner-
gva. am TvalsazrisiT pirveli nabijebi oqtombris revoluciis Semdegve gatarda.
1918 w. 23 ianvars gamoica dekreti eklesiis saxelmwifosgan da skolis eklesiis-
gan gamoyofis Sesaxeb. gauqmebul iqna saswavlo sagnebi, romlebic religiur ga-
naTlebas ukavSirdeboda: RvTismetyveleba, Zveli berZnuli ena da sxv.
sazogadoebis ideologiuri gardaqmnisaTvis sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirve-
live TveebSi sazogadoebis kulturuli cxovrebis samarTavad Seiqmna partiul-
saxelmwifo organoebis farTo qseli:
agitpropi (bolSevikuri partiis agitacia-propagandis ganyofileba);
`glavpolitprosveti~ (Seiqmna 1920 w. komunisturi partiis ideologiis
Sesabamisad politikuri, saganmanaTleblo da saagitacio-propagandistuli mu-
Saobis saxelmZRvanelod, hqonda samkiTxveloebi, klubebi, partiuli skolebi,
komunisturi universitetebi da sxv.);
`narkomprosi~ (ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariati);
mTavliti (sabWouri cenzura, akontrolebda presas, Jurnalebs da litera-
turas) da sxva.
gauqmda sityvis Tavisufleba, SemoRebul iqna mkacri cenzura, ganxorciel-
da kulturuli dawesebulebebis (gamomcemlobebis, muzeumebis, kinofabrikebis)
nacionalizacia.

15.2. brZola wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis dasaZlevad

kulturuli revoluciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanad miiCneoda we-
ra-kiTxvis ucodinarobis daZleva. 1920 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, ruseTis fe-

deraciaSi wera-kiTxva icoda 8 welze ufrosi adamianebis mxolod 41,7-ma. wera-
kiTxvis ucodinarobis daZlevis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo samecniero-teqnikuri
ganviTareba da komunisturi ideologiis danergva.
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis daZleva rTul amocanad iqca. 1917-1927 wlebSi
wera-kiTxva 10 milionamde ufrosi asakis adamians aswavles. maT Soris ruseTis
federaciis teritoriaze — 5,5 milion adamians. axali ekonomikuri politikis
wlebSi uwignurobis daZleva sasurveli tempiT ver mimdinareobda. 1926 wlisaT-
vis wignierebis TvalsazrisiT evropis qveynebs Soris me-19 adgili ekava da Ca-
morCeboda iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa TurqeTi da portugalia.
1928 wels komkavSiris iniciativiT daiwyo e. w. `kulturuli laSqroba~, rom-
lis ZaliTac uwignurobis daZlevis amocanas Tavis Tavze sazogadoeba iRebda.
1930 wlisTvis kultarmielebis ricxvi 1 milions aRwevda, wera-kiTxvis skolebSi
ki dakavebuli iyo 10 milioni adamiani.
1930 wels SemoiRes sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTleba, rac axalgazrdobaSi
uwignurobis aRmofxvris garantias iZleoda. 1930-1933 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiri
gadavida sayovelTao 4-wlian ganaTlebaze, 1933-1937 wlebSi aSenda 20 aTasze me-
ti skola, 1937 wlidan savaldebulo gaxda 7-wliani ganaTleba.
1939 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, wera-kiTxvis codnis donem 16-50 wlis mosax-
leobaSi 90-s miaRwia, wera-kiTxvis ucodinaroba ki sabolood daiZlia meore
msoflio omis Semdeg.
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis politikis
farglebSi Seiqmna erovnuli alfavitebi
sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali rigi xalxebis-
Tvis. alfavitebi jer Seiqmna laTinuri an-
banis safuZvelze, Semdeg ki gadaiyvanes ru-
sul alfavitze — kirilicaze.

15.3. brZola `Zveli~ inteligenciis winaaRmdeg
sabWoTa reJimi Tavidanve axorcielebda represiul zomebs inteleqtuali

politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis winaaRmdeg. es ganixileboda kulturuli revo-
luciis nawilad. 1922 wlis maisSi leninma wamoayena winadadeba, politikuri mo-
winaaRmdegeebis nawilisTvis sikvdiliT dasja SeecvalaT ucxoeTSi gaZevebiT. l.
trockim aseTi komentari gaukeTa am aqcias: `Cven es adamianebi gavasaxleT imi-
tom, rom maTi daxvretis sababi ar arsebobda, xolo maTi atana SeuZlebeli iyo~.
gansxvavebul azrTan brZolis farglebSi aRsaniSnavia `filosofiuri ge-
mi~. am saxelwodebiT cnobilia ori germanuli samgzavro gemis reisi 1922 wlis
seqtembersa da noemberSi, romelTac petrogradidan StetinSi (germania) Caiyva-
nes sabWoTa ruseTidan gaZevebuli inteligenciis 160 warmomadgeneli.
gaZevebis operacia 1922-1923 wlebSi mimdinareobda. inteligenciis warmo-
madgenlebi gaaZeves gemebiT odesidan da sevastopolidan, matareblebiT, mosko-
vidan latviasa da germaniaSi. TiToeul gasaxlebuls neba eZleoda, Tan waeRo
ori trusi, ori wyvili winda, pijaki, Sarvali, palto, Sliapa da ori wyvili fex-
sacmeli. danarCeni qoneba konfiskacias eqvemdebareboda.
1922 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze gasaxlebulTa Soris Warbobda umaRle-
si saswavleblebis profesura da humanitaruli profesiebis warmomadgenlebi.
gasaxlebuli 225 adamianidan eqimebi iyvnen 45, profesorebi da pedagogebi -41,
ekonomistebi, agronomebi, kooperatorebi — 30, literatorebi — 22, iuristebi —

16, inJinrebi — 12, politikuri moRvaweebi — 9, religiuri moRvaweebi — 2, studen-
tebi — 34.
1920-iani wlebis bolodan daiwyo burJuaziuli specialistebis gamodevnis
politika — gaxmaurda saCveneblad warmarTuli àkademiuri saqme~, `Saxtinis saq-
me~, `prompartiis saqme~ da sxva.
`Saxtinis saqme~ ± 1928 w. mais-ivnisSi `Cekam~ SeTiTxna sasamarTlo-politi-
kuri procesi. daapatimres sabWoTa kavSiris qvanaxSiris mrewvelobis 53 xel-
mZRvaneli da specialisti. maT brali edebodaT donbasSi mavneblobasa da sabo-
taJSi. eseni iyvnen revoluciamdeli, `Zveli~ inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi.
maT brali edebodaT aseve kontrrevoluciuri organizaciis Seqmnis mcdeloba-
Si. amis damadasturebeli aranairi sabuTi komunistebs ar gaaCndaT, garda `Tvi-
TaRiarebebisa~. Saxtinis saqme aseve miiCneva im mijnad, saidanac daiwyo ekonomi-
kaSi axali ekonomikuri politikidan `socialistur Setevaze~ gadasvla.
àkademiuri saqme~ daiwyo 1929 w. ianvarSi imis gamo, rom 42 axalarCeul aka-
demikoss Soris ar aRmoCnda 3 komunisti-kandidati. komunistur gazeTebSi (sxva
arc arsebobda) gamoCnda moTxovnebi akademiis reorganizaciis Taobaze, aseve,
rig akademikosebs brali dasdes `kontrrevoluciur warsulSi~. kampania Sewyda,
rodesac sami komunisti kandidati: a. deborini, n. lukini, v. friCe airCies akade-
mikosebad.
bolSevikebi mecnierebaTa akademias mtrul organizaciad miiCnevdnen. 1929
w. agvistoSi leningradSi mecnierebaTa akademiaSi `wmendis~ Casatareblad gaig-
zavna specialuri samTavrobo komisia. gaaTavisufles 128 Statis (960-idan) da
520 zeStatiani (830-idan) TanamSromeli. 1929 wlis dekembridan 1930 wlis dekem-
bramde àkademiuri saqmis~ farglebSi daapatimres 100-ze meti adamiani, ZiriTa-
dad istorikosebi da sxva humanitaruli specialobis warmomadgenlebi. àkademi-
uri saqme~ gadaexlarTa uSiSroebis mier paralelurad SeTiTxnil sxva saqmeebs.
am saqmis farglebSi represirebulTa reabilitacia 1967 wlamde gaWianurda.
1929 wlidan daiwyo mkacri kontrolis damyareba mecnierTa saqmianobaze.
opoziciuri ganwyobis Zvel specialistebs apatimrebdnen. samecniero muSaoba
unda daqvemdebareboda saxelmwifo dagegmvis interesebs.
`prompartiis saqme~ ± 1930 w. gazafxulze, maRaroebSi momxdari rigi ga-
ficvebis Semdeg, daapatimres inJinrebisa da samecniero-teqnikuri inteligenci-
is didi jgufi, maT bralad edebodaT iatakqveSa politikuri organizaciis `sam-
rewvelo partiis~ Seqmna. bolSevikuri braldebis Tanaxmad, am organizaciam 1925-
1930 wlebSi mravali ZirgamomTxreli aqti moawyo mrewvelobasa da transportze.
gamarTes ramdenime saCvenebeli procesi. sul daapatimres 2 aTasze meti adamiani.
1989 wels yvela braldebuli reabilitirebul iqna.
`prompartiis saqmiT~ bolSevikebi cdilobdnen disciplinis ganmtkicebas,
sagaficvo moZraobis Sewyvetas, Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebas.

15.4. `sabWoTa inteligenciis~ Seqmna
`Zveli inteligenciis~ mimarT undoblobasa da represiebTan erTad, sabWo-

Ta reJims sWirdeboda sabWoTa reJimis erTguli inteligenciis aRzrda. kultu-
ris moRvaweebis winaSe pirdapir daayenes xelisuflebis momsaxurebis amocana.
mwerlebsa da mxatvrebs sazogadoebisTvis unda moewodebinaT `komunizmis mwver-
valebisken~, ganedidebinaT sabWoTa xelisufleba.
1932 wels komunisturi partiis gadawyvetilebiT daSlilad gamocxadda
mweralTa sxvadasxva gaerTianebebi, 1934 w. ki Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris mweralTa

1934 wlamde mecnierebaTa akademia leningradSi iyo ganTavsebuli.

kavSiri. analogiurad Seiqmna kompozitorTa, arqiteqtorTa, mxatvarTa kavSire-
bi. represirebul iqna ìdeologiurad ucxo~ daaxloebiT aTasi mwerali.
axali SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebis savaldebulo mxatvrul meTodad socia-
listuri realizmi gamocxadda, romlis safuZvlebic SeimuSava mweralTa kavSi-
ris xelmZRvanelma maqsim gorkim. 1930-ian wlebSi kulturis moRvaweebis winaSe
dasaxuli erT-erTi umTavresi amocana sinamdvilis Selamazeba da stalinis pi-
rovnebis kultis Seqmna iyo.
àxali inteligenciis~ formireba xdeboda mSromeli klasebidan (muSebi da
glexebi) gamosuli axalgazrdebidan. 1928 w. sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo 170 aTasi stu-
denti, 1940 wels ki — ukve 810 aTasi, maTgan 200 aTasze meti swavlobda teqnikur
umaRles saswavleblebSi. 170 aTasi studentidan, romelTac ganaTleba pirvel
xuTwledSi miiRes, 1940 wlisaTvis xelmZRvanel postebze 152 aTasi iyo, xolo me-
ore xuTwledSi umaRlesdamTavrebuli sainJinro-teqnikuri specialobis 370
aTasi studentidan 1940 wels xelmZRvaneli postebi ekava 266 aTas adamians.

15.5. istoriis stalinuri versiis damkvidreba
skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi SemoiRes mravali sagani, romelTa mi-

zanic iyo marqsizmis komunisturi versiis swavleba. istoriis swavleba skolebsa
da umaRles saswavleblebSi Seicvala e. w. `sazogadoebaTmcodneobis~ SeswavliT.
umaRlesebSi savaldebulo gaxda iseTi disciplinebis swavleba, rogoric iyo is-
toriuli materializmi, proletaruli revoluciebis istoria, partiis istoria
da leninizmis safuZvlebi. 1921 w. iuridiuli, istoriuli da ekonomikuri fakul-
tetebis nacvlad Seiqmna sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
1930-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan aRadgines humanitaruli fakultetebi uni-
versitetebSi da mixvdnen istoriis swavlebis mniSvnelobasac. seriozuli yurad-
Reba mieqca istoriis stalinuri versiis damkvidrebas. 1935 w. stalinis uSualo
monawileobiT Seiqmna istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo. am sagans daekisra Zi-
riTadi funqcia moswavleTa ideologiur aRzrdaSi. partiuli swavlebisaTvis
1938 w. momzadda `sak. kp (b) istoriis mokle kursi~. am wignSi gadmocemuli iyo
partiisa da sabWoTa saxelmwifos istoriis stalinuri versia, wignSi mxilebuli
da dagmobili iyvnen stalinis mowinaaRmdegeebi.
1929 wlidan, stalinis dabadebis 50
wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT aqtiurad daiwyo
stalinis pirovnebis kultis formireba.
stalins uwodebdnen `did belads~, `did be-
ladsa da maswavlebels~, `xalxTa mamas~,
`did sardals~, gaCnda fraza `leninur-sta-
linuri partia~, `stalini — esaa lenini
dRes~, stalinis saxeli ewoda caricins, ta-
jikeTis dedaqalaq duSanbes da sxva mraval
qalaqsa da dasaxlebul punqts. stalinis portrets kidebdnen marqsis, engelsisa
da leninis portretebis gverdiT.
15.6. brZola religiis winaaRmdeg

aTeizmi Tavidanve iyo axali sabWoTa ideologiis Semadgeneli nawili. jer
kidev 1918 wlis 23 ianvars rsfsr saxkomsabWos mier miRebuli dekreti èklesiis
saxelmwifosagan da skolis eklesiisgan gamoyofis Sesaxeb~ religiur organiza-
ciebs arTmevda yovelgvar sakuTrebas. saeklesio qoneba srulad eqvemdebarebo-
da nacionalizacias. 1918 wlis 1 Tebervals patriarqma tixonma sajarod gadasca

anaTemas bolSevikebi. `samxedro komunizmis~ dros eklesiis msaxurebs mtrul Za-
lad miiCnevdnen da mkacrad uswordebodnen.
1921 wels ruseTis rig regionebSi dawyebuli SimSiloba bolSevikebma gamoi-
yenes saeklesio qonebis CamosarTmevad, im motiviT, rom damSeulebisTvis daxma-
reba unda gaewiaT, Tumca am aqciis ZiriTadi mizani eklesiis Zlierebis Seryeva
iyo. 1922 wlidan gamodioda gazeTi `bezboJnik~ (ùRmerTo~).
axali ekonomikuri politikis periodSi antireligiurma saqmianobam Seda-
rebiT zomieri xasiaTi miiRo, magram 1927 wlidan stalinma antireligiuri saqmia-
noba pirdapir daukavSira Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac, klasobrivi brZola sul
ufro mwvavdeboda socializmis mSeneblobasTan erTad. 1927-1928 wlebis xor-
blis damzadebis krizisis periodSi gaaqtiurda cdebi, religia daekavSirebinaT
kontrrevoluciasTan.
uRmerToTa kavSiris centraluri sabWos Tavmjdomare e. iaroslavski am-
tkicebda, rom eklesia im glexebis Tav-
Sesafaria, romelTac kolmeurneobaSi
Sesvla ar undaT. misive gancxadebiT,
yvela religiuri kultis msaxurTa sa-
erTo raodenoba sabWoTa kavSirSi mili-
on-naxevars Seadgenda da es iyo `para-
ziti~ qveynis sxeulze. antireligiuri
moZraobis aqtivistebisTvis cnebebi
`kontrrevolucioneri~ da `RvTismsa-
xuri~ sinonimebad iqca.
RmerTisadmi mimarTva miiCneoda àdamianis Rirsebis damcirebis amazrzen
suraTad~ da mouwodebdnen, rom mSromelebs salaparako leqsikidan amoeRoT re-
ligiasTan dakavSirebuli gamoTqmebi: `RvTis wylobiT~, `RmerTo Cemo~, `RmerTi
Cvensken~, èSmakma dalaxvros~ da sxv.
1929 wlis TebervalSi sak. kp (b) centraluri komitetis mdivnis l. kaganovi-
Cis xelmoweriT saolqo komitetebs daegzavna centraluri komitetis werili,
romlis mixedviTac, religiasTan brZola gauTanabrda klasobriv-politikur
brZolas. bevri Tanamedrove mkvlevris azriT, swored am dokumentiT daiwyo ma-
sobrivi represiebi eklesiis msaxurTa winaaRmdeg, maTi dapatimreba da eklesie-
bis daxurva. aTasobiT saeklesio msaxuri daxvrites. komunistur propagandis-
tul literaturaSi amtkicebdnen, rom `religiebis warmomadgenlebi~ qmnidnen
iatakqveSa kontrrevoluciur organizaciebs, avrcelebdnen antisabWoTa fur-
clebs da masebis antisabWoTa gamosvlebis organizebas cdilobdnen. morwmuneTa
protesti eklesiebis daxurvis gamo miiCneoda antisabWoTa saqmianobad. aqtiu-
rad inergeboda marqsistuli ganaTlebis axali forma — e. w. ùRmerTo swavleba~.
eklesiis sawinaaRmdego propagandisTvis gamoiyo didi adamianuri da materialu-
ri resursebi, gaCndnen iseTi partiuli muSakebi, romlebic mxolod eklesiis wi-
naaRmdeg brZoliT iyvnen dakavebulni.
1914 wels ruseTSi iyo 75 aTasi moqmedi eklesia, 1939 wels darCa daaxloe-
biT 100. taZrebi gadaakeTes klubebad, sawyobebad, fabrikebad an, saerTod, daan-
gries.

Tavi ;9,.
sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba socia-

lizmis mSeneblobis periodSi (1928-1939)

16.1. 1920-1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa sagareo politikis zogadi daxasiaTeba
1920-ian wlebSi ori winaaRmdegobrivi faqtori ganapirobebda sabWoTa kavSi-

ris sagareo politikas:
erTi mxriv, saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi moiTxovda sxva qveynebTan mSvido-
bian Tanaarsebobas, romlis gareSec SeuZlebeli iyo ekonomikis aRdgena da ganvi-
Tareba;
meore mxriv, sabWoTa qveynis xelmZRvaneloba warmarTavda komunisturi in-
ternacionalis saqmianobas da, saboloo jamSi, kursi aRebuli hqonda msoflio
revoluciaze. es arTulebda urTierTobebs sxva qveynebTan da undoblobas iw-
vevda maTSi.
1920-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis pri-
oritetuli mimarTulebebi iyo:
x qveynis diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri blokadis garRveva;
x politikuri da ekonomikuri partniorebis moZieba;
x sagareo pirobebis uzrunvelyofa sabWoTa kavSirSi socia-
lizmis mSeneblobisTvis;
x brZolis gagrZeleba `msoflio revoluciis~ gasamarjveb-
lad.

1922-1933 wlebSi sabWoTa sagareo politikas progermanuli orientacia
hqonda. germania bolSevik liderebs warmoudgebodaT momavali proletaruli
revoluciis qveynad, xolo safrangeTi da didi britaneTi — potenciur mtrebad.
germaniaSi nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlam sabWoTa politika Secvala,
amis Semdeg sabWoTa sagareo politika orientirda dasavleTis demokratiul
qveynebze, cdilobdnen erTiani antifaSisturi frontis Seqmnas evropaSi, 1939-
1940 wlebSi ki sabWoTa kavSiri xelaxla dauaxlovda germanias.
sabWoTa konstituciis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politika umaRle-
si sabWos prerogativa iyo, sinamdvileSi ki mas warmarTavda komunisturi partiis
politbiuro da piradad stalini. yoveldRiur sagareo-politikur saqmianobas
axorcielebda sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen:
georgi CiCerini maqsim litvinovi viaCeslav molotovi

(1918-1930); (1930-1939); (1939-1949).

1920-ian — 1930-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikaSi gamoiyofa
sami etapi:
etapi wlebi Sinaarsi
1-li etapi: saer- 1922-1933 wlebi sxva qveynebTan diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri ur-
TaSoriso urTi- TierTobebis damyareba. àRiarebaTa talRa~. sab-
erTobebis Camo- WoTa sagareo politikis progermanuli orienta-
yalibeba cia, raTa dapirispirebodnen `mTavar potenciur
mowinaaRmdegeebs~ — inglissa da safrangeTs.
me-2 etapi: 1933-1939 wlebi antigermanuli mimarTuleba. sabWoTa sagareo po-
`pacifizmis era~ litika orientacias iRebs dasavlur demokrati-
ebze. koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis
mcdeloba (m. litvinovi). erTa ligaSi Sesvla.
me-3 etapi: 1939-1940 wlebi germaniasTan axali daaxloebis dawyeba. 1939 w. 23
saerTaSoriso agvisto — `ribentrop-molotovis~ Tavdausxme-
urTierTobebis lobis paqtis gaformeba.
krizisi

16.2. sabWoTa kavSiris adgili msoflio revoluciur procesSi
sabWoTa kavSirSi 1920-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi stalinis poziciam gaimarjva

da msoflio revoluciis wabiZgebis politikidan bolSevikebi gadavidnen erT
qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneblobis politikaze. `msoflio revoluciis~ aCrdili
pirveli xuTwledis xmaurian mSeneblobebSi CaiZira.
msoflio proletaruli revoluciis ideas axali, aseve aranakleb iluziuri
idea Caenacvla — sabWoTa kavSiris msoflioze gabatoneba, Tumca msoflio revo-
luciac daviwyebas ar miscemia. sabWoTa kavSirSi socializmis mSenebloba miiCne-
oda msoflio socialisturi revoluciis placdarmis Seqmnad da msoflios sxva-
dasxva qveyanaSi proletaruli revoluciebis gamarjveba ganixileboda msoflio
politikaSi sabWoTa qveynis rolis gaZlierebis saSualebad.
sabWoTa kavSirSi socializmis aSenebis stalinuri Teoria amtkicebda ruse-
Tis `socialisturi~ saxelmwifos prioritets saerTaSoriso komunisturi moZ-
raobis yvela sxva problemasTan SedarebiT. 1927 wlis bolos stalinma pirdapir
ganacxada, rom revolucioneri da internacionalisti mxolod isaa, vinc mzadaa,
upirobod daicvas sabWoTa kavSiri — pirveli socialisturi saxelmwifo. revo-
luciuri moZraobis winsvla SeuZleblad gamocxadda sabWoTa kavSiris dacvis
gareSe.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kidev ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa stalinis pozi-
ciis nacional-komunisturi xasiaTi. mosaxleobis SegnebaSi aqtiurad inergebo-
da sabWoTa patriotizmis ideebi, romelic gadadioda `wiTel~ didmpyrobelur
SovinizmSi. qveyanaSi mkvidrdeboda mtrebiT garSemortymuli banakis idea, sadac
garedan ganuwyvetliv agzavnidnen diversantebsa da mavneblebs.
amave dros rusi komunistebi da maT kvaldakval mesame komunistur interna-
cionalSi Semavali partiebi arasworad afasebdnen realobas. msoflio revolu-
ciis `tempis Senelebis~, `gaWianurebis~ mTavar mizezad miiCnevdnen kapitalizmis
droebiT stabilizacias (anu kapitalizmis nawilobriv ganmtkicebas). isini
Tvlidnen, rom mTlianobaSi kapitalizmma amowura Tavisi Sinagani Zalebi da aRar
SeeZlo ganviTareba, amitom komunistebi sul mcire garTulebas, ekonomikur Tu
politikur siZneleebs, klasobrivi brZolis gamwvavebas aRiqvamdnen rogorc ka-
pitalisturi sistemis ùkanasknel saaTs~, `dasasrulis dadgomas~. aseTi Tval-
sazrisi axalisebda `memarcxene tendenciebs~.

amave dros stalini cdilobda, kominterni gadaeqcia Tavisebur zecentra-
lizebul msoflio partiad, romelic masTan aTanxmebda Tavis politikas. es sxva
qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad asustebda komunisturi partiebis poziciebs.
1920-iani wlebis bolodan msoflioSi arsebul viTarebasa da sagareo poli-
tikaze did gavlenas axdenda msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi, romelmac gansakuT-
rebiT gamokveTili xasiaTi 1929-1933 wlebSi miiRo. mas mohyva samrewvelo warmo-
ebis mkveTri Semcireba kapitalistur qveynebSi: aSS-Si — 46-iT, germaniaSi —
40-iT, safrangeTSi — 31-iT, inglisSi — 16-iT.
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dawyeba sabWoTa kavSirsa da kominternSi Se-
afases rogorc msoflio proletaruli revoluciis moaxloebis mauwyebeli, mag-
ram kapitalizmma kidev erTxel aCvena Tavisi simtkice. krizisi daiZlia da es mox-
da mniSvnelovanwilad saxelmwifos CareviT ekonomikis sferoSi. krizisis daZle-
va gansxvavebul xasiaTs atarebda: liberalur-reformistul (aSS, inglisi), so-
cial-reformistul (skandinaviis qveynebi, Tavidan — safrangeTi) da totalita-
rul (germania, italia, iaponia) qveynebSi.

16.3. bolSevizmis gakveTili msofliosaTvis. faSizmisa da nacizmis Ca-
moyalibeba
bolSevikebis mier ruseTSi xelisuflebis dapyrobam da samoqalaqo omSi ga-

marjvebam mTeli msoflios yuradReba miiqcia. bevri Sezara revoluciis saSine-
lebebma da cdilobdnen Tavidan aecilebinaT misi gameoreba Tavis qveyanaSi. na-
wils, piriqiT, moswonda komunisturi revolucia da mis gameorebas cdilobdnen.
es adamianebi komunistur internacionalSi Sediodnen. kidev erT nawils moewona
bolSevikuri meTodebi, magram ara maTi komunisturi ideebi. am adamianebis baza-
ze faSisturi da nacisturi moZraobebi Camoyalibda.
dasavleTis mdidarma qveynebma: didma britaneTma, safrangeTma, belgiam,
skandinaviis qveynebma, aSS-ma reformebs mimarTes. daiwyo erovnuli Semosavlis
gadanawileba Raribi fenebis sasargeblod, gaizarda samoqalaqo uflebebi, gauq-
mda saarCevno cenzebi, miiRes mSromelebisTvis xelsayreli SromiTi kanonmdeb-
loba, SemoiRes progresuli pirdapiri gadasaxadi da Seamcires iribi gadasaxade-
bi. mTavrobebma daiwyes ganaTlebis, samedicino momsaxurebis, iafi sacxovrebeli
binebis mSeneblobis subsidireba, SemoiRes sicocxlisa da siberis dazRveva. bevr
qveyanaSi aseT reformebs xelisuflebaSi mosuli socialisturi partiebi axor-
cielebdnen.
am gziT svla SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebul qvey-
nebSi: germaniasa da avstriaSi, aseve italiaSi. am qveynebSic socialistebi cdi-
lobdnen erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebas, magram gadasanawilebeli cota
iyo. am qveynebSi warmatebuli aRmoCnda bolSevikebis mibaZviT moqmedi partiebi:
italiaSi — faSisturi (musolinis xelmZRvanelobiT) da germaniaSi — nacisturi
(hitleris xelmZRvanelobiT). orivem leninisgan gadaiRo partiis idea, romelic,
saxelmwifos nacvlad, Tavisi wevrebis meSveobiT marTavs qveyanas. gebelsis
TqmiT, nacizmi yvelaferSi hgavda komunizms, garda internacionalizmisa. muso-
lini da hitleri aqcents ara klasobriv brZolaze, aramed nacionalizmze ake-
Tebdnen da Tavis garSemo eris darazmvas cdilobdnen.
bolSevikebis gamocdilebis kopirebiT 1920-1930-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda
totalitaruli agresiuli reJimebi italiasa da germaniaSi. samive reJimi mosax-
leobas mtris siZulvils unergavda — klasobrivis, rasobrivis anda saxelmwifo-
si, Tumca samive SemTxvevaSi mteri gamogonili iyo. samive reJimi omisaTvis gama-
lebiT emzadeboda.

nacional-socializmma da italiurma faSizmma komunistebisgan isesxes re-
voluciis idea, romelic uflebas iZleoda, gadaelaxaT moraluri akrZalvebi,
xolo socializmis idea saerTo iyo im drois totalitaruli ideologiebisaT-
vis. musolinsac da hitlersac moswondaT leninis magaliTi, rodesac arsebobda
erTiani ideologia, erTi partia da erTi beladi. maT unda damorCileboda yvela
Zalovani uwyeba da sainformacio saSualeba. amasTan, es reJimebi detalebSi gan-
sxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan; hitleri ebraelebis ganadgurebas isaxavda miznad,
musolini Tavidan ebraelebs ar erCoda da cdilobda terorisTvisac ar miemar-
Ta. musolini da hitleri Riad gamodiodnen demokratiis winaaRmdeg, stalins ki
moswonda demokratiuli dekoracia, rac adamianebs sicruesa da orpirobas aCvev-
da. hitleri da musolini mowinaaRmdegeebs, Tuki isini Cumad iyvnen da reJims ar
ebrZodnen, arafers erCodnen, stalini ki amas ar egueboda, damarcxebul da da-
morCilebul mowinaaRmdegeebs anadgurebda da yvelasgan moiTxovda aqtiur
mxardaWeras.

16.4. daZabulobis zrda dasavleTis qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris
1925 wels lokarnoSi (Sveicaria) Catarda konferencia, romlis iniciatore-

bi germania da didi britaneTi iyvnen, masSi monawileobdnen germaniis mezobeli
saxelmwifoebi: belgia, safrangeTi, italia, Cexoslovakia, poloneTi. konferen-
ciaze daido xelSekrulebebi, romliTac pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg dasavle-
TiT dadgenili germaniis sazRvrebi xelSeuxeblad gamocxadda. aRmosavleTis
sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiT ki aseTi xelSekrulebebi ar dadebula. es safrTxes
uqmnida Cexoslovakiasa da poloneTs, aseve emuqreboda sabWoTa kavSirsac. swo-
red ase afasebda sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba lokarnos konferenciis Sedegebs.
CiCerinis ZalisxmeviT seriozuli muSaoba Catarda rig qveynebTan neitra-
litetis Sesaxeb ormxrivi xelSekrulebebis gasaformeblad. moskovSi fiqrob-
dnen, rom amiT Seamcirebdnen lokarnos negatiur Sedegebs. am saxis pirveli xel-
Sekruleba daido TurqeTTan, Semdeg — germaniasTan, avRaneTTan, litvasTan da
iranTan.
mravali qveynis mier sabWoTa kavSiris diplomatiur aRiarebas mohyva daZa-
bulobis zrdis periodi 1920-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi. 1927 wels sabWoTa
xelmZRvaneloba ar gamoricxavda omis dawyebas. sak. kp(b) ;9 yrilobaze stalini
Seqmnil saerTaSoriso viTarebas 1914 wels adarebda. daZabul saerTaSoriso vi-
Tarebaze miTiTeba stalins Tavisi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebaSi exmareboda.
1920-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi CiCerini TandaTanobiT Camoscilda saga-
reo politikis uSualo xelmZRvanelobas. amis mizezi iyo nawilobriv avadmyofo-
ba da nawilobriv dapirispireba stalinTan. 1926 wels CiCerinma Tavisi movaleo-
bebis Sesruleba gadasca m. litvinovs da didi xniT gaemgzavra sazRvargareT sam-
kurnalod. 1930 wels ki litvinovi dainiSna sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris Ta-
namdebobaze.
am periodSi sabWoTa kavSirsa da did britaneTs Soris daZabuloba mkveTrad
gaizarda. am dros gardaicvala sabWoTa elCi londonSi l. krasini. kvlav dRis
wesrigSi dadga ruseTis revoluciamdeli valebis sakiTxi. sabWoTa mTavrobas

1924 wlis bolos inglisSi xelisuflebaSi kvlav konservatorebi movidnen. winasaarCevno kampaniis
dros maT gamoiyenes e. w. `zinovievis werili~, romelic inglisel komunistebs ajanyebis momzade-
bisken mouwodebda. konservatorebma uari Tqves sabWoTa kavSirTan savaWro xelSekrulebis rati-
fikaciaze. antisabWoTa ganwyoba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda 1926 wels. amis mizezi gaxda ingliseli
maRaroelebis gaficva, romelTac mxari dauWires kominternma da sabWoTa profkavSirebma. inglis-
Si es miiCnies qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad. 1927 wels konservatorTa mTavrobam diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi gawyvita sabWoTa kavSirTan, romelic mxolod 1929 wels aRdga.

bralad sdebdnen antibritanul propagandas indoeTSi, revoluciis mxardaWeras
CineTSi. CerCili moiTxovda diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gawyvetas sabWoTa
kavSirTan. pekinsa da londonSi sabWoTa warmomadgenlobebis Senobebs Tavs daes-
xa policia. Sedegad didma britaneTma gawyvita diplomatiuri urTierTobebi
sabWoTa kavSirTan (is aRdga mxolod ori wlis Semdeg). varSavis rkinigzis sad-
gurSi TeTrgvardielma mokla sabWoTa warmomadgeneli poloneTSi p. voikovi,
rodesac is xvdeboda inglisidan dabrunebul sabWoTa diplomatebs.

16.5. sabWoTa kavSiri SeiaraRebis zrdis winaaRmdeg
sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba iyo msof-

lioSi SeiaraRebis zrdis SezRudvis mcdeloba. 1927 wlis bolos erTa ligis spe-
cialur komisiaSi sabWoTa kavSirma Seitana winadadeba sruli da sayovelTao ga-
niaraRebis Sesaxeb. imave wels sabWoTa kavSiri SeuerTda oqms qimiuri da baqte-
riuli iaraRis samxedro gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa warmomadgenle-
bi aqtiurad monawileobdnen ganiaraRebis saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi, magram
es uSedego iyo. piriqiT, SeiaraRebis zrda ufro gamalebul xasiaTs iRebda.
1928 wlis zafxulSi parizSi rigi qveynebis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres
brian-kelogis paqts, romelsac saxeli ewoda misi iniciatorebis, safrangeTisa
da aSS-is sagareo uwyebebis xelmZRvanelTa gvarebisgan. paqti moiTxovda uaris
Tqmas omze, rogorc saxelmwifo politikis iaraRze. sabWoTa kavSiri SeuerTda
am paqts. sabWoTa kavSirma maSinve pirvelma moaxdina am paqtis ratificireba, xo-
lo 1929 wlis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris iniciativiT misma mosazRvre saxelmwi-
foebma (estoneTi, latvia, poloneTi, rumineTi) xeli moaweres moskovSi proto-
kols paqtis vadamdeli amoqmedebis Taobaze. mogvianebiT moskovis protokols
SeuerTdnen TurqeTi, irani da litva.
1931 wels sabWoTa kavSirma gaagrZela germaniasTan gaformebuli xelSekru-
leba neitralitetis Sesaxeb.
1932-1933 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirma Tavdausxmelobisa da konfliqtebis mSvi-
dobianad mogvarebis Taobaze xelSekrulebebi gaaforma fineTTan, latviasTan,
estoneTTan, poloneTTan, safrangeTTan da italiasTan.

16.6. mdgomareoba Soreul aRmosavleTSi (1929-1936)
sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvrebze mdgomareoba SedarebiT mSvidi iyo.

Soreul aRmosavleTSi viTareba ki pirdapir samxedro Setakebebamde midioda.
pirveli samxedro konfliqti moxda 1929 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze
CrdiloeT manjuriaSi. amis mizezi gaxda CrdiloeT manjuriaze gamavali rkinig-
zis xazi, romelic vladivostoks ukavSirdeboda (ɄȼɀȾ). CineTsa da sabWoTa kav-
Sirs Soris 1924 wlis SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, rkinigza erToblivi mmarTvelobis
qveS iyo, magram 1920-iani wlebis bolos Cinuri administracia faqtobrivad gan-
devnili iyo rkinigzis marTvidan, Tavad rkinigza ki sabWoTa kavSiris sakuTrebad
iyo gadaqceuli. amis mizezi CineTSi arsebuli ukiduresad arastabiluri viTare-
ba iyo. 1928 wels CineTSi xelisuflebaSi movida Can kaiSis mTavroba, romelic Ci-
neTis miwebis gaerTianebis gzas daadga da Seecada, ZaliT daebrunebina rkinigza-
ze dakarguli poziciebi.
daiwyo samxedro konfliqti. moskovna Seqmna gansakuTrebuli Soreuli aR-
mosavleTis armia (18,5 aTasi mebrZoli), romelsac bliuxeri edga saTaveSi. sabWo-
Ta jarebma daamarcxes CineTis teritoriaze CineTis sasazRvro razmebi, romel-
Tac winaaRmdegoba gauwies. 1929 wlis 22 dekembers xeli moewera sabWoTa kavSir -

CineTis SeTanxmebas, romliTac rkinigzaze aRdga Zveli mdgomareoba, magram dip-
lomatiuri urTierTobebis srulmasStabiani aRdgena mxolod 1932 wels moxda.
iaponiis safrTxem sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi aiZula, aRedginaT diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi.
Soreul aRmosavleTSi iaponiis saxiT warmoiSva omis gaCaRebis mZlavri ke-
ra. 1931 wels iaponiam daipyro manjuria da okupirebul manjuriaSi 1932 wlis 18
Tebervals gamoacxada `damoukidebeli~ saxelmwifos manjou-gos (`saxelmwifo
manjuria~) Seqmna (1932-1945). mas saTaveSi Cauyenes cinebis dinastiis ukanaskneli
warmomadgeneli pu i.
iaponiam uari Tqva, sabWoTa kavSirTan gaeformebina Tavdausxmelobis xel-
Sekruleba. manjuriis dapyrobiT iaponia pirdapir gavida sabWoTa kavSiris saz-
Rvarze, amave dros rkinigza aRmoCnda iaponelTa kontrolqveS moqceul teri-
toriaze. 1935 wels sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda, manjuriaze gamavali rki-
nigza mieyida manjou-gosTvis.
1930-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobda, monRoleTi rac SeiZleba mWid-
rod moeqcia Tavisi gavlenis qveS. 1931 wels monRoleTSi sabWoTa nimuSis mixed-
viT Catarda koleqtivizacia. amas 1932 wlis gazafxulze monRolTa ajanyeba moh-
yva. is sabWoTa armiam CaaxSo tankebisa da aviaciis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, 1930-iani
wlebis Suaxanebamde moskovis kontroli monRoleTze sruli ar iyo. 1937-1939
wlebSi sabWoTa mrCevlebi uSualod monawileobdnen monRoleTSi mimdinare masob-
riv represiebSi. magaliTad, mTlianad gaanadgures monRoleTis budisturi Temi.
1936 wlis martSi sabWoTa kavSirma monRoleTTan xeli moawera urTierTdax-
marebis xelSekrulebas, rac Semakavebeli faqtori unda yofiliyo iaponelebis-
Tvis.

16.7. sagareo vaWroba: zrdidan Semcirebisken
qveynebs Soris politikuri urTierTobebis barometria vaWroba. 1920-iani

wlebi sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo-savaWro urTierTobebis swrafi ganviTarebis pe-
riodia, 1930-ian wlebSi ki misi moculoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.
ganviTarebuli qveynebidan sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi
iyvnen germania, didi britaneTi da aSS. hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg
germaniasTan savaWro kavSirebi mkveTrad Semcirda, magram 1940 wels germania kvlav
gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli savaWro partniori. 1940 wels sabWoTa kavSiris mier
germaniisTvis miyiduli ZiriTadi saqoneli iyo marcvleuli, navTobi, bamba da misi
narCenebi (denTis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba), aseve xetyis masala. germaniaSi ki yi-
dulobdnen manqana-mowyobilobebs, agreTve maRali xarisxis liTons.
didma britaneTma da dasavleTis sxva qveynebis umravlesobam 1930-iani wle-
bis bolos mkveTrad Seamcires ekonomikuri urTierTobebi sabWoTa kavSirTan.
ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebidan sabWoTa kavSirTan intensiurad vaW-
robda aSS, Tumca saqonelbrunva masTanac mcirdeboda.
dasavleTTan vaWrobis Semcirebis mizezi gaxda 1930 wels vaSingtonisa da
londonis mier wamoyenebuli braldebebi, rom sabWoTa kavSirs saqoneli gahqon-
da dempingur fasebSi da akrZala importi sabWoTa kavSiridan. Tumca, ekonomiku-

sabWoTa xelisuflebam savaluto Semosavlebis SesanarCuneblad gazarda saqonlis eqsporti da
Seamcira fasebi. amis gamo bevrma qveyanam sabWoTa kavSirs brali dasdo dempingSi, e. i. saqonlis
TviTRirebulebaze nakleb fasad gayidvaSi, rac, maTi azriT, kriziss aZlierebda. 1930 wlis ivlisSi
aSS gamovida sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri blokadis iniciatorad da akrZala sabWoTa saqonlis
importi. blokadas SeuerTdnen safrangeTi, belgia, rumineTi, iugoslavia, poloneTi, inglisi. rac
Seexeba germanias, man, piriqiT, gazarda sabWoTa kavSirTan saqonelbrunva da lamis misi mTavari
partniori gaxda.

ri krizisis gamo, dasavleTis qveynebi dainteresebulni iyvnen sabWoTa kavSirTan
vaWrobiT.
aziis qveynebidan sabWoTa kavSiris msxvili savaWro partniorebi iyvnen Cine-
Ti da monRoleTi. monRoleTSi midioda eqsportze gatanili sabWoTa warmoebis
manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis didi wili.
sagareo vaWroba ara marto qveynebs Soris realuri urTierTobebis baro-
metria, aramed partniori qveynebis ekonomikis sarkec. sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis dabali done ganapirobebda im saqonlis CamonaTvals, rasac yi-
dida da yidulobda es qveyana. sabWoTa eqsportSi manqanebsa da mowyobilobebs
umniSvnelo adgili ekava (1940 wels 2), ZiriTadi saeqsporto saqoneli iyo mar-
cvleuli, morebi da xis masala, bewveuli da navTobproduqtebi.
nedleulis gayidviT miRebuli valuta ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda manqana-
mowyobilobebisa da liTonis nakeTobebis SesaZenad. sagareo vaWroba mniSvnelo-
vani saSualeba iyo qveynis industrializaciisTvis, magram 1930-iani wlebSi evro-
pis qveynebTan urTierTobis gauaresebas mohyva vaWrobis Semcirebac. Semcirda
sabWoTa kavSiris roli Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi. sabWoTa ekonomika
gadaiqca daxurul sistemad, romelic mowyvetili iyo danarCeni msofliosgan.
es uaryofiTad aisaxa sabWoeTis sameurneo ganviTarebaze.

16.8. nacistebis mosvla germaniis saTaveSi da sabWoTa kavSiris saga-
reo politikis Secvla
1933 wels Seicvala politikuri situacia evropaSi. germaniaSi nacistebi

movidnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi, romlebic ar malavdnen TavianT gegmebs, daew-
yoT brZola msoflios xelaxali gadanawilebisaTvis, `didi germaniis~ Seqmnis
idea gulisxmobda rigi qveynebis dapyrobas, maT Soris sabWoTa kavSiris terito-
riisac.
sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda, Seecvala Tavisi sagareopolitikuri
kursi. pirvel rigSi, gadaisinja sabWoTa sagareo politikis ZiriTadi debuleba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, yvela ìmperialisturi~ qveyana erTnairad aRiqmeboda
mtrad da isini nebismier momentSi mzad iyvnen, sabWoTa kavSirs Tavs dasxmodnen.
amieridan sabWoTa xelisufalni cdilobdnen, àgresiuli~ qveynebi danarCenebis-
gan gamoeyoT. 1933 wlis bolos sak. kp (b) centraluri komitetis davalebiT saga-
reo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma SeimuSava evropaSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
sistemis Seqmnis gegma. am droidan 1939 wlamde sabWoTa sagareo politikam anti-
germanuli xasiaTi SeiZina. misi mTavari mizani gaxda kavSiris Sekvra demokrati-
ul qveynebTan germaniisa da iaponiis izolaciis mizniT. es kursi ukavSirdeboda
sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris maqsim litvinovis (1876-1951) saqmianobas, ro-
melic 1930-1939 wlebSi sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari iyo.
sabWoTa kavSiri aqtiurad akritikebda faSizms saxelmwifo doneze da ma-
sobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT. faSizmis mowinaaRmdegeni did imeds amyareb-
dnen sabWoTa kavSirsa da inglis-safrangeTs Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevaze nacis-
turi germaniis winaaRmdeg.
axali sagareopolitikuri kursis pirveli warmateba iyo 1933 wlis noember-
Si diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba aSS-sTan da 1934 wlis seqtemberSi, ri-
gi qveynebis miwveviT, sabWoTa kavSiris erTa ligaSi Sesvla, sadac maSinve gaxda
misi sabWos mudmivi wevri. es niSnavda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri saerTaSoriso arenaze

daibada ebraeli vaWris ojaxSi. namdvili saxeli da gvaria — meer-genox moiseis Ze valaxi.

sabWoTa kavSirma Tavi daaneba am organizaciis adrindel kritikas.

damkvidrda didi saxelmwifos statusiT. sabWoTa kavSirisTvis isic mniSvnelova-
ni iyo, rom erTa ligaSi miiRes moskovis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT: yvela dava,
maT Soris mefis ruseTis droindeli valebis Taobaze, mis sasargeblod gadawyda.
saerTaSoriso daZabulobis zrdam dRis wesrigSi daayena koleqtiuri usaf-
rTxoebis sistemis Seqmnisa da agresiis Tavidan acilebis sakiTxi. 1933 wlis da-
sawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri gamovida Tavdamsxmeli mxaris (agresoris) gansaz-
Rvris konvenciiT. masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom agresia aris sxva qveynis teritori-
aze SeWra omis gamocxadebiT an mis gareSe, agreTve sxva qveynebis teritoriis da-
bombva, Tavdasxma sazRvao gemebze, navsadgurebis blokada. msoflios wamyvani
qveynebi civad Sexvdnen sabWoTa proeqts, magram rumineTma, iugoslaviam, Cexos-
lovakiam, poloneTma, estoneTma, latviam, litvam, TurqeTma, iranma, avRaneTma,
mogvianebiT ki fineTma xeli moaweres sabWoTa kavSirTan am dokuments.
1934 wels sabWoTa kavSirma winadadeba wamoayena, SeeqmnaT àRmosavleTis
paqti~, romelSic Sevidodnen sabWoTa kavSiri, poloneTi, germania, Cexoslovakia,
fineTi, litva, latvia da estoneTi. paqts misi monawile qveyana agresorisgan un-
da daecva. 1934 wlis seqtemberSi paqtSi monawileobaze uari Tqva germaniam, Sem-
deg ki — poloneTma.
1935 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSirsa da safrangeTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba
urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb agresoris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi. sinamdvileSi aRe-
buli ormxrivi valdebulebani naklebad efeqturi iyo, radganac xelSekrulebas
ar erToda raime samxedro SeTanxmeba.
safrangeTis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba Ce-
xoslovakiasTanac gaaforma, magram safrangeTis moTxovniT CexoslovakiasTan
xelSekrulebaSi Setanil iqna piroba: sabWoTa kavSiri im SemTxvevaSi daexmarebo-
da Cexoslovakias, Tuki aseTive daxmarebas aRmouCenda safrangeTi. am punqtma da
Cexoslovakiis mTavrobis gaubedaobam gaaadvila hitleris agresia.
1935 wels sabWoTa kavSirma dagmo germaniaSi sayovelTao samxedro valde-
bulebis SemoReba da italiis Tavdasxma eTiopiaze.
1936 wlis 7 marts germania gamovida 1925 wlis lokarnos SeTanxmebidan, ro-
melic mas aiZulebda daecva versalis zavis pirobebi rainis olqis demilitari-
zaciis Sesaxeb da iq jari Seiyvana. demilitarizebul rainis zonaSi germaniis ja-
rebis Seyvanis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma erTa ligas SesTavaza, koleqtiuri zomebi
mieRoT saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa darRvevis aRsakveTad, magram es mowodeba
uSedegod darCa.
1936 wlis seqtemberSi niunbergSi Sedga nacisturi partiis yriloba, ro-
melmac wamoayena omisTvis momzadebis 4-wliani gegma da germaniis mzaoba, ebrZo-
la `sasicocxlo sivrcisTvis~. 1937 wlis 30 ianvars hitlerma ganacxada, rom
germania gamodioda versalis xelSekrulebidan.

16.9. Semobruneba politikuri realobisken. kominternis 9,, kongresi
1933 wlamde stalini Tvlida, rom kominterns, pirvel rigSi, unda uzrunve-
leyo sabWoTa kavSiris Sidapolitikuri kursis saerTaSoriso mxardaWera. sta-
linis meTodebs yvelaze mwvaved evropeli social-demokratebi akritikebdnen.
samagierod, stalinis mier isini komunistebis mTavar mtrebad da faSizmis xel-
Semwyobebad iyvnen gamocxadebuli. aseTma poziciam gamoiwvia antifaSisturi Za-
lebis gaTiSva da gauadvila nacistebs germaniaSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvla.
1933 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo-politikuri kursis SecvlasTan erTad,
Seicvala kominternis poziciac. gadasinjes wina wlebSi damkvidrebuli rigi
araswori debulebebi. axali strategiuli xazis SemuSavebas saTaveSi Caudga g.

dimitrovi. axali taqtika daamtkica kominternis 9,, kongresma, romelic 1935
wlis ivlis-agvistoSi moskovSi Catarda. sabWoTa kavSirSi mkveTrad Semcirda
ritorika msoflio proletaruli revoluciis Sesaxeb.
komunistebis mTavar amocanad gamocxadda erTiani antifaSisturi frontis
Seqmna msoflio omis Tavidan asacileblad. komunistebi unda gamosuliyvnen Ta-
namSromlobis organizatorebad yvela ZalasTan — social-demokratebidan daw-
yebuli liberalebiT damTavrebuli. antifaSisturi frontis Seqmna da farTo
antisaomari aqciebi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris usafrTxoebas.
kongresma aRniSna, rom sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi komunistebi mo-
uwodeben mSromelebs, `yvela saSualebiT da nebismier fasad xeli Seuwyon wiTe-
li armiis gamarjvebas imperialistebis armiebze~.
kominternis meSvide kongresis gadawyvetilebebma muSaTa erTiani frontisa
da farTo saxalxo frontis Seqmnis Taobaze SesaZlebeli gaxada faSizmis SeCereba
safrangeTSi. pirvel rigSi iqna wamoweuli saerTo-demokratiuli, humanitaruli,
mSvidobis SenarCunebis amocanebi. kongresma meti damoukidebloba mianiWa kompar-
tiebs, magram misi realizeba ver moxerxda. kominternis axali taqtikis praqtikaSi
gamoyenebis pirveli mcdeloba 1936 wels espaneTSi iyo, sadac generali franko fa-
Sistur amboxebas Caudga saTaveSi respublikuri mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.

16.10. omi espaneTSi da sabWoTa kavSiri
1936 wlis TebervalSi espaneTSi Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi mcire

upiratesobiT gaimarjva socialistebis, anarqistebisa da komunistebis blokma.
qveyanaSi gaizarda dapirispireba politikuri da religiuri motivebiT. 1936
wlis 17 ivliss `wesrigis aRsadgenad~ ajanyeba daiwyo oficerTa jgufma axalgaz-
rda generlis francisko frankos xelmZRvanelobiT. frankos garSemo gaerTian-
dnen memarjvene liberalebi, kaTolikeebi, monarqistebi da samxedro diqtatu-
ris momxreebi — falangistebi, romelTa xelmZRvanelic xose antonio primo de
rivera respublikelebma (ase iwodebodnen saxalxo frontis mTavrobis momxree-
bi) daxvrites. frankos mxareze aRmoCnda armiis didi nawili. daiwyo samoqalaqo
omi.
italia, germania da portugalia meamboxeebs uWerdnen mxars. meamboxeebs
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan daxmarebas germania da italia uwevdnen. maT 1937
wlis 18 noembers cnes frankos mTavroba. garda samxedro-teqnikuri daxmarebisa,
espaneTSi ibrZoda 50-aTasiani germanuli korpusi da daaxloebiT 200-aTasiani
italiuri armia. inglisma da safrangeTma gamoacxades `Caurevlobis~ politika,
rac meamboxeebisTvis iyo xelsayreli. am poziciam memarcxene Zalebis aRSfoTeba
gamoiwvia. espaneTSi aTasobiT moxalise gaemgzavra sxvadasxva qveynidan.
sabWoTa diplomatia rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. erTi mxriv, espaneTis
respublikelebis Ria materialuri da samxedro mxardaWera safuZveli gaxdebo-
da revoluciis eqsportis Sesaxeb axali braldebebis wamosayeneblad. meore
mxriv, mxardaWeris gareSe Tuki datovebda espanel respublikelebsa da maT da-
saxmareblad Casul moxaliseebs, es sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenisa da avtoritetis
Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. 1936 wlis 4 oqtombers sabWoTa kavSirma Riad ganacxada,

cnobili bulgareli komunisti giorgi dimitrovi (1882-1949) nacistebma daapatimres da bralad
dasdes raixstagis dawva. sabWoTa kavSirma dimitrovs moqalaqeoba mianiWa. nacistebi iZulebuli
gaxdnen dimitrovi gaeTavisuflebinaT. 1935 wels dimitrovi airCies kominternis aRmasrulebeli
komitetis generalur mdivnad.

es aRmoCnda kominternis ukanaskneli kongresi.

daxvrites mravali mRvdeli da beri.

ajanyebis pirobiTi niSani iyo radioTi gaJRerebuli fraza: `mTel espaneTze uRrublo caa~.

rom mxars uWerda espaneTis respublikelebs. espaneTSi gaigzavna sabWoTa samxed-
ro teqnika, daaxloebiT 3,5 aTasi `moxalise~, maT Soris 700-ze meti samxedro
mrCeveli (maTgan 230 daiRupa), aseve iaraRi da sabrZolo masala.
kominternma komunisturi partiebis meSveobiT mraval qveyanaSi gaSala kam-
pania, moxaliseebs mouwoda, Cabmuliyvnen `faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~. espa-
neTSi respublikelebis mxareze ibrZodnen internacionaluri brigadebi — 50
aTasze meti moxalise msoflios 64 qveynidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom daaxloebiT 1,5
aTasi moxalise frankistebis mxarezec ibrZoda, ZiriTadad kaTolikeebi, romle-
bic respublikelTa mier eklesiaze Zaladobam aRaSfoTa.
respublikelTa politikuri speqtri Zalzed Wreli iyo, magrm stalini mTe-
li omis manZilze cdilobda uzrunveleyo komunistebis hegemonia memarcxenee-
bis Wrel koaliciaSi. iyenebdnen SantaJs da mkvlelobebsac. magaliTad `gaqra~
interbrigadebis xelmZRvaneli, madridis dacvis gmiri generali kleberi, rome-
lic udidesi popularobiT sargeblobda respublikelTa Soris. sabWoTa uSiSro-
eba wmendas atarebda espaneTSic — rodesac 1937 wels sabWoTa armiis zeda eSelo-
nebSi represiebi ganxorcielda, espaneTSic gaanadgures is samxedroebi, romleb-
Tanac represirebulebi megobrobdnen.
rodesac kataloniel muSebSi gaZlierda antistalinuri ganwyoba, sabWoTa
uSiSroebam stalinis miTiTebiT daiwyo sxvadasxva politikuri fraqciis erTma-
neTTan dapirispireba. komunistebis liderma diasma moiTxova stalinis mowina-
aRmdege yvela dajgufebis CaxSoba, presasa da radiosadgurebze kontrolis dam-
yareba. moskovi cdilobda, stalinuri meTodebiT espaneTSic aeSenebina totali-
taruli saxelmwifo, es ki mxolod arTulebda respublikelebis mdgomareobas —
komunistebma hegemonias ver miaRwies, saxalxo fronti ki daiSala.
espaneTSi 1936 wlis meore naxevridan upiratesoba frankistebis mxareze ga-
davida. franko 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi marokoSi ebrZoda rifebis toms, orive mxa-
re sisastikiT gamoirCeoda da afrikuli omis wesebi espaneTSi gadmoitana, umow-
yalod xocavda komunistebs. 1938 wlis martSi meamboxeebma gaarRvies aragonis
fronti da gavidnen xmelTaSua zRvaze, amiT orad gaxliCes respublikelTa xelT
arsebuli teritoria. 1939 wlis 28 marts daeca madridi. espaneTSi damTavrda sa-
moqalaqo omi, romelSic daaxloebiT 1 milioni adamiani daiRupa.
espaneTSi faSisturi diqtatura damyarda. saxelmwifos meTauri franko
gaxda, romelic 1939 wlis 27 marts SeuerTda àntikominternul paqts~, magram
franko ar apirebda hitleris morCil satelitad gadaqcevas da saidumlo kon-
taqtebs eZebda amerikelebTan da ingliselebTan. 1940 wlis Semodgomaze franko
pireneebSi hitlers Sexvda, romlis Semdegac Tavis axlobel pirebs uTxra: àm
adamianTan laparaki igivea, rac jansaRi kbilis amogleja~.
1939 wlis ianvarSi, rodesac cxadi gaxda respublikelebis damarcxeba, sta-
linma Sewyvita daxmarebis gaweva. espaneTis oqros maragi (600 tona oqro) sabWoTa
kavSirma waiRo daxmarebis gawevis sanacvlod. sabWoTa kavSirma SeinarCuna aseve
agenturis qseli evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi, romelic Seqmnes respublikelTa
mxareze moxaliseTa misazidad.
espaneTis ambebma TvalsaCinod aCvena, rom aucilebeli iyo faSizmis winaaR-
mdeg sabrZolvelad ZalTa gaerTianeba, magram demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi jer

am mxriv sagulisxmoa italieli primo jibelis bedi. 1921 wels axalgazrda italieli sabWoTa
kavSirSi gaeqca musolinis reJims, gaxda mfrinavi-gamomcdeli. 1936 wels italieli komunistebis
lideris palmiro toliatis (1893-1964) rekomendaciiT Cavida espaneTSi respublikelTa mxareze
saomrad. is pirveli ucxoeli iyo, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris gmiri gaxda (ordeni 116).
madridisTvis brZolaSi misi bombdamSeni Camoagdes, ori kviris Semdeg ki frankistebma madridSi
paraSutiT Caagdes yuTi, romelSic jibelis danawevrebuli sxeuli iyo moTavsebuli.

1939 wlis 27 Tebervals didma britaneTma da safrangeTma de-iure cnes frankos reJimi.

kidev fiqrobdnen, romeli reJimi ufro saxifaTo iyo demokratiisaTvis — faSis-
turi Tu komunisturi.

16.11. mdgomareoba Soreul aRmosavleTSi (1937-1939)
1936 wlis noemberSi germaniam da iaponiam xeli moaweres antikominternul

paqts, romelsac Semdeg italia da espaneTi SeuerTda.
1937 wlis ivlisSi iaponiam daiwyo farTomasStabiani agresia CineTis winaaR-
mdeg. aseT pirobebSi Can kaiSi da Cineli komunistebi mao Ze dunis xelmZRvanelo-
biT saerTo moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. maTi kavSiri 1945 wlamde gagrZelda. iapo-
niis agresiis pirobebSi CineTi da sabWoTa kavSiri erTmaneTs dauaxlovdnen. 1937
wlis 21 agvistos gaaformes xelSekruleba Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb. xelSekru-
lebis gaformebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri CineTs teqnikur da materialur daxma-
rebas uwevda. brZolebSi CinelTa mxareze monawileobdnen sabWoTa instruqto-
rebi da moxalise mfrinavebi.
1939 wlis TebervalSi CineTSi imyofeboda 3665 sabWoTa samxedro specialis-
ti. sul 1937 wlis Semodgomidan 1942 wlis dasawyisamde (rodesac isini ZiriTadad
wamovidnen CineTidan) CineTSi ibrZoda 5 aTasze meti sabWoTa moqalaqe. am wlebis
ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSirma CineTs gadasca 1285 TviTmfrinavi, 1600 qvemexi, 82
tanki, 1850 traqtori, tyviamfrqvevebis, SaSxanebisa da sabrZolo masalis didi ra-
odenoba. stalini cdilobda Cinelebis xeliT moexdina iaponelebis `neitralize-
ba~ da imavdroulad TandaTanobiT `gaekomunistebina~ Tavad CineTi. 1939 wlamde
sabWoTa kavSiri aqtiurad uWerda mxars CineTs, magram 1939 wlis 23 agvistos sab-
WoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, CineTi-
saTvis gaweuli daxmareba mkveTrad Semcirda, xolo 1941 wlis 13 aprils sabWoTa
kavSir-iaponias Soris xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdeg saerTod Sewyda.
rogorc ukve iTqva, iaponiasTan urTierTobaSi daZabulobis Sesaneleblad
stalinma 1935 wels manjou-gos mihyida ruseTis wili CineT-aRmosavleTis rki-
nigzaSi. stalini iaponiasTan samxedro konfliqtisTvis emzadeboda da amitom mi-
si brZanebiT likvidirebul iqna Cinelebisa da koreelebisTvis Seqmnili avtono-
miebi Soreul aRmosavleTSi. ufro metic, 1937-1938 wlebSi primoriesa da xaba-
rovskis mxareSi mcxovrebi Cinelebi da koreelebi yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi gada-
asaxles, radganac stalins eSinoda, rom omis SemTxvevaSi isini iaponelebis mxa-
reze gadavidodnen.
1938 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi iaponiasa da sabWoTa
jarebs Soris sabWoTa kavSir-manjuriis sazRvarze. 1938 wlis agvistoSi gaaf-
Trebuli Setakebebi moxda xasanis tbasTan (vladivostokis CrdiloeTiT). iapo-
nelTa mxridan es iyo e. w. dazverva brZoliT, rac maTTvis warumatebeli aRmoC-
nda.
1936 wels iaponiis kvantunis armiis
Stabis ufrosma generalma itagakim ganacxa-
da, rom iaponias aucileblad unda moeqcia
Tavisi batonobis qveS monRoleTi. ufro ad-
re, 1935 wels iaponiam monRoleTs mosTxova,
mdinare xalxin-goli gamxdariyo sazRvari
monRoleTsa da manjou-gos Soris, rac saz-
Rvris 20-25 kilometriT gadawevas niSnavda,
maleve daiwyo sasazRvro Setakebebi.
1939 wlis maisSi iaponelebi monRoleTis teritoriaze SeiWrnen mdinare
xalxin-golis raionSi. sabWoTa kavSirsa da monRoleTs Soris dadebuli iyo xel-

Sekruleba urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa kavSirma jarebi Seiyvana monRo-
leTSi. sabWoTa nawilebma (80 aTasze meti jariskaci da 880 erTeuli javSanteqni-
ka) sastikad daamarcxes iaponelebi. operacia dagegma me-2 rangis komandarmma g.
Sternma, romelsac jer sabWoTa kavSiris gmiroba mianiWes, Semdeg ki daxvrites.
xalxin-golTan gamarjvebis dideba mTlianad g.Jukovs ergo, romelic monRo-
leTSi myof sabWoTa jarebs sardlobda.
iaponiis mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, moskovSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebis-
Tvis, romlis Tanaxmadac, 1939 wlis 16 seqtembridan wydeboda yovelgvari saoma-
ri moqmedebebi. Soreul aRmosavleTSi saomari moqmedebebis Semdgomi eskalaciis
safrTxe ganeitralda.
sabWoTa kavSiris germaniasTan daaxloebam garkveuli uTanxmoeba warmoSva
germania-iaponiis urTierTobebSi da sabWoTa kavSirisTvis moxsna or frontze
omis safrTxe. iaponiam Tavi Seikava àntikominternul paqtSi~ monawileobis gaR-
rmavebaze, 1939 wlis 28 agvistos ki gadadga k. xiranumis samTavrobo kabineti, ro-
melic mxars uWerda germaniasTan erTad sabWoTa kavSirTan oms.

16.12. miunhenis SeTanxmeba
1938 wlis maisis Sua ricxvebidan germaniam jarebis Tavmoyra daiwyo Cexos-
lovakiis sazRvarze. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba mzad iyo, daxmareba gaewia Cexos-
lovakiisTvis im pirobiT, rom praRas Tavad unda eTxova amis Taobaze. magram Ce-
xoslovakiaSi jer kidev dasavleTeli mokavSireebis daxmarebis imedi hqondaT.
seqtemberSi, rodesac situacia ukiduresad daiZaba, inglisisa da safrange-
Tis xelmZRvanelebi miunhenSi Cavidnen germaniasa da italiasTan mosalaparakeb-
lad, iq ar miiwvies arc Cexoslovakia da arc sabWoTa kavSiri. miuxedavad amisa,
sabWoTa kavSiri mzad iyo, daxmareba gaewia CexoslovakiisTvis, Tuki amas Cexos-
lovakiis mTavroba oficialurad moiTxovda, Tumca ase ar moxda.
miunhenis SeTanxmebam 1938 wlis 28 seqtembers Cexoslovakias Camoacila su-
detis olqi, romelic ZiriTadad germanelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli — Cexoslovaki-
is teritoriis daaxloebiT 20. iq cxovrobda qveynis mosaxleobis meoTxedi da
mdebareobda mZime mrewvelobis daaxloebiT naxevari. 1939 wlis martSi Cexoslo-
vakiis imdroindeli prezidentis e. gaxis `TanxmobiT~ germaniam mTlianad daikava
Cexoslovakia.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna ver moxerxda. 1938 wlis seqtem-
berSi gaformda inglis-germaniis da 1938 wlis dekemberSi safrangeT-germaniis
deklaraciebi. deklaraciebSi naTqvami iyo, rom mxareebi eswrafvian, àrasodes
meti aRar iomon erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg~ da yvela sakiTxi gadaeWraT molaparake-
bebis gziT.

nacistebma Cexoslovakia daSales — bohemia

da moravia gaxda germaniis proteqtorati da Se-
vida `mesame raixis~ SemadgenlobaSi, slovakeTi
ki `damoukidebel~ saxelmwifod da germaniis
mokavSired gamocxadda.
germaniis garda, Cexoslovakiis teritoriis
nawili SeierTes ungreTma da poloneTma.

miunhenis SeTanxmebas xeli moaweres didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis (Cemberleni da daladie)
liderebma da faSistma diqtatorebma (hitleri da musolini).

Cexoslovakiis mosaxleoba iyo 7,5 milioni Cexi, 2,5 milioni slovaki da 3,5 milioni germaneli.

16.13. sabWoTa kavSiris mzadeba ùkanaskneli omisTvis~.
koleqtivizaciis mTavari mizezi is iyo, rom komunistur nomenklaturas ar

SeeZlo Tanaarseboba Tavisufal glex-mwarmoebelTan. meore mizezi ki industri-
alizaciisa da samxedro warmoebis swrafi ganviTarebis survili iyo, momavali
`revoluciis eqsportis~ gansaxorcieleblad.
pirveli xuTwledis dros mkveTrad gaizarda sabWoTa samxedro biujeti.
1928-1929 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro xarjebi Seadgenda 93 mln girvanqa
sterlings. 1932 wels ki — daaxloebiT 140 milions. hitlerma evropaSi SezRudu-
li omisaTvis mzadeba didi sifrTxiliT daiwyo 1935 wels, stalinma ki — 1929 wlis
aprilSi, pirveli xuTwliani gegmis miRebis Semdeg. arnaxuli tempiT izrdeboda
tankmSenebloba.
1932 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis wiTel armias 1446 tanki da 213 javSniani manqana
hyavda. 1934 wlis 1 ianvars ki wiTel armias ukve hyavda 7574 tanki da 326 javSniani
avtomobili. es meti iyo, vidre didi britaneTis, germaniisa da safrangeTis armi-
ebSi erTad aRebuli. sabWoTa reJimis xelmZRvanelebi sul ufro aqtiurad fiq-
robdnen msoflio revoluciis damaCqareblis rolis Sesrulebaze.
1935 wels vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi igegmeboda mxolod 36 diviziis formi-
reba da armiis gaSla 550 aTas mebrZolamde, xolo wiTel armiaSi iyo 87 msroleli
da 32 kavaleriis divizia, piradi Semadgenloba ki 960 aTass aRwevda.
1937 wels germanias omis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo 61 qveiTi diviziisa da 2 aTasam-
de tankisa da javSniani manqanis gamoyvana. poloneTs SeeZlo 36 diviziisa da da-
axloebiT 340 tankisa da javSniani manqanis gamoyvana, sabWoTa kavSirs ki SeeZlo
omis SemTxvevaSi mxolod dasavleTSi gamoeyvana 140 divizia da 10 aTasi tanki.
sabWoTa kavSiri mosaxleobis siRatakeSi cxovrebisa da sastiki eqspluata-
ciis Sedegad gamalebiT iaraRdeboda.
sabWoTa kavSiris samobilizacio gegmebi omis SemTxvevaSi (1928-1934 wlebi)

1928 1930 1932 1934 zrda 1928-1934
piradi Semadgenloba (mln. adami- 2,9 3,1 3,5 4,8 65
ani) mln. mln. mln. mln.
msroleli diviziebi 103 105,5 144 149 44
artileria 7900 8595 12995 29650 275
TviTmfrinavebi 1300 1420 1923 3500 170
tankebi 90 429 1444 9000 990
sabWoTa kavSirSi SeiaraRebis warmoebis zrda

1930 1932 1934 1936 1939 zrda (1930-1939)
saartilerio sistemebi 952 2574 4123 5235 16459 1629
saartilerio Wurvebi 790 1224 1504 5200 18099 2191
(aTasi)
aviabombebi (aTasi) 14 147 369 600ze 2834 20142
meti
tyviamfrqvevebi 9600 45.000 29.200 31.100 96.433 904
tankebi 170 3038 3565 4804 29860 1656
TviTmfrinavebi 899 1734 3109 2688 10758 1096


ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɦ ,,. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ,Ɇ., 2016, ɫɬɪ.320-321.

sabWoTa propaganda gamudmebiT xazs usvamda wiTeli
armiis mravalricxovnebas da Zalas, Tumca brZolebma
xasanis tbasTan (1938) da fineTTan omma (1939-1940) aC-
vena, rom wiTeli armiis sabrZolo momzadeba dabali
iyo. armiis piradi Semadgenlobis momzadebis xarisxi
Camouvardeboda mis SeiaraRebas.

taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT wiTelarmielebi, anu guSindeli glexebi, cudad

iyvnen gawvrTnilni, dabali iyo disciplina. meTaurebs ki dabali zogadi kultu-
ra hqondaT da damoukideblad gadawyvetilebebis miRebis eSinodaT. jarSi bato-
nobda loToba, fizikuri angariSsworeba. armia savse iyo uSiSroebis jaSuSebiT
da 1928-1929 wlebidan ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda represiebi. pasiuri mebrZoli
da iniciativis armqone meTauri mxolod iaraRi iyo sardlobisaTvis. miznad isa-
xavdnen, mteri didi ricxobrivi upiratesobiT, didi msxverplis fasad daemar-
cxebinaT. armiis aseT mdgomareobas xels uwyobda 1925-1940 wlebSi Tavdacvis sa-
xalxo komisris marSal voroSilovis pirovnebac, romelsac dabali ganaTleba
hqonda.
sabWoTa propaganda saqmes ise warmoadgenda, rom mxolod partiis xel-
mZRvanelobiT moxerxda aseTi udidesi warmatebebis miRweva da sabWoTa kavSirSi
Seiqmna SeiaraRebis saukeTeso nimuSebi, Tumca dasavleTSi samxedro sferoSi
miRwevebi aranaklebi iyo, Tanac yovelgvari ideologiuri isteriisa da kolosa-
luri msxverplis gareSe.

16.14. msoflio sazogadoebis damokidebuleba stalinis reJimisadmi
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dros dasavleTis memarcxene da liberalur

wreebSi didi iyo interesi sabWoTa eqsperimentisadmi, romelmac TiTqosda bolo
mouRo masobriv umuSevrobasa da warmoebis vardnas. koleqtivizaciis saSinele-
bebsa da golodomorze dasavleTSi cotam Tu icoda rame, miT umetes, veravin
warmoidgenda, rom SimSiloba saxelmwifos mier iyo organizebuli.
1936 wels miRebulma garegnulad demokratiulma konstituciam dasavleTSi
gaaCina sabWoTa reJimis liberalizaciis imedi, romelic `normaluri saxelmwi-
fo~ gaxdeboda, magram 1936 wlis Semodgomidan dawyebulma masobrivma terorma
es imedebi gaaqro. terori sajaro iyo, mTeli msoflios Tvalwin. dasavleTSi bev-
risTvis cxadi gaxda, didma terorma mniSvnelovnad Secvala msoflio sazogado-
ebis damokidebuleba sabWoTa kavSirisadmi. cxadi gaxada, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi
arsebobda erTi pirovnebis daundobeli diqtatura. 1939 wels stalinis reJimi
iseve aRiqmeboda totalitarulad, rogorc nacisturi reJimi.
dasavleTSi imasac xedavdnen, rom represiebi saxelmwifio aparatsa da armi-
aSi asustebda sabWoTa saxelmwifos. hitleri sabWoTa reJims `Tixis fexebze
mdgar goliaTs~ uwodebda, romelic daecemoda pirveli seriozuli dartymis
Semdeg. dasavleTeli politikosebi miiCnevdnen, rom represiebi reJimisadmi si-
Zulvils gamoiwvevda xalxSi da mas omis SemTxvevaSi ar daicavdnen. stalinis re-
Jimi aRiqmeboda ara mxolod ucxo sxeulad, aramed sust Zaladac.

nawili meeqvse
sabWoTa totalitaruli politikuri sistemis
saboloo gaformeba
Tavi ;9,,.
sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri sistema 1930-ian wlebSi

17.1. `mobilizaciuri tipis~ politikuri sistemis formireba
1920-iani wlebis bolosTvis sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelisufalTa poli-

tikur xedvebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. masze gavlena moaxdina orma um-
niSvnelovanesma debulebam, rac safuZvlad daedo sabWoTa kavSiris modernize-
bul oficialur ideologias:
pirveli iyo daskvna socializmisa da komunizmis aSenebis SesaZleblobis Se-
saxeb erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi. `msoflio revoluciis~ adrindeli ideisgan
gansxvavebiT, es axali daskvna gulisxmobda, rom xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
axali sazogadoebis mSenebloba ganxorcieldeboda mtrul imperialistur gare-
mocvaSi;
meore daskvna gamomdinareobda pirvelidan da acxadebda, rom socializmis
idealebisaken winsvlasTan erTad klasobrivi brZola qveynis SigniT sul ufro
gaizrdeboda da gamwvavdeboda.

orive es debuleba praqtikul politikur nabijebs
gulisxmobda:
9 samxedro-ekonomikuri potencialis zrda da mZlav-
ri armiis Seqmna;
9 centralizmisa da beladis — stalinis erTpirovnu-
li xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba;
9 ideologiuri aparatis formireba masebis cnobie-
rebis dasamuSaveblad;
9 mZlavri represiuli manqanis Seqmna `xalxis mtre-
bis~ gamosavlenad da mosaspobad.

zemoT aRniSnulma faqtorebma gansazRvres sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri
sistemis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
saqme marto ideologiur sqemebSi rodi iyo. politikur zedafenas miaCnda,
rom mokle vadaSi SesaZlebeli iyo industriuli sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sa-
fuZvlebis Seqmna sazogadoebis yvela Zalis maqsimaluri daZabviT da qveynis re-
sursebis sruli mobilizebiT. amisaTvis ki saWirod miaCndaT mkacri politikuri
sistemis formireba.

1930-ian wlebSi sabWoTa sazogadoebis Ziri-
Tadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi iyo:
9 saxelmwifo sakuTrebis monopolia;
9 direqtiuli centralizebuli dagegmva;
9 cxovrebis yvela sferos saxelmwifos xelSi
moqceva;
9 xelisuflebis mkacri vertikali qarizmatu-
li lideriT saTaveSi. partiul-saxelmwifo-
ebrivi elitis diqtatura;
9 represiebi da araekonomikuri iZuleba;
9 sazogadoebrivi azris miTologizeba da da-
savleTis gamocdilebis uaryofa;
9 daxuruli qveyana. avtarkiisken swrafva;
9 moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da kanonierebis ma-
sobrivi darRveva.

sabWoTa kavSirSi `mobilizaciuri tipis~ politikuri sistemis formirebas
winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi hqonda. erTi mxriv, moxerxda industriuli bazis Seq-
mna, romlis gareSec Semdgom ver SeZlebdnen germaniis samxedro manqanis gamkla-
vebas. meore mxriv, politikuri sistemis am modelis fasi sazogadoebisTvis saSi-
neli iyo: masStaburi politikuri represiebi, gansxvavebuli azris devna, adamia-
nis uflebebis masobrivi darRveva.

17.2. komunisturi partiis roli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi
sabWoTa kavSirSi 1920-1930-ian wlebSi sul ufro mcirdeboda sabWoebis,

oficialurad gamocxadebuli xelisuflebis organoebis, roli. sabWoebis yri-
loba TandaTanobiT kargavda mniSvnelobas. 1927 wlidan mas or weliwadSi er-
Txel iwvevdnen, nacvlad adrindeli yovelwliuri Sekrebebisa. yrilobebma sapa-
rado xasiaTi SeiZina. mTavrobis moxsenebebi informaciul xasiaTs atarebda. um-
niSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebebs ukve iRebdnen ara sabWoTa, aramed partiuli
organoebi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebas faqtobrivad komunisturi par-
tia axorcielebda. komunisturi partiis interesebis Sesabamisad yalbdeboda is-
toriac. bolSevikebis partias warmoaCendnen erTaderT revoluciur Zalad, yve-
la sxva partiis revoluciuri roli uaryofili iyo.
komunisturi partiis organoebi niSnavdnen da xsnidnen Tanamdebobis pirebs
qveyanaSi, asaxelebdnen sabWoebis deputatTa kandidatebs. mxolod sak. kp(b) wev-
rebs ekavaT yvela sapasuxismgeblo saxelmwifo posti, saTaveSi edgnen armias, sa-
marTaldamcav da sasamarTlo organoebs, xelmZRvanelobdnen saxalxo meurneo-
bas. politbiuros mowonebis gareSe vercerT kanons ver miiRebdnen. politbiuro
gansazRvravda sabWoTa saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas. partiulma
simbolikamac ki oficialuri statusi SeiZina — wiTeli droSa da partiuli himni
ìnternacionali~ saxelmwifos simbolika gaxda.
sabWoebs, romelic leninma xelisuflebis organoebad gamoacxada, arasodes
hqoniaT realuri xelisufleba. sabWoebi yovelTvis mxolod bolSevikuri parti-
is miTiTebebs asrulebdnen.
mkacrad ierarqiuli iyo Tavad komunisturi partiis struqtura. amis Tao-
baze stalini aRniSnavda: partiis SemadgenlobaSi aris daaxloebiT 3-4 aTasi

umaRlesi xelmZRvaneli. esaa Cveni partiis generaliteti. Semdeg modis 30-40
aTasi saSualo rgolis xelmZRvaneli, esaa Cveni partiis oficroba. Semdeg modis
daaxloebiT 100-150 aTasi partiis umcrosi sameTauro Semadgenloba. realuri
xelisufleba am gasamxedroebul partiul meqanizmSi ekuTvnoda `marSlebs~ — po-
litbiuros wevrebis patara jgufs. magram isinic ar wyvetdnen yvelafers. sabo-
loo gadawyvetilebis ufleba mxolod erT adamians ekuTvnoda — stalins.
1927 wlis dekemberSi komunisturi partiis ;9 yrilobaze ukanasknelad ga-
movidnen delegatebs Soris jer kidev darCenili opozicionerebi. yrilobis win
gaimarTa `saerTo-partiuli diskusia~, sadac opoziciisTvis mxardaWera gabeda
mxolod 4 aTasma partiis wevrma, maSin rodesac centraluri komitetis xazs mxa-
ri dauWira 724 aTasma. yrilobis win brZolaze uari Tqves kamenevma da zinovievma.
isini ufrTxodnen partiidan garicxvas. partiis ;9 yrilobaze stalingradidan
stalins gaugzavnes rkinis cocxi, opozicia rom `gaexveta~, cocxi stalins ri-
kovma gadasca. 1930 wels ;9, yrilobaze ukve aRar iyo aRarcerTi opozicioneri
delegati.
1930-iani wlebis bolos sak. kp(b) sabolood dakarga demokratizmis yovel-
gvari nasaxi. araTu partiis rigiTi wevrebi, aramed centraluri komitetis wev-
rebis umravlesobac ki Camocilebuli iyo partiuli politikis SemuSavebas, rac
politbiurosa da partiuli aparatis saqme gaxda.
erTpartiuli politikuri sistemis modeli gamomdina-
reobda leninizmis ideologiidan. lenini da misi mimdevre-
bi miiCnevdnen, rom mxolod bolSevikebi gamoxatavdnen mu-
SaTa klasis interesebs da icodnen, Tu ra sazogadoeba da
rogor unda aeSenebinaT. igulisxmeboda, rom sxva partiebi
SeiZleba gamosuliyvnen mxolod droebiTi politikuri Ta-
namgzavrebis rolSi. socialisturi sazogadoeba ki, radga-
nac socialurad erTgvarovnad warmodgeboda, mxolod erT
partias saWiroebda da gamodioda, rom saxelmwifos `kvdo-
mamde~, rac komunizmis dros moxdeboda, saWiro iqneboda
mxolod erTi partia — bolSevikebis.
17.3. marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis roli da oficialuri masobri-

vi organizaciebi
1930-iani wlebis SuaxanebisTvis

marqsizm-leninizmi ukve oficialuri
saxelmwifo ideologia iyo. biblioTe-
kebidan amoiRes da gaanadgures bolSe-
vikebis politikuri da ideologiuri
mowinaaRmdegeebis naSromebi. mTlia-
nad gardaiqmna ganaTlebis sistema. Se-
icvala saswavlo gegmebi da saswavlo
kursebis Sinaarsi. marqsistul-leni-
nuri interpretacia safuZvlad edo
ara marto sazogadoebaTmcodneobiT
kursebs, aramed sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebsac.
stalini gamocxadebuli iyo udides Teoretikosad, romelic icavda da aviTa-
rebda marqsizm-leninizms axal droSi. `marqsizmis klasikosebis~ plakatebze, sa-
dac marqsi, engelsi da lenini iyvnen gamosaxuli, daumates stalinic.

formula `stalini — esaa lenini dRes~ pirvelad gamoiyena frangma mweral-
ma anri barbiusma (1873-1935), romelmac stalinze 350-gverdiani wigni dawera.
aranairi ucxouri gazeTebi da Jurnalebi 1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi
ar Semodioda, mxolod maRali rangis partiul funqcionerebs egzavnebodaT
ùcxouri informaciis biuleteni~, romelSic ucxour presaSi gamoqveynebuli
statiebis Targmanebi Sedioda. biuleteni gasaidumloebuli iyo. es biuleteni
maRali rangis funqcionerebTan specialur kuriers mihqonda da axali biulete-
nis miRebisas kuriers Zvels ubrunebdnen. biuletenis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi ma-
Rali Tanamdebobis pirsac ki apatimrebdnen. sabWoTa propaganda rigiT moqalaqe-
ebs arwmunebda, rom dasavleTSi adamianebi maTTan SedarebiT Zalian cudad cxov-
robdnen.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda masobrivi informaciis saSualebe-
bis kontrols, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeboda oficialuri Sexedulebe-
bis gavrceleba da maTi ganmarteba. gansxvavebuli ideuri Sexedulebebis arsebo-
ba da qveynis SigniT an qveynis garedan gavrceleba SeuZlebeli gaxda.
inteligenciis saqmianobaze ideologiur kon-
trols, partiul organoebTan erTad, axorcieleb-
dnen SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi. 1932 wels sak. kp(b) cen-
tralurma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba `literatu-
rul-mxatvruli organizaciebis gardaqmnis Sesaxeb~.
gadawyda, rom `yvela mwerali, romelic mxars uWerda
sabWoTa xelisuflebis platformas,~ sabWoTa mwe-
ralTa erTian kavSirSi unda gaerTianebuliyo da ase-
Tive kavSirebi Seqmniliyo xelovnebis sxva saxeebis-
Tvisac.
1934 wlis agvistoSi Catarda sabWoTa mweralTa pirveli sakavSiro yriloba.
airCies gamgeoba maqsim gorkiT (1868-1936) saTaveSi. aseve Seiqmna mxatvrebis, kom-
pozitorebis, kinematografistebis, arqiteqtorebis SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi.
mxardaWeris sanacvlod xelisufleba maT garkveul materialur keTildReobasa
da privilegiebs (SemoqmedebiTi saxlebi, saxelosnoebi, sacxovrebeli binebi da a.
S.) aZlevda. partiuli xazidan `gadaxrilebs~ ricxavdnen kavSirebidan, arTmev-
dnen materialur sargebels, gamoqveynebis, gamofenebis mowyobis SesaZleblobas
da a.S. maT an pirdapir sdevnidnen, an sainformacio blokadaSi aqcevdnen. bevri
maTgani daapatimres da represiebis msxverpli gaxda.
SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebis garda, sxva oficialur masobriv organizaciebSi
gaerTianebuli iyo mosaxleobis yvela sxva kategoria. masobrivi organizaciebis
roli mdgomareobda partiuli miTiTebebis adaptirebaSi mosaxleobis im katego-
riebisTvis, romlebic am organizaciebSi iyvnen gaerTiane-
buli.
sawarmoTa TanamSromlebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen prof-
kavSirebSi, romlebic partiuli kontrolis qveS iyo moqce-
uli.
axalgazrdebi 14 wlis asakidan gaerTianebuli iyvnen
erTian organizaciaSi — axalgazrdobis sakavSiro leninur
komunistur kavSirSi (ȼɅɄɋɆ), romelic partiis rezervad
da TanaSemwed iTvleboda. umcrosi asakis moswavleebi Tavi-
dan Sediodnen oqtombrelebis, Semdeg ki — pionerTa organi-
zaciaSi.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ;; ɜɟɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. ɬɨɦ ,, ,Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2016, ɫ.235.

komkavSirs 1924 wels mieniWa leninis saxeli, 1926 wels ki mis saxelwodebaSi
gaCnda sityva `sakavSiro~. komkavSiri aqtiurad monawileobda industrializaci-
aSi, koleqtivizaciasa da kulturuli revoluciis ganxorcielebaSi.
pionerTa organizacia 1922 wels Seiqmna da Tavidan spartakis saxelobis
iyo, 1924 wels ki leninis saxelobis gaxda. 1930-ian wlebSi pionerebisTvis sanimu-
Sod iyo miCneuli pavlik morozovi.
masobrivi gaerTianebebi Seiqmna racionalizatorebisTvis, gamomgoneble-
bisTvis, qalebisTvis, fizkulturelebisTvis da a.S.

17.4. stalinis pirovnebis kultis formireba
sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri reJimis erT-erTi elementi gaxda stalinis

pirovnebis kulti. 1929 wlis 21 dekembers stalins Seusrulda 50 weli. manamde
miRebuli ar iyo, sajarod aReniSnaT partiisa da mTavrobis xelmZRvanelTa iubi-
leebi. leninis iubile erTaderTi gamonaklisi iyo, magram stalins gazeTma
`pravdam~ miuZRvna statiebi, misalmebebi, werilebi, depeSebi, mliqvneluri masa-
lebis nakadi. es iniciativa aitaces sxva gazeTebma, dawyebuli sakavSirodan da
damTavrebuli raionuli da saqarxno gazeTebiT. stalinis iubiles aRniSnavda
radio da kino.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisidan sabWoTa kavSirSi ukve gaZlierebiT inergebo-
da stalinis pirovnebis kulti. stalinis moRvaweoba 1917 wlidan ruseTSi met-
naklebad cnobili iyo da misi gandidebac aqtiurad mimdinareobda. magram sta-
lins sWirdeboda Tavisi revoluciuri biografiis dasawyisi, amasTan unda daewe-
raT `didi beladis~ biografiisTvis Sesaferi istoria. es ar gaakeTes arc abel
enuqiZem (1877-1937) da arc filipe maxaraZem (1868-1941). isini, savaraudod, ver
mixvdnen, Tu ra sWirdeboda stalins. samagierod, es gaakeTa lavrenti beriam
(1899-1953).
lavrenti berias avtorobiT gamoqveynebuli wigni àmierkavkasiis partiuli
organizaciebis istoriisaTvis~ daiwera Zveli revolucioneris, imJamad ssr
umaRlesi sabWos mdivnis, abel enuqiZis wignis sapasuxod, radganac is `saTana-
dod~ ar aSuqebda stalinis rols baqos partiuli organizaciis saqmianobaSi.
arada, enuqiZem alalad dawera is, rac sinamdvileSi iyo. `simarTle axla aRaravi-
Tar saWiroebas aRar warmoadgenda, piriqiT, amis codna saSiSic ki iyo~.
beriam moxseneba waikiTxa partiuli aqtivis winaSe 1935 wlis 21-22 ivliss.
moxsenebis teqsti, ra Tqma unda, mas ar dauweria, magram Sinaarsi misi SekveTili
iyo. sabuTdeboda mTavari debuleba: `bolSevikur partias hyavs ori beladi — le-
nini da stalini~. stalinis biografia ivseboda `kavkasiuri furclebiT~.
beria àmxelda~ klasobriv mtrebs, romelTac stalini ebrZoda. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es iyo saqarTveloSi momavali represiebis ìstoriuli dasabuTeba~.
mtrebi iyvnen menSevikebi, `nacional-uklonistebi~, is bolSevikebi, romlebic
partiis istoriis `falsifikacias~ axdendnen, sinamdvileSi ki werdnen simar-
Tles da ar aRniSnavdnen stalinis `gansakuTrebul rols~.
beria amtkicebda, rom 1926-1936 wlebSi nacional-uklonizmi Seerwya kon-
trrevoluciur trockizms da gadaiqca faSizmis daqiravebul agentad. ukve be-
rias moxsenebis Semdeg, 1936 wels `gamoavlines~ trockistul-jaSuSuri centri —
b. mdivani, m. okujava, m. toroSeliZe, c. CixlaZe, n. kiknaZe da sxvebi. berias wignis
Semdeg gamocemebSi Cndeba sqolioebi: `1937 wels mxilebul iqna rogorc xalxis

i. abaSiZe. zarebi ocdaaTiani wlebidan. Tb., ìnteleqti~, 2003, gv.57.

mteri...~. represirebuli iyvnen a. enuqiZe, m. oraxelaSvili, m. toroSeliZe, b. mdi-
vani, b. bibineiSvili...
stalinis rogorc `meore beladis~ biografias ewinaaRmde-
geboda arsebuli naSromebi partiis istoriaze.
es naSromebi beriam gamoacxada `falsifikaciad~. falsifi-
kaciis mizezebi:
a gandidebis survili (a. enuqiZe);
b warsulSi daSvebuli Secdomebis damalvis survili (f. ma-
xaraZe).
1939 wels stalinis dabadebidan me-60 wlisTavTan dakav-
SirebiT gamoica stalinis `mokle biografia~, romlis mocu-
lobac 243 gverdi iyo. wignis saboloo redaqcia stalinma gaa-
keTa. Seamowma yoveli sityva, waSala rigi adgilebi, Caamata sasurveli Strixebi.
1947 wels stalinis biografia meored gamoica SesworebebiT da damatebebiT. mis
redaqtirebasac stalini piradad axdenda da avtorTa koleqtivic araerTxel ga-
moiZaxa Tavis kabinetSi. stalinis mokle biografia ramdenjerme gamoica da saer-
To tiraJma 13 milion egzemplars gadaaWarba.
stalinis Canafiqris Tanaxmad, misi biografia, `sak. kp(b) istoriis~ mokle
kursTan erTad, gankuTvnili iyo moswavleebisa da studentebisTvis yvela saxis
saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, aseve partiuli da komkavSiruli swavlebisaTvis.

SeiZleba gamoiyos pirovnebis kultis formirebis mizezebi:
x totalitaruli sistemis funqcionirebis ideologiuri uzrunvel-
yofis moTxovnileba;
x masebis kulturis dabali done, romelTac daajeres beladis sidiade
da uSecdomoba;
x stalinis piradi Tvisebebi.
stalins uwodebdnen dids, brZens, oqtombris genialur organizators, wi-
Teli armiis Semqmnels, gamoCenil sardals, leninuri `generaluri xazis~ dam-
cvels, msoflio proletariatis belads, xuTwledis did strategs, `sabWoTa bav-
Svebis saukeTeso megobars~. stalinis moxsenieba romelime epiTetis gareSe faq-
tobrivad akrZaluli iyo. yvelas gadaaWarba yazaxma saxalxo poetma jambulma,
romelic imave `pravdaSi~ ambobda: `stalini — okeaneze Rrmaa, himalaebze maRa-
lia, mzeze kaSkaSaa. is samyaros maswavlebelia~.
stalins uwodebdnen:
9 oqtombris genialuri organizatori;
9 wiTeli armiis Semqmneli;
9 yvela drois udidesi mxedarTmTavari;
9 msoflio proletariatis beladi;
9 mama, maswavlebeli, megobari;
9 `xalxebis mama~;
9 didi beladi da maswavlebeli;
9 brZeni beladi;
9 xuTwledis didi strategi;
9 genialuri mecnieri;

ɂɨɫɢɮ ȼɢɫɫɚɪɢɨɧɨɜɢɱ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ:
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ Ƚ.Ɏ., Ƚɚɥɚɤɬɢɨɧɨɜ Ɇ.Ɋ., Ʉɪɭɠɤɨɜ ȼ.ɋ., Ɇɢɬɢɧ Ɇ.Ȼ., Ɇɨɱɚɥɨɜ ȼ.Ⱦ., ɉɨɫɩɟɥɨɜ ɉ.ɇ. Ɇ., 1947, 1953. 244
ɫ.: ɢɥ.

ɂ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɫɚɦ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ. Ɋɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɢɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ. 1990. ʋ 9.

`sabWoTa bavSvebis saukeTeso megobari~ da sxv.
stalinis saxeli ewoda qalaqebs, quCebs, Teatrebs, qarxnebs, kolmeurneo-
bebs. stalinis saxeldarqmeuli qalaqebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovnad SeiZleba mi-
viCnioT caricinisTvis 1925 wels stalingradis (1961 wels volgogradi ewoda) da
tajikeTis dedaqalaq duSanbesTvis 1929 wels stalinabadis darqmeva (1961 wli-
dan isev duSanbe ewoda). saqarTveloSi 1934 wels cxinvals staliniri daerqva
(1961 wlidan isev cxinvali). 1937-1938 wlebSi winadadebebs ayenebdnen, rom mos-
kovisaTvis stalinodari ewodebinaT.
1936 wlis 1 ianvars gazeT ìzvestiaSi~ gamoqveynda pirveli ori leqsi, sa-
dac stalini iyo gandidebuli. leqsebis avtori b. pasternaki iyo. stalini mxat-
vrul literaturaSic erT-erT mTavar Temad iqca. stalinze leqsebi gaCnda sab-
WoTa kavSirSi Semavali yvela xalxis folklorSi.
sabWoTa alpinistebi 1933 wels avidnen pamirSi sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles
mwvervalze (7495 metri simaRlis) da mas stalinis piki uwodes, 7134 metri simaR-
lis mwvervals leninis piki ewoda, romelzedac sabWoTa alpinistebi 1934 wels
avidnen. marqsis saxelobis mwvervali 6726 metri simaRlis iyo.
1930 wels aSenda leninis qvis mavzoleumi cnobili sabWoTa arqiteqtoris
SCusevis proeqtiT. safuZveli eyreba `leninianas~ mxatvrobaSi, skulpturasa da
kinematografSi. leninisa da stalinis qandakebebi da biustebi savaldebulo iyo
nebismier qalaqSi, dasaxlebaSi, samxedro nawilSi, qarxanasa da kolmeurneobaSi.
Zeglebs da biustebs Cveulebriv SabloniT akeTebdnen. Tumca iyo `TviTSemoqme-
debac~ (magaliTad, ulan-udeSi maRal boZze aRmarTuli iyo leninis didi Savi
Tavi buriatebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxis nakvTebiT). mogvianebiT beladebis
gamosaxva SeiZleboda mxolod `zemodan~ damtkicebuli nimuSebis mixedviT.
mliqvneloba da gandideba, stalinTan erTad, male gavrcelda sxva Tanamde-
bobis pirebze. magaliTad, ganadidebdnen mixeil kalinins, viaCeslav molotovs,
Jdanovs, lavrenti berias, romelic amierkavkasiis federaciis xelmZRvaneli iyo
1930-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi. Tumca romelime `regionuli beladi~ SeiZleba
represiis msxverpli gamxdariyo da maSin misi saxeli daviwyebas eZleoda.
1927 wels, rodesac cvlidnen 1922 wels gacemul partiul bileTebs, gadaw-
yvites, rom 1 1 partiuli bileTi samudamod da-
fiqsirebuliyo gardacvlili beladis, — v. leni-
nis saxelze. 1927 wlis 16 marts lenins gamouweres
partiuli bileTi 1 0000001. 1927 wels stalinma
pirvelad miiRo partiuli bileTi 1 2. stalinis
sicocxleSi partbileTebi 1936 wels gamocvales
da maSinac 1 2 bileTi gadaeca. 1973 wels partiuli
bileTebis me-7 da ukanaskneli gamocvlis dros 12
partiuli bileTi l. breJnevs gadaeca.
stalinis deda
stalinis deda ekaterine (keke) gelaZe-ju-

RaSvili moeswro Tavisi vaJis uzarmazari komu-
nisturi saxelmwifos erTpirovnul mmarTvelad
gadaqcevas. 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kremlSic
moinaxula vaJi, magram iq darCena ar isurva da sa-
qarTveloSi dabrunda. keke gelaZem sicocxlis
ukanaskneli wlebi TbilisSi gaatara, sadac erTo-
Taxian binaSi cxovrobda. stalinma deda bolos

1936 wels moinaxula. ekaterine gelaZe 1937 wlis 4 ivniss 79 wlis asakSi gardaic-
vala.
stalini dedis dakrZalvaze ar Camosula mouclelobis gamo. am dros mimdi-
nareobda wiTeli armiis wmenda, gamovlenili iyo viTomda àntisabWoTa trockis-
tuli samxedro organizacia~, rasac mravali maRali rangis samxedro Seewira.
stalinis dedis gardacvaleba mxolod saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis gaxda
cnobili, sxva respublikebSi arc uTqvamT raime amasTan dakavSirebiT. arc sta-
lins miuRia oficialuri misamZimrebebi.
stalins arc raime gankarguleba gaucia dedis dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebiT.
stalinis dedis dakrZalvas lavrenti beria xelmZRvanelobda da gadawyvita misi
dakrZalva mTawmindis panTeonSi, sadac saqarTvelos gamoCenili moRvaweebi ik-
rZalebodnen. dakrZales 1937 wlis 8 ivniss, kubo mihqondaT lavrenti berias da
Sinagan saqmeTa komisariatis oficrebs, maT mihyveboda Tavdacvis saxalxo komi-
sari klimenti voroSilovi. saflavze miitanes gvirgvini, romelsac ewera —
`Zvirfas da sayvarel dedas Svilisgan ioseb juRaSvilisgan~. stalinma Svilebs
— iakobs, vasilsa da svetlanasac ar misca ufleba, rom wasuliyvnen bebiasTan
gamosamSvidobeblad. dakrZalvis ceremonia marTlmadidebluri wesis mixedviT
Catarda, Tumca bolos orkestrma ìnternacionali~ daukra.

Tavi ;9,,,.
masobrivi represiebi

stalini Teoriulad àsabuTebda~ represiebs. misi gancxadebiT, socializ-
mis mSeneblobasTan erTad klasebis gaqrobas Tan sdevda ara klasobrivi brZolis
Sesusteba, aramed, piriqiT, gaZliereba. saxelmwifo mokvdeboda ara misi funqci-
ebis TandaTanobiTi SemcirebiT, aramed maqsimaluri gaZlierebiT. gamwvavebuli
klasobrivi brZolis dros represiebi da sakoncentracio banakebi `socialuri
dacvis zoma~ iyo, daxvreta ki ùmaRles zomas~ warmoadgenda.

18.1. represiebi 1920-iani wlebis bolos da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
politikuri represiebi sabWoTa ruseTSi 1917 wlis oqtombris revoluciis

Semdeg daiwyo. represiebis msxverpli xdebodnen ara mxolod bolSevikebis aqti-
uri politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi, aramed isinic, romlebic, ubralod, ar eTan-
xmebodnen bolSevikebis politikas. represiebi xorcieldeboda socialuri niS-
niTac, — `mtruli klasebis~ winaaRmdeg. represiebi sabWoTa sistemis arsebobis
wesis nawili iyo.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Catarda ukanaskneli politikuri procesebi
bolSevikebis Zveli oponentebis — yofili men-
Sevikebisa da eserebis winaaRmdeg. TiTqmis yve-
lani daxvrites an gaagzavnes cixeebsa da bana-
kebSi.
1928 wlis 18 maiss gaixsna `Saxtinskis~ pro-
cesi — gaasamarTles donbasis qvanaxSiris saba-
doebze momuSave 53 inJineri da teqnikosi. 16-ma
aRiara danaSauli mTlianad, magram braldebul-
Ta naxevari danaSauls uaryofda. 4 gansasjeli,
maT Soris 2 germaniis moqalaqe, gaamarTles, 11-s daxvreta miusajes, maTgan 6
mogvianebiT Seiwyales.
Saxtinskis saqme dasawyisi aRmoCnda saxalxo meurneobis yvela dargSi `mav-
neblebis~ braldebiT samecniero-teqnikuri inteligenciis winaaRmdeg brZolis
gasaSlelad. saarqivo monacemebiT, `mavnebelTa~ sasamarTlo procesebis scena-
rebs stalini adgenda. `cudad imitom vcxovrobT, garSemo mavneblebi arian~, —
aseTi iyo am procesebis propagandistuli daniSnuleba. Semdeg `mavnebels~ Cae-
nacvla gareSe mtris saxe — `jaSuSi, diversanti, ucxoeTis dazvervis agenti~.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaiSala masobrivi represiuli kampania kulake-
bisa da saSualo glexebis winaaRmdeg.
1932 wlis 7 agvistos miiRes stalinis mier dawerili kanoni `sawarmoebis,
kolmeurneobebisa da kooperaciis sakuTrebis da sazogadoebrivi (socialistu-
ri) sakuTrebis dacvis Sesaxeb~, romelic istoriaSi Sevida `xuTi TavTavis Sesa-
xeb~ kanonis saxeliT. am kanonis mixedviT, sul umniSvnelo datacebazec ki dax-
vreta iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
1934 wlis noembridan Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarTan Seiqmna gansakuT-
rebuli saTaTbiro. mas ufleba mieca, administraciuli wesiT, mowmeTa, proku-

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ;; ɜɟɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. ɬɨɦ ,, ,Ɇɨɫɤɜɩɛ 2016, ɫ.197.

rorebisa da advokatebis monawileobis gareSe, `xalxis mtrebi~ gadaesaxlebina an
gaegzavna SromiT-gamosasworebel banakebSi vadiT xuT wlamde.
18.2. gulagis sistemis Seqmna
1929 w. 11 ivliss sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo komisarTa sabWos dadgenilebiT

Seiqmna Sroma-gamasworebeli banakebis qseli `Soreuli raionebis kolonizaciis
mizniT~ da `maTi bunebrivi simdidreebis eqspluataciisTvis~. am banakebSi Cveu-
lebrivi cixeebidan unda gadaeyvanaT yvela, romelTa patimrobis vada 3 wels
aRemateboda. erT sistemaSi moeqcnen sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebi da polit-
patimrebi. banakebis samarTavad 1930 w. Seiqmna banakebis mTavari sammarTvelo
(rusuli abreviaturiT — `gulagi~). 1930 w. zamTarSi sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo 400
aTasze meti patimari, maT Soris 155 aTasi Cekistebis sistemaSi (ɈȽɉɍ). 1929 wli-
dan 1939 wlamde sabWoTa kavSiris banakebsa da cixeebSi patimarTa raodenoba 12-
jer gaizarda da 2 milions miaRwia. saqme iqamde mivida, rom banakebis interesebi-
dan gamomdinare uSiSroebis organoebs ukveTavdnen `dasapatimrebeli profesie-
bis warmomadgenlebs~.
yvelaze didi banakebi iyo Soreuli aRmosavleTis
(`dallag~), baikal-amuris (`bamlag~), belomor-baltiis
(`belbaltlag~). didi banakebi arsebobda vorkutaSi, ko-
limaSi, norilskSi, yaragandaSi, uralSi da sxvagan. bana-
kebSi adamianebi umZimes pirobebSi iyvnen. 1930-1940 wleb-
Si `gulagSi~ daiRupa aranakleb 500 aTasi patimari. pa-
timrebi moipovebdnen wiaRiseuls, aSenebdnen rkinigzeb-
sa da Saragzebs. CrdiloeTSi patimrebs xeebis Wraze amu-
Savebdnen. xeebis eqsporti savaluto Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo.
`gulagis~ sistemis saCvenebeli mSenebloba iyo TeTri zRva — baltiis arxi
(`belomorkanali~), romelsac 1931 w. Semodgomidan 170 aTasi patimari aSenebda.
muSaobdnen xeliT da 20 TveSi amoiRes 21 mln kubametri grunti, gaTxares 227 km
sigrZis arxi. 1933 wlis agvistoSi arxi, romelsac stalinis saxeli mianiWes, gaix-
sna. arxs ekonomikuri mniSvneloba ar hqonda. samxedro saWiroebisaTvis ki 1964
wels 1 metriT gaaRrmaves da xis nagebobebi ufro myariT Secvales. mSeneblobis
dros aranakleb 25 aTasi patimari daiRupa.
gulagis sistema

1930 wlis 1 maisisTvis 1940 wlis 1 martisTvis

banakebis raodenoba 279 536
patimrebis raodenoba 171.251 1.668.200

`gulagi~ — es iyo:
x 56 banaki aTasobiT ganyofilebiTa da punqtiT;
x 425 kolonia;
x 2000-ze meti speckomendatura;
x sul patimrobis 30 aTasze meti adgili.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ;; ɜɟɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ Ⱥ.Ȼ.Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. ɬɨɦ ,, ,Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2016, ɫ.197.

1939 wlis aRweriT, 1.682 aTasi adamiani iyo gulagis banakebSi, 350,5 aTasi — cixeebSi. garda amisa, kidev
990,5 aTasi `specdasaxlebuli~ iyo. anu Tavisuflebamoklebuli adamianebis raodenoba 3 milions
aRwevda.


18.3. komunisturi partiis ;9,, yriloba da stalinis gadayenebis mcde-
loba
partiis ;9,, yriloba (1934 wlis 26 ianvari — 10 Tebervali) cnobilia `gamar-

jvebulTa yrilobis~ saxeliT. yrilobis dros socializmis mSeneblobaSi mopo-
vebul warmatebebze iyo saubari, stalins sajarod yvela aqebda, magram rogorc
Semdeg gairkva, am yrilobaze delegatebis nawilma daayena partiis generaluri
mdivnis postidan stalinis gadayenebis sakiTxi.
stalinis gadayenebis mcdelobis organizatorebi iyvnen n. krupskaia, p. pos-
tiSevi (1887-1939), s. orjonikiZe da sxvebi. am jgufs ar hqonda raime gansxvavebu-
li platforma stalinis `didi gardatexis~ kursisagan. kirovi leningradSi imas-
ve akeTebda, rasac sxvagan sxvebi akeTebdnen. isini ukmayofiloni iyvnen mxolod
stalinis `muSaobis stiliT~, `gadaxrebiT~ da a. S. realurad, stalinis gadayene-
bisaTvis es jgufi mzad ar iyo.
yrilobis win leninis qvrivma nadeJda krupskaiam Semoiara zogierTi saol-
qo centri, partiis adgilobriv xelmZRvanelebs waukiTxa leninis mier stalinis
daxasiaTeba (`werili yrilobas~) da mouwodebda, generaluri mdivnis postze
stalini kiroviT SeecvalaT. saqmis kursSi kirovic Caayenes. yrilobaze stalinis
oficialur qebasTan erTad, araformalurad, misi gadayenebis sakiTxi ganixile-
boda. stalinis Semcvlel savaraudo kandidatad ki yvelaze xSirad s. kirovi sa-
xeldeboda. cnobilia, magaliTad, rom 8 deputatma kirovi TavianT Sexvedraze
miiwvia da SesTavaza sakuTari kandidatura oficialurad wamoeyenebina genera-
luri mdivnis postze. kirovma kategoriuli uari Tqva generalur mdivnobaze da
masTan misul jgufs aRuTqva, — stalins davelaparakebi, `Secdomebi~ rom gaiTva-
liswinoso. TiTqosda aseTi saubari stalinsa da kirovs Soris yrilobis dros
Sedga da ramdenime saaTs gagrZelda. axali generaluri mdivnis Ziebas tragikuli
Sedegebi mohyva.
yrilobaze, rodesac centraluri komitetis wevrebis arCevaze midga saqme,
aRmoCnda, rom 1218 xmidan yvelaze meti, 292 stalinis winaaRmdeg iyo micemuli,
kirovis winaaRmdeg mxolod 3 xma aRmoCnda. kaganoviCma, romelic yrilobis saor-
ganizacio sakiTxebs agvarebda, miTiTeba misca, rom stalinis winaaRmdeg micemu-
li xmebis raodenoba daemalaT da mis winaaRmdeg mxolod 3 xma datoves.
kenWisyra faruli iyo da stalinma ar icoda, Tu vin misca mis winaaRmdeg xma,
amitom mTeli yriloba Serisxuli aRmoCnda. partiis ;9,, yrilobis 1966 delega-
tidan Semdeg 1108 daxvrites. yrilobaze arCeuli centraluri komitetis 139 wev-
ridan 110 daapatimres, maTgan 98 ki daxvrites.

18.4. kirovis mkvleloba
sergei kirovis mkvlelobas saSineli represiebis talRa mohyva. kirovis

mkvlelobis versia, rac stalinis dros Seiqmna, rasakvirvelia, gamogonilia. ki-
rovis mkvleloba gamoyenebul iqna uamrav adamianTan angariSsworebisTvis.
skkp ;; yrilobis Semdeg, sadac stalinis pirovnebis kulti dagmes, xruS-
Covma wamoayena versia, rom kirovi stalinma moakvlevina. am versiis damadastu-
rebeli dokumentebi ver moinaxa, magram bevri mecnierisTvis, vinc 1930-ian wleb-
ze wers, aRniSnuli versia damajerebelia. rigi mkvlevrebi ki miuTiTeben stali-
nis mier kirovis mkvlelobis versiis xarvezebze da aradamajereblad miaCniaT.

Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢɱ. Ʉɪɨɜɚɜɵɣ ɜɟɤ. ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ, Ɏɨɥɢɨ, 2017 ɫ.438-440.

kirovis mkvlelobaSi stalinis monawileobis versiis Tanaxmad, partiis ;9,,
yrilobis Semdeg stalins moaxsenes, rom vinme leonid nikolaevi, fsiqikurad ga-
uwonasworebeli, kirovis erT-erTi sayvarlis milda draules qmari, mzad iyo ki-
rovi moekla eWvianobis Tu politikuri motivebiT. Sinsaxkomma miTiTeba miiRo,
misTvis xeli ar SeeSalaT. kirovis mkvlelobis pirveli mcdeloba nikolaevs 1934
wlis 15 oqtombers hqonda. am dRes is daakaves kirovis saxlTan axlos, magram
dacvas warudgina partiuli bileTi da iaraRis tarebis nebarTva, ris Semdegac
gaaTavisufles. 1934 wlis 1 dekembers, mesame mcdelobaze, man kirovi samsaxurSi,
smolnis derefanSi, revolveris gasroliT mokla.
kirovi 1926 wlis ianvridan sikvdilamde leningra-
dis partiuli organizaciis xelmZRvaneli iyo da
stalinis erT-erTi yvelaze Tanmimdevruli momxre.
1930 wels gaxda politbiuros wevri. partiis ;9,,
yrilobis win kirovi leningradSi gamovida moxsene-
biT `stalini — muSaTa klasis gamarjvebebis didi
organizatori~.

kirovis mkvlelobis namdvili mizezi politikasTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli
da Tavidanve iyo cnobili gamoZiebisa da partiis xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. kirovs
intimuri kavSiri hqonda gaTxovil qalebTan, kerZod, mkvlelis colTan — milda
draulesTan. mkvleli l. nikolaevi yofili partiuli muSaki iyo da fsiqikasTan
dakavSirebiT yvelaferi wesrigSi ar hqonda.
xalxisTvis kirovis mkvlelobis realuri istoriis Tqma uxerxuli iyo da
arc stalinis interesebSi Sedioda. gacilebiT momgebiani iyo kirovis mkvlelo-
bis gamoyeneba politikuri miznebiT — arsebul Tu potenciur mowinaaRmdegeeb-
Tan angariSsworebisTvis.
milda draule (1901-1935) da leonid nikolaevi

(1904-1934). 1934 w. 29 dekembers nikolaevi daxvri-
tes, draule Tavidan partiidan garicxes, Semdeg ki
mainc daapatimres da 1935 w. 10 marts daxvrites.
represirebulebi iyvnen mildasa da leonidis naTe-
savebic.

18.5. represiebis gaZliereba kirovis mkvlelobis Semdeg
kirovis mkvlelobam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina sazogadoebaze. stalinis

opozicias ki esmoda, rom amas represiebi mohyveboda. kirovi didi pompezurobiT
dakrZales. presa laparakobda stalinisa da kirovis axlo megobrobaze. magali-
Tad, cnobili gaxda, rom 1924 wels stalinma kirovs Tavisi wigni aCuqa warweriT
`Cems sayvarel megobarsa da Zmas avtorisagan~. kuboSi kirovs stalini moexvia da
Sublze akoca. 6 dekembers `pravda~ amasTan dakavSirebiT werda, rom am kocniT
sabWoTa qveyana gamoemSvidoba kirovs.
kirovis mkvlelobidan ori kviris Semdeg gamocxadda, rom es moawyves le-
ningradis partiuli organizaciis yofili xelmZRvanelis zinovievis momxreeb-
ma. zinovievs ki am dros kirovis nekrologi qonda dawerili da gamoqveynebas
cdilobda. zinovievi daapatimres kamenevTan erTad. erTi Tvis Semdeg sasamar-

mogvianebiT kirovis mkvlelobis mTavar organizatorad trocki gamocxadda.

Tlo Sedga. maT aRiares, rom yofili opozicia `zogadad, moralur da politi-
kur pasuxismgeblobas atarebda momxdarze~. zinovievs 10 weli miusajes, kamenevs
— 5, magram es maTi dasjis dasawyisi iyo.
kirovis mkvleloba sababi gaxda stalinis yvela moqmedi da savaraudo mowi-
naaRmdegis gasanadgureblad, romlebsac SeiZleba mtrisTvis `mexuTe kolonis~
roli Seesrulebina.
kirovis mkvlelobidan ramdenime saaTis Semdeg, 1934 w. 1 dekembers miiRes
kanoni, romliTac SemoiRes teroristuli aqtebisa da organizaciebis saqmeebis
ganxilvis `gamartivebuli wesi~. amieridan gamoZieba daCqarebuli wesiT unda
warmarTuliyo da muSaoba daemTavrebinaT aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. sabralmdeblo
daskvna braldebuls waredgineboda sasamarTloSi ganxilvamde erTi dRiT adre.
saqmes ganixilavdnen prokurorisa da damcvelis monawileobis gareSe. Sewyale-
bis Txovna akrZaluli iyo. daxvretis ganaCeni sisruleSi mohyavdaT gamocxade-
bisTanave.
1 dekembris kanonis safuZvelze 1936-1938 wlebSi asamarTlebdnen Zvel bol-
Sevikebs, maT Soris saCvenebel procesebze. erT-erTi ukanaskneli, vinc am kano-
niT daxvrites, lavrenti beria iyo. es kanoni 1956 w. 19 aprilamde moqmedebda.
3,5-milionian komunistur partiaSi Caatares `kirovuli wmenda~ da 1,1 mili-
onze meti adamiani garicxes.
maleve kirovis mkvlelobidan moskovsa da leningradSi daxvrites 70 `TeT-
rgvardieli~, daapatimres kirovis SesaZlo 6.500 momxre, maT brali dasdes kiro-
vis mkvlelobaSi (!) da `zinovievelebad~ gamoacxades, Tavad zinovievi ki, rome-
lic kirovis winamorbedi iyo da leningradis partiul organizacias xelmZRvane-
lobda, gamocxadda mkvlelobis `sulisCamdgmelad~.
Tavad mkvleli nikolaevi da komkavSirelTa jgufi, romelTac brali dae-
doT mkvlelobaSi, 29 dekembers daxvrites.
sabWoTa kavSirSi oficialuri gaxda Tezisi, rom `xalxis mtrebma~ SeaRwies
yvelgan — yvela partiul, sabWoTa, sameurneo organoSi, wiTeli armiis xelmZRva-
nelobaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri alyaSemortymuli cixesimagre iyo.
sabWoTa mTavrobis 1935 wlis 7 aprilis dadgenilebiT, arasrulwlovnebi 12
wlidan sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas eqvemdebarebodnen da SeiZleba da-
exvritaT kidec, Tuki brali edebodaT qurdobaSi, sxeulis dazianebaSi, mkvle-
lobasa da mkvlelobis mcdelobaSi. Semdeg am kanons iyenebdnen cru Cvenebebis
misaRebad — dakavebulebs emuqrebodnen, rom angariSs gausworebdnen maT Svileb-
sac.
oficialuri monacemebiT, 1930-1953 wlebSi kontrrevoluciuri, antisaxel-
mwifoebrivi saqmianobis braldebiT represirebuli iyo 3,8 mln adamiani, maTgan
786 aTasi daxvrites.
istorikos roi medvedevis gamoTvliT, sasikvdilo ganaCenebis raodenoba
300-jer gaizarda: 1936 wels ± 1116, xolo 1937 wels ± 353.680 adamiani daxvrites.
naTesavebs daxvretis Sesaxeb Semdegnairad acnobebdnen: `10 weli Soreul bana-
kebSi mimoweris uflebis gareSe~.
1937 w. sazeimod aRniSnes Cekas Seqmnis 20 wlisTavi. Jdanovma ganacxada:
`1937 weli istoriaSi Seva rogorc xalxis mtrebis ganadgurebis weli~.

gamoTqma `mexuTe kolona~ damkvidrda 1936 wels frankos generlis e. molos radioTi gamosvlis
Semdeg, romelmac ganacxada, rom madrids oTx kolonad Seutevdnen, magram yvelaze mTavari iyo
mexuTe kolona, Tavad madridSi Seqmnili, romelic mzad iyo zurgSi daertya respublikelebisTvis.


represiebis mizezebi:
x mosaxleobis araekonomikuri iZulebis au-
cilebloba;
x piradi xelisuflebis reJimis SenarCuneba;
x totalitaruli sazogadoebis darazmvisa
da ganmtkicebis aucilebloba.

18.6. moskovis saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebi
stalinma ipova sababi da Seqmna `samarTlebrivi safuZveli~, ris Semdegac

Seudga reJimiT ukmayofiloTa fizikur ganadgurebas. 1936-1938 wlebSi moskovSi
Sedga sami Ria sasamarTlo procesi komunisturi partiis yofili maRali funqci-
onerebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic 1920-ian wlebSi dakavSirebuli iyvnen trockis-
tul an memarjvene opoziciasTan. saxelwodeba `moskovis procesebi~ (ingl.
«Moscow Trials») maSin jer sazRvargareT gavrcelda, Tumca dRes sayovelTaod
aris damkvidrebuli.
sabWoTa kavSiris prokurori a. viSinski (cen-
trSi) gamodioda saxelmwifo bralmdeblis rolSi
moskovis saCvenebel procesebze. braldebulebs,
romelTac asamarTlebda sabWoTa kavSiris umaR-
lesi sasamarTlos samxedro kolegia, bralad
edebodaT TanamSromloba dasavleTis dazvervas-
Tan stalinisa da misi garemocvis mokvlis, sabWo-
Ta kavSiris daSlisa da kapitalizmis restavraci-
is mizniT, aseve mavneblobis organizeba ekonomi-
kis sxvadasxva dargSi.
1936 wlis 19 agvistos daiwyo pirveli procesi moskovis didi procesebi-
dan, sadac asamarTlebdnen Sidapartiuli opoziciis liderebs. gansasjelis
skamze aRmoCndnen leninis uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi: zinovievi, kamenevi, evdoki-
movi da sxvebi, romlebic 1935 wels terorizmisTvis xelSewyobis braldebiT gaa-
samarTles, aseve warsulSi cnobili ramdenime trockisti (i. smirnovi, s. mraC-
kovski da sxvebi), sul 16 adamiani. maT daarqves `trockistul-zinovievuri tero-
ristuli centri~ da brali edebodaT kirovis mkvlelobaSi, stalinisa da misi
uaxloesi garemocvis mkvlelobisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobis mcdelo-
baSi. stalini kamenevsa da zinovievs sicocxlis SenarCunebas Sehpirda da sanac-
vlod maT àRiares~ teroris organizeba, saidumlo kavSiri trockisTan da hit-
lerTan. amave dros Cveneba misces buxarinis, rikovis, piatakovis, tomskisa da ra-
dekis winaaRmdeg. tomskim es rom gaigo, 22 agvistos Tavi moikla. 24 agvistos yve-
la mTavar braldebuls sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes.
zinovievma Tavis ukanasknel sityvaSi ganacxada, rom `trockizmi — faSizmis
saxeobaa, xolo zinovievizmi — trockizmis saxeobaa~. kamenevma Tavis ukanasknel
sityvaSi aseTi ramec Tqva: `mesamed warvdeqi proletaruli sasamarTlos winaSe.
orjer SeminarCunes sicocxle. magram proletariatis didsulovnebasac Tavisi
zRvari aqvs da Cven am zRvars mivadeqiT~.
prokurorma a. viSinskim ganacxada: `moviTxov cofiani ZaRlebis daxvretas
— yvelasi erTad!~. sasamarTlom daakmayofila es moTxovna. ganaCenis gamotanidan

ramdenime saaTis Semdeg zinovievi da kamenevi daxvrites. maT Txovnas Sewyalebis
Sesaxeb stalinma ar upasuxa.
moskovis pirvel procesze gaJRerebuli Cvenebebi safuZvels qmnida Sem-
dgomi represiebisTvis, magram stalinma 1936 wlis konstituciis ganxilvisa da
miRebis periodSi droebiT gadado partiul opoziciasTan Semdgomi angariSswo-
reba. samagierod, dakavda uSiSroebis organoebis sakadro sakiTxebiT. h. iagoda
CaiTvala meryev da opoziciasTan axlos mdgom adamianad da 1936 wlis 26 seqtem-
bers is Seicvala ùfro sando~ n. eJoviT.
1936 wlis oqtomberSi daapatimres piatakovi, sokolnikovi, serebriakovi,
radeki, aseve transportisa da qvanaxSiris mrewvelobis TvalsaCino moRvaweebi.
es iyo ara marto opoziciasTan angariSsworeba, aramed dapatimrebulebisTvis
SeiZleba daebralebinaT pirveli xuTwledebis Secdomebi da Cavardnebi.
moskovis meore procesi 1937 wlis 23-30 ianvars gaimarTa (amas uwodes `pa-
raleluri antisabWouri trockistuli centri~). gaasamarTles 17 maRali parti-
uli funqcioneri, iseTebi, rogoric iyvnen karl radeki, iuri piatakovi da gri-
gori sokolnikovi. am procesze terorizmis braldebas ukve daemata aRiarebebi
politikuri da ekonomikuri sabotaJis Taobaze. meore procesze yvelaze damaje-
rebel da xatovan àRiarebebs~ radeki akeTebda. ixumra kidec: aq mkiTxes, xom ar
gawamebdnen gamoZiebis dros, ara, es me vawamebdi gamomZiebelso.
13 gansasjeli daxvrites, danarCen 4-s xangrZlivi patimroba miesajaT. mTa-
vari braldebulebidan mxolod radeks miesaja 10 wliT patimroba. ganaCenis mos-
menisas man danarCen gansasjelebs damnaSavesaviT gauRima da mxrebi aiCeCa, magram
isic daiRupa patimrobaSi (1939 wlis maisSi). 1937 wlis 18 Tebervals Tavi moikla
s. orjonikiZem, romelic gamodioda mrewvelobis sferoSi represiebis winaaR-
mdeg.
moskovis mesame procesi 1938 wlis martSi Sedga. gaasamarTles e. w. `memar-
jvene-trockistuli blokis~ 21 wevri. mTavari braldebuli iyo nikolai buxari-
ni, `partiis sayvareli adamiani~ (leninis daxasiaTeba), kominternis yofili xel-
mZRvaneli, aseve saxalxo komisarTa sabWos yofili Tavmjdomare aleqsei rikovi,
xristian rakovski, nikolai krestinski da henrix iagoda — moskovis pirveli pro-
cesis organizatori. yvela braldebuli, samis garda, daxvrites.
mesame procesze nikolai krestinskim ganacxada, rom àranairi danaSauli ar
Caudenia~ da trockisti araa. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva saCvenebel procesebze
danaSaulis uaryofisa, Tumca meore dResve aRiara `danaSauli~.
yovel aseT process mosdevda represiebis talRa, romlis msxverplic aTo-
biT aTasi adamiani xdeboda — msjavrdebulTa naTesavebi da nacnobebi, maTi me-
zoblebi da TanamSromlebi. procesebis dros mTel qveyanaSi mimdinareobda mi-
tingebi da krebebi, moiTxovdnen yvelas sikvdiliT dasjas.
moskovis procesebis Semdeg patimrobamisjili braldebulebi daxvrites
1941 wlis seqtemberSi anda mokles cixeSi (radeki da sokolnikovi).
moskovis procesebis dros rigi ucxoeli prosabWoTa mimomxilveli Tvli-
da, rom braldebulTa danaSauli dasabuTebuli iyo. yvela braldebuli gamovida
aRiarebiTi CvenebiT, ar Canda wamebis an narkotikebis gamoyenebis kvali. mogvia-
nebiT gavrcelda Tvalsazrisi, rom braldebulebi moqceuli iyvnen fsiqologiu-
ri zewolis qveS da aRiareba aiZules. magaliTad, moskovis mesame procesze kres-
tinski SeekamaTa viSinskis, meore dRes ki sityva iTxova da aRiara `danaSauli~.
1937 wlis maisSi trockis momxreebma aSS-Si miaRwies komisiis Seqmnas, ro-
melsac cnobili amerikeli filosofosi diui Caudga saTaveSi. am komisiam Seadgi-
na 422-gverdiani wigni ùdanaSauloni~, sadac amtkicebdnen, rom gansasjelebi
udanaSauloni iyvnen, trocki ki arasodes wasula ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebTan Ta-

namSromlobaze, arasodes ucdia da ar daugegmavs kapitalizmis aRdgena sabWoTa
kavSirSi.
moskovis procesebis organizatorebma dauSves rigi Secdomebi, rac proce-
sebis inscenirebas adasturebda. magaliTad, giorgi piatakovi acxadebda, rom
1935 wlis dekemberSi is osloSi gafrinda trockisgan `teroristuli instruqci-
ebis misaRebad~. diuis komisiam ki daadgina, rom piatakovis mier dasaxelebul
dRes oslos aeroportSi ucxouri TviTmfrinavi ar daSvebula. sxva braldebuli,
ivan smirnovi, aRiarebda, rom 1934 wlis dekemberSi monawileoba miiRo sergei ki-
rovis mkvlelobaSi, maSin rodesac am dros ukve erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi cixeSi
ijda.
1938 wlis process mohyva mTeli rigi `regionuli~ procesebi, romlebic ma-
sobrivi teroris Semadgeneli nawili gaxda. terors emsxverplnen politbiuros
wevrebi: Cubari, eixe, kosiori, ruZutaki, postiSevi. k. kp(b) centraluri komite-
tis 139 wevridan da kandidatidan represiebs emsxverpla 98 adamiani. pirveli sab-
WoTa mTavrobis 15 wevridan 10 gamocxadda xalxis mtrad da represirebul iqna.
1938 wlis bolos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris postze eJovi l. beriam
Secvala. am cvlilebas represiebis masStabebis Semcireba mohyva. 1938-1940 wleb-
Si partiaSi aRadgines 164,8 aTasi adamiani, reabilitirebul iqna da patimrobidan
gaaTavisufles 837 aTasi adamiani. armiaSi reabilitacia Seexo 13 aTasze met ada-
mians. amave dros axali dapatimrebebi grZeldeboda da `Sinsaxkomi~ totalita-
ruli wyobilebis dacvis funqcias asrulebda.

18.7. bolSevikuri partiis transformacia
moskovis saCvenebeli procesebi mxolod aisbergis wyalzeda nawili iyo. da-

patimrebebi mTel qveyanaSi gaiSala. anadgurebdnen partiis im wevrebs, romlebic
odesme opoziciasTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni. yofili opozicionerebidan mxo-
lod erTeulebi gadarCnen, magaliTad, aleqsandra kolontai da nadeJda krup-
skaia. TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda `Zveli bolSevikebis~ fena.

partiis oficialuri istoria `dacarielda~. 1938 wels ga-
mosuli kompartiis mokle kursi sabWoTa periodis Txrobisas
asaxelebda 96 bolSeviks, romelTagan wignis gamosvlis dros 80
ukve mkvdari iyo, amasTan maTgan 57 mokvda rogorc `xalxis mte-
ri~. es rig ìdeur~ partiels aeWvebda. magaliTad Zvelma komu-
nistma, manufaqturis muSam, o. nikitinam 1937 w. ivnisSi krebaze
ikiTxa: `lenini ra, sul brma iyo, ver xedavda mis garSemo myof
adamianebs?~ am sityvebisTvis mas 10 wlis patimroba miesaja.

1937-1938 wlebis masobrivma represiebma daamTavra bolSevikuri partiis
transformacia, rac 1917 w. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg daiwyo. ideologia
aRar asrulebda ganmsazRvrel rols partiis politikaSi. amieridan politikas
gansazRvravda mxolod aparatis realuri interesebi. ideologias daqvemdebare-
buli roli hqonda, partia aRar iyo `TanamoazreTa kavSiri~, is mxolod saxelmwi-
fo aparatis nawili iyo. ideuri opoziciis warmoSoba (trockistuli an riutinis
msgavsi) ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. es ùideo~ xasiaTi komunisturma partiam xruSCo-
visa da breJnevis epoqaSic SeinarCuna.

eJovi 1940 wels daxvrites.

nadeJda krupskaia (1869-1939) leninis meuRle da
TanamebrZoli iyo. bolSevikur partiaSi organizaci-
uli saqmianobis garda, Teoriul naSromebsac werda,
magaliTad, 1915 wels gamovida misi naSromi `saxalxo
ganaTleba da demokratia~. sabWoTa xelisuflebis
dros muSaobda ganaTlebis sferoSi, zrunavda qalTa
uflebebze. trockisTan erTad, miiCneoda bolSevi-
kuri partiis erT-erT uZlieres agitatorad.
leninis gardacvalebis Semdeg krupskaiam 15 weli
icxovra. iyo sak. kp(b) centraluri komitetis wevri,
sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis wevri.
leninis memkvidreebs Soris gaCaRebul brZolaSi Ta-
vidan stalinis opoziciis mxareze iyo. sak. kp(b) ;,9
yrilobaze (1925 w. dekemberi) mxari dauWira àxal
opozicias~ (g. zinovievs da l. kamenevs) stalinis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolaSi. amis gamo stalinis momxreebma
sastikad gaakritikes. krupskaiam sapasuxod ganacxa-
da, rom emigraciaSi wasvlas apirebda did britaneT-
Si. Semdeg krupskaiam pozicia Seicvala. 1934 wels sak.
kp(b) ;9,, yrilobaze krupskaiam stalini Seaqo da ga-
nacxada, rom `trockis xazi qveyanas daRupavda~.
krupskaiam mxari dauWira trockis, zinovievis, kame-
nevis partiidan garicxvas, buxarinis sasamarTlos-
Tvis gadacemas.
1939 wlis 10 marts ixsneboda sak. kp(b) ;9,,, yri-
loba, sadac krupskaia sityviT gamosvlas apirebda,
Tumca amis gakeTeba ver moaswro. 1939 wlis 27 Teber-
vals gardaicvala, Tavisi 70 wlis iubilis aRniSvnis
meore dRes. krupskaia didi pativiT dakrZales krem-
lis kedelSi.
lev trocki krupskaias gardacvalebasTan dakav-
SirebiT aRniSnavda: `stalins yovelTvis eSinoda misi
mxridan SesaZlo protestisa. man Zalzed bevri ico-
da. man icoda partiis istoria. man icoda ra adgili
ekava am istoriaSi stalins. mTeli uaxlesi istoriog-
rafia, romelic stalins leninis gverdiT ayenebs, ar
SeiZleba ar mieCnia mas gulisamrevad da Seuracxmyo-
felad~.

18.8. represiebi samxedroebis winaaRmdeg
1937 wels represiebi Tavs daatydaT maRali rangis oficrebs marSal tuxa-
CevskiT saTaveSi. tuxaCevskis da mis momxreebs armiis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze
konfliqti hqondaT Tavdacvis saxalxo komisarTan klim voroSilovTan. 1936 w.
maisSi tuxaCevskis jgufma stalinis winaSe daayena voroSilovis gadayenebis sa-
kiTxi. stalinisaTvis voroSilovi da budioni, `samoqalaqo omis gmirebi~, ufro
axlobeli da sando iyvnen, tuxaCevskis ki undoblad uyurebda, — maT xom samxed-
ro gadatrialeba SeiZleba moewyoT.
tuxaCevskis dapatimrebis sababi gaxda nacisturi germaniidan wamosuli
falsificirebuli dokumentebi tuxaCevskis kavSiris Taobaze germaniis genera-

lur StabTan. es falsifikacia stalinis xelSi Cexoslovakiis prezidentis bene-
Sis gavliT aRmoCnda.
1937 wlis ivlisSi Sedga samxedroebis jgufis daxuruli sa-
samarTlo procesi, romelTa Soris iyvnen marSali tuxaCev-
ski, 1-li rangis armiis sardlebi uboreviCi da iakiri da sxva
maRali rangis samxedroebi. maT brali edebodaT samSoblos
RalatSi, SpionaJSi, teroristuli aqtebis momzadebaSi. isi-
ni maSinve daxvrites.
es mxolod dasawyisi iyo — sxvadasxva saxis represiebi
Seexo wiTeli armiis 40 aTas oficers.

represiebi wiTeli armiis oficerTa SemadgenlobaSi

wodeba saerTo raodenoba maTgan represire-

buli iyo
sabWoTa kavSiris marSlebi 5 3
, rangis komandarmebi 5 3
,, rangis komandarmebi 10 10
korpusis meTaurebi 57 50
diviziis meTaurebi 186 154
saarmio komisrebi 16 16
korpusis komisrebi 26 25
diviziis komisrebi 64 58
polkis meTaurebi 451 401

18.9. trockis mkvleloba
represiebi mimdinareobda ara mxolod qveynis SigniT. arsebobda Sinagan saq-
meTa saxalxo komisariatis saidumlo ganyofileba, romlis amocanac iyo saz-
RvargareT myofi xelisuflebis politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis fizikuri ganad-
gureba. stalinis reJimis msxverpli gaxdnen TeTri moZraobis, monarqistuli
emigraciis warmomadgenlebi.
stalinis brZanebiT meqsikaSi mokles lev trockic. 1928
wels sabWoTa kavSiridan gaZevebis Semdeg trocki cxovrobda
jer TurqeTSi, Semdeg safrangeTsa da norvegiaSi. 1936 wels
trockis miRebas dasTanxmda meqsikis xelisufleba. trocki
meqsikaSi damkvidrda da sicocxlis bolomde iq cxovrobda.
trockis yvelaze meti momxre aSS-Si hyavda, magram aSS-is xeli-
suflebam trockis qveyanaSi Sesvlis ufleba ar misca.
emigraciaSi trockim 1938 wels daaarsa ,9 internacionali. es iyo trockis
momxre komunistebis gaerTianeba, romelic upirispirdeboda stalinis miTiTebe-
biT moqmed ,,, internacionals.
trockis mkvlelobis operacias xelmZRvanelobdnen Sinsaxkomis TanamSrom-
lebi pavel sudoplatovi da naum eigintoni. maT moaxerxes trockis garemocvaSi
TavianTi agentis ramon merkaderis Canergva, romelmac 1940 wlis 20 agvistos
mokla trocki TavSi CaquCis CartymiT. merkaderi daapatimres da 20 weli miusa-
jes. 1961 wels, patimrobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, gaaTavisufles. merkaderi kuba-
Si wavida, iqidan ki sabWoTa kavSirSi Cavida. moskovSi is didi pativiT miiRes da
sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodebac mianiWes.

Tavi ;,;.
`gamarjvebuli socializmis~ konstitucia
`didi teroris~ meSveobiT stalini cdilobda qveyanaSi socialuri daZabu-

lobis likvidacias, rac gamowveuli iyo misi ekonomikuri da politikuri Secdo-
mebiT. am Secdomebis aRiareba ar SeeZlo, radgan saWiro iyo yvela saSualebiT ae-
Zulebina adamianebi, ar efiqraT da ar SeetanaT eWvi arsebul xelisuflebaSi, maT
unda daenaxaT is, rac sinamdvileSi ar iyo. mocemuli politikis logikuri gag-
rZeleba iyo sabWoTa kavSiris axali konstituciis miReba. konstitucia iyo Sir-
ma, romelic represiul reJims demokratiuli da socialisturi safarvelis qveS
aqcevda.

1936 wlis konstitucias, misi avtorebis Canafiqris
mixedviT, unda aesaxa mniSvnelovani etapi sabWoTa saxel-
mwifos istoriaSi — socializmis aSeneba.
konstitucias `stalinuri konstitucia~ uwodes, mag-
ram konstituciis teqstis ZiriTadi avtori iyo n. buxari-
ni. ukve Semdeg, SemuSavebuli teqstis `srulyofaze~ uSua-
lod imuSava stalinma.
sakonstitucio komisiis 31 wevridan 17 represirebu-
li iqna, erTma Tavi moikla, kidev 2 ki iZulebuli gaxda, ua-
ri eTqva sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobaze.

19.1. konstituciis miReba
1935 wlis 1 Tebervals sak kp (b) centraluri komitetis plenumi winadade-

biT gamovida, `zogierTi cvlileba~ SeetanaT arsebul konstituciaSi. 1935 wlis
6 Tebervals sabWoebis sakavSiro 9,, yrilobis gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna sakon-
stitucio komisia, romelSic 12 qvekomisia Sedioda. komisiis Tavmjdomare iyo i.
stalini.
muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg mividnen im daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo axali kon-
stituciis miReba. sabWoTa kavSiris 1924 wlis konstitucia, iuridiuli Tvalsaz-
risiT, ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda: deklaraciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis xel-
Sekrulebisagan. axali konstituciis proeqtSi uari iyo naTqvami konstituciis
xelSekrulebiT xasiaTze. Seiqmna erTiani saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi konstitu-
cia, romelic moicavda saxelmwifo cxovrebis yvela mxares.
1936 wlis maisisTvis momzadda axa-
li konstituciis proeqti. 1936 wlis iv-
nisis dasawyisSi partiis centralurma
komitetma moiwona konstituciis proeq-
ti da 12 ivniss gamoaqveynes `sayovel-
Tao-saxalxo ganxilvisTvis~. ganxilva
TiTqmis naxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeboda. daregistrirda daaxloe-
biT 170 aTasi winadadeba konstituciis
proeqtSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setanis Taobaze. konstituciis ganxil-
vaSi `monawileoba miiRo~ 75 milionma
adamianma.

konstituciis proeqtis gansaxilvelad mowyobil krebebze adamianebi Tavi-
anT satkivarze saubrobdnen. kolmeurneebi xelfasebis daniSvnas iTxovdnen. vo-
roneJis olqSi erTma glexma qalma iTxova konstituciaSi sityvebs `vinc ar muSa-
obs, is ar Wams~ damateboda sityvebi `vinc muSaobs, man unda Wamos~.
konstitucia miiRes 1936 wlis 5 dekembers sabWoebis 9,,, sakavSiro sagange-
bo yrilobaze. stalinis gancxadebiT, sabWoTa sazogadoebam `ganaxorciela is,
rasac marqsistebTan ewodeba komunizmis pirveli faza — socializmi~.
socializmis aSenebis ekonomikur kriteriumad `stalinuri~ konstitucia ac-
xadebda kerZo sakuTrebis likvidaciasa da adamianis mier adamianis eqspluataciis
mospobas, saxelmwifo da sakolmeurneo-kooperaciuli sakuTrebis gamarjvebas.
saxelmwifos ekonomikur safuZvlad gamocxadda socialisturi sakuTreba,
romelic ori formiT arsebobda: saxelmwifo da kooperaciul-sakolmeurneo.
daSvebuli iyo pirad Sromaze dafuZnebuli wvrili individualuri meurneoba.

19.2. sabWoTa politikuri sistemis konstituciuri safuZvlebi
sabWoTa kavSiris politikur safuZvlad dafiqsirda mSromelTa deputatTa

sabWoebi. qveynis umaRles xelmZRvanel organod gamocxadda sabWoTa kavSiris
umaRlesi sabWo, romelsac sayovelTao kenWisyriT irCevdnen.
umaRlesi sabWo ori palatisagan Sedgeboda: kavSirebis sabWosa da erovneba-
Ta sabWosagan. kavSirebis sabWos irCevdnen olqebSi — erTi deputati 300 aTas
mcxovrebze; erovnebaTa sabWos ki irCevdnen Semdegi principiT: 25 deputati Ti-
Toeuli mokavSire respublikidan, 11 deputati yoveli avtonomiuri respubliki-
dan, 5 deputati TiToeuli avtonomiuri olqidan, 1 deputati yoveli nacionalu-
ri okrugidan.
sesiebs Soris periodebSi aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas
axorcielebda sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumi.
pirvelad konstituciurad ganisazRvra komunisturi partiis roli poli-
tikur sistemaSi. sak. kp(b) ganixileboda `mSromelTa mowinave razmad~, romelic
mSromelTa yvela sazogadoebrivi organizaciis `xelmZRvanel birTvad~ gamoc-
xadda. konstituciis 126-e muxli, romelic am statuss afiqsirebda, sinamdvileSi
iyo politikur xelisuflebaze partiis monopoliis dafiqsireba. dawesebulebe-
bis, sawarmoebis, kolmeurneobebis partiul organizaciebs konstituciis ZaliT
miecaT administraciis kontrolis ufleba.
1936 wlis 5 dekembers miRebulma konstituciam:
x gamoacxada socializmis aSeneba;
x sabWoebi gamoacxada xelisuflebis umaRles organoebad;
x gamoacxada umTavresi demokratiuli uflebebi, oRond realurad
uzrunvelyofis gareSe;
x saxelmwifo ideologiad gamoacxada marqsizm-leninizmi;
x aRniSnavda, rom moispo adamianis mier adamianis eqspluatacia;
x opoziciuri partiebis Seqmnisken mimarTuli saqmianoba antikonsti-
tuciurad da danaSaulebriv saqmianobad gamoacxada.

19.3. mokavSire respublikebis uflebaTa kidev ufro Semcireba
1936 wlis konstituciiT gauqmda amierkavkasiis federacia da sabWoTa kav-

SirSi ukve Sedioda 11 mokavSire sabWoTa respublika: ruseTi, ukraina, belorusi,
azerbaijani, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, tajikeTi, yazaxeTi,
yirgizeTi.

axal konstituciaSi, winandelTan SedarebiT, gaizarda ekonomikuri da po-
litikuri cxovrebis centralizacia, kidev ufro Semcirda mokavSire respubli-
kebis isedac mcire uflebebi.

mokavSire respublikebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba

ZiriTadi konsti- ssrk 1924 wlis ssrk 1936 wlis
tuciuri debule- konstitucia konstitucia
bebi
1.subieqti, visac 1. mkafiod ar iyo gansazRvru- 1.sakuTrebis uflebis su-
ekuTvnoda sakuT- li bieqti sabWoTa kavSiri
reba — miwa, wiaRi- miwis, wiaRiseulis da a.S. gan- iyo.
seuli, tye da wya- kargvis ufleba — mokavSire
li respublikebs ekuTvnodaT.
2.sabWoTa kavSiris 2. 10 saxalxo komisariati (5 sa- 2. 18 saxalxo komisariati
saxalxo komisar- kavSiro, 5 sakavSiro-respubli- (8 sakavSiro, 10 sakavSiro-
Ta sabWos Semad- kuri). respublikuri).
genloba
3.kanonSemoqmede- 3. kodeqsebi icvleboda respub- 3. kodeqsebis gamocema mi-
ba likebSi maTi specifikis mixed- ekuTvna sabWoTa kavSiris
viT. kompetencias.
4. kavSirisa da 4.sakiTxebis mkafio wre, romle- 4. formalurad gamijnu-
respublikebis uf- bic miekuTvneboda sakavSiro li iyo centrisa da res-
lebamosilebis ga- organoebis kompetencias da publikebis kompetencia,
mijvna respublikebis kompetenciaSi magram ar arsebobda meqa-
darCenili sakiTxebis mwyobri nizmi, romelic respub-
sistema, rac respublikebs maT likebs centris Carevis-
kompetenciaSi centris Carevi- gan daicavda.
sagan icavda.
5. mokavSire res- 5. respublikebs SeeZloT Tavi- 5. gaZlierda sakavSiro
publikebis ufle- anT teritoriaze SeeCerebinaT organoebis ufleba, gae-
ba TavianT teri- sakavSiro uwyebebis mier miRe- uqmebinaT respublikebis
toriaze gaeuqme- buli dadgenilebebi, Tuki is aqtebi, romlebic sakavSi-
binaT centris mi- ewinaaRmdegeboda respublikis ro kanonmdeblobas ewina-
er miRebuli aqte- konstitucias da interesebs. aRmdegeboda.
bi SeeZloT gaesaCivrebinaT uka- respublikebs CamoerTvaT
nono moqmedeba sakavSiro cak- sakavSiro organoebis
Si. respublikis teritoria-
ssrk umaRles sasamarTlos ze moqmedebis gasaCivre-
hqonda konstituciuri kon- bis ufleba.
trolis funqcia. umaRles sasamarTlos Ca-
moerTva konstituciuri
kontrolis funqcia.

19.4.konstituciis `stalinuri~ normebi
sabWoTa konstituciaSi dafiqsirebuli iyo moqalaqeTa farTo uflebebi,

magram konstituciuri normebis umetesoba carieli deklaracia iyo. `stalinu-
ri~ socializmis mizani iyo ara sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Tavisufali gan-
viTarebis ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli wanamZRvrebis Seqmna, aramed
saxelmwifos Zlierebis zrda.

sakuTreba da politikuri xelisufleba Tavmoyrili iyo stalinisa da parti-
ul-saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis xelSi. isini xalxisgan gaucxoebulni iyvnen.
sabWoTa konstituciaSi pirvelad iyo naTqvami
pirovnebis, sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis, mimowe-
ris saidumloebis dacvis Sesaxeb, Tumca es garanti-
ebi sasacilod JRerda masobrivi represiebis piro-
bebSi.
konstituciaSi gamkacrda damokidebuleba ek-
lesiisadmi. morwmuneebs ekrZalebodaT religiuri
propaganda da mxolod kultis aRsrulebis ufleba
hqondaT, aramorwmuneebs ki SeeZloT antireligiu-
ri propaganda.
1936 w. konstituciamde, 1918 w. konstituciiT,
qalaqis muSis xma arCevnebze 5-jer aRemateboda glexis xmas. arCevnebis dros xmas
aZlevdnen Riad, xelis aweviT da winaaRmdeg xmis micemas cota Tu bedavda.
1936 wlis konstituciam gamoacxada yvela donis sabWoebis sayovelTao, pir-
dapiri (mravalsafexurianis nacvlad), Tanaswori (proporciulis nacvlad), faru-
li (Rias nacvlad) arCevnebi. gauqmda politikuri cxovrebidan raime kategoriis
adamianebis Camocileba, garda sasjelmisjilTa da Seuracxadad cnobilebisa. ma-
namde Zalze bevrs hqonda warTmeuli xmis ufleba: kulakebs, nepmanebs da `yofi-
lebs~ (mefis droindeli policielebi, administracia da a.S.) 1932 wels xmis ufle-
bawarTmeulTa raodenoba, ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, Seadgenda 7 milion adamians.
pirveli sayovelTao arCevnebi 1937 w. 12 dekembers Catarda. erT adgilze
wamoyenebuli iyo mxolod erTi kandidati `komunistebis da upartioTa bloki-
dan~. oficialuri monacemebiT, 94 milioni amomrCevlidan maT winaaRmdeg xma mis-
ca 632 aTasma adamianma.
1988 wlamde umaRlesi sabWo da sxva sabWoebi gadawyvetilebebs erTsulov-
nad iwonebdnen, Tumca Tavmjdomare yovelTvis kiTxulobda: `vin aris winaaRmde-
gi? Tavi vin Seikava?~

1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi

sfero damaxasiaTebeli niSani
ekonomikis sfe- — mwarmoebeli srulad emorCileba saxelmwifos;
ro — Sromis Tavisuflebis ararseboba da misi Secvla araekonomikuri
iZulebiT;
— saxelmwifos monopolia warmoebis saSualebebze;
— ekonomikis militarizacia;
— qonebrivi urTierTobebis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba.
politikis sfe- — erTpartiuli sistema;
ro — partiuli da saxelmwifo aparatebis Sezrda;
— mTeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis unifikacia;
— sazogadoebaSi realuri Tavisuflebebis ararseboba;
— mZlavri represiuli aparatis arseboba.
sulieri sfero — partiuli ideologiis batonoba;
— sruli saxelmwifo kontroli ganaTlebis sferosa da masobrivi
informaciis saSualebebze;
— sulieri cxovrebis unificireba;
— aTeizmis diqtati.
erovnul urTi- — formiT federaciuli, arsiT unitaruli saxelmwifo;
erTobaTa sfe- — sabWoTa kavSiris xalxebis rusifikaciis tendencia;
ro — mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebis politikuri da ekono-
mikuri uflebebis SezRudva.

nawili meSvide
sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omis dros
Tavi ;;.
sabWoTa kavSirisa da nacisturi germaniis daaxloeba

20.1. militaristul-faSisturi qveynebis agresiis gafarToeba
1938 wlis noemberSi iaponiam pirvelad gamoacxada aSkarad Tavisi mizani —

aRmosavleT aziaSi àxali wesrigis Seqmna~. es unda yofiliyo `Tanaayvavebis~ aR-
mosavleTaziuri sfero. iaponeli imperialistebi masSi moiazrebdnen sabWoTa
kavSiris Soreul aRmosavleTs, CineTs, samxreT-aRmosavleT azias, indonezias,
filipinebs, axal gvineasa da okeaniis kunZulebs.
aranakleb saSiS xasiaTs Rebulobda movlenaTa ganviTareba evropaSi.
miunhenis SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg inglisisa da safrangeTis liderebma
gamoacxades, rom evropaSi dadga `mSvidobis era~. sxvanairad fiqrobda da moqme-
debda hitleri. 1939 wlis 15 marts hitlerma jari Seiyvana praRaSi da sabolood
mospo Cexoslovakia, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo.
1939 wlis 23 marts hitlerma daikava memelis (klaipedas) olqi, romelic
litvis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. es moxda litvasTan `SeTanxmebiT~, romelmac
germanias `dauTmo~ es porti.
1939 wlis martSi germaniam poloneTs moTxovna wauyena dancigis SeerTebis
Taobaze, romelic Tavisufali qalaqi iyo da, aseve, poloneTis teritoriis na-
wilze. poloneTma uaryo es moTxovnebi. sapasuxod germaniam gawyvita poloneT-
Tan Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba, momzadda poloneTze Tavdasxmis
gegma (`vaisis gegma~), romelic 1939 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi damtkicda. gegmis mi-
xedviT, poloneTis winaaRmdeg omi unda dawyebuliyo ara ugvianes 1939 wlis 1
seqtembrisa.
germaniis agresiuli gegmebiT SeSfoTebulma britaneTma da safrangeTma 22
marts ganacxades, rom samxedro garantias aZleven germaniis Tavdasxmis SemTxve-
vaSi germaniis dasavleTel mezoblebs: belgias, holandiasa da Sveicarias. male
igive garantia misces poloneTs, Semdeg ki — saberZneTs, rumineTsa da TurqeTs.
1939 wlis aprilSi italiam albaneTis okupacia moaxdina.
1939 wlis aprilSi àntikominternul paqts~, romelSic germania, iaponia da
italia Sediodnen, SeuerTdnen ungreTi da manjou-go, 1939 wlis maisSi — espane-
Ti.
germaniisa da italiis aseTma moqmedebam sagonebelSi Caagdo inglis-safran-
geTis mmarTveli wreebi da isini daTanxmdnen sabWoTa kavSiris winadadebas, daew-
yoT molaparakebebi SeTanxmebis dasadebad germaniis agresiis SeCerebis mizniT,
Tumca es molaparakebebi uSedego aRmoCnda.
faSisturi koaliciis formireba SemdegSic grZeldeboda.
1940 wlis 27 seqtembers antikominternuli paqti gadaiqca Ria samxedro kav-
Sirad (`berlinis paqti~).
1941 wlis noemberSi paqtis moqmedeba 5 wliT gagrZelda. amave dros mas Seu-
erTdnen bulgareTi, fineTi, rumineTi, dania, slovakeTi, xorvatia da nankini (Ci-
neTis dedaqalaqi, romelic 1937-1945 wlebSi iaponiis okupaciis zonaSi iyo). amiT
damTavrda faSisturi saxelmwifoebisa da maTi satelitebis agresiuli blokis
Camoyalibeba.

20.2. evropa omsa da mSvidobas Soris
1939 wlisaTvis evropa didi omis zRurblze idga. am droisaTvis samxedro

TvalsazrisiT inglisi da safrangeTi mniSvnelovnad aRematebodnen germaniis sax-
meleTo Zalebs da srulad batonobdnen zRvaze. magram yvelaze mravalricxovani
da kargad SeiaraRebuli armia sabWoTa kavSirs hyavda. sabWoTa armia diviziebis ra-
odenobiT italiis saxmeleTo Zalebs 2-jer aRemateboda, germanias — 2,5-jer, iapo-
nias — 3-jer, safrangeTs — 4-jer, did britaneTs — 5-jer, aSS-s ki — 11-jer.
sabWoTa kavSiris pozicia bevr rames gansazRvravda. imis mixedviT, Tu ro-
mel saxelmwifoebs daukavSirdeboda stalini, damokidebuli iyo evropaSi mSvi-
dobis SenarCuneba an omis dawyeba.
sabWoTa qveynis dakavSireba inglis-safrangeTTan germanias or frontze
omis safrTxis winaSe ayenebda da hitleri ver gabedavda poloneTze Tavdasxmas.
amiT evropaSi mSvidoba SenarCundeboda.
stalinis dakavSireba germaniasa da mis satelitebTan niSnavda evropaSi
omis dauyovnebliv gaCaRebas. sami agresiuli reJimis — bolSevikuris, faSistu-
risa da nacisturis kavSiri zrdida maT Zalebs saZulveli demokratiis winaaR-
mdeg brZolaSi.
Tavad stalinic omisken ixreboda. mSvidoba sabWoTa kavSirs 1920 wlis saz-
RvrebSi tovebda da xels uSlida `revoluciis eqsports~. bolSevikebsac surdaT
msoflioze batonoba. amave dros stalins eSinoda, kapitalisturi qveynebi ar ga-
erTianebuliyvnen mis winaaRmdeg.
inglisi da safrangeTi winaaRmdegi ar iyvnen, rom germania da sabWoTa kavSi-
ri erTmaneTs Setakebodnen, stalins ki surda germaniis agresiis dasavleTisken
warmarTva, rac maT daasustebda. stalini molaparakebebs awarmoebda inglis-
safrangeTTan da germaniasTanac.

20.3. sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebebi inglis-safrangeTTan
1939 wlis 17 aprils, germaniis mier Cexoslovakiis okupaciis Semdeg, sabWoTa

kavSirma winadadeba wamoayena, rom sabWoTa kavSirs, inglissa da safrangeTs gaefor-
mebinaT sammxrivi SeTanxmeba urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb da aseve daedoT samxedro
konvencia. Tavisi valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad sabWoTa kavSiri moiTxovda, rom
wiTel armias gaevlo `buferul zonaze~ — poloneTi, rumineTi, baltiis qveynebi da
fineTi, rac am qveynebis okupacias niSnavda. am moTxovnas didxans ar Tanxmdebodnen
arc inglis-safrangeTi da arc `buferuli zonis~ qveynebi.
hitlerma, Tavis mxriv, dasavleTis qveynebs SesTavaza, daedoT òTxTa paq-
ti~ (germania, italia, inglisi, safrangeTi).
miunhenis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg germaniis agresiis gaZliere-
bam omis safrTxe kidev ufro realuri gaxada. inglissa da safrangeTSi izrdebo-
da ganwyoba sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebebis gamarTvis sasargeblod. pirve-
lad miunhenis SeTanxmebis xelmoweris Semdeg, inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavro-
bebi dasTanxmdnen sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebas da moskovSi daiwyo sami qvey-
nis (sabWoTa kavSiri, inglisi, safrangeTi) samxedro misiebis molaparakebebi.
maisis bolos britaneTisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebma arCevani gaakeTes
sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebebis dawyebis Sesaxeb. 1939 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi mos-
kovSi gamarTulma molaparakebebma molotovsa da inglis-safrangeTis warmomad-
genlebs Soris Sedegi ar gamoiRo, Tumca daTanxmdnen, molaparakebebi daewyoT
samxedro SeTanxmebis dasadebad.


moskovis molaparakebebis paralelurad ivnis-ivlisSi londoni cdilobda
germaniasTan SeTanxmebas. britaneTi mzad iyo ecno germaniis dominireba aRmosav-
leT evropaSi, maT Soris poloneTis mimarT moTxovnebic. magram garigeba ar Sedga.
germania ar apirebda Tavisi agresiis mxolod aRmosavleTisken warmarTvas da aseve
iTxovda pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas.
1939 wlis 12 agvistos moskovSi Cavidnen inglisisa da safrangeTis warmo-
madgenlebi. moulodnelad gamoirkva, rom ingliselebs ar hqondaT SeTanxmebis
dadebis uflebamosileba. inglisisa da safrangeTis misiebs meorexarisxovani
moRvaweebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, sabWoTa delegacias ki saTaveSi edga Tavdacvis
saxalxo komisari marSali klim voroSilovi.
sabWoTa mxarem waradgina sabWoTa kavSiris, inglisisa da safrangeTis er-
Toblivi samxedro moqmedebebis detaluri gegma. am gegmis Tanaxmad, wiTel armi-
as evropaSi gamohyavda 136 divizia, 5 aTasi mZime qvemexi, 9-10 aTasi tanki da 5-5,5
aTasi TviTmfrinavi. inglisis delegaciam ganacxada, rom saomari moqmedebebis
dawyebis SemTxvevaSi inglisi Tavidan kontinentze gaagzavnida mxolod 6 divizi-
as. samagierod, safrangeTi acxadebda, rom germaniis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
gamoiyvanda 110 divizias, 4 aTas Tanamedrove tanks da, diviziebis artileriis
garda, 3 aTas msxvilyalibian (150-idan 420 milimetramde) qvemexs, aseve, safran-
geTis armiaSi Sevidoda 200 aTasi espaneli respublikeli, romlebic safrangeTSi
gadavidnen frankistebis gamarjvebis Semdeg.
sabWoTa kavSirs ar hqonda saerTo sazRvari germanias-
Tan. saomar moqmedebebSi monawileobas miiRebda mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tuki inglisisa da safrangeTis mokavSireebi —
poloneTi da rumineTi sabWoTa jarebs TavianT teritoria-
ze gaatarebdnen, magram orive qveyana amis winaaRmdegi iyo
da sabWoTa jaris SeSvebas safrTxed miiCnevdnen TavianTi
damoukideblobisa da suverenitetisaTvis. molaparakebebi
Wianurdeboda.

20.4. sabWoTa kavSiris germaniasTan daaxloeba
moskovSi 1939 wlis martidan gaCnda sagareo politikaSi mimdinare cvlile-

bebis pirveli simptomebi. 1939 wlis 10 marts sak kp(b) ;9,,, yrilobaze stalinma
mianiSna germaniasTan urTierTobis gaumjobesebis sasurvelobaze. kidev ufro
adre, berlinSi gamarTul diplomatiur miRebaze, hitleri pirvelad specialu-
rad SeCerda sabWoTa elCTan da mas gamoelaparaka, rac mTelma diplomatiurma
korpusma SeamCnia.
1939 wlis 5 maiss moskovSi gamoacxades sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris
postidan m. litvinovis gadadgomis Sesaxeb, romelic inglisTan da safrangeTTan
daaxloebis momxre da Tanac ebraeli iyo. sagareo saqmeTa ministris posti Sei-
Tavsa saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem v. molotovma, rac msofliom Sea-
fasa, rogorc moskovis sagareo politikaSi cvlilebebis mauwyebeli.
male, didi xnis Sesvenebis Semdeg, daiwyo savaWro-ekonomikuri molaparake-
bebi berlinsa da moskovs Soris. agvistoSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas vaWrobisa da
kreditebis Taobaze. paralelurad, 1939 wlis zafxulSi, gaZlierda politikuri
kontaqtebic or qveyanas Soris.
amrigad, 1939 wlis zafxulSi sabWoTa kavSiri molaparakebebs awarmoebda
orive dapirispirebul banakTan. es meTodi ar yofila raime moulodneli saerTa-
Soriso praqtikaSi, inglissa da safrangeTsac hqondaT aqtiuri diplomatiuri
kontaqtebi germaniasTan. moskovis molaparakebebi warmatebiT rom damTavrebu-

liyo, mniSvnelovani barieri Seiqmneboda germaniis agresiuli gegmebis winaSe.
magram es Sansi gamouyenebeli darCa.

20.5. molotov-ribentropis paqti
hitlerma, romelic `poloneTis sakiTxis~ ZaliT gadaWrisTvis emzadeboda, ase-

ve SesTavaza sabWoTa kavSirs, daewyoT molaparakebebi Tavdausxmelobis xelSekru-
lebis dadebisa da aRmosavleT evropaSi gavlenis sferoebis gamijvnis Taobaze.
rogorc sabWoTa da postsabWoTa rusul literaturaSi aRiniSneba, stalini
rTuli arCevanis winaSe aRmoCnda: an uari unda eTqva germaniis winadadebisTvis
da Serigeboda germaniis jarebis gasvlas sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebTan polone-
Tis damarcxebis Semdeg, an daedo SeTanxmeba germaniasTan da gadaewia sabWoTa
kavSiris sazRvrebi dasavleTisken, Tan garkveuli droiT Tavidan aecilebina omi
germaniasTan.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis azriT, dasavleTis qveynebi germanias sabWoTa
kavSiris winaaRmdeg omisken ubiZgebdnen, iseve rogorc icodnen germaniis mis-
wrafebaze, `sasicocxlo sivrce~ gaefarToebina aRmosavleTiT dapyrobebis xar-
jze. moskovSi isic icodnen, rom germaniis jarebi mzad iyvnen poloneTze Tavda-
sasxmelad da bevrad Zlierebi iyvnen poloneTis armiaze. rac ufro Wianurdebo-
da molaparakebebi inglis-safrangeTis delegaciasTan, stalini miT ufro ixre-
boda germaniasTan SeTanxmebis xelmowerisken. unda gaeTvaliswinebina isic, rom
1939 wlis maisidan monRoleTis teritoriaze mimdinareobda saomari moqmedebebi
iaponelTa winaaRmdeg.
1939 wlis 19 agvisto gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. am dRes moxda sami mniSvnelova-
ni movlena:
— sabWoTa mTavroba dasTanxmda moskovSi ribentropis Casvlas. imave dRes
berlinSi xeli moewera savaWro-sakredito SeTanxmebas, rac sabWoTa kavSiris-
Tvis 200-milioniani kreditis gamoyofas iTvaliswinebda 5 wliT, wliuri 4,5-iT.
es SeTanxmeba Semobrunebis punqti aRmoCnda sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis urTier-
TobaSi.
— poloneTma britanelebs acnoba, rom uars ambobda mSvidobian dros Tavis
teritoriaze nebismieri ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daSvebaze. polone-
Tis sagareo saqmeTa ministris bekis gancxadebiT, `marSali voroSilovi mSvido-
biani gziT cdilobda imis miRwevas, rasac ver miaRwia iaraRis ZaliT 1920 wels~.
Tumca ukanasknel momentSi — 23 agvistos polonelebma Tanxmoba ar gamoricxes;
— Sulenburgma berlinSi gadagzavna molotovis mier miwodebuli Tavdaus-
xmelobis paqtis proeqti da xazi gausva, rom xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sevidoda mxo-
lod `sagareo-politikur sakiTxebze specialuri protokolis xelmoweris Sem-
deg~, romelsac moskovi `paqtis Semadgenel nawilad miiCnevda~.
moskovsa da berlins Soris miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba Tavdausxmelobis xel-
Sekrulebis xelmoweris Sesaxeb.
1939 wlis 23 agvistos moskovSi Cafrinda germaniis sagareo saqmeTa minis-
tri ribentropi. imave dRes xeli moewera germania — sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdaus-
xmelobis xelSekrulebas, romelic istoriaSi Sevida `molotov-ribentropis
paqtis~ saxeliT. misma xelmoweram SokSi Caagdo msoflio.
1939 wlis 23 agvistos sabWoTa kavSir — germanias Soris daido Tavdausxmelo-

sazRvris gadakveTisas ribentropis TviTmfrinavs minskis raionSi cecxli gauxsna sabWoTa
sazenito artileriam. maT dagvianebiT miiRes gafrTxileba TviTmfrinavisTvis derefnis micemis
Taobaze, magram hitleri, stalini da ribentropi imdenad dainteresebulni iyvnen SeTanxmebis
miRweviT, rom incidentisTvis yuradReba ar miuqceviaT.

bis xelSekruleba 10 wlis vadiT. es xelSekruleba sruliad moulodneli iyo
msofliosTvisac da sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebTaTvisac. Tumca, aravin icoda mTa-
vari — xelSekrulebas erToda saidumlo protokolebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSi-
risa da germaniis mier aRmosavleT evropa interesTa sferoebad iyo gayofili. am
protokolebis Tanaxmad, dgindeboda gammijnavi xazi germaniisa da sabWoTa jarebs
Soris poloneTSi; estoneTi, latvia, fineTi da besarabia miekuTvneboda sabWoTa
gavlenis sferos, litva — germaniis interesebis sferos. poloneTi iyofoda or
nawilad: aRmosavleT poloneTi sabWoTa kavSiris xelSi gadadioda. dedaqalaqi
varSava Suaze iyofoda. sabWoTa kavSirs ergeboda misi gareubani — praRa.
paqtis xelmoweris Semdeg gaimarTa vaxSami, romelsac eswrebodnen mxolod
stalini, molotovi, ribentropi da Sulenburgi. stalinma dalia hitleris sad-
RegrZelo: `me vici, Tu rogor Zlier uyvars germanel ers Tavisi beladi da ami-
tom me minda Sevsva misi dRegrZelobisTvis~. stalinma Sesva henrix himleris sad-
RegrZeloc, àdamianisa, romelic uzrunvelyofs germaniis saxelmwifos usaf-
rTxoebas~. beria man ribentrops warudgina rogorc `Cveni himleri~. ribentropi
ki mogvianebiT italiel kolegas graf Cianos uyveboda: `me kremlSi Tavs ise
vgrZnobdi, TiTqos Zvel partiul amxanagebs Soris viyavi~.
udavoa, rom xelSekruleba maSin orive mxarisTvis sasargeblo iyo. hitlers
saSualeba eZleoda, damatebiTi garTulebebis gareSe daewyo poloneTis dapyro-
ba da daerwmunebina Tavisi generlebi, rom or frontze omi ar mouxdebodaT. sab-
WoTa da rusul istoriografiaSi Cveulebriv aRiniSneba, rom stalinma dro moi-
go omisTvis mosamzadeblad da aseve miiRo SesaZlebloba gadaewia dasavleTisken
sazRvrebi, riTac faqtobrivad aRadgenda yofili ruseTis imperiis dasavleTis
sazRvrebs.
molotov-ribentropis paqtis fasi evropaSi omis dawyeba iyo. 1939 wlis 24
agvistos gazeTma `pravdam~ sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis xelSekrulebas `mSvidobis
instrumenti~ uwoda, hitlerma ki 22 agvistos Tavis generlebs ganucxada: àxla,
rodesac me gavatare aucilebeli diplomatiuri mosamzadebeli samuSao, jaris-
kacebs gza gaexsnaT~.

sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis paqtma Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb:
x gadaavada mxareTa samxedro Setakeba;
x aRmosavleT evropaSi gamijna am ori qveynis gavlenis sferoebi;
x xeli Seuwyo meore msoflio omis dawyebas.

karikatura `miunhenis SeTanxmeba~ karikatura `hitlerisa da sta-
linis qorwili

mravali wlis manZilze politikosebi da istorikosebi, diplomatebi da
Jurnalistebi mwvaved kamaTobdnen am xelSekrulebis Taobaze. zogi icavda
paqts, amarTlebda mis dadebas sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan, radganac moigo dro
omisaTvis mosamzadeblad; sxvebi brals sdebdnen sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebs faSis-
tur reJimTan SeTanxmebasa da misi agresiuli politikis xelSewyobaSi.
paqtis dadeba moulodneli nabiji iyo — mravali wlis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiri
gmobda faSizms da ibrZoda mis winaaRmdeg, aseve moqmedebdnen komunisturi partiebi.
paqtis dadebam antifaSistur ZalebSi dezorganizeba da dabneuloba gamoiwvia.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo Tavdausxmelobis paqtis gafor-
meba, magram sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneloba ar Semofarglula, ubralod, paq-
tis gaformebiT, aramed aqtiuri TanamSromloba daiwyo agresorTan da 1939-1941
wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebi.
nacistur germaniasTan SeTanxmebis gaformebiT stalinis sargebeli germa-
niasTan omis Tavidan acilebasa an gadavadebaSi ar yofila. hitleri maSin ar geg-
mavda sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmas. 1939 wels germanias hyavda 52,5 divizia, 30,6
aTasi qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni, 3,4 aTasi tanki da 4,3 aTasi TviTmfrinavi. is ve-
rafers daaklebda sabWoTa kavSirs, romelsac 147 divizia, 55,8 aTasi qvemexi da
naRmsatyorcni, 21 aTasi tanki da 11 aTasi TviTmfrinavi hqonda.
stalinma moigo ara dro, aramed sivrce. stalinma monawileoba miiRo germa-
niasTan da mis mokavSireebTan erTad sxva qveynebis teritoriebis ganawilebaSi;
stalinma aseve miaRwia Tavis erT-erT mTavar mizans — erTmaneTs daupirispira
kapitalisturi qveynebi da TviTon ganze darCa, SeeZlo eyurebina germaniasa da
inglis-safrangeTis omisTvis da, rogorc varaudobda, Semdeg omiT dasustebuli
qveynebisTvis SeZlebda Tavisi pirobebi ekarnaxa.
ribentrop-molotovis paqtis Sedegad mkveTrad gamwvavda sabWoTa kavSiris
urTierToba dasavleTis demokratiebTan, Tavis momaval mokavSireebTan. paqtiT
hitlerma ufro ixeira, vidre stalinma. 1941 wlis SuaxanisTvis germania or-sam-
jer ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre 1939 wlis agvistoSi. 1941 wlis ivnisSi ki paqtis da-
debiT dawyebuli omi sabWoTa kavSirsac daatyda Tavs.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ribentrop-molotovis paqts moskovi asaidumloeb-
da da sazogadoebisTvis ucnobi iyo, Tumca xmebi misi arsebobis Sesaxeb maSinve
vrceldeboda. 1947 wels aSS-Si gamoqveynda dokumentebis krebuli, romelSic es
protokolic iyo dabeWdili, Tumca sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba ar aRiarebda am
protokolis arsebobas 1989 wlamde, rodesac is sabWoTa kavSirSic gamoqveynda.
aRniSnuli protokoli iyo samarTlebrivi da moraluri principebis dar-
Rveva, sxva qveynebisa da xalxebis zurgs ukan wyvetda maT beds. 1989 wels sabWoTa
kavSiris umaRlesma sabWom miiRo specialuri dadgenileba, romelSic dagmo sai-
dumlo protokoli da aRiara, rom is ewinaaRmdegeboda saerTaSoriso samarTli-
sa da moralis normebs.
germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris moqmedeba 1936-1940

wlebi mesame raixi sabWoTa kavSiri
1936 samxedro daxmarebas uwevda fran- samxedro daxmarebas uwevda respublike-
kistebs espaneTSi. lebs espaneTSi.
1938 SeierTa avstria da Cexoslovakiis daiwyo mravalwliani samxedro daxmareba
nawili — sudetis olqi. CineTisTvis.
1939 SeierTa mTlianad Cexoslovakia, SeierTa aRmosavleT poloneTi, Tavs da-
daipyro poloneTis naxevari. esxa fineTs da daipyro am qveynis nawili.
1940 moaxdina daniis, norvegiis, safran- moaxdina estoneTis, latviis, litvis, be-
geTis, belgiis, holandiis da luq- sarabiis da CrdiloeT bukovinis okupa-
semburgis okupacia. cia da Seiyvana sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgen-
lobaSi.

1930-iani wlebis mniSvnelovani TariRebi

x 1932 — gaaforma Tavdausxmelobis xelSekrulebebi fineTTan, litvasTan,
poloneTTan, safrangeTTan;
x 1934 — sabWoTa kavSiri Sevida erTa ligaSi;
x 1935 — sabWoTa kavSirma urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebebi gaaforma saf-
rangeTTan da CexoslovakiasTan;
x 1935 — gaimarTa kominternis 9,, kongresi moskovSi, romelmac faSizmi aRia-
ra mTavar safrTxed muSaTa klasisTvis da erTiani antifaSisturi frontis
Seqmnis mowodebiT gamovida;
x 1936-1937 — sabWoTa kavSiri samxedro da politikur daxmarebas uwevda espa-
neTis respublikur mTavrobas;
x 1938 wlis marti — hitlerma avstriis okupacia moaxdina da germanias Seuer-
Ta;
x 1938 wlis ivlisi-agvisto — sabWoTa kavSirma iaponelebi daamarcxa xasanis
tbasTan;
x 1938 wlis seqtemberi — miunhenis konferenciam sudetebis olqi germanias
gadasca;
x 1939 zafxuli — sabWoTa kavSiris molaparakebebi inglisTan da safrangeT-
Tan evropaSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Sesaqmnelad;
x 1939 wlis 23 agvisto — sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis xelSek-
rulebis dadeba.

germaniasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris `teritoriuli gamijvna~ aRmosavleT evropaSi
— pirveli gaformebuli 1939 wlis 23 agvistos, meore — 1939 wlis 28 seqtembers, rodesac
sabWoTa gavlenis sferoSi litva gadavida, poloneTSi teritoriuli daTmobis sanac-
vlod.

Tavi ;;,.
sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omis pirvel etapze

(1939-1941)
21.1. rodis CaerTo sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi

sabWoTa da postsabWoTa periodis rusul istoriul literaturaSi miRebu-
lia, rom sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi Caeba 1941 wlis 22 ivniss, rodesac
germania da misi mokavSireebi Tavs daesxnen sabWoTa kavSirs. sinamdvileSi, sabWo-
Ta kavSiri omSi CaerTo gacilebiT ufro adre — 1939 wlis 17 seqtembers, rode-
sac wiTeli armia, germaniasTan adre gaformebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, po-
loneTSi SeiWra.
1941 wlis 22 ivniss germaniis Tavdasxmis Semdeg dawyebul oms sabWoTa kavSi-
ris xelisuflebam `samamulo omi~ uwoda da es Sefaseba qveynis mosaxleobamac mi-
iRo. sabWoTa kavSirSi ar darCenila ojaxi, romelsac omi ar Sexebia, vinme ar da-
Rupvia. germanelebma daikaves uzarmazari teritoria, daingra mravali qalaqi da
sofeli. es iyo ruseTisTvis `didi samamulo omi~, rigiT meore, radganac samamu-
lo omi ewodeboda 1812 wels napoleonis ruseTze Tavdasxmas.
sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omTan dakavSirebiT kvlav pasuxgaucemelia mrava-
li kiTxva: rogor moxda, rom omis pirvel periodSi wiTelma armiam ver SeZlo sa-
Tanado winaaRmdegobis gaweva, rogor SeZles germanelebma umokles droSi udi-
desi teritoriis okupacia, vin iyo amaze pasuxismgebeli?
Tanamedrove istorikosebi gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZlevian am kiTxvebze. zo-
gi amis mizezad stalinis da misi garemocvis Secdomebs miiCnevs, nawili mizezs
1930-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebul totalitarul sistemaSi xedavs. mesameni amar-
Tleben imdroindel moRvaweebs da miuTiTeben obieqtur procesebze, razedac
maT gavlenis moxdena ar SeeZloT.
am movlenebis istoriografiul SefasebebSi arsebobs `suvorovis versia~.
es aris yofili sabWoTa mzveravis fsevdonimi, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi dasav-
leTSi gaiqca da mravali wigni gamoaqveyna, romlebSic amtkicebda, rom stalini
amzadebda prevenciul dartymas germaniaze. es versia imeorebs hitlerisa da misi
garemocvis gancxadebebs, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom stalins Tavdasxma daas-
wres.
sabWoTa kavSir-nacisturi germaniis omi, anu sabWoTa da rusuli saxelwo-
debiT -didi samamulo omi darCeba udidesi tragediis da imavdroulad xalxis
udidesi gmirobis simbolod.

sabWoTa kavSir— germaniis omis (1941-1945) etapebi

pirveli — dasawyi- meore — Zireuli gardate- mesame — damamTavrebeli, gamar-
si xa jvebis
1941 wlis 22 ivnisi 1941 wlis 19 noemberi — 1944 wlis ianvari — 1945 wlis 9 ma-
- 1943 wlis dekemberi. isi.
1942 wlis noemberi
centraluri mov- centraluri movlenebi: centraluri movlenebi:
lena: x stalingradis brZola x leningradis blokadis dasas-
x brZola mosko- (1942 wlis 25 agvistodan) ruli (1944 w. 14-27 ianvari);
visTvis — 1941 19 noemberi — wiTeli ar- x sabWoTa teritoriis sruli

wlis 30 seqtemberi miis kontrSeteva; ganTavisufleba (1944 w. ianvari
— 1941 wlis 5 de- 23 noemberi — 22 diviziis — seqtemberi);
kemberi alyaSemortyma; 1943 w. 2 x berlinis operacia (1945 w. 6 ap-
CaiSala elvisebu- Tebervali — alyaSemor- rili — 8 maisi. 1 maisi — berli-
ri omis nacisturi tymulTa kapitulacia nis aReba);
gegma. x germaniis usityvo kapitulaci-
omSi Zireuli gardate- is aqtis xelmowera — 8 maisi
xis dasawyisi 1945 w.
x kurskis brZola (1943 w. x praRis operacia; gamarjvebis
ivlisi-agvisto); dRe 1945 w. 9 maisi.
x brZola dneprze da kie-
vis ganTavisufleba 1943
w. 6 noemberi.
Zireuli gardatexis
damTavreba

21.2. meore msoflio omis dasawyisi. wiTeli armiis poloneTSi SeWra
1939 wlis 1 seqtembers, sabWoTa kavSirTan SeTanxmebis xelmoweridan erTi

kviris Semdeg, germania Tavs daesxa poloneTs. es dRe iTvleba meore msoflio
omis dasawyisad. inglisma da safrangeTma omi gamoucxades germanias, magram sao-
mari moqmedebebi ar dauwyiaT, dasavleTis frontze ùcnauri omis~ dro dadga.
ase daiwyo meore msoflio omi. martod darCenili poloneTis armia advilad daa-
marcxes germanelebma da swrafad miiwevdnen win. ukve 16 seqtembers germaniis ja-
rebi varSavis misadgomebTan idgnen. 17 seqtembers poloneTis mTavrobam qveyana
datova, 28 seqtembers varSava daeca.
1939 wlis 17 seqtembers sabWoTa jarebi, germaniasTan 1939 wlis 23 agvistos
gaformebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, aRmosavleTidan SeiWrnen poloneTSi da
daiwyes dasavleT ukrainisa da dasavleT belorusiis teritoriis dakaveba. gamo-
acxades, rom am laSqrobis mizani `moZme xalxebis~ (dasavleT ukrainelebis da da-
savleT belorusebis) ganTavisufleba
iyo. qalaq vilnos (vilniusis) raioni,
romelic adre poloneTma waarTva lit-
vas, sabWoTa kavSirma litvas gadasca.
sabWoTa armiis poloneTSi SeWris
Sedegad sabWoTa kavSiris teritoria ga-
farTovda 196 aTasi kv. km-iT, xolo mo-
saxleoba gaizarda 13 milioni adamianiT.
reaqcia msoflioSi sabWoTa kavSiris mo-
nawileobaze poloneTis winaaRmdeg omSi
sxvadasxvanairi iyo. oficialur doneze,
londonsa da parizSi ki gadawyvites, rom
`valdebuli ar arian omi gamoucxadon
sabWoTa kavSirs~.
v. molotovis gamosvlidan sabWoTa
kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze 1939
wlis 31 oqtombers: àRmoCnda rom sakma-
risia patara dartyma poloneTze jer germaniis armiis, Semdeg ki wiTeli armiis
mxridan, rom araferi darCeniliyo versalis xelSekrulebis am maxinji nayofisa-
gan~.

i. stalinis interviudan gazeT `pravdisaTvis~. 1939 wlis 30 noemberi: `ger-
mania ki ar daesxa Tavs safrangeTsa da ingliss, aramed safrangeTi da inglisi da-
esxnen Tavs germanias, riTac pasuxismgebloba aiRes axlandel omze~.
1939 wlis 28 seqtembers, maleve samxedro moqmedebebis damTavrebidan, ri-
bentropma da molotovma moskovSi xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas megobrobisa da
sazRvris Sesaxeb, aseve axal saidumlo protokolebs, romlebSic dazustda ori
qveynis interesebis sferoebi. kerZod, aRmosavleT poloneTis rigi raionebis
daTmobis sanacvlod, germaniam sabWoTa kavSirs litva `dauTmo~.
`megobrobis Sesaxeb~ axali xelSekrulebis gaformeba stalinis Secdoma
iyo da aCvenebda, rom sabWoTa kavSirma faSistur germaniasTan urTierTobaSi ver
SeZlo darCeniliyo Cveulebrivi diplomatiuri urTierTobebis farglebSi da
mis mokavSired iqca. sabWoTa kavSirSi saerTod Sewyda faSizmisa da misi ideolo-
giis kritika.
1939 wlis oqtomberSi gaanadgures poloneTis armiis winaaRmdegobis uka-
naskneli kerebi. sabWoTa jarebTan tyved Cavardnili poloneli oficrebis didi
nawili Sinsaxkomis brZanebiT daxvrites katinis raionSi da zogierT sxva adgi-
las. am danaSauls didi xnis manZilze uaryofda sabWoTa kavSiri. mxolod 1989
wels, `gardaqmnis~ periodSi, sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobam aRiara, rom 1940
wlis martSi moskovidan miRebuli brZanebis safuZvelze daxvrites aTasobiT po-
loneli oficeri. am movlenam `katinis tragediis~ saxeli miiRo. dRemde ucnobia
mizezebi, Tu ratom gaakeTes es stalinma da misma garemocvam.
poloneTis ganadgurebis Semdeg hitlerma jarebi dasavleTis frontze ga-
daisrola. 1940 wlis ivnisSi germanelTa dawyebul Setevas safrangeTis, belgiisa
da holandiis damarcxeba da okupacia mohyva.

21.3. sabWoTa kavSir — fineTis omi (1939 wlis noemberi — 1940 wlis marti)
moipova ra `moqmedebis Tavisufleba~ mezobeli qveynebis mimarT, sabWoTa

kavSirma, pirvel rigSi, fineTs daadga Tvali. sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvari fineT-
Tan leningradidan sul 32 kilometris daSorebiT gadioda, rac, moskovis azriT,
omis SemTxvevaSi qalaqis swrafad dapyrobis safrTxes qmnida. sabWoTa kavSirma
fineTs mosTxova, gadaecaT kareliis yelis nawili da ramdenime kunZuli fineTis
yureSi. sanacvlod fineTs sTavazobdnen ufro met mcireddasaxlebul terito-
rias kareliaSi qalaq petrozavodskis CaTvliT. amaze fineTma uari Tqva, Tundac
imitom, rom sabWoTa kavSirTan sazRvarze simagreebi iyo aSenebuli.
fineTma uari Tqva agreTve, xeli moewera sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTdaxma-
rebis xelSekrulebaze. am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, fineTis teritoriaze sabWo-
Ta samxedro bazebi unda Seqmniliyo. moskovma es uari miiCnia aqtad, romelic
metyvelebda fineTis xelmZRvanelobis mtrul zraxvebze. uaris sapasuxod sab-
WoTa kavSirma gamoacxada fineTTan gaformebuli Tavdausxmelobis xelSekrule-
bis denonsaciis Sesaxeb.
1939 wlis 30 noembers wiTelma armiam daiwyo saomari moqmedebebi fineTis
winaaRmdeg. Tavdasxmis mizezi gaxda braldeba, TiTqos fineTis artileriam cec-
xli gauxsna sabWoTa teritorias. fineTi am braldebas uaryofda da obieqtur ga-
moZiebas moiTxovda, magram amaod.

fineTze Tavdasxmis sababod moskovma moawyo e. w. `mainilis incidenti~, fineTis sazRvarTan
saartilerio cecxliT daibomba sabWoTa teritoria, daiRupa 4 da daiWra 9 wiTeli armiis
mosamsaxure. finelebi asabuTebdnen, rom maTi saartilerio sistemebi ver dabombavdnen sabWoTa
mxaris mier naCveneb teritorias. mogvianebiT n. xruSCovma aRiara, rom dabombva sabWoTa mxaris
mier iyo organizebuli.

fineTis winaaRmdeg omis gaCaRebis gamo 1939 wlis 14 dekembers sabWoTa kav-
Siri garicxes erTa ligidan. 52 qveyanam mxari dauWira sabWoTa kavSiris garic-
xvas, 12 qveynis warmomadgenlebi sxdomas ar eswrebodnen, 11 qveyanam ki mxari ar
dauWira garicxvas (maT Soris iyo SvedeTi, norvegia da dania).
finelebma medgari winaaRmdegoba gauwies da sabWoTa jarebis Seteva didi
xniT SeaCeres kareliis yelze aSenebuli simagreebis xazze, romelsac fineTis ma-
Sindeli lideris saxels — manenheimis xazs uwodebdnen.
omis dawyebidan ramdenime dReSi, 1939 wlis 1 dekembers, sabWoTa jarebis mi-
er dakavebul patara finur qalaq teriiokiSi Seiqmna `fineTis demokratiuli
respublika~. saswrafod Seiqmna misi mTavrobac sabWoTa kavSirSi myofi fineli
komunistebisgan, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyenes oto kuusineni (1881-1964). 1939
wlis 2 dekembers moskovSi (sadac cxovrobda kuusineni), gaformda megobrobisa
da urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekruleba sabWoTa kavSirsa da `fineTis demokrati-
ul respublikas~ Soris. cxadi gaxda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri fineTis mTlianad dap-
yrobas da fineTis namdvili mTavrobis prokomunisturi marionetuli mTavro-
biT Secvlas gegmavda.
1940 wlis TebervalSi wiTelma armiam, wina warumatebeli Setevis gamocdi-
lebis gaTvaliswinebiT, daiwyo axali Seteva da gaarRvia manenheimis xazi. fineT-
ma zavi iTxova. 1940 wlis martSi samSvidobo xelSekrulebas xeli moewera moskov-
Si. sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli pretenziebi fineTma daakmayofila (dakarga
Tavisi teritoriis 11). samagierod, SeinarCuna damoukidebloba.

sabWoTa kavSiris mier fineTis winaaRmdeg
omis dawyeba msofliom aRiqva agresiis aqtad.
1939 wlis dekemberSi erTa ligam sabWoTa kavSi-
ri agresor saxelmwifod cno da erTa ligidan
garicxa. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma ekonomi-
kuri da samxedro daxmareba aRmouCines fineTs.
igegmeboda jarebis gadasxmac fineTis terito-
riaze sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg saomrad.
fineTTan omi Zviri daujda wiTel armias.
daiRupa daaxloebiT 75 aTasi adamiani (sxva
cnobebiT 127 aTasi), kidev 175 aTasi daiWra an
moiyina.
fineTisaTvis warTmeul teritoriaze
cxovrobda daaxloebiT 400 aTasi adamiani, maT
datoves sabWoTa kavSirisTvis gadacemuli te-
ritoria.

fineTTan oms ara marto sabWoTa kavSiris izolacia mohyva, aramed seriozu-
lad Searyia wiTeli armiis prestiJi. hitlerma CaTvala, rom wiTel armias ar Se-
uZlia Tanamedrove omis dros saomari moqmedebebis efeqturi warmoeba. swored
am momentSi germaneli generlebi sabWoTa kavSirTan omis gegmas amzadebdnen da
wiTeli armiis mier gamovlenilma sisustem maT gegmebze gavlena moaxdina.

`fineTis demokratiuli respublikis~ arseboba, sabWoTa kavSiris garda, saswrafod aRiara tuvam
(romelic jer ar iyo Seyvanili sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi) da monRoleTma.

Tumca, daskvnebi moskovSic gaakeTes. k. voroSilovi gaaTavisufles Tav-
dacvis saxalxo komisris Tanamdebobidan, misi adgili ki s. timoSenkom daikava.
gadaidga nabijebi sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvisunarianobis gasazrdelad.

sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omi: ZalTa Tanafardoba

sabWoTa kavSiri fineTi
piradi Semadgenloba 1.200.000 (45 divizia) 200.000 (9 divizia)
tankebi 1.500 -
TviTmfrinavebi 3.000 270
danakargebi 72.500 mokluli 25.000 mokluli
186.000 daWrili 45.000 daWrili

21.4. sabWoTa kavSiris mier baltiis respublikebisa da besarabiis oku-
pacia da sabWoTa kavSirSi Seyvana
poloneTis damarcxebisTanave sabWoTa kavSirma aiZula baltiis sami saxel-

mwifo, gaeformebinaT urTierTdaxmarebis xelSekrulebebi: jer estoneTs (1939
wlis 28 seqtembers), Semdeg ki latvias (1939 wlis 5 oqtombers) da litvas (10 oq-
tombers). xelSekrulebebi iTvaliswinebda am qveynebis teritoriaze sabWoTa
samxedro-sahaero da samxedro-sazRvao bazebis Seqmnas da iq wiTeli armiis mniS-
vnelovani nawilebis ganlagebas. jarebis Seyvana gamoyenebul iqna am saxelmwifo-
ebis dasamorCileblad.
safrangeTis swrafi da moulodneli damarcxebis Semdeg, stalinma gadawyvi-
ta baltiis saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg gaaqtiureba. 1940 wlis ivnisis Sua ric-
xvebSi sabWoTa mTavrobam ultimatumis formiT moiTxova baltiis qveynebSi axa-
li mTavrobebis formireba komunistebis monawileobiT da wiTeli armiis damate-
biTi nawilebis Seyvana.
sabWoTa armiis mxridan sruli samxedro kontrolis damyarebis safrTxis
gamo, baltiis qveynebis mTavrobebi dasTanxmdnen sabWoTa kavSiris am moTxovna-
sac. estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi Seqmnilma~saxalxo mTavrobebma~ moaxdines
komunisturi partiebis legalizeba, gaaTavisufles prosabWourad ganwyobili
politpatimrebi. 14 ivliss samive respublikaSi Catarda riggareSe saparlamento
arCevnebi, sadac mxolod prokomunisturi blokebi monawileobdnen. axalma par-
lamentebma 21-22 ivliss gamoacxades estoneTis, latviisa da litvis sabWoTa
respublikebis Seqmna da miiRes deklaraciebi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
Sesvlis Taobaze. 1940 wlis 3-6 agvistos sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos gadaw-
yvetilebiT es respublikebi `miiRes~ sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.
1940 wlis 26 ivniss sabWoTa kavSirma ultimatumi wauyena rumineTsac — mos-
Txova besarabiisa da CrdiloeT bukovinis gadacema, romlebic rumineTs 1918
wlidan hqonda dakavebuli. rumineTi, germaniasTan konsultaciis Semdeg, iZule-
buli gaxda damorCileboda. 28 ivniss es teritoriebi wiTelma armiam daikava.
1940 wlis 2 agvistos besarabiaSi Seiqmna moldaveTis sabWoTa respublika sabWo-
Ta kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.

1940 wlis 14 ivniss sabWoTa kavSirma ultimatumi wauyena litvas, 16 ivniss ki latviasa da
estoneTs.

baltiis qveynebis gasabWoebas xeli Seuwyes iq mcxovrebma rusma nacionalistebma, `nacional-
bolSevikebma~ da e. w. èvrazielebma~.

erTi arasruli wlis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSi-
ris sazRvarma dasavleTiT 200-600 kilometriT gadai-
nacvla.
baltiis qveynebis, dasavleT ukrainisa da dasav-
leT belorusiis, moldovis teritoriaze daiwyo `ga-
sabWoebis~ procesi socializmze swrafad gadasasvle-
lad. glexebs aiZulebdnen kolmeurneobebSi Sesvlas,
apatimrebdnen da Soreul banakebSi asaxlebdnen `bur-
Juaziisa~ da `burJuaziuli inteligenciis~ aTasobiT
warmomadgenels. es yvelaferi stalinizmis sistemis
gamovlineba iyo.
1940-1941 wlebSi (omis dawyebamde) estoneTidan
gaasaxles 9156 adamiani, litvidan — daaxloebiT 17,5
aTasi, latviidan — 15.424 adamiani. represiebi ganaxlda
me-2 msoflio omis Semdeg. 1949 wels baltiis respub-
likebidan cimbirSi gadaasaxles daaxloebiT 100 aTasi
adamiani.

21.5.sabWoTa kavSiris me-16 respublikis istoria
stalini, miuxedavad fineTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebisa, sulac ar apireb-

da xeli aeRo fineTis mTlianad gasabWoebis gegmaze. `fineTis demokratiuli
respublikis~ xseneba iseve ucbad gaqra, rogorc gamoCnda. 1940 wlis 12 marts fi-
neTTan gaformda samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romliTac omi damTavrda, samagie-
rod 1940 wlis 31 marts sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna karelo-fineTis
sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyenes oto kuusineni.
es iyo me-12 mokavSire respublika, magram baltiis qveynebis gasabWoebis, molda-
veTis respublikis Seqmnisa da maTi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanis
Semdeg, karelo-fineTs sabWoTa kavSiris me-16 respublikas uwodebdnen.

karelo-fineTis ssr teritoriuli sididiT me-7 mokavSire res-
publika iyo, magram misi mosaxleoba naxevar milionsac ar aRwevda.
sabWoTa kavSirSi amaze ìzrunes~ da sxva adgilebidan daiwyes mo-
saxleobis Casaxleba. 1939 wlis ianvridan 1941 wlis dasawyisamde
karelo-fineTis ssr mosaxleoba 468.898 adamianidan 696.997 adami-
anamde gaizarda.
karelo-fineTis mokavSire sabWoTa respublikam 1956 wlis 16 ivnisamde iar-

seba. sabWoTa kavSiris imdroindeli lideri, nikita xruSCovi, stalinisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, fineTis dapyrobaze aRar fiqrobda, piriqiT, emegobreboda da neitra-
luri fineTis arseboba miaCnda sabWoTa kavSirisTvis mniSvnelovnad. me-16 res-
publikis saxelwodebidan `fineTis~ xseneba gaqra, karelia ki, avtonomiuri res-

scenari ar iyo unikaluri. magaliTad, ukrainis ssr-Si Seqmnili iyo moldaveTis avtonomiuri
respublika, sadac moldavelebi mosaxleobis mxolod 30-s Seadgendnen. 1940 wels sabWoTa
kavSirma rumineTs mosTxova besarabiisa da CrdiloeT bukovinis dabruneba. moldaveTis assr Suaze
gayves — naxevari ukrainas dautoves, meore naxevari axal mokavSire respublikas, moldaveTis ssr-s
SeuerTes.

publikis statusiT, ruseTis federaciaSi daabrunes. amasac Tavisi qveteqsti
hqonda, Tavis mxriv finelebsac uari unda eTqvaT kareliis mierTebis ocnebaze.

oto kuusineni (1881-1964) iyo fineTis social-demokratiuli parti-
is (1903) da fineTis komunisturi partiis (1918) erT-erTi damfuZnebeli.
fineTSi revoluciis mowyobis mcdelobebis damarcxebis Semdeg gadavi-
da sabWoTa ruseTSi. 1921 wlidan iyo komunisturi internacionalis aR-
masrulebeli komitetis mdivani, 1940-1956 wlebSi iyo karelo-fineTis
ssr umaRlesi sabWos pirveli da ucvleli Tavmjdomare.
kuusineni gadaurCa stalinur represiebs da kargi urTierToba hqon-
da nikita xruSCovTanac. 1941 wlis TebervalSi airCies sak. kp (b) centra-

luri komitetis wevrad, 1957-1964 wlebSi iyo skkp centraluri komite-
tis prezidiumis wevri da skkp centraluri komitetis mdivani.
stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg kuusineni kompartiis mTavari Teore-
tikosi gaxda. redaqtori iyo xruSCovis mmarTvelobis wlebSi momzade-
buli saxelmZRvanelosi `marqsizm-leninizmis safuZvlebi~. 1958 wels
sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis wevradac airCies.
kuusineni mfarvelobda i. andropovs da mis karierazec zrunavda.

21.6. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis urTierToba omis wina periodSi
1940 wlis SemodgomisaTvis sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis SeTanxmebebi interes-

Ta sferoebis gamijvnis Taobaze ukve realizebuli iyo. hitlerma am periodSi
daipyro safrangeTi, belgia, holandia, luqsemburgi, dania, norvegia.
stalinsac da hitlersac eWvi ar eparebodaT, rom sabWoTa kavSirsa da ger-
manias Soris Setakeba garduvali iyo. 1940 wlis zafxulSi hitleris davalebiT
SemuSavebul iqna sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis gegma (`barbarosa~). amave dros
orive mxare eswrafoda omis dawyebis gaWianurebas, sanam bolomde ar moemzade-
bodnen omisaTvis.
1940 wlis noemberSi berlinSi hitlerTan mosalaparakeblad Cavida sabWoTa
delegacia molotovis xelmZRvanelobiT. mas stalinisgan miRebuli hqonda in-
struqcia, gaegrZelebina sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis TanamSromloba im pirobiT,
Tuki sabWoTa kavSiris interesebis sferod aRiarebuli iqneboda bulgareTi da
Savi zRvis sruteebi. hitlerma ki sabWoTa kavSirs SesTavaza, SeerTeboda samTa
paqts (germania, italia, iaponia) da dahpirda sabWoTa interesebis sferos gafar-
Toebas samxreTisaken iranis xarjze. SeTanxmeba ar Sedga.
1940 wlis dekemberSi hitlerma xeli moawera `barbarosas~ gegmas da sabWoTa
kavSirze Tavdasxmis vadad daniSna 1941 wlis maisi, magram 1941 wlis gazafxulze
germaniis jarebs mouxdaT saomari moqmedebebi balkaneTSi (daipyres iugoslavia,
romelmac uari Tqva germaniis mokavSireobaze; aseve saberZneTi, romelsac manam-
de italia daesxa Tavs, Tumca warumateblad da berZnebi Setevaze iyvnen gada-
sulni — isini albaneTis teritoriazec SeiWrnen, romelic italias hqonda oku-
pirebuli). amitom sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis vadam 22 ivnisamde gadaiwia.
sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebTan Tavi mouyares germaniisa da misi satelite-
bis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 70-ze mets. amave dros hitleris propagandistuli
manqana amtkicebda, rom mTavari mizani did britaneTSi SeWra iyo. stalini cdi-
lobda es daejerebina. misi azriT, germania mzad ar iyo sabWoTa kavSirTan xan-
grZlivi omisaTvis, èlviseburi omiT~ ki sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxeba SeuZleb-
lad miaCnda.

1940-1956 wlebSi, karelo-fineTis ssr-is arsebobis dros, sabWoTa kavSiris gerbze iyo finur
enaze Sesrulebuli warwerac — `proletarebo yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!~.

21.7. RonisZiebebi sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvisunarianobis gasazrdelad
sabWoTa literaturaSi miCneuli iyo, rom stalinma SeZlo TiTqmis ori

wliT gadaevadebina germaniis sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxma, magram es dro sru-
lad ver iqna gamoyenebuli omisaTvis mosamzadeblad.
omis wina wlebSi swrafad izrdeboda samxedro warmoeba. SeiaraRebaSi miiRes
axali saxis teqnika. es iyo tankebi Ʉȼ da Ɍ-34, aseve TviTmfrinavebi ɂɥ, ɅɚȽȽ, ɆɢȽ, əɤ
da sxvebi, magram axali SeiaraRebis raodenoba sasazRvro olqebSi mcire iyo.
wiTeli armiis sameTauro Semadgenloba 1930-iani wlebis represiebis Sede-
gad dasustebuli iyo da axal xelmZRvanelebs saTanado codna da gamocdileba
ar hqondaT. sabWoTa samxedro doqtrina emyareboda SeteviTi omis ideas, miiCne-
oda, rom sabWoTa armia imdenad Zlieri iyo nebismier agresorze, rom dauyovneb-
liv gadavidoda Setevaze da mters missave teritoriaze gaanadgurebda. amitom
sabWoTa jarebi zed sazRvarTan iyvnen ganlagebulni, rac maT mtris moulodne-
li TavdasxmisTvis advilad misawvdoms xdida.
stalini cdilobda, maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina omamde darCenili dro mo-
samzadeblad. 1941 wlis 5 maiss is Tavad gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo komisar-
Ta sabWos Tavmjdomare. ar gamoricxavda germaniaze prevenciuli Tavdasxmis gan-
xorcielebasac. mimdinareobda jaris Tavmoyra germaniis sazRvrebTan.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas kargad esmoda, rom wiTeli armia mzad ar iyo Se-
teviTi omisaTvis:
x tankebis ô Camosaweri iyo;
x satanko parkis 90 msubuqi tankebi iyo;
x tankebis saerTo raodenobis 50 gamoSvebuli iyo 1935 wlamde;
x axali konstruqciis tankebi iyo ara umetes 1,5 aTasisa da maTTvis
mxolod 208 ekipaJi iyo momzadebuli;
x ar arsebobda haersawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis sistema.
1940 wlis 26 ivniss 6-dRiani samuSao kvira 7-saaTiani samuSao dRiT Seicvala
7-dRiani samuSao kviriT 8-saaTiani samuSao dRiT (es iyo yovelTviurad 33 dama-
tebiTi samuSao saaTi: 208 saaTi 175-is nacvlad).
SeiaraRebis warmoebis raodenobiT 1940 wels sabWoTa kavSirma gauswro ger-
manias. sabWoTa kavSiri iwyebda axali tipis tankebisa da TviTmfrinavebis warmoe-
bas, romlebic Tavisi xarisxiT ar Camouvardeboda an aRemateboda germaniis ar-
miis SeiaraRebas; iqmneboda SeiaraRebis warmoebis axali ekonomikuri baza ural-
sa da aRmosavleTis raionebSi. ekonomikuri da samxedro programebisa da armiis
gadaiaraRebis damTavreba 1942 wlisaTvis igegmeboda (mesame xuTwledis ukanas-
knel wels). sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis amgvari gaTvla ararealuri gaxa-
da germaniis elviseburma gamarjvebam dasavleTSi. es mkveTrad zrdida nacistu-
ri germaniis ekonomikur da samxedro SesaZleblobebs, sabWoTa kavSiris `mosam-
zadebeli dro~ ki mniSvnelovnad mcirdeboda.
omis win germania, okupirebul teritoriebTan da satelit qveynebTan erTad,
weliwadSi awarmoebda 439 milion tona qvanaxSirs da 31,8 milion tona folads. sab-
WoTa kavSiri ki 166 milion tona qvanaxSirs da 18 milion tona folads. rac Seexeba
SeiaraRebas, 1941 wlis pirvel naxevarSi germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma awarmoes:
SeiaraRebis saxeoba germania sabWoTa kavSiri
tankebi da TviTmavali qvemexebi 1621 1848
TviTmfrinavebi 5470 5958
qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni 17685 18393
Wurvi da saartilerio naRmi 8,225 milioni 20,1 milioni

Tavi ;;,,.
sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis dasawyisi

22.1. omis win
1941 wlis gazafxulze omis moaxloebas yvela grZnobda. sabWoTa dazverva

TiTqmis yoveldRe awvdida stalins informacias hitleris gegmebis Sesaxeb. ia-
poniaSi myofma sabWoTa mzveravma rihard zorgem (is iaponiaSi germaniis saelCos-
Tan iyo daaxloebuli) ara mxolod mosalodneli Tavdasxma, aramed Tavdasxmis
konkretuli TariRic acnoba. 22 ivnisis Tavdasxmis win sxvadasxva adgilas sami
germaneli jariskaci gadavida sabWoTa mxares da mosalodneli Tavdasxmis Sesa-
xeb acnoba. amis Taobaze stalins CerCilmac acnoba, Tumca stalini aseT informa-
cias provokaciad miiCnevda.
stalini Rebulobda dezinformaciasac. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom hitleri
sabWoTa kavSirs manamde ar daesxmoda Tavs, sanam winaaRmdegobas uwevda inglisi.
stalins miaCnda, rom germaniasTan omi daiwyeboda ara uadres 1942 wlis zafxu-
lisa.
amave dros stalini Tvlida, rom germaniisTvis sababi ar unda miecaT Tavda-
usxmelobis paqtis darRvevis braldebis wamosayeneblad. omis dawyebamde erTi
kviriT adre, 1941 wlis 14 ivniss sabWoTa kavSiris satelegrafo saagentom gaav-
rcela gancxadeba, rom aranairi germaniis Tavdasxma mosalodneli ar iyo. germa-
niis mxridan amas reagireba ar mohyolia. Sedegad sabWoTa kavSiri politikuri,
samxedro da moraluri TvalsazrisiT moumzadebeli aRmoCnda omisTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom uamravi faqti arsebobda germaniis jarebis sabWoTa
kavSiris sazRvarTan Tavmoyris Taobaze, stalinma mxolod 1941 wlis 22 ivniss
RamiT gasca brZaneba sasazRvro samxedro olqebis sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moyva-
nis Taobaze. sabWoTa jarebma es direqtiva maSin miiRes, rodesac germaniis jare-
bi ukve bombavdnen sabWoTa qalaqebs.

`barbarosas~ gegma
evropaSi miRebuli gamocdile-
biT `barbarosas~ gegma iTvaliswineb-
da èlviseburi omis~ warmoebas sami
ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT — leningra-
dis (armiaTa jgufi `CrdiloeTi~),
moskovisa (armiaTa jgufi `centri~)
da kievis (armiaTa jgufi `samxreTi~).
mokle vadaSi flangebidan satanko
dartymebis gziT unda gaenadgurebi-
naT wiTeli armiis ZiriTadi Zalebi
da gasuliyvnen arxangelski-volga-
astraxanis xazze.

22.2. omis dasawyisi
1941 wlis 22 ivniss, gamTeniisas, dilis 4 saaTze, omis gamocxadebis gareSe,

germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs. germanelTa aviaciam dabomba samxedro ae-
rodromebi, jaris ganlagebis adgilebi, ukrainis, belorusiis da baltiis sam-

rewvelo punqtebi. daiwyo omi, romelsac `didi samamulo omi~ uwodes da es omi
gagrZelda 1418 dRe.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam Tavidan sworad verc gaigo, Tu ra moxda. kvlav
eSinodaT germaniis provokaciisa. stalinma omis dawyebis Semdegac gasca direq-
tiva — `gaanadgureT mteri~, magram àr gadaxvideT germaniasTan saxelmwifo saz-
Rvarze~.
1941 wlis 22 ivniss, dilis 5.30 saaTze, germaniis elCma moskovSi grafma ver-
ner fon Sulenburgma molotovs gadasca nota, sadac Tavdasxmis motivad sabWo-
Ta jarebis germaniis sazRvarTan koncentracia gamoacxada, `raTa zurgidan Tavs
dasxmodnen germanias~.
dRis 12 saaTze saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile,
sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari viaCeslav molotovi radioTi gamovida da daw-
yebuli omis Sesaxeb xalxs auwya. man germaniis Tavdasxmas `civilizebuli xalxe-
bis istoriaSi umagaliTo veragoba~ uwoda, sityva ki paTetikurad daasrula:
`Cveni saqme samarTliania. mteri damarcxebuli iqneba! Cven gavimarjvebT!~
xalxi omis molodinSi iyo, magram pirvelad bolSevikuri saxelmwifos is-
toriaSi is ar iyo saomari moqmedebis dawyebis iniciatori.

meore msoflio omis droindeli yvelaze cnobili sabWo-

Ta plakati `deda-samSoblo mogvixmobs!~ romelic omis sim-
bolod iqca. plakatis avtoria irakli ToiZe. plakati daxa-
ta omis pirvelive dRes, rodesac meuRlem Seatyobina omis
dawyebis Sesaxeb, mas iseTi saxe hqonda, romelic plakatis
daxatvis dros gamoiyena. plakati ukve 1941 wlis ivnisis bo-
losTvis iyo mzad.
1941 wlis 22 ivniss gamocxadda samxedro valdebulTa sayovelTao mobili-

zacia, SemoiRes samxedro mdgomareoba qveynis dasavleT olqebSi. Seiqmna Crdi-
loeTis, Crdilo-dasavleTis, dasavleTisa da samxreT-dasavleTis frontebi.
frontebis saxelmZRvanelod 23 ivniss Seiqmna mTavarsardlobis banaki (mogviane-
biT mas ewoda umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis banaki), romlis SemadgenlobaSic Se-
vidnen i. stalini, v. molotovi, s. timoSenko, s. budioni, k. voroSilovi, b. SapoS-
nikovi da g. Jukovi. umaRles mTavarsardlad stalini dainiSna.
1941 wlis 30 ivniss mTeli xelisufleba gadaeca Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komi-
tets, romlis Tavmjdomarec stalini iyo.
1941 wlis 22 ivniss samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi Caeba im droisaTvis ori
udidesi samxedro Zala. germanias Tavis mokavSireebTan (italia, fineTi, ungre-
Ti, rumineTi, slovakeTi) erTad sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg gamoyvanili hyavda
190 divizia, maT upirispirdeboda 170 sabWoTa divizia. Tumca, imis Taobaze, Tu
ra samxedro Zalebi idgnen erTmaneTis pirispir, gansxvavebuli monacemebia. sab-
WoTa periodis istoriul literaturaSi saguldagulod malavdnen im did upi-
ratesobas, rac sabWoTa kavSirs tankebisa da TviTmfrinavebis raodenobaSi hqon-
da (ix. cxrili).

pirvelad sityvebi `samamulo omi~ gamoyenebul iqna 1941 wlis 22 ivniss v. molotovis radioTi
gamosvlis dros.

fineTma neitralitetze uari Tqva 1939-1940 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdasxmis Sedegad.

omamde wiTeli armiis taqtikas safuZvlad edo koncefcia: `mcire sisxliT,
sxvis teritoriaze~, magram germaniis Tavdasxmam saWiro gaxada am gegmis gadasin-
jva.
ZalTa Tanafardoba sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvarze 1941 wlis 22 ivni-
sisaTvis.

wiTeli germania da misi ZalTa Tanafardoba
armia mokavSireebi
diviziebi 190 160 1,1: 1
piradi Semadgenloba 3.289.851 4.327.500 1: 1,3
qvemexebi da naRmsat- 59.787 42.601 1,4: 1
yorcnebi
tankebi da moieriSe qve- 15.687 4.171 3,8: 1
mexebi
TviTmfrinavebi 10.743 4.846 2,2: 1
diviziebi strategiul
rezervSi 51 28 1,8: 1
maT Soris satanko da 16 2 8: 1
motorizebuli

22.3. wiTeli armiis warumateblobebi 1941 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze
Tavdasxmis moulodneloba, dartymis Zala da ricxobrivi upiratesoba Se-

tevis arealebSi imdenad didi iyo, rom germanelebma sam kviraSi daikaves litva,
latvia, belorusia, aseve ukrainis, moldovisa da estoneTis mniSvnelovani nawi-
li. ukve 1941 wlis ivnisSi germanelebma minski aiRes. germanelebma win waiwies 350
± 600 kilometriT. gansakuTrebiT mZime viTareba Seiqmna belorusiaSi, sadac da-
savleTis fronts generali d. pavlovi xelmZRvanelobda.
sabWoTa armiis moumzadebloba omisTvis da germaniis armiis ukeTesi momza-
deba omis pirvel TveebSi germaniis armiis swrafi winsvlis safuZveli iyo. mokle
droSi wiTelma armiam dakarga 100 diviziaze meti (dasavleTis olqebSi Tavmoyri-
li samxedro nawilebis 35). germanelebma gaanadgures an xelT igdes 20 aTasze me-

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ.Ɍɨɦ ɉ (1923-1953). ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2016, ɫ.415.

ti qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni, 3,5 aTasi TviTmfrinavi (aqedan 1,2 aTasi pirdapir
aerodromebze aafeTqes omis pirvel dRes), 6 aTasi tanki, materialur-teqnikuri
uzrunvelyofis sawyobebis naxevarze meti. dasavleTis frontis ZiriTadi Zalebi
alyaSemortymuli aRmoCnda. faqtobrivad, omis pirveli kvirebis ganmavlobaSi
ganadgurda wiTeli armiis pirveli eSelonis mTeli Zalebi. samxedro katastro-
fa garduvali Canda.
magram omi àdvili gaseirneba~ arc germanelebisTvis aRmoCnda. omis pirvel
kvirebSi germanelebma moklulTa saxiT dakarges 100 aTasamde mebrZoli (es aRe-
mateboda germaniis yvela danakargs msoflio omis wina periodis ganmavlobaSi),
tankebis 40, TiTqmis 1 aTasi TviTmfrinavi. miuxedavad amisa, germaniis armia ga-
damwyvet upiratesobas inarCunebda.

mxareTa danakargebi 1941 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis

sabWoTa kavSiri germania da misi mokavSireebi
daiRupa da daiWra 850.000 100.000
qvemexi 9.500 -
tanki 6.000-ze meti 1.500-ze meti
TviTmfrinavi daaxloebiT 3.500 950
tyved Cavarda daaxloebiT 1 mln. -
germanelTa dartyma, romelmac gaanadgura sabWoTa jarebis mTeli pirveli

eSeloni, Tavzardamcemi aRmoCnda stalinisTvis. istoriul literaturaSi arse-
bobs versia, rom omis pirvel dReebSi stalini dabneuli iyo. zogierTi mkvlevari
amtkicebs, rom stalini kremlSi ar yofila erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. amJamad
cnobilia, rom ar yofila 27-29 ivniss, mas Semdeg, rac cnoba miiRo minskis dace-
mis Sesaxeb, magram ramdenime dReSi dabneulobam gauara da 1941 wlis 3 ivliss ra-
dioTi mimarTa xalxs. mogonebebis Tanaxmad, stalinis sityvam didi STabeWdile-
ba moaxdina xalxze da xeli Seuwyo sabrZolo suliskveTebis ganmtkicebas.
1941 wlis zafxul-Semodgomaze, 5 Tvis brZolebis Sedegad wiTelma armiam
katastrofuli damarcxeba ganicada. wiTeli armiis calkeuli nawilebi gmiru-
lad ibrZodnen, magram didi danakargebi mowmobda sabWoTa reJimis zneobriv-po-
litikur mankierebas. wiTelma armiam dakarga daaxloebiT 18 aTasi TviTmfrinavi,
25 aTasi tanki, 100 aTasze meti qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni. wiTeli armiis mier ga-
moyvanili 11,3 milioni jariskacidan da oficridan daiRupa 2,2 milioni, tyved
Cavarda 3,8 milioni mebrZoli, 1,2 milioni ki dezertiri gaxda da okupirebul te-
ritoriaze darCa.
germaniis xelSi aRmoCnda uzarmazari teritoria, aiRes kievi, minski, riga,
moaxdines leningradis blokireba da miadgnen moskovs.
ram gamoiwvia wiTeli armiis aseTi sastiki marcxi? germanelebma daaswres
mobilizacia da moulodnelad daesxnen Tavs, magram es iyo mxolod taqtikuri
upiratesoba. vermaxtis mTavari upiratesoba profesionali samxedroebi da moq-
nili marTva iyo. maTi jariskacebi ara marto gawvrTnili, aramed ukeTesi ganaT-
lebis mqonenic iyvnen. wiTel armias ki xelmZRvanelobdnen gamoucdeli generle-
bi da oficrebi, amasTan isini komunisturi partiisa da uSiSroebis kontrolis
qveS iyvnen da iniciativis gamoCenis eSinodaT. sabWoTa armiis jariskacebis masas
qmnida kolmeurne glexoba, dabali ganaTlebis mqone, Tanac umravles SemTxveva-
Si maT sZuldaT sabWoTa xelisufleba da komunistebi.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ.Ɍɨɦ ɉ (1923-1953). ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ɂɭɛɨɜɚ. Ɇ., 2016, ɫ.417,

1941 wlis noembris bolosaTvis vermaxtma gaanadgura 16 sabWoTa armia da
aranakleb 248 divizia. sabWoTa kavSiris danakargebma 6 milions gadaaWarba (maT
Soris 3,8 milioni tyve iyo). vermaxtis danakargebma am periodSi yvela frontze
(m. S. afrikaSi) Seadgina 263 aTasi kaci (aqedan 5 aTasi tyve).

22.4. brZola moskovisTvis
wiTeli armiis winaaRmdegobam germanelebs saSualeba ar misca moskovi daep-

yroT Semodgomis dasawyisSi, rogorc dagegmili hqondaT. smolenskis brZolis
dros germanelebs pirvelad mouxdaT Tavdacvaze gadasvla. mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac samxreT-dasavleTis frontis ZiriTad Zalebs ukrainaSi alya Semoartyes
(665 aTasi mebrZoli) da kievi aiRes, germanelebma daiwyes moskovze SetevisTvis
mzadeba. am operaciam `taifunis~ saxeli miiRo. germanelebma dartymis mTavar mi-
marTulebebze uzrunvelyves upiratesoba cocxal Zalasa (3 ± 3,5-jer) da Seiara-
RebaSi: tankebSi 5-6-jer, artileriaSi 4-5-jer. haerSi germaniis aviacia batonob-
da.
1941 wlis 30 seqtembers daiwyo germanelebis Seteva moskovze. maT ara mxo-
lod gaarRvies sabWoTa jarebis fronti, aramed alya Semoartyes viazmis dasav-
leTiT 4 armias, xolo brianskis samxreTiT — 2 armias. alyaSemortymuli aRmoC-
nda da tyved Cavarda 663 aTasi kaci, magram alyaSemortymulebi mainc akavebdnen
20-mde germanelTa divizias.
moskovi kritikul situaciaSi aRmoCnda. brZolebi moskovidan 80-100 kilo-
metris daSorebiT mimdinareobda. saswrafod qmnidnen Tavdacvis moJaiskis xazs,
gadmohyavdaT sarezervo Zalebi. leningradidan gamoiwvies da dasavleTis fron-
tis sardlad daniSnes g. Jukovi.
miuxedavad sabWoTa sardlobis mier miRebuli zomebisa, germanelebi Sete-
vas agrZelebdnen da oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi moskovs miadgnen. germanelebi bi-
nokliT kremlis koSkebs xedavdnen. moskovidan evakuirebul iqna samTavrobo da-
wesebulebebi, ucxouri diplomatiuri misiebi, msxvili samrewvelo sawarmoebi,
mosaxleoba. asafeTqeblad moamzades qalaqis mniSvnelovani obieqtebi, im Sem-
TxvevisaTvis Tuki germanelebi moskovSi SeiWrebodnen. 20 oqtombers moskovSi
saalyo mdgomareoba gamocxadda.
noembris pirvel ricxvebSi wiTelma armiam germanelebis Seteva moskovze Se-
aCera. 7 noembers wiTel moedanze, wina wlebis msgavsad, samxedro aRlumi Catar-
da.
noembris Sua ricxvebSi germanelTa Seteva axali ZaliT ganaxlda. wiTelma
armiam am Setevis SeCerebac moaxerxa. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi 316-e msro-
lelma diviziam general panfilovis xelmZRvanelobiT. legendaruli aRmoCnda
politxel v. kloCkovis sityvebi: `ruseTi didia, magram ukandasaxevi aRaraa:
Cvens ukan moskovia!~.
noembris bolos dasavleTis frontis jarebma mniSvnelovani Sevseba miiRes
qveynis aRmosavleT raionebidan. 1941 wlis 5-6 dekembers sabWoTa jarebi kon-
trSetevaze gadavidnen moskovTan. wiTeli armiis zamTris Setevis dros germane-
lebs ukan daaxevines 100-250 kilometriT da gaanadgures 38 divizia. es iyo germa-
nelTa pirveli didi damarcxeba meore msoflio omis dros. okupaciis uSualo
safrTxe moexsna moskovsa da moskovis samrewvelo olqs.
wiTeli armiis moskovTan gamarjvebas hqonda didi samxedro da politikuri
mniSvneloba. es niSnavda èlviseburi omis~ gegmis kraxs, iaponiam da TurqeTma

kremlSi iaponiis Tavdasxmis aRar eSinodaT, radganac icodnen, rom iaponelebi samxreTisken
apirebdnen Setevas.

uari Tqves sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis gegmebze. daCqarda erTiani
antihitleruli koaliciis Seqmna.
moskovisaTvis brZola 203 dRis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda — 1941 wlis 30
seqtembridan 1942 wlis 20 aprilamde. masSi orive mxridan monawileobda 3 mili-
onze meti mebrZoli, 22 aTasamde qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni, 3 aTasamde tanki, 2
aTasze meti TviTmfrinavi.
moskovTan brZolaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis mniSvneloba:
x CaiSala blickrigis germanuli gegma;
x es iyo germanelebis pirveli didi damarcxeba meore msoflio omSi;
x wiTeli armiis pirveli gamarjveba, romelmac ganamtkica sabWoTa adamiane-
bis moralur-fsiqologiuri ganwyoba.

22.5. leningradis dacva
omis erT-erTi yvelaze gmiruli da tragikuli furceli iyo leningradis

dacva. hitleri did mniSvnelobas aniWebda leningradis, rogorc oqtombris re-
voluciis simbolos, aRebas. hitleris gegmiT, es qalaqi mTlianad unda daengri-
aT da mas arseboba unda Seewyvita.
poloneTis sazRvridan baltiis qveynebisa da belorusiis gavliT germane-
lebma swrafad miaRwies leningrads da 1941 wlis 8 seqtembers SeZles qalaqis
sruli blokireba, imave dRes germanelTa aviaciam gaanadgura badaevis sawyobebi,
sadac Tavmoyrili iyo qalaqis sursaTis maragi.
zamTari adre dadga, 194142 wlebis zamTari umZimesi aRmoCnda qalaqis mo-
saxleobisTvis. sicives mcire sasursaTo ulufa emateboda. ladogis gayinul
tbaze moewyo `sicocxlis gza~, romliTac sursaTi SemohqondaT da gahyavdaT mo-
saxleoba. 1941 wlis 20 noembridan 1942 wlis aprilis bolomde leningradSi Sei-
tanes 262 aTasi tona sursaTi. mxolod 1943 wlis ianvarSi gaarRvies blokada —
ladogis tbis sanapiroze gaCnda xmeleTis 8±11-kilometriani zoli, romliTac
leningradSi SehqondaT sursaTi da SeiaraReba.
leningradis blokada 900 dRe gagrZelda. leningradis mosaxleoba omamde
2,8 mln adamiani iyo, aqedan evakuirebuli iyo 1,4 milioni adamiani, daiRupa 800
aTasze meti. blokirebul qalaqSi gadarCa 560 aTasi adamiani.

Tavi ;;,,,.
germanelTa Seteva 1942 wels

23.1. germanelTa Seteva 1942 wlis zafxulSi. stalingradis brZolis da-
sawyisi
moskovTan gamarjvebam sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas imedi gauCina, rom SesaZ-

lebeli iyo swrafi gamarjvebis mopoveba da germanelebis saboloo damarcxeba.
1942 wlis ianvarSi stalinma wiTel armias amocanad dausaxa saerTo Setevaze ga-
dasvla. erTaderTi g. Jukovi iyo, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda erTdrouli Sete-
vis dawyebas samive strategiuli mimarTulebiT. mas sworad miaCnda, rom Sesabami-
si Zalebi wiTel armias ar gaaCnda (am droisaTvis wiTel armias moklulTa, daW-
rilTa da tyved CavardnilTa saxiT dakarguli hyavda 6 milionamde jariskaci da
oficeri).
stalini varaudobda, rom 1942 wlis gazafxulsa da zafxulSi germanelebi
kvlav moskovs Seutevdnen da ZiriTad Zalebs Tavi mouyares moskovis mimarTule-
biT. hitlerma ki, piriqiT, gadawyvita samxreTisaken Seteva volgis qvemo welisa
da kavkasiis dasapyrobad. imisaTvis, rom daemalaT TavianTi namdvili gegmebi,
germanelebma SeimuSaves sabWoTa sardlobis dezinformirebis specialuri gegma
saxelwodebiT `kremli~.
1942 wlis gazafxulze ZalTa upiratesoba kvlav germanelTa xelSi iyo. sam-
xreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT Setevis dawyebamde germanelebma gadawyvites
mTlianad xelT egdoT yirimi, sadac sabWoTa jarebi icavdnen sevastopols da
qerCis naxevarkunZuls. 1942 wlis maisSi germanelTa Seteva warmatebuli aRmoC-
nda: aT dReSi gaanadgures yirimis frontis jarebi qerCis naxevarkunZulze. wi-
Teli armiis danakargebma Seadgina 176 aTasi mebrZoli, 347 tanki, 3476 qvemexi da
naRmsatyorcni, 400 TviTmfrinavi.
4 ivliss sabWoTa jarebma sevastopolic datoves.
1942 wlis maisSi sabWoTa jarebi Setevaze gadavidnen xarkovis raionSi, mag-
ram sastikad damarcxdnen: germanelebma or sabWoTa armias alya Semoartyes da
gaanadgures. danakargebma Seadgina 230 aTasi adamiani, 5 aTasze meti qvemexi da
naRmsatyorcni, 755 tanki. strategiuli iniciativa kvlav germanelTa xelSi gada-
vida.
1942 wlis ivnisis bolos germanelebi swrafad miiwevdnen win samxreT-aRmo-
savleTis mimarTulebiT: daikaves donbasi, gavidnen donze, safrTxe Seeqmna sta-
lingrads. 24 ivliss germanelebma daikaves donis rostovi — kavkasiis gasaRebi.
stalinisTvis naTeli gaxda germanelTa zafxulis Setevis namdvili mizani, mag-
ram ukve gviani iyo. 1942 wlis 28 ivliss stalinma gamosca brZaneba 1 227, romelic
cnobilia saxeliT àrcerTi nabiji ukan!~ brZaneba yuradRebas aqcevda Seqmnil
mZime viTarebas da brZanebis gareSe ukandaxevas krZalavda. sajariso nawilebis
ukan unda CaeyenebinaT e. w. gadamRobi razmebi, romelTac panikiT moculi ukan
gaqceuli jariskacebi adgilze unda daexocaT.
seqtembris dasawyisSi ukve dangreul stalingradSi quCis brZolebi gaiSa-
la. noembris Sua ricxvebSi germanelTa Semtevi Zala gamoifita. am droisaTvis
stalingradis brZolaSi germanelTa danakargebma Seadgina TiTqmis 700 aTasi
mokluli da daWrili, aTasze meti tanki da 1,4 aTasze meti TviTmfrinavi.

23.2. germanelTa saokupacio reJimi
sabWoTa armiis ukandaxevis dros aRmosavleT raionebSi mihqondaT qarxne-

bis mowyobiloba da teqnika, mihyavdaT muSaxeli. okupirebuli teritoriebidan
risi gatanac ver xerxdeboda, unda mospobiliyo. ukandaxevisas xvretdnen cixe-
ebsa da banakebSi myof aTasobiT adamians. 1941 wels aRmosavleT regionebSi eva-
kuirebuli iqna 12 milioni adamiani. okupaciis qveS aRmoCnda aranakleb 65 milio-
ni sabWoTa moqalaqe.
1942 wlis SemodgomisTvis germaniis jarebma SeZles sabWoTa kavSiris uzar-
mazari teritoriis okupacia, sadac mkacri reJimi daamyares. omSi germaniis mTa-
vari mizani iyo sabWoTa saxelmwifos mospoba da misi gadaqcva `mesame raixis~ ag-
rarul-sanedleulo danamatad da iafi samuSao Zalis wyarod.
okupirebul teritoriebze likvidirebul iqna manamde arsebuli xelisuf-
lebis organoebi, maT Caenacvla germaniis armiis sardloba. iqmneboda sakoncen-
tracio banakebi samxedro tyveebisa da sabWoTa moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebic ar
apirebdnen damorCilebas; dapatimrebebi, daxvretebi Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda.
SromiTma mobilizaciam moicva okupirebul teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela
adamiani 18 wlidan 45 wlamde. maT unda emuSavaT 14-16 saaTi dRe-RameSi. aseul
aTasobiT waiyvanes germaniaSi iZulebiT samuSaoze.
specialuri generaluri gegma òsti~, romelic jer kidev omamde iyo Semu-
Savebuli, iTvaliswinebda dapyrobili teritoriis kolonizaciasa da germaniza-
cias. am gegmiT, kerZod, unda moespoT 30 milioni rusi, danarCenebi an monad unda
eqciaT, anda cimbirSi gadaesaxlebinaT. gegmis Sesabamisad, omis wlebSi okupire-
bul teritoriebze germanelebma gaanadgures daaxloebiT 11 milioni adamiani
(maT Soris daaxloebiT 7 mln mSvidobiani mcxovrebi da daaxloebiT 4 milioni
samxedro tyve).
germaniis saokupacio politika erT-erTi is faqtori iyo, ramac mosaxleo-
bas sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxardaWerisken ubiZga. okupirebul teritoriaze mwa-
red xumrobdnen (krivoi rogi, 1943 weli): `sabWoTa xelisuflebam 20 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi ver SeZlo Cveni bolSevikebad gadaqceva, germanelebma ki amis miRweva 2
wlis ganmavlobaSi SeZles~.
okupirebul teritoriaze maleve dainaxes, rom movidnen ara ganmaTavisuf-
leblebi, aramed dampyroblebi, romlebic abuCad igdebdnen da amcirebdnen. gan-
sakuTrebiT mZime STabeWdileba moaxdina ebrauli mosaxleobis ganadgurebam da
samxedro tyveebis masobrivma daRupvam. mosaxleobas ekrZaleboda tyveTa bana-
kebTan miaxloeba da raimeTi daxmareba.
germanelebma, garda frontispira teritoriebisa, yvelgan SeinarCunes kol-
meurneobebi, riTac didi imedgacrueba gamoiwvies mosaxleobaSi.
okupirebul teritoriebze gamodioda rigi gazeTebi da Jurnalebi, rom-
lebSic aRar iyo bolSevikuri propaganda; miuxedavad germanuli oficiozis war-
moCenis valdebulebisa, gansxvavebulad Suqdeboda sabWoTa warsuli. muSaobda
Teatrebi, wiTeli droSis nacvlad, gamoiyeneboda Zveli rusuli TeTr-cisfer-
wiTeli rusuli droSa.
stalingradTan brZolis Semdeg, rodesac wiTelma armiam daiwyo okupire-
buli teritoriebis ganTavisufleba, daiwyo rusuli politikuri emigraciis me-
ore talRa. sabWoTa inteligenciis mravalma warmomadgenelma, germanuli okupa-
ciis pirobebSi myofma, aRar moindoma kvlav sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi
cxovreba. 1942-1944 wlebSi dasavleTSi okupirebuli teritoriebidan wavida da-
axloebiT 800 aTasi adamiani.

23.3. holokosti okupirebul teritoriebze
aRmosavleTSi `sasicocxlo sivrcis~ aTvisebis germanuli gegmis Tanaxmad,

dauyovnebliv unda moespoT ebraelebi, boSebi, homoseqsualebi da suliT avad-
myofebi. masobrivi represiis msxverplni xdebodnen sabWoTa aqtivistebi, parti-
zanebi, aseve sadamsjelo operaciebs ewirebodnen udanaSaulo adamianebi.
okupirebul sabWoTa teritoriaze mcxovrebi ebraelebidan mxolod parti-
ulma da sameurneo zedafenam moaxerxa evakuacia, rigiTma ebraelebma kargad arc
icodnen, Tu ra safrTxe elodaT. okupirebul teritoriaze darCa 2,73 milioni
ebraeli (sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi ebraelebis daaxloebiT 55).
ebraelTa masobrivi mkvlelobebis pirveli talRa (gansakuTrebiT baltiis
qveynebsa da dasavleT ukrainaSi) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xeliT ganxorciel-
da. isini ebraelebs adanaSaulebdnen 1939-1941 wlebSi sabWoTa okupaciis xelSew-
yobaSi.
policielebi, maTi ojaxis wevrebi, germaneli jariskacebis sayvarlebi aq-
tiurad monawileobdnen ebraelTa ZarcvaSi, iWrebodnen maT saxlebSi, anda tan-
sacmels arTmevdnen sasikvdilod wayvanil ebraelebs.
holokostis simbolod iqca babi-iari, sadac 1941 wlis 29-30 seqtembers, qa-
laqis aRebidan 10 dRis Semdeg, mokles 33.771 ebraeli.
sul okupaciis periodSi nacistebma da maTma mxardamWerebma 2 milionze me-
ti ebraeli mokles, Tumca sxva SefasebebiT ufro naklebi — 800 aTasidan 1 milio-
namde. okupirebul teritoriaze ebraelTa holokosti sabWoTa periodSi tabu-
dadebuli iyo 1960 wlamde, istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi ki SemdgomSic amis Ta-
obaze bevrs arafers werdnen.

ebraelTa holokostma sabWoTa

kavSiris dasavleTi raionebis eT-
nikuri da kulturuli suraTi
Secvala. samudamod gaqra ebrau-
li dasaxlebebi.

23.4. ostarbaiterebi
1942 wlis gazafxulidan okupirebuli teritoriebidan germanelebma daiw-

yes axalgazrdebis germaniaSi samuSaod wayvana. eseni iyvnen àRmosavleTeli mu-
Sebi~, òstebi~ (anu 2VWDUEHLWHU-ebi). nawili Tavidan xalisiT midioda, motyuebuli
kargi cxovrebis imediT, magram umZimes pirobebSi aRmoCndnen.
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriidan (1939 wlis sazRvrebSi) germaniaSi sa-
muSaod waiyvanes 3,2 milioni adamiani, 1939-1940 wlebSi okupirebuli teritorie-
bidan — daaxloebiT 800 aTasi. muSaobdnen mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi.
pirobebi mZime iyo, magram maT dainaxes kolmeurneobebTan SedarebiT kargad awyo-
bili fermeruli meurneobebi da, zogadad, cxovrebis evropuli standartebi.
omis Semdeg bevr ostarbaiters ar surda samSobloSi dabruneba, magram iZu-
lebiT repatriacias eqvemdebarebodnen da mxolod cotam Tu moaxerxa darCena.

samSobloSi dabrunebulebs (3 milionze met adamians) elodaT specSemowmeba,
damcireba, yofiTi siZneleebi, braldeba mterTan TanamSromlobaSi.

23.5. partizanuli da iatakqveSa moZraoba
sabWoTa iatakqveSa moZraoba ukve omis pirvel kvirebSi warmoiSva. okupire-

bul teritoriebze Seiqmna iatakqveSa partiuli organizaciebi, romlebic mTeli
iatakqveSa saqmianobis koordinacias axorcielebdnen. omis sxvadasxva periodSi
moqmedebdnen ukrainisa da belorusiis kompartiebis aralegaluri centraluri
komitetebi, 90 iatakqveSa saolqo komiteti da raionTaSorisi partiuli centri.
1941 wels partizanTa aqtivoba dabali iyo, mxardaWerasTan erTad, mosaxle-
oba an neitralurad iyo ganwyobili, an mtruladac ki uyurebda partizanebs, mag-
ram germanelTa politikis gamo 1942 wlidan daiwyo partizanuli moZraobis
zrda. partizanuli moZraoba yvelaze Zlieri iyo belorusiaSi, aseve rsfsr-s
smolenskisa da leningradis olqebSi.
oficialuri sabWoTa monacemebiT, omis wlebSi okupirebul teritoriebze
moqmedebda 6 aTasi partizanuli razmi, romlebSic 1 milionze meti adamiani ib-
rZoda. maT Soris iyvnen rogorc sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi erebis warmomadgen-
lebi, ise ucxoelebic. ufro Tanamedrove SefasebebiT, 1943 wlis aprilSi parti-
zanul razmebSi iyo 110-115 aTasi adamiani, maTi didi nawili belorusiaSi, ruse-
Tis federaciis smolenskisa da oriolis olqebSi moqmedebda. iatakqveSa moZrao-
baSi CarTuli iyo 250-280 aTasi adamiani, maTi didi nawili belorusiaSi iyo.
daiRupa 100 aTasamde partizani, mosaxleobis danakargi ki partizanTa moq-
medebiT da maT sawinaaRmdego sadamsjelo operaciebis dros gacilebiT meti
iyo.
sabWoTa partizanebma omis wlebSi mokles, daWres an tyved aiyvanes mtris
(germanelebis da maT samsaxurSi Camdgari sabWoTa moqalaqeebis) 1 milionze meti
jariskaci da oficeri, saokupacio administraciis warmomadgeneli. mwyobridan
gamoiyvanes 4 aTasze meti tanki da javSanmanqana, 65 aTasi avtomanqana da 1100
TviTmfrinavi; daangries an daazianes 1600 sarkinigzo xidi, relsebidan gadaag-
des 20 aTasze meti sarkinigzo eSeloni.
partizanuli SenaerTebis koordinaciisaTvis 1942 wels Seiqmna partizanu-
li moZraobis centraluri Stabi, romelsac saTaveSi edga p. ponomarenko. parti-
zanuli moZraobis mTavarsardlad dainiSna k. voroSilovi.
partizanTa angariSzea mravali gaxmaurebuli aqcia. mzveravma nikolai kuz-
necovma mokla ukrainaSi mosamarTled daniSnuli funki, galiciis vice-guberna-
tori baueri, moitaca ukrainaSi sadamsjelo jarebis sardali generali ilgeni.
elena mazanikma aafeTqa belorusiis generaluri komisari kube Tavisve reziden-
ciaSi, sawolSi.
omis wlebSi ordenebiTa da medlebiT dajildovda 184 aTasze meti partiza-
ni da iataqveSa moZraobis warmomadgeneli. 249-s mieniWa sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris
wodeba.

1990-iani wlebis bolos germanelma istorikosebma sxva monacemebi gamoaqveynes. maTi informaciiT,
partizanebma gaanadgures 25-45 aTasi germaneli jariskaci. amasTan, partizanul operaciebsa da
sabotaJs gavlena ar mouxdenia germanelTa saomari operaciebis msvlelobaze.

23.6. sabWoTa saxelmwifosa da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis ur-
TierTobis Secvla
omis dawyebisTanave ruseTis marTlmadidebelma eklesiam mxari dauWira fa-

Sizmis winaaRmdeg oms. omis pirvelive dRes eklesiis meTaurma mitropolitma
sergim es pozicia Tavis mimarTvaSi daafiqsira, Tumca xelisuflebam eklesiebSi
am mimarTvis wakiTxvis neba darTo mxolod 1941 wlis 6 ivliss, mas Semdeg, rac 3
ivliss stalini gamovida sityviT. qveynis xelmZRvanelma mouwoda qveynis yvela
Zalas gaerTianebisken faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. misi es mowodeba eklesia-
sac Seexo da sabWoTa xelisufleba ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias aRar gani-
xilavda mtrul Zalad.
urTierTobaSi gardatexa moxda 1943 wels. am wels gauqmda samxedro komis-
rebis instituti, daSlilad gamocxadda komunisturi internacionali, SeiaraRe-
bul ZalebSi SemoiRes samxreebi, daSvebuli gaxda sityvebi òficeri~ da `jaris-
kaci~. samagierod, `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSirma~ faqtobrivad arseboba Sewyvi-
ta.
1943 wlis 4 seqtembers stalini Sexvda moskovis sapatriarqos xelmZRvane-
lobas. Sexvedris dros stalins sTxoves moqmedi eklesiebis raodenobis gazrda,
dapatimrebuli da gadasaxlebuli sasuliero pirebis ganTavisufleba, RvTismsa-
xurebis daubrkoleblad Catarebis ufleba. Sexvedris Semdeg rusulma marTlma-
didebelma eklesiam patriarqi airCia (pirvelad 1925 wlis Semdeg).

23.7. tyveobaSi myofi wiTelarmielebis tragedia
1914-1917 wlebSi tyved Cavarda ruseTis armiis 2,4 mln meomari, maTgan arau-
metes 5 daiRupa. tyveebs icavda 1907 wlis haagis konvencia, romlis miRebis
erT-erTi iniciatori ruseTic iyo.
sabWoTa xelisufleba ar cnobda haagis konvencias. poloneTTan 1920 wlis
omis dros tyved Cavardnili 16-18 aTasi wiTelarmieli polonur banakebSi gar-
daicvala. stalini haagis konferenciis muSaobas `burJuaziuli diplomatiis up-
recedento farisevlobad~ miiCnevda.
1941 w. 16 agvistos brZanebiT stalini, Jukovi da sardlobis sxva wevrebi wi-
nadadebas ayenebdnen, daexocaT tyved Cavardnili wiTelarmielebi, maTi ojaxis
wevrebisTvis ki saxelmwifo daxmareba moexsnaT. 1941 w. dafiqsirebulia faqtebi,
rodesac tyveTa banakebs cecxls uSendnen Sorsmsroleli artileriiT, anda avi-
aciiT bombavdnen. Jukovma leningradis frontisadmi 1941 wlis 28 seqtembris di-
reqtiviT moiTxova, daexvritaT sabWoTa tyveebis ojaxis wevrebi. es direqtiva
cxovrebaSi ar gatarebula.
1941-1942 wlis zamTarSi SimSilisa da avadmyofobisagan gardaicvala daax-
loebiT 2,2 milioni samxedro tyve. tyveebis mdgomareoba 1942 w. Semodgomidan
SedarebiT gaumjobesda. germanelebma tyveebSi samuSao Zala dainaxes, 1943 wli-
dan ki gaiSala vlasovis moZraoba (germanelebis mxareze gadasulebi).
mTlianobaSi 5,8 milioni tyved Cavardnili sabWoTa mebrZolidan daiRupa
daaxloebiT 3,3 milioni (60), maSin rodesac mokavSireTa armiebSi tyveTa sikvdi-
lianoba 0,3-idan 1,6-s Seadgenda. sikvdils gadarCenili 2,4 milionidan daaxlo-
ebiT 950 aTasi vermaxtis samsaxurSi Cadga, daaxloebiT 500 aTasi tyveobidan ga-
iqca, daaxloebiT 940 aTasi ki 1945 wlis gazafxulze gaaTavisufles. maTi umrav-
lesoba axla sabWoTa banakebSi moxvda. tyveobaSi namyofTa uflebebis aRdgena
aTwleulebi gaWianurda.

23.8. antihitleruli koaliciis Seqmna
germaniis Tavdasxmis Semdeg maleve sabWoTa kavSirs mxardaWera gamoucxa-

des didma britaneTma da aSS-ma. 1941 wlis ivlisSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas sab-
WoTa kavSirsa da did britaneTs Soris hitleruli germaniis winaaRmdeg erTob-
livi moqmedebis Sesaxeb, xolo agvistos dasawyisSi aSS-is mTavrobam ganacxada,
rom ekonomikur da samxedro-teqnikur daxmarebas gauwevda sabWoTa kavSirs `Sei-
araRebuli agresiis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~.
1941 wlis seqtemberSi moskovSi Sedga sami saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTa
pirveli konferencia, sadac ganixiles sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis inglis-amerikis
daxmarebis gafarToebis sakiTxi. 1941 wlis dekemberSi, aSS-is omSi Cabmis Semdeg,
TanamSromloba kidev ufro gafarTovda.
1942 wlis 1 ianvars vaSingtonSi 26 saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebma xeli moa-
weres deklaracias (~gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracia~), romelSic valdebule-
ba aiRes, yvela TavianTi resursi gamoeyenebinaT saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg sab-
rZolvelad. 1942 wlis maisSi xeli moewera sabWoTa kavSirisa da didi britaneTis
xelSekrulebas mokavSireobis Sesaxeb, 1942 wlis ivnisSi ki sabWoTa kavSir — aSS-
is SeTanxmebas urTierTdaxmarebis Taobaze. amiT sabolood gaformda sami qvey-
nis samxedro kavSiri.

23.9. dasavleTis daxmareba sabWoTa kavSirs
sabWoTa kavSirze germaniis Tavdasxmis Semdeg did britaneTsa da aSS-s SeeZ-

loT Soridan meTvalyuris rolSi darCena, magram didi daxmareba gauwies sabWo-
Ta kavSirs.
1941 wlis 7 noembridan sabWoTa kavSirze gavrcelda aSS-is kanoni lend-li-
zis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec sabWoTa kavSirs moewodeboda samxedro teqnika da
mowyobilobebi, aseve sabrZolo masala da sursaTi. tvirTi modioda sami gziT:
a Soreuli aRmosavleTidan, aliaskidan;
b sparseTis yuridan iranis gavliT;
g CrdiloeTidan sazRvao gziT tvirTebi modioda murmansksa da arxangel-
skSi.
es ukanaskneli iyo yvelaze mokle, magram uaRresad saxifaTo gza. omis gan-
mavlobaSi gamoigzavna 41 qaravani 811 transportiT. aqedan germanelebma 115 Ca-
Zires wyalqveSa navebisa da aviaciis meSveobiT.
sul lend-liziT mokavSireebma sabWoTa kavSirs miawodes 17 milioni tona
saqoneli da mowyobiloba. amas sabWoTa kavSirisTvis, rig SemTxvevebSi, hqonda
strategiuli da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. sabWoTa kavSirma miiRo 12,7 aTasi tan-
ki, 22,1 aTasi sabrZolo da satransporto TviTmfrinavi, 13 aTasi tanksawinaaR-
mdego da sazenito qvemexi, 376 aTasi satvirTo manqana, 51 aTasi jipi, 35 aTasi mo-
tocikli, 11 aTasi sarkinigzo vagoni, 2 aTasi lokomotivi. mokavSireTa mier mi-
wodebuli radiosadgurebiT aRiWurva 150 divizia da 9 aTasi TviTmfrinavi, save-
le telefonebiT ki — 350 divizia.
sabWoTa kavSiri omis Semdeg cdilobda dasavleTis mier gaweuli daxmarebis
mniSvnelobis dakninebas. omis Sesaxeb Seqmnil sabWoTa naSromebSi am daxmarebis
Taobaze gakvriT werdnen, malavdnen mis masStabebs, TviTmfrinavebsa da tankebs
xarisxs uwunebdnen da a. S.

23.10. omis pirveli etapis Sedegebi
sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis pirveli periodi grZeldeboda 1941 wlis 22

ivnisidan 1942 wlis 18 noembramde (stalingradTan sabWoTa jarebis kontrSete-
vis dawyebamde). sabWoTa kavSirma, miuxedavad pirveli Tveebis didi marcxisa, ga-
uZlo udides dartymas, CaiSala germanel faSistTa èlviseburi omis~ gegma. gan-
xorcielda sawarmoebis evakuacia okupirebuli teritoriebidan da axal adgi-
lebze maT daiwyes samxedro produqciis gamoSveba. es yovelive qmnida saomar
moqmedebebSi gardatexis safuZvels.
omis pirvel etapze Camoyalibda antihitleruli koalicia, romelsac udi-
desi samxedro, ekonomikuri da adamianuri resursebi hqonda da am mxriv bevrad
aRemateboda nacistur koalicias. es yovelive faSizmze gamarjvebas mxolod
drois sakiTxad aqcevda.

Tavi ;;,9.
Zireuli gardatexa sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omSi

24.1. germanelTa jarebis ganadgureba stalingradTan
1942 wlis SemodgomisTvis ZalTa Tanafardoba sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis

frontze TandaTanobiT Seicvala wiTeli armiis sasargeblod. germanelebi, didi
danakargebis Sedegad, iZulebuli gaxdnen Tavdacvaze gadasuliyvnen. sabWoTa
sardloba Seecada Tavis sasargeblod saboloo gardatexis miRwevas. mTavari
dartymis mimarTulebad stalingradis fronti airCies.
germanelebi stalingradis dapyrobis mcdelobisas, ZiriTad Zalebs cen-
trSi uyridnen Tavs da flangebi daasustes — iq italiuri da ruminuli armiebi
idgnen. germanelebTan SedarebiT cudad SeiaraRebulni, cudad gawvrTnilni da
brZolisTvis naklebad motivirebulni. sabWoTa gegmas koduri saxelwodeba
ùrani~ ewoda. is iTvaliswinebda germanelTa flangebze Setevas da stalingrad-
Tan Tavmoyrili germanuli armiis alyaSi moqcevas. am gegmis Sesasruleblad Se-
tevis mimarTulebebze wiTel armias ormagi upiratesoba hqonda.
1942 wlis 19 noembers sabWoTa artileriam mZlavri dartyma miayena mowina-
aRmdeges da satanko nawilebi flangebidan Setevaze gadavidnen. Setevis mexuTe
dRes wiTeli armiis nawilebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen kalaCis raionSi da alyaSi moaq-
cies germanelTa me-6 armia da me-4 satanko armia. alyaSemortymulTa saerTo ra-
odenoba 330 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri iyo. germanelebis mcdeloba, gamosu-
liyvnen alyidan, warumatebeli aRmoCnda. hitlerma alyaSi moqceul Tavis jars
ukandaxeva aukrZala — haeridan momaragebasa da alyis garedan garRvevas dahpir-
da, magram es ver moaxerxes. 1943 wlis 2 Tebervals alyaSemortymulma dajgufe-
bam kapitulacia gamoacxada. tyved Cabarda me-6 armiis sardali general-fel-
dmarSali pauliusi.
stalingradTan brZolaSi germanelebma dakarges 800 aTasi mebrZoli, 2 aTa-
si tanki da TviTmavali qvemexi, 3 aTasi TviTmfrinavi. stalingradTan wiTeli ar-
miis gamarjvebam safuZveli Cauyara Zireul gardatexas omis msvlelobaSi. stra-
tegiuli iniciativa wiTeli armiis xelSi gadavida.
stalingradTan gamarjvebis Semdeg wiTeli armia Setevaze gadavida da mniS-
vnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia. 1943 wlis 18 ianvars moxerxda, nawilobriv gaer-
RviaT leningradis blokada. gaixsna sul 8-11 km siganis derefani, ramac SesaZle-
beli gaxada alyaSemortymuli qalaqis momaragebis gaumjobeseba.
1943 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo aRmosavleT donbasis ganTavisufleba. voro-
neJis frontis jarebis Setevis Sedegad donis zemowelze germanelTa sami armia
daamarcxes da warmoiqmna kurskis rkali, romelic Rrmad iyo SeWrili germanel-
Ta poziciebSi. swored aq orive mxare gegmavda zafxulSi saomari operaciebis
ganxorcielebas.
sul zamTris Setevis dros wiTelma armiam gaanadgura mowinaaRmdegis 100-
ze meti divizia.

stalingradTan tyved Cabarda 91 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri. maTi didi nawili fizikurad
dauZlurebuli iyo da tyveobas ver gauZlo. omis Semdeg maTgan germaniaSi mxolod 6 aTasi
dabrunda.

24.2. brZola kavkasiisTvis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis nawilis de-
portacia
1942 wlis zafxulSi wiTeli armiisTvis katastrofuli situacia Seiqmna

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. donis rostovis aRebis Semdeg germanelebs gza gaexsnaT
kavkasiisken, — aranairi simagreebi aq wiTel armias aRar hqonda. germanelebi sul
ramdenime dReSi miadgnen kavkasionis qeds. maTi mizani iyo navTobis sabadoebi ma-
ikopSi, groznosa da baqoSi, aseve samxreT kavkasiis xelSi Cagdeba. hitlerma ga-
nacxada, rom kavkasiis navTobis gareSe is oms ver gaagrZelebda.
resursebis mobilizaciis Sedegad wiTelma armiam moaxerxa germanel faSis-
tTa Setevis SeCereba. germanelebma ver SeZles kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze gasvla,
baqos navTobis xelSi Cagdeba da iranis gavliT sabWoTa kavSirSi momavali daxma-
rebis gzis gadaketva.
stalingradTan gancdili marcxis Semdeg germanelebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
alyaSi moqcevis safrTxis SeeSindaT da 1943 wlis ianvarSi swrafad daixies ukan
tamanis naxevarkunZulisken.
1943-1944 wlebSi ganxorcielda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi rigi xalxe-
bis — yaraCaelebis, balyarelebis, CeCnebisa da inguSebis deportacia yazaxeTsa
da Sua aziaSi. maT bralad dasdes germanel dampyroblebTan TanamSromloba, wi-
Tel armiaSi samsaxurisTvis Tavis arideba.
yaraCai sul naxevari weli iyo germanelTa mier okupirebuli. 1943 w. 14 oq-
tombers sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebiT yaraCaelebi unda gae-
saxlebinaT yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi. sul deportirebul iqna 69.267 yaraCaeli.
gzaSi daiRupa 653 adamiani. deportirebulTa daaxloebiT 50 16 wlamde asakis
bavSvebi iyvnen. wiTel armiaSi myofi yaraCaelebi 1944 w. 3 marts demobilizebuli
iyvnen da aseve deportirebulebi Sua aziaSi.
germanel faSistebTan TanamSromlobis braldebiT 1944 w. 29 ianvars daadgi-
nes CeCnebisa da inguSebis deportaciac. deportacias piradad xelmZRvanelobda
l. beria. deportaciis operacia daiwyo 1944 w. 23 Tebervals da damTavrda 9
marts. gaasaxles 91.250 inguSi da 387.229 CeCeni.
1944 w. 24 Tebervals beriam stalins SesTavaza balyarelebis gasaxlebac.
operacia 5 marts daiwyo da 11 marts damTavrda. sul gaasaxles 37.103 adamiani.

deportaciis marSrutebi
deportaciis Semdeg maTi avtonomiebi gauqmda, teritoria ki sxva avtonomi-

ebsa da olqebSi gadanawilda. balyareTisa da inguSeTis teritoriis nawili sa-
qarTvelos ssr-sac gadaeca. deportirebuli xalxebi amoSales sabWoTa kavSiris
xalxTa siidan. yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom gasaxlebuli xalxebis xsov-
na saerTod gaeqroT. angrevdnen istoriul Zeglebs, daangries am erovnebis re-
volucioneri moRvaweebisTvis dadgmuli Zeglebic ki. 1950 w. groznoSi gamovida

groznos olqisadmi miZRvnili broSura. iq erTi sityvac ar ewera, rom am teri-
toriaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi CeCnebi da inguSebi cxovrobdnen.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis administraciuli dayofa deporta-
ciis Semdeg
gadasaxlebulebi axal sacxovrebel adgilebSi eTnikuri Seviwroebis

msxverplni iyvnen, maT uWirdaT profesiis mixedviT samsaxuris Sovna. gadasaxle-
bul axalgazrdebs mxolod yazaxeTisa da yirgizeTis umaRles saswavleblebSi
SeeZloT swavla.
stalinis sikvdilisa da xruSCovis mier destalinizaciis politikis dawye-
bis Semdeg, 1956 wels CrdiloeT kavkasiidan deportirebulebs moexsnaT SezRud-
vebi, 1957-1958 wlebSi ki aRadgines yalmuxebis, CeCnebis, inguSebis, yaraCaelebis
da balyarelebis avtonomiebi. gadasaxlebulebs samSobloSi dabrunebis neba mie-
caT.
2004 w. evropis parlamentis deputatebma mxari dauWires gadawyvetilebas,
rom 1944 wels CeCnebisa da inguSebis deportacia genocidis aqtad SeefasebinaT.
deportaciis dRe 23 Tebervalia da am dRes ewyoba sxvadasxva RonisZieba.
2014 wels CeCneTis xelmZRvanelis ramzan kadirovis iniciativiT, radganac 23 Te-
bervali emTxveoda wiTeli armiis Seqmnis dRes da imarTeboda sazeimo RonisZie-
bebi, gadawyvites, rom deportaciis dRe 10 maiss aReniSnaT.

deportaciis xsovnis memoriali magasSi (inguSeTi)

24.3. brZola kurskis rkalze
damarcxebaTa seriam didi zarali miayena germaniis armias. hitlerma gamo-

acxada totaluri (sayovelTao) mobilizacia, romlis Sedegadac armiaSi gaiwvies
kidev 2 mln. jariskaci da oficeri. sabWoTa frontze gadmoisroles nawilebi da-
savleT evropidanac. sul kurskis rkalze Tavi mouyares 50-mde divizias. hitle-
ri did imeds amyarebda axali tipis SeiaraRebaze — es iyo tankebi `tiger~ da `pan-

tera~, moieriSe qvemexi `ferdinandi~. Canafiqris mixedviT, maT advilad unda ga-
erRviaT wiTeli armiis poziciebi.

operaciis germanuli gegma `citadeli~ iTva-
liswinebda kurskis rkalze ganlagebuli
sabWoTa jarebis alyaSi moqcevas da ganadgu-
rebas. wiTeli armiis xelmZRvanelobam das-
kvnebi gamoitana adrindeli gamocdilebi-
dan, zafxulSi Setevaze ar gadasula da uc-
dida germanelTa moqmedebas — dro faSistTa
sasargeblod aRar muSaobda. sabWoTa sar-
dloba gegmavda germanelTa Setevis dalo-
debas, maT gamofitvas da Semdeg Setevaze ga-
dasvlas.
germanelebi rom kurskis rkalze apirebdnen Setevaze gadasvlas, es sabWoTa

sardlobam sadazvervo monacemebiT icoda. germanelebi Seecadnen moulodnelo-
bis faqtoris gamoyenebas, Seteva unda daewyoT 5 ivliss dilis 3 saaTze Zlieri
saartilerio momzadebiT. sabWoTa dazvervam esec icoda da germanelTa Setevis
dawyebamde erTi saaTiT adre wiTeli armiis TiTqmis 19 aTasma qvemexma cecxli
gauxsna germanelTa savaraudo Tavmoyris adgilebs. germanelebma didi zarali
ganicades da ramdenime saaTis dagvianebiT daiwyes kontrSeteva. germanelebma
ver SeZles frontis garRveva da sul 30-35 kilometriT waiwies win.
12 ivniss sofel proxorovkasTan samxreTidan Setevaze gadasuli germanel-
Ta satanko nawilebi operatiul sivrceze gadiodnen, sadac ukve aRar iyo wiTeli
armiis winaswar gamagrebuli poziciebi. maT SesaCereblad sabWoTa sardlobam
daZra Tavisi satanko rezervebi. moxda Semxvedri satanko brZola, romelSic
orive mxridan 1200 tanki da TviTmavali qvemexi monawileobda. germanelebi da-
marcxdnen da iZulebuli gaxdnen Tavdacvaze gadasuliyvnen.
wiTeli armia Setevaze gadavida da 5 agvistos gaaTavisufla qalaqebi orio-
li da belgorodi. stalinis brZanebiT, moskovSi pirvelad Sedga gamarjvebis sa-
luti.
kurskis brZolaSi germanelebma dakarges 500 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri,
1500 tanki, 3700 TviTmfrinavi. sabWoTa gamarjvebis fasi Zalian maRali iyo. wi-
Telma armiam vermaxtze 4,5-jer meti jariskaci dakarga, tankebi — 6-jer meti.
sabWoTa jarebis Seteva imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom mokle droSi germanelebi
gandevnes da daikaves xarkovi, donbasi, tamanis naxevarkunZuli, brianski, smo-
lenski.
kurskis brZolis dros inglis-amerikis jarebi siciliaSi gadasxdnen. 17 iv-
liss hitlerma brZaneba gasca, rom kurskidan italiaSi gadaesrolaT ss-is 3 di-
vizia.
seqtembris Sua ricxvebidan daiwyo brZola dneprisTvis. mis maRal marjvena
napirze germanelebma simagreebi aages, rac, maTi azriT, miudgomeli iyo, Tumca

proxorovkasTan brZolaSi sabWoTa mxarem 670 tanki gamoiyvana, germaniam — 420 tanki. brZolis
Semdeg sabWoTa danakargebma — 500, germanelebisam ki 200 tanki Seadgina. sabWoTa danakargebis didi
nawili sardlobis arakompetenturobam gamoiwvia.

wiTelma armiam gaarRvia es xazi da 6 noembers kievi gaaTavisufla. maT miTiTeba
hqondaT, rom ukrainis dedaqalaqi oqtombris revoluciis dResaswaulisTvis ga-
eTavisuflebinaT da amitom uzarmazari msxverpli gaiRes.
imavdroulad yirimSi Caketili aRmoCnda germanelTa samxedro nawilebi.
omis msvlelobaSi Zireuli gardatexa Seuqcevadi gaxda.

24.4. Teiranis konferencia da omis pirveli periodis Sedegebi
1943 wlis ivlisis bolos italiaSi gadasxdnen inglis-amerikis jarebi, mag-

ram sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba eloda mokavSireTa mTavari dapirebis — meore
frontis gaxsnas safrangeTSi jarebis gadasxmis Sedegad.
1943 wlis noember-dekemberSi Sedga sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-isa da inglisis
liderTa Sexvedra (`didi sameulis~) TeiranSi. stalinma, CerCilma da ruzveltma
moilaparakes, rom meore fronti gaixsneboda 1944 wlis mais-ivnisSi, agreTve
omis Semdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Seqmnaze, germaniis bedze misi
damarcxebis Semdeg da a. S. sabWoTa kavSiri mokavSireebs Sehpirda, rom evropaSi
omis damTavrebidan sami Tvis Semdeg Caebmeboda iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi.
Teiranis konferencia: ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

TariRi 1943 wlis 28 noemberi — 1 dekemberi
monawile saxelmwi- uinston CerCili (didi britaneTi), ioseb stalini (ssrk),
foTa liderebi franklin ruzvelti (aSS).
meore frontis ruzvelti da CerCili Sehpirdnen stalins, rom safrangeT-
problema Si desants 1944 wlis maisSi gadasxamdnen.
poloneTis sakiTxi stalini moiTxovda, rom poloneTis aRmosavleT sazRvari
kerzonis xazze gavlebuliyo, dasavleTiT ki poloneTs ga-
dascemoda germaniis teritoria da sazRvari mdinareebze —
odersa da neisze gavlebuliyo.
germaniis sakiTxi didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia: ruzvelti mxars uWer-
da germaniis danawevrebas, CerCili — dunais federaciis
Seqmnas, romelSic germaniis teritoriis nawilic unda Se-
suliyo, stalini — erTiani germaniis SenarCunebas.
iranis sakiTxi gadawyda iranisTvis daxmarebis gaweva da aseve iranidan mo-
kavSireTa jarebis gayvana omis damTavrebis Semdeg.
iaponiis sakiTxi gadawyda iaponiisTvis CamoerTmiaT koloniebi, manjuria
da taivani CineTs unda gadascemoda. korea damoukidebeli
gaxdeboda.
stalingradTan wiTeli armiis kontrSetevaze gadasvlidan 1943 wlis bo-

lomde germaniam dakarga 2,2 milionze meti mebrZoli, 3,5 aTasi tanki, daaxloe-
biT 7 aTasi TviTmfrinavi.
musolinis damxobam italiaSi germanias Camoacila erT-erTi yvelaze saime-
do mokavSire.
1943 wlis bolosTvis wiTelma armiam gaaTavisufla germanelTa mier okupi-
rebuli teritoriis naxevari.
faSisturi germania kvlav Zlieri iyo, magram misi garduvali damarcxeba uk-
ve mkafiod Canda. stalingradis brZoliT daiwyo, xolo kurskis brZoliT dam-
Tavrda Zireuli gardatexa sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis omis msvlelobaSi.

Tavi ;;9.
sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis damamTavrebeli etapi

25.1. 1944 wlis SeteviTi operaciebi
1944 wlis dasawyisisTvis germaniam mniSvnelovani danakargebi ganicada, mag-

ram kvlav Zlier Zalad rCeboda. Tavisi diviziebis TiTqmis 23 (5 milioni mebrZo-
li) Tavmoyrili hyavda sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis frontze. maT SeiaraRebaSi iyo
5,4 aTasi tanki da TviTmavali qvemexi, 54,6 aTasi qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni, 3 aTas-
ze meti TviTmfrinavi. miuxedavad amisa, 1943 wels gancdili mZime marcxis Semdeg
germaniis armia strategiul Tavdacvaze gadavida.
am droisaTvis uzrunvelyofili iyo wiTeli armiis upiratesoba, rogorc
ricxobrivi (6,3 milioni mebrZoli), aseve aviaciasa (10,2 aTasi TviTmfrinavi) da
artileriaSi (96 aTasamde qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni), TiTqmis Tanabari iyo tanke-
bis raodenoba (daaxloebiT 5,3 aTasi).
sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba miznad isaxavda 1944 wels germaniis armiis Semdgom
damarcxebas da sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis ganTavisuflebas.
1944 wels wiTelma armiam ganaxorciela SeteviTi operaciebi, rasac maSin
àTi stalinuri dartyma~ ewoda. xruSCovis mmarTvelobis periodSi es saxelwo-
deba gaqra.
1944 wlis ianvarSi wiTelma armiam leningradTan Seutia da qalaqs sabolo-
od moexsna blokada.
Teberval-martSi ganTavisuflda TiTqmis mTeli marcxena napiris ukraina
da wiTeli armia rumineTis sazRvarze gavida.
april-maisSi daamTavres germanelTa jarebis ganadgureba yirimSi.
6 ivniss mokavSireebma desanti gadasxes normandiaSi (safrangeTi). maT mxar-
dasaWerad 10 ivniss wiTelma armiam Seteva daiwyo kareliis yelze, gaarRvia `ma-
nenheimis xazi~, daikava viborgi da petrozavodski. fineTis mTavroba omidan ga-
movida da daiwyo samSvidobo molaparakebebi.
yvelaze Zlieri iyo 23 ivniss dawyebuli Seteva belorusiaSi (operacia `bag-
rationi~). alya Semoartyes germanelTa 30 divizias. wiTelma armiam daikava mTe-
li belorusia, litvisa da poloneTis nawili.
ivlisSi Seteva daiwyo ukrainaSi da daikaves lvovi.
agvistoSi wiTelma armiam daamarcxa germanul-ruminuli jarebi kiSiniov-
Tan da alya Semoartya 22 divizias. sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg omidan gamovida
rumineTi. misi dedaqalaqi buqaresti 31 agvistos wiTelma armiam daikava.
8 seqtembers wiTelma armiam gadalaxa bulgareTis sazRvari, rumineTi da
bulgareTi germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi Caebnen.
seqtember-oqtomberSi wiTelma armiam daikava estoneTisa da latviis Ziri-
Tadi nawili, rigis samxreTiT alya Semoartyes da gaanadgures 38 divizia.
SemodgomisTvis sabWoTa jarebi idgnen ungreTisa da Cexoslovakiis saz-
RvrebTan. hitlers SeeSinda, rom ungreTic gamovidoda omidan da Tavisi jari Se-
iyvana budapeStSi. aman ver uSvela da wiTelma armiam budapeSts alya Semoartya.
amave periodSi Seuties fineTis CrdiloeTSi gamagrebul germaniis jarebs
da Sevidnen norvegiis teritoriazec.
1944 wels wiTelma armiam, oficialuri monacemebiT, mwyobridan gamoiyvana
mtris 120 divizia.

25.2. yirimis (ialtis) konferencia
1945 wlis ianvarSi sabWoTa jarebma, CerCilis TxovniT, vadaze adre daiwyes
Seteva sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis mTel frontze. es gakeTda mokavSireTa dasax-
mareblad, romelTac germanelebma ardenis raionSi mZime dartyma miayenes.
wiTeli armiis swrafi winsvlis periodSi, 1945 wlis 4-11 Tebervals Sedga
ialtis konferencia, sadac meored Sexvdnen erTmaneTs stalini, ruzvelti da
CerCili. mTavari sakiTxi iyo ara imdenad germaniis samxedro ganadgureba, ramde-
nadac msoflios omis Semdgomi mowyoba.
ialtis konferencia (4-11 Tebervali, 1945 weli): ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

germaniis sakiT- germania unda dasTanxmeboda usityvo kapitulacias;
xi ganisazRvra germaniis samomavlo okupaciis ZiriTadi zo-
nebi ssrk, aSS, inglisisa da safrangeTis mier;
germaniis marTvas ganaxorcielebda mokavSireTa sakon-
trolo sabWo, romelSic Sevidodnen saokupacio jarebis sar-
dlebi;
germanias unda gadaexada 20 miliardi dolaris reparacie-
bi;
demilitarizacia — germania unda ganiaraRebuliyo da dam-
yarebuliyo kontroli mis mrewvelobaze;
nacisturi partiis akrZalva da samxedro damnaSaveebis
dasja.
poloneTis sa- poloneTis dasavleTis sazRvari dadginda mdinareebis
kiTxi oderisa da neises gayolebiT;
dasavleT ukraina da dasavleT belorusia sabWoTa kavSi-
ris SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda;
sabWoTa kavSiri dasTanxmda da cno poloneTis erovnuli
erTobis droebiTi mTavroba, romelsac poloneTSi Tavisufa-
li arCevnebi unda Caetarebina.
iaponiis sakiTxi sabWoTa kavSirma kvlav daadastura valdebuleba, iaponiis
winaaRmdeg omSi CarTuliyo germaniis damarcxebidan ara ug-
vianes sami Tvisa;
sabWoTa kavSiris xelSi gadadioda samxreT saxalini da ku-
riliis kunZulebi;
sabWoTa kavSirs ijariT gadaecemoda CineTSi port-artu-
ri, aseve CineTTan erTad erTobliv eqspuatacias gauwevda
manjuriaze gamaval rkinigzas.
evropis ganTavi- miiRes deklaracia ganTavisuflebuli evropis Sesaxeb.
suflebis sakiT- masSi naTqvami iyo, rom omis Semdeg evropis ganviTarebis yve-
xi la sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros aSS-ma, sabWoTa kavSirma da
didma britaneTma TavianTi moqmedeba erTmaneTTan unda Sea-
Tanxmon.
gaerTianebuli gadawyda, moewviaT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
erebis organi- damfuZnebeli konferencia, romlis mTavari amocana unda yo-
zaciis Sesaxeb filiyo momavalSi omebis Tavidan acileba.

25.3. evropis qveynebis ganTavisufleba faSizmisagan
or fronts Soris moqceuli faSisturi germaniis mdgomareoba sul ufro

uaresdeboda. misi ZiriTadi Zalebi kvlav sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg iyo Tav-
moyrili. germaniis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda 10 sabWoTa fronti, romlis Semadgenlo-
baSic iyo 6,7 milioni mebrZoli, 107,3 aTasi
qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni, 12,1 aTasi tanki da
TviTmavali qvemexi, 14,7 aTasi TviTmfrinavi.
1945 wlis aprilis dasawyisisTvis wi-
Telma armiam daikava ungreTi, poloneTi da
aRmosavleT prusia. gaiSala brZola berlini-
saTvis. stalinis brZanebiT, es qalaqi nebismi-
er fasad unda aeRoT dasavleTeli mokavSire-
ebis daxmarebis gareSe. berlins utevda wiTe-
li armiis sami fronti 2,5 milioni mebrZo-
liT. 24 aprils wiTelma armiam berlins alya
Semoartya. hitlerma dasavleTis frontze
jarebi moxsna da berlinisken gadmoisrola.
25 aprils mdinare elbaze, torgaus raionSi
sabWoTa da amerikeli jariskacebi erTmaneTs
Sexvdnen.
1945 wlis 30 aprils 150-e msroleli di-
viziis mebrZolebma mixail egorovma (1923-
1975) da meliton qanTariam (1920-1993) raix-
stagze gamarjvebis droSa aRmarTes. imave
dRes Tavi moikla hitlerma. berlinis garni-
zonma kapitulacia gamoacxada.
1945 wlis 8 maiss karlsxorstSi, berlinTan axlos, xeli moewera germaniis
kapitulacias. sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan xeli moawera marSalma Jukovma. sabWoTa
kavSirisTvis omi 9 maiss damTavrda, rodesac CexeTSi kapitulacia gamoacxades
germanulma nawilebma. es dRe gamarjvebis dRed gamocxadda.
24 ivniss moskovSi, wiTel moedanze gaimarTa gamarjvebis aRlumi.
raixstagis Tavze aRmarTuli gamarjvebis

droSa.

25.4. potsdamis konferencia
1945 wlis 17 ivlis — 2 agvistos berlinis gareubanSi, potsdamSi Sedga gamar-

jvebuli qveynebis liderebis konferencia. sabWoTa delegacias xelmZRvanelob-
da stalini, aSS-isas — trumeni, inglisisas — CerCili (28 ivlisidan misi memkvidre
premier-ministris postze — k. etli).

potsdamis konferenciaze ganxiluli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:

germaniis sakiT- gadawyda, rom germania darCeboda erTian saxelmwifod. Sea-
xi Tanxmes saokupacio politikis ZiriTadi principebi: denaci-
fikacia, demilitarizacia, demokratizacia, dekartelizacia;
saerTaSoriso tribunalis Seqmna nacist samxedro damnaSa-
veTa gasasamarTleblad;
sabWoTa kavSirs SeuerTda aRmosavleT prusiis teritoria
qalaq kenisgbergiT.
poloneTis sa- poloneTis sazRvrebi dadginda yirimis konferenciis
kiTxi dros miRweuli SeTanxmebiT.
iaponiis sakiTxi dadasturda sabWoTa kavSiris iaponiasTan omSi Cabmis pi-
robebi.
germaniis mokav- Seiqmna mudmivi organo — sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa sabWo
SireebTan sam- (aSS, ssrk, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da CineTi) saerTo in-
Svidobo xelSek- teresebis mqone sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, pirvel rigSi, sam-
rulebebis sa- Svidobo xelSekrulebebis gasaformeblad italiasTan, bul-
kiTxi gareTTan, rumineTTan, ungreTTan da fineTTan.

25.5. sabWoTa kavSiris Cabma iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi
evropaSi omis damTavrebis Semdeg rCeboda omis kera Soreul aRmosavleTSi,

sadac aSS, didi britaneTi da CineTi ebrZodnen iaponias. sabWoTa kavSirma aRebu-
li valdebuleba Seasrula da 8 agvistos omi gamoucxada iaponias.
sabWoTa armiam Seutia manjuriaSi ganlagebul milionian kvantunis armias
da swrafad daamarcxa is. gamarjveba imanac daaCqara, rom iaponiaSi atomuri bom-
bebis Camogdebis Semdeg am qveyanam kapitulacia gamoacxada.
1945 wlis 2 seqtembers amerikuli
saxazo gemis `misuris~ bortze iaponiis
delegaciam xeli moawera usityvo kapi-
tulaciis aqts.

ZalTa Tanafardoba manjuriis opera-
ciis dros

sabWoTa kavSiri: 1.747 aTasi jariskaci,
26.137 qvemexi, 1852 TviTmavali qvemexi,
3704 tanki, 5368 TviTmfrinavi.

iaponia: 1.306 aTasi mebrZoli (aqedan iaponiis — 1092 aTasi) 450 tanki, 2012
TviTmfrinavi (aqedan 635 sabrZolo).
25.6. omSi sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebis mizezebi
sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze ganadgurebul iqna germaniis da mis mo-

kavSireTa 607 divizia. sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg omSi germaniam dakarga 10 mi-
lionze meti adamiani (Tavisi yvela danakargis 80), 167 aTasi saartilerio qveme-
xi, 48 aTasi tanki, 77 aTasi TviTmfrinavi (Tavisi samxedro teqnikis 75).
nacistur germaniaze sabWoTa kavSiris gamarjvebis mizezebi:
sabWoTa kavSi- sawarmoebis qona uralsa da cimbirSi, sadac ver aRwevda ger-
ris upirateso- maniis aviacia;
ba resursebSi upiratesoba samxedro potencialSi (ufro meti samxedro
produqciis warmoebis SesaZlebloba);
upiratesoba armiis ricxobriobaSi.
mokavSireTa sabrZolo teqnikisa da sabrZolo masalis mowodeba lend-li-
daxmareba zis SeTanxmebiT;
1944 w. 6 ivniss meore frontis gaxsna.
partizanuli faSistebis sisastikisa da sabWoTa propagandis ZaliT parti-
moZraoba zanTa raodenoba Seadgenda daaxloebiT 1 milion adamians;
mtris zurgSi diversiebis organizeba, rac germaniis jarebis moqmedebas
aferxebda.
omis warmoebis represiebi rigiTi da sameTauro Semadgenlobis mimarT waru-
mkacri meTode- mateblobis SemTxvevaSi;
bi samxedro kontrdazvervis moqmedeba;
mosaxleobis interesebis ugulebelyofa.
sabWoTa meb- wiTel armiasa da partizanebs hyavdaT mravali gmiri, romle-
rZolebis gmi- bic Tavs swiravdnen samSoblos;
roba da patri- sabWoTa jariskacebis naklebi momTxovneloba da siZneleebis
otizmi gadatanis unari.
frontisa da `yvelaferi frontisTvis, yvelaferi gamarjvebisTvis~, —
zurgis kavSiri zurgSi muSaobis ZiriTadi principi;
omis pirobebSi ekonomikis marTvis administraciul-mbrZa-
nebluri sistemis mamobilizebeli SesaZleblobebi.

25.7. saqarTvelo meore msoflio omSi
meore msoflio omis periodSi (1939-1945) sabWoTa kavSirma saqarTvelos bu-

nebrivi da adamianuri resursebi maqsimalurad da daundoblad gamoiyena Tavisi
miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelodan wiTel armiaSi gawveulebi ibrZodnen faSiz-
mis winaaRmdeg, obieqturad, maTi brZola mimarTuli iyo msoflioSi demokratii-
sa da Tavisuflebis dasacavad, Tumca Tavad moklebulni iyvnen erTsac da meore-
sac. am brZolaSi saqarTvelom udidesi msxverpli gaiRo da am msxverplis didi na-
wili gamowveuli iyo sabWoTa samoqalaqo da samxedro xelmZRvanelobis mier
daSvebuli Secdomebis, adamianis bedisadmi usulgulo damokidebulebiT.
didi danakargebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis SemcirebaSic gamoixata. daRu-
pulTa da ugzo-ukvlod dakargulTa garda, saqarTvelodan deportirebul iqna

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am mxriv erTnairad dazaralda sabWoTa kavSiris mTeli mosaxleoba, magram es
aranairi SeRavaTi araa sabWoTa ruseTis mier okupirebuli saqarTvelosaTvis.

zogierTi eTnikuri jgufi. saqarTveloSi 1939 wels cxovrobda 3.540 aTasi adami-
ani, xolo 1946 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis — 3.232 aTasi, e. i. 308 aTasi kaciT naklebi. es
imis miuxedavad, rom omis wlebSi saqarTveloSi Semovida da dasaxlda adamianTa
garkveuli nawili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva regionebidan.
omis dawyebisas sabWoTa armiaSi samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxurs gadioda
126.039 qarTveli jariskaci da oficeri. omis sawyis periodSi, rodesac wiTel
armias didi danakargebi hqonda da ukan ixevda, mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad
frontze igzavneboda axal-axali nawilebi, romelTa mobilizebis erT-erTi are-
ali saqarTvelo iyo. 1943 wlis bolosTvis wiTel armiaSi samxreT kavkasiidan mo-
bilizebul iqna 1.290.658 adamiani, aqedan saqarTvelodan — 538.025. wiTel armiaSi
gawveulebma cudad icodnen rusuli ena, ar hqondaT saTanado samxedro momzade-
ba, maT brZolaSi rTavdnen ZiriTadad cudad gawvrTnili samarSo aseulebis sa-
xiT. amas emateboda samxedro nawilebisa da saomari moqmedebebis dagegmvaSi ar-
sebuli problemebi, usulgulo damokidebuleba jariskacTa sicocxlisadmi. Se-
degad, danakargebic Zalian didi iyo. amis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgenda
qerCis samxedro operacia, romelsac saqarTvelodan gawveuli 70 aTasze meti ja-
riskaci da oficeri Seewira.
samxreT kavkasia, faqtobrivad, daicala armiisaTvis gamosadegi adamianuri
resursisagan, frontisTvis saWiro saxalxo meurneobis dargebic muSaxelis de-
ficits ganicdidnen. aRniSnuli mizezebiT, 1944 da 1945 wlebSi, sabWoTa xeli-
suflebis gadawyvetilebiT, mkveTrad SeizRuda samxreT kavkasiis respublikebi-
dan, maT Soris saqarTvelodan moqmed armiaSi wvevamdelTa gawveva.
meore msoflio omis wlebSi saqarTvelodan frontze gawveuli iyo daaxlo-
ebiT 700 aTasi adamiani, anu respublikis mosaxleobis 19. saqarTvelodan gawve-
ulTagan daiRupa da ugzo-ukvlod daikarga 163.311 adamiani, anu gawveulTa saer-
To raodenobis 23,3, maTgan qarTveli iyo 117.031 kaci.
meore msoflio omis wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda deportaciis axa-
li talRa. 1941 wels ganxorcielda saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germanelebis de-
portacia. 1944 wlis 15 noembers samcxe-javaxeTidan da aWaridan gadaasaxles
15568 ojaxi (69869 adamiani) — Turqi-mesxebi, qurTebi da xemSilebi. ùceb gaav-
les gansxvavebulobis mkveTri zRvari im xalxs Soris, romelsac saerTo fesvebi
hqonda... CvenTvis arc is auxsniaT, ra davaSaveT da arc samudamo sasjelis moxdis
vada dausaxelebiaT~, — aRniSnavs mesxeTidan deportirebuli qali nazira vaCna-
Ze.

saqarTvelos istoria. ;; saukune. Tb., Tsu gamomc., 2003, gv.166.

m. naTmelaZe, a. dauSvili. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria (1921-2000 ww). Tb., 2004, gv.225; saqarTve
los prezidentis arqivi, f.14, aRw.15, s.174, furc.33-35.

Ⱥ.ɘ.Ȼɟɡɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ. ɇɚɪɨɞɵ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ. 1918-1945 ɝɨɞɵ. Ɇ.: ȼɟɱɟ, 2007, ɫɬɪ.186.

m.samsonaZe. saqarTvelo 1921-1991 wlebSi (proeqti). Tema disputisaTvis. Tb., 2001, gv.11.

Ⱥ.ɘ.Ȼɟɡɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ. ɇɚɪɨɞɵ Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ. 1918-1945 ɝɨɞɵ. Ɇ.: ȼɟɱɟ, 2007, ɫɬɪ.189-192.

m. naTmelaZe. meore msoflio omSi saqarTvelodan daRupul da ugzo-ukvlod dakargul meomarTa
ricxvis dadgenis Sesaxeb — ànalebi~, 2001, 2, gv.48-49.

saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, aRw.23, s.557, gv.7-9; d.alaverdaSvili. vin arian e.w. `Turqi mesxebi~? —
`saarqivo moambe~, 2008, 3, gv.124-128.

n. vaCnaZe. deportirebuli mesxi qalis — naziras wigni. Tb., `kavkasiuri saxli~, 2005, gv.16-17.

nawili merve
sabWoTa kavSiri `gviani stalinizmis~
(1945-1953) periodSi
`gviani stalinizmi~, òmisSemdgomi stalinizmi~ — cnebebia, romelTac is-

torikosebi iyeneben sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis im periodis aRsaniSnavad, rome-
lic moqceulia meore msoflio omis damTavrebasa (1945 wlis 2 seqtemberi) da
stalinis sikvdils Soris (1953 wlis 5 marti). es periodi xasiaTdeba:
x saxalxo meurneobis aRdgeniT;
x totalitaruli xelisuflebis gamkacrebiT;
x gansxvavebulad moazrovneebTan brZolis gamkacrebiT;
x `civi omis~ dawyebiT.
meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebam sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobaSi ukeTesi
cxovrebis imedi gaaCina — politikur reJimSi, ekonomikasa da kulturis sferoSi
cvlilebebis imedi, omma Taviseburi `demokratiuli impulsi~ warmoSva sazoga-
doebaSi, magram mas upirispirdeboda stalinis mier Seqmnili mZlavri sistema. mi-
si poziciebi araTu ar dasustda omis wlebSi, aramed kidev ufro ganmtkicda omis
Semdgom periodSi. xalxis TvalSi ori cneba — `stalini~ da `gamarjveba~ — erTma-
neTs mWidrod daukavSirda.
omisSemdgomi wlebi SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc yvelaze `sabWoTa~ periodi
sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi. am droisaTvis Taoba, romelsac axsovda 1917 wlam-
deli periodi, ukve xnieri iyo. danarCenebisaTvis erTaderTi nacnobi cxovrebis
wesi sabWouri iyo. 1941-1945 wlebSi mopovebuli gamarjveba ki bevrisTvis imis da-
dasturebas warmoadgenda, rom sabWoTa cxovrebis wesi erTaderTi swori gza iyo.
bevrs uCndeboda rwmena, rom sabWoTa reJimi uryevi da yovlisSemZle iyo, maT So-
ris, SeeZlo atomuri bombis Seqmnac.
gamarjvebis mTavar organizatorad stalini warmodgeboda, Tavisi genera-
lisimusis formiT. rogorc aRniSnavdnen, am cocxalma beladma aSkarad daCrdi-
la mavzoleumSi moTavsebuli halstuxiani lenini. stalinma sabWoTa kavSiri aq-
cia uZlieres saxelmwifod, romelmac lamis ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebamde gaa-
farTova komunisturi saxelmwifo da Tan sateliti qveynebis sartyeli Seqmna.
stalini miiCneoda ara mxolod 1945 wlis gamarjvebis mTavar Semoqmedad,
aramed marqsizm-leninizmis cocxal klasikosad, romelic mTavari da uryevi av-
toriteti iyo socializmis mSeneblobis, filosofiis, istoriis, ekonomikis, sa-
erTaSoriso urTierTobebis, enaTmecnierebis da sxva yvela SesaZlo sakiTxSi.
stalinis pirovnebis kultma miaRwia warmoudgenel masStabebs. 1949 wlis dekem-
berSi aRiniSna stalinis 70 wlis iubile. dasavluri xelovnebis muzeumi moskovSi
gadakeTda stalinis saCuqrebis gamofenad. qveyanaSi idgmeboda beladis grandi-
ozuli qandakebebi.

zogierTi avtori `gviani stalinizmis~ periods 1957 wlamde agrZelebs. zogadad, stalinis mmar-
Tvelobis periodSi oTx ZiriTad etaps gamoyofen: 1923-1934 wlebi — stalinizmisa da stalinis
mmarTvelobis Camoyalibeba; 1935-1941 wlebi — stalinizmis ganviTareba, misi ZiriTadi ideebis rea-
lizeba rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, ise politikaSi. xelisuflebis totalitaruli formis
damkvidreba; 1941-1945 wlebi — stalinizmis ukandaxeva da xalxis wina rigSi gamosvla; 1946-1953
wlebi — stalinizmis zeniti. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg mis mier Seqmnilma totalitarulma
sistemam arseboba gaagrZela.

a. Sovkunenko, p. bilecki. sa-
xalxo siyvarulis himni, 1950
weli.
am periodSi angariSgasawevi iyo frontidan dabrunebuli milionobiT ada-

miani (1910-1925 wlebSi dabadebulebi), romelTac omis wlebSi gansxvavebuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba miiRes da qveynis ganviTarebis demokratiul im-
pulss qmnidnen. 1946 wels daSvebulma rkinis fardam ki sabWoTa adamians mouspo
informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba ucxoeTidan. amas emateboda xelisuflebis
mier mxardaWerili rusuli patriotizmis talRa, romlis nawilic dasavleTi-
sadmi qedmaRluri damokidebuleba iyo.

Tavi ;;9,
sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri ganviTareba (1945-1953)

26.1. sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika meore msoflio omis Semdeg
meore msoflio omSi sabWoTa kavSirma udidesi adamianuri da materialuri

resursebi dakarga. daingra 1710 qalaqi da qalaqis tipis dasaxleba, ganadgurda
70 aTasi sofeli, aafeTqes da mwyobridan gamoiyvanes 31.850 qarxana da fabrika,
1135 maRaro, 65 aTasi kilometri sarkinigzo gza. saTesi farTobi Semcirda 36,8
milioni heqtariT. sabWoTa kavSirma omis Sedegad dakarga Tavisi erovnuli sim-
didris daaxloebiT mesamedi.
omma Seiwira TiTqmis 27 milioni adamianis sicocxle, 2,6 milioni adamiani
dainvalidda. qveynis mosaxleoba 34,4 milioniT Semcirda da 1945 wlis bolos-
Tvis 162,4 milioni adamiani Seadgina. samuSao Zalis Semcireba, srulfasovani kve-
bisa da sacxovreblis arqona ganapirobebda Sromis nayofierebis Semcirebas
omamdel periodTan SedarebiT.
meurneobis aRdgenas sabWoTa kavSiri jer kidev omis wlebSi Seudga. 1943
wels miiRes dadgenileba germanuli okupaciisgan ganTavisuflebul teritoria-
ze meurneobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad omis bolosTvis miRwe-
ul iqna mrewvelobis 1940 wlis donis mesamedi.
1944 wels ganTavisuflebulma raionebma awarmoes saerTo saxelmwifoebri-
vi masStabiT damzadebuli marcvleulis naxevarze meti, saqonlis meoTxedi, rZis
produqtebis daaxloebiT mesamedi, Tumca ekonomikis aRdgena mTavari amocanis
saxiT mxolod omis damTavrebis Semdeg dadga.
stalinisaTvis kvlav prioritetuli iyo mZime mrewvelobis zrda da Seiara-
Rebis zrdis axali programebi (maT Soris atomuri proeqti). 1946 wlis pirvel na-
xevarSi, miuxedavad omis damTavrebisa, sabWoTa kavSiris biujetSi samxedro xar-
jebi TiTqmis utoldeboda `saxalxo meurneobaze~ gaweul danarCen xarjebs.
1946 wlis 9 Tebervals stalini saprogramo sityviT gamovida. man bolSevi-
kuri ritorika gaixsena da msmenelebs Seaxsena, rom sanam arsebobs `msoflio me-
urneobis kapitalisturi sistema~, garduvalia mesame msoflio omi da sabWoTa
kavSiri unda emzados am omisaTvis. stalinma amocanad dasaxa samrewvelo warmoe-
bis omamdeli donis gasammageba. praqtikaSi es niSnavda samrewvelo warmoebis sam-
xedrodan samoqalaqo relsebze gadayvanis Senelebasa da axali samxedro progra-
mebis Seqmnas.

26.2. ekonomikis sakiTxebze mimdinare diskusiebi 1945-1946 wlebSi
1945 wlis agvistoSi saxelmwifo sagegmo komitets (Tavmjdomare n. vozne-

senski) daevala me-4 xuTwliani gegmis proeqtis momzadeba. gamoiTqva mosazrebe-
bi, rom garkveulwilad SeemcirebinaT zewola ekonomikis marTvaze, moexdinaT
kolmeurneobebis reorganizacia.
1946 wels momzadda sabWoTa kavSiris axali konstituciis proeqti. konsti-
tuciis proeqti dasaSvebad miiCnevda glexebisa da kustarebis wvrili kerZo sa-
kuTrebis arsebobas, romelic maT pirad Sromas daemyareboda da gamoricxuli
iqneboda sxvisi Sromis eqspluatacia. konstituciis proeqtis ganxilvis dros

gamoiTqva mosazrebebi, rom meti Tavisufleba miecaT regionebisa da saxalxo ko-
misariatebisTvis.
`qvemodan~ sul ufro xSirad gaismoda mowodebebi kolmeurneobaTa gauqme-
bis Sesaxeb. laparakobdnen maT araefeqturobaze, aRniSnavdnen, rom omis wlebSi
dadebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo mwarmoeblebze saxelmwifos zewolis garkveulwilad
Semcirebam. pirdapir paralels avlebdnen axal ekonomikur politikasTan, rome-
lic samoqalaqo omis Semdeg tardeboda. axali ekonomikur politikis dros eko-
nomikis aRdgena daiwyo kerZo seqtoris gamococxlebiT, marTvis decentraliza-
ciiT da msubuqi mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT.
sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobaSi warmoqmnili uTanxmoeba qveynis ekono-
mikis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT ganpirobebuli iyo omis Semdgomi msoflios
gansxvavebuli xedviT. a. Jdanovi, n. voznesenski da rigi sxva moRvaweebi Tvlid-
nen, rom mSvidobiani cxovrebis dabrunebis Semdeg kapitalistur qveynebSi daiw-
yeboda ekonomikuri krizisi, gaZlierdeboda imperialistur qveynebs Soris wina-
aRmdegobebi da konfliqtebi. es Seamcirebda safrTxes dasavleTis qveynebis
mxridan da sabWoTa kavSirs SesaZlebloba miecemoda, uari eTqva mZime mrewvelo-
bis forsirebuli ganviTarebis tradiciul politikaze, meti yuradReba daeTmo
ekonomikuri berketebisTvis (fasebi, Rirebuleba, krediti, mogeba) da ekonomikis
sxva dargebis ganviTarebisTvis.
malenkovi, beria da sxvebi ufro marTebulad miiCnevdnen akademikos e. var-
gas ekonomikur Sefasebebsa da prognozebs. varga ar gamoricxavda kapitalizmis
unars, gamklaveboda Sida winaaRmdegobebs. amitom omisSemdgomi saerTaSoriso
viTareba uaRresad saxifaTod miaCndaT, miT umetes, rom dasavleTis xelSi iyo
atomuri bombi. maTi xedva gamoricxavda uaris Tqmas industriuli da Tavdacvi-
Ti dargebis forsirebul ganviTarebaze. kvlav rCeboda ekonomikis xelmZRvane-
lobis mbrZaneblur-administraciuli meTodebi.
am diskusiaSi gadamwyveti aRmoCnda stalinis Tvalsazrisi, romelmac 1946
wlis dasawyisSi ganacxada omis win aRebuli kursis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb. es iyo
socializmis mSeneblobis damTavreba da komunizmis aSeneba. saqme exeboda dageg-
mvisa da marTvis zecentralizebuli modelis dabrunebas. es niSnavda, rom imav-
droulad brundeboda ekonomikis dargebs Soris is winaaRmdegobac, rac 1930-ian
wlebSi Camoyalibda.
ekonomikis ganviTarebis gzebi

Jdanovisa da voznesenskis pozicia stalinis, malenkovisa da berias pozicia
x ekonomikis aRdgena axali eko- x ekonomikis aRdgena gegmur ekonomikaze
nomikuri politikis gamocdile- dabrunebis gziT;
baze dayrdnobiT; x saxelmwifo kontroli;
x sabazro ekonomikis elemente- x xuTwliani gegmebi;
bis SemoReba; x me-4 xuTwledi (1946-1950).
x soflis meurneobis ganviTare-
ba.

26.3. mrewvelobis ganviTareba
omis dros daingra sabWoTa kavSiris industriulad yvelaze ganviTarebuli

nawili. dasavleTeli specialistebi miiCnevdnen, rom dangreuli ekonomikuri ba-
zis aRdgenas sabWoTa kavSirSi aranakleb 25 weli dasWirdeboda, Tumca sinamdvi-
leSi ekonomikis aRdgeniT periods 5 welze naklebi dasWirda.

mrewvelobis aRdgena uaRresad mZime viTarebaSi xdeboda. omis Semdgom pir-
vel wlebSi sabWoTa adamianebis Sromis pirobebi cota ramiT Tu gansxvavdeboda
samxedro dros arsebuli pirobebisgan. produqtebis mudmiv ukmarisobas, Sromi-
sa da yofis umZimes pirobebs, avadmyofobisa da sikvdilianobis maRal dones mo-
saxleobas imiT uxsnidnen, rom mSvidoba axali damyarebulia da cxovrebis wesier
kalapotSi moqceva mxolod iwyeboda.
moixsna omis periodis zogierTi SezRudva; kvlav SemoiRes 8-saaTiani samu-
Sao dRe da yovelwliuri Svebulebebi, gauqmda iZulebiTi zeganakveTuri samuSa-
oebi.
1947 wels gatarda fuladi reforma da gauqmda sabaraTo sistema, dadginda
erTiani fasebi kvebis produqtebsa da samrewvelo saqonelze. fasebi omamdelze
maRali iyo.
iseve rogorc omamde, weliwadSi erTi Tvis an Tve-naxevris xelfasi midioda
aucilebeli saxelmwifo sesxis obligaciebis SeZenaze. muSaTa bevri ojaxi kvlav
miwurebsa da barakebSi cxovrobda, Sromobdnen Ria cis qveS an gauTbobel Seno-
bebSi, Zvel dazgebsa da mowyobilobebze.
ekonomikis aRdgena xdeboda mosaxleobis mkveTrad gazrdili gadaadgile-
bis pirobebSi. es gamowveuli iyo armiis demobilizaciiT (armia 1945 wels Sead-
genda 11,4 milion adamians, 1948 wlis dasawyisSi ki — 2,9 milions), sabWoTa moqa-
laqeebis repatriaciiT, okupacias garidebuli mosaxleobis aRmosavleT regio-
nebidan dabrunebiT. mniSvnelovani Tanxebi sWirdeboda mokavSire saxelmwifoe-
bis daxmarebasac.
1945 wlis ivnisSi miiRes kanoni 13 asakobrivi jgufis demobilizaciis Sesa-
xeb. 1947 wlisaTvis demobilizacia ZiriTadad damTavrda. mSvidobian cxovrebas
daubrunda 8,5 milioni adamiani.
didma danakargebma gamoiwvia samuSao Zalis nakleboba. gaizarda kadrebis
denadoba: adamianebi Sromis ufro xelsayrel pirobebs eZebdnen.
rogorc omis win, ise omis Semdegac mwvave problemebis gadawyvetas cdi-
lobdnen soflidan qalaqSi fulis gadaqaCviTa da muSaTa SromiTi aqtiurobis
gazrdiT. omisSemdgomi wlebis erT-erTi cnobili Taosnoba iyo `CqarosanTa~
moZraoba, romlis iniciatoric leningradeli xarati g. bortkeviCi iyo. man 1948
wlis TebervalSi Tavis dazgaze erT cvlaSi gamomuSavebis 13 dRis norma Seasru-
la. moZraoba masobrivi gaxda. zogierT sawarmoSi scades sameurneo angariSis Se-
moReba, magram am axali tendenciebis ganmtkiceba materialuri xasiaTis zomebis
miRebiT ar ucdiaT. piriqiT, Sromis nayofierebis zrdis pirobebSi amcirebdnen
Sromis erTeulis anazRaurebis fass.
gaCnda tendencia, warmoebaSi ufro farTod gamoeyenebinaT samecniero-
teqnikuri miRwevebi, magram es xdeboda ZiriTadad samxedro-samrewvelo kom-
pleqsis sawarmoebSi, sadac muSaobdnen birTvuli da TermobirTvuli iaraRis, sa-
raketo sistemebis, axali nimuSis satanko da saaviacio teqnikis Seqmnaze.
sabWoTa balastikuri raketis Seqmnaze muSaobda s. koroliovi. raketas sa-
fuZvlad daedo germanuli fau-2. 1950 wels gamoscades balistikuri raketa, ro-
melsac 3 aTasi kilometris radiusSi SeeZlo moqmedeba.
intensiurad mimdinareobda muSaoba atomur iaraRzec, rasac i. kurCatovi
xelmZRvanelobda. 1949 wlis 29 agvistos semipalatinskidan 170 km-ze mdebare po-
ligonze warmatebiT gamoscades pirveli sabWoTa atomuri bombi. es bombi ameri-
kuli sqemis safuZvelze Seiqmna. sabWouri konstruqciis bombi ki 1951 wlis 24

repatriacia — samSobloSi samxedro tyveebis, ltolvilebis, emigrantebis, gadaadgilebuli
pirebis dabruneba.

seqtembers gamoscades. is orjer msubuqi da orjer mZlavri iyo amerikuli tipis
bombTan SedarebiT.
samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis garda, prioriteti eniWeboda manqanaT-
mSeneblobas, metalurgias, saTbob-energetikul mrewvelobas, romelTa ganviTa-
rebazec modioda mrewvelobaSi mTeli kapitaldabandebebis 88. msubuqi da kve-
bis mrewveloba, adrindelis msgavsad, kvlav ver akmayofilebda mosaxleobis mi-
nimalur moTxovnilebebsac ki, Tumca daiwyo rigi rTuli samomxmareblo saqon-
lis gamoSveba: msubuqi avtomobilebis ( `pobeda~ da `moskviCi~), motociklebis,
radiomimRebebis, televizorebis, ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala mosaxleobis yo-
fa.
sul me-4 xuTwledis periodSi (1946-1950) aRadgines da xelaxla aaSenes 6200
didi sawarmo. 1950 wels, oficialuri monacemebiT, samrewvelo warmoebam omam-
del dones 73-iT gadaaWarba (àxal~ mokavSire respublikebSi: litvaSi, latvia-
Si, estoneTsa da moldovaSi ki — 2-3-jer), Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom amaSi Sedi-
oda erToblivi sabWoTa — aRmosavleTgermanuli sawarmoebidan miRebuli repa-
raciebi.
am warmatebis mTavari Semoqmedi xalxis Tavdadebuli Sroma iyo. Tavisi ro-
li Seasrula zecentralizebuli ekonomikis modelis SesaZleblobebma, tradi-
ciulma politikam, romlis mixedviTac, mZime mrewvelobis sasargeblod xdeboda
Tanxebis gadanawileba msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobidan, soflis meurneobidan da
socialuri sferodan. mniSvnelovani daxmareba iyo germaniidan miRebuli repara-
ciebi (4,3 miliardi dolari), romelmac uzrunvelyo am periodSi dadgmuli sam-
rewvelo danadgarebis daaxloebiT naxevari. reparaciebis xarjze gamohqondaT
samrewvelo danadgarebi da mTeli saqarxno kompleqsebi. reparaciebis amoReba
Sewyda 1954 wlis 1 ianvars.
omis Semdgomi ekonomikis aRdgenaSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana 9 milionma sab-
WoTa patimarma, daaxloebiT 1,5 milionma germanelma da 0,5 milionma iaponelma
tyvem, Tumca maTi Sromis nayofiereba 50-60-iT naklebi iyo Tavisufali adamia-
nebis Sromis nayofierebaze.
saxalxo meurneobis aRdgenis mTavari resursi iyo mosaxleobis zeeqsplua-
tacia da cxovrebis uaRresad dabali done. kvlav moqmedebda omis win SemoRebu-
li represiuli kanonebi, romelTa ZaliTac, muSebi TavianT samuSao adgilebze
iyvnen mimagrebuli, sastikad isjebodnen gacdenisa da samuSao adgilze qurdo-
bisaTvis. muSaobdnen kviraSi 6 dRe, samuSao dRe ki realurad 10 saaTi da meti iyo
xangrZlivobiT.
me-4 xuTwledi 4 welsa da 3 TveSi Sesrulda.
muSaTa didi nawili komunalur binebSi,
barakebsa da miwurebSi cxovrobda. omis Sem-
deg aranairi sabinao mSenebloba ar mimdina-
reobda. isedac mcire xelfasidan ara mxo-
lod gadasaxadebs ixdidnen, aramed eqviTe-
bodaT `saxelmwifo sesxic~, mTavrobas aZ-
levdnen weliwadSi daaxloebiT erTi Tvis
xelfass.

reparacia — damarcxebuli qveynis mier gamarjvebulisTvis zaralis anazRaureba

26.4. soflis meurneoba
soflis meurneoba omma didad daazarala. soflad Sromisunariani mosaxle-

oba mesamediT Semcirda. qali-kolmeurneebi 13 milioniT metni iyvnen kacebze.
mZime pirobebis gamo sofelSi mcxovrebni qalaqebSi gaqcevas cdilobdnen. 1945
wels soflis meurneobis produqcia omamdeli donis 60-s ar aRemateboda. ram-
denime wlis ganmavlobaSi sofels ar miewodeboda axali teqnika. kolmeurneobeb-
Si cxenebis odenobac ganaxevrda. mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaauaresa 1946 wlis
gvalvam, ramac didi SimSiloba gamoiwvia da 770,7 aTasi adamiani SimSiliT daiRu-
pa.
1946 wlis mousavlianobam xelisufleba aiZula, meti yuradReba daeTmo
soflisaTvis da gaezarda teqnikiT momarageba. 1950 wlisaTvis kolmeurneobebsa
da sabWoTa meurneobebSi omamdelTan SedarebiT 40-50-iT meti traqtori da
kombaini iyo.
saxelmwifo myari fasebiT yidulobda soflis meurneobis produqcias,
kolmeurneobebs unazRaurebda mxolod xarjebis nawils: rZis warmoebis dana-
xarjebis mexuTeds, marcvleulis xarjebis meaTeds, xorcis meoced nawils. kol-
meurneebi praqtikulad arafers Rebulobdnen. maT SvelodaT damxmare meurneo-
ba (1946-1951 wlebSi kolmeurneTa Semosavlebis 42-65 modioda damxmare meurne-
obaze, maSin rodesac kolmeurneobaSi gamomuSavebul Sroma-dReebze modioda mi-
si mTeli Semosavlis 15-20). magram saxelmwifom damxmare meurneobebsac miayena
dartyma. 1946-1949 wlebSi kolmeurneobebis sasargeblod CamoWres 10,6 milioni
heqtari miwa glexebis pirad sargeblobaSi arsebuli nakveTebidan. mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda gadasaxadebi bazarze gayidul produqciaze. bazarSi vaWrobis nebar-
Tva mxolod im glexebs eZleodaT, romelTa kolmeurneobebsac Sesrulebuli
hqondaT saxelmwifosTvis produqciis miwodebis gegma. yoveli glexuri meurne-
oba pirad sargeblobaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTis sanacvlod valdebuli iyo sa-
xelmwifosTvis Caebarebina xorci, rZe, kvercxi, matyli. 1948 wels kolmeurneebs
`rekomendacia miecaT~, saxelmwifosTvis mieyidaT wvrilfexa saqoneli (romelTa
yolis nebasac aZlevdaT kolmeurneobis wesdeba), rasac mohyva mTel qveyanaSi
Rorebis, cxvrebis, Txebis masobrivi dakvla (2 milion sulamde).
1947 wlis dekemberSi Catarda finansuri reforma. Zveli fulis niSnebi ga-
icvala axalze kursiT 10:1-ze. am reformam gaaZliera saxelmwifo finansebi. 1947
wlis fuladma reformam yvelaze mtkivneuli dartyma miayena glexobas, romelic
Tavis danazogs saxlSi inaxavda.
SenarCunda omamdeli periodis normebi, romliTac izRudeboda kolmeurne-
Ta gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba: maT faqtobrivad ar gaaCndaT pasporti, ar unaz-
RaurdebodaT avadmyofobis gamo gacdenili dReebi, ar Rebulobdnen asakobriv
pensias.
me-4 xuTwledis bolos kolmeurneobaTa savalalo ekonomikurma mdgomare-
obam maTi reformireba moiTxova, magram xelisuflebas mdgomareobis gamoswore-
bis gzad ara materialuri stimulireba, aramed morigi struqturuli gardaqmna
miaCnda. rgolis nacvlad, rekomendebuli iyo muSaobis brigaduli forma. aman
gamoiwvia glexebis ukmayofileba da sasoflo-sameurneo muSaobis dezorganize-

Semnaxvel salaroebSi 3 aTas maneTamde Tanxa srulad unazRaurdebodaT, 1 Zvel maneTze meanabre 1
axals Rebulobda; 3-dan 10 aTas maneTamde icvleboda TanafardobiT 3:2; 10 aTasze meti ki — 2:1-Tan.
mosaxleobis xelT arsebuli fuli ki icvleboda kursiT 10:1-Tan. amrigad, vinc saxlSi inaxavda
fuls, wagebuli aRmoCnda.

mcire sasoflo-sameurneo erTeuli, romelic, rogorc wesi, ojaxis wevrebisgan Sedgeboda, amit
omac ufro efeqturi iyo.

ba. gaamsxviles kolmeurneobebi, rasac mohyva glexTa nakveTebis Semdgomi Semci-
reba. 1950-1953 wlebSi kolmeurneobaTa raodenoba 255 aTasidan 94 aTasamde Sem-
cirda.
1945-1949 wlebSi Catarda koleqtivizacia sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleTis re-
gionebSi, romlebic mis SemadgenlobaSi 1940 wels da Semdeg 1945 wels aRmoC-
ndnen. koleqtivizacia tardeboda 1930-iani wlebis `nimuSis~ mixedviT. mxolod
baltiis respublikebidan 1945-1949 wlebSi gaasaxles 142,5 aTasi `kulaki, banditi
da nacionalisti~.
miuxedavad amisa, iZulebiTi zomebisa da glexobis udidesi Zalisxmevis Se-
degad, 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moxerxda qveynis soflis meurneobis gayvana
warmoebis omamdel donemde, Tumca imis gamo, rom glexebs CamoerTvaT Sromis
ukanaskneli stimulebic, soflis meurneoba krizisSi Sevida da mTavroba aiZula
sagangebo zomebi gaetarebina qalaqebisa da armiis sursaTiT mosamarageblad.
1947 wels gauqmda sabaraTo sistema sursaTze qalaqebSi. stalini sabaraTo
sistemis gauqmebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, radganac rigiTi adamianebi sasur-
saTo baraTebs, tradiciulad, sagangebo mdgomareobas ukavSirebdnen. sabaraTo
sistemis gauqmeba ki moiTxovda mosaxleobis xelSi arsebuli fuladi masis Semci-
rebas. swored amitom ganxorcielda fuladi reforma, romlis Sedegadac fula-
di masa 3,5-jer Semcirda, amasTan fasebi produqtebze omamdel donesTan Sedare-
biT gacilebiT maRali dadginda, uaxlovdeboda bazarze arsebul komerciul fa-
sebs.
1948 wlidan saxelmwifom daiwyo sursaTze sacalo fasebis regularuli
Semcireba, rac 1954 wlamde grZeldeboda. fasi, pirvel rigSi, purze mcirdeboda.
Sedegad erTi kilogrami puris Rirebuleba 4,4 maneTidan 1,55 maneTamde Semcir-
da. Semcireba miiRweoda glexobis sastiki eqspluataciis xarjze. kolmeurneobe-
bi saxelmwifos xorbals abarebdnen im fasad, rac misi transportirebis xarjsac
ki ar faravda, Tumca Semcirebuli puris fasic orjer maRali iyo omamdel fasze
da ramdenjerme aRemateboda 1916 wlis fass.
fasebis Semcirebis politikas is mohyva, rom mosaxleoba SeeCvia iaf sur-
saTs, rogorc kompensacias Tavis dabal xelfasze, magram aseTi fasebis pirobeb-
Si sursaTis warmoeba aramomgebiani iyo da fasebis Semcirebidan ramdenime weli-
wadSi saxelmwifo daxlebidan kvlav qreboda produqtebi.
sabWoTa plakatze gamosaxulia msubuq avto-
manqanasTan mdgomi kolmeurne qali warweriT:
`cxovreba dRiTidRe sul ufro sasixarulo xde-
ba!~
sinamdvileSi mkveTrad gaizarda glexebis ga-
dasaxadebi. 1940 wels saSualo glexi ruseTSi ix-
dida 100 maneTs, 1952 wels — 1100 maneTs.

26.5. omis Semdgomi SimSiloba
1946 wels sabWoTa kavSiris ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo regionebi Zlier-

ma gvalvam moicva. marcvleulis mosavalma sul 39,6 milioni tona Seadgina, maSin
rodesac 1940 wels mosavali 95,5 milioni tona iyo. SimSilis piras aRmoCnda uk-
raina, volgispireTi, yubani da urali.
sabWoTa kavSiris puris maragi am droisaTvis 5 milion tona marcvleuls Se-
adgenda, aseve gaaCnda udidesi oqros maragi, magram ucxoeTSi marcvleulis yid-
va sabWoTa qveynis prestiJisTvis damamcireblad miiCneoda.

kolmeurneobaTa Tavmjdomareebi, romlebic cdilobdnen glexTa mdgomare-
obis Semsubuqebas, dasajes. 1947-1948 wlebSi 22 aTasi kolmeurneobis Tavmjdoma-
re (saerTo ricxvis 12) Sroma-gasworebis banakebSi gagzavnes. ZiriTadi mizezi
is iyo, rom maT damSeul glexebs sakolmeurneo xorbali manamde misces, sanam sa-
xelmwifo valdebulebebs Seasrulebdnen marcvleulis Cabarebaze.
1946-1947 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi SimSilisagan daiRupa daaxloebiT 2 mili-
oni adamiani, aqedan 0,5 milioni — ruseTis federaciaSi. sabWoTa oficialur do-
kumentebSi amis Taobaze araferi iyo naTqvami. msxverpli kidev ufro didi iqne-
boda, dasavleTidan miRebuli humanitaruli daxmareba rom ara. 1946-1947 wlebSi
stalini dasTanxmda, daxmareba mieRo gaeros xaziT ukrainisa da belorusiisaT-
vis. ukrainam miiRo 189 milioni dolaris saqoneli, belorusiam — daaxloebiT 60
milioni dolaric. amerikuli saqvelmoqmedo organizaciidan 5XVVLDQ 5HOLHI miRe-
bul iqna 31 milionis Rirebulebis daxmareba.
komunistur xelisuflebas eSinoda, rom sabWoTa moqalaqeebSi gaizrdeboda
dasavleTisadmi simpaTia, amitom xelovnurad zRudavda dasavleTidan wamosul
daxmarebas, magaliTad, aikrZala daxmarebis miReba kerZo pirebisagan.
aseTi Sida gaWirvebis pirobebSi stalinma Tavis aRmosavleTevropel sate-
litebs: bulgareTs, rumineTs, poloneTs, Cexoslovakias gadasca 2,5 milioni to-
na marcvleuli sasursaTo daxmarebis saxiT.

26.6. kursi `qanCebis moWerisaken~
SromiTi disciplinis ganmtkicebis mizniT, 1948 wlis ivnisSi gamoica specia-

luri brZanebuleba Soreul raionebSi im pirTa gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
Tavs aridebdnen SromiT saqmianobas.
omis Semdeg soflad bevrs imedi hqonda, rom stalini kolmeurneobebs gaa-
uqmebda, magram piriqiT moxda, — kolmeurneebs gadasaxadi dauweses pirad nakve-
Tebze, gazardes puris Cabarebis normebi, gaamsxviles kolmeurneobebi, ufro ad-
vilad samarTavi rom gamxdariyvnen.
ekonomikaSi `qanCebis Semdgomi moWerisken~ aRebulma kursma Teoriuli da-
sabuTeba miiRo 1952 wels gamosul stalinis naSromSi `socializmis ekonomikuri
problemebi sabWoTa kavSirSi~. am naSromSi stalini kvlav icavda mZime mrewvelo-
bis upirates ganviTarebas, soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakuTrebisa da Sromis
organizaciis formebis srul gasaxelmwifoebriobas, gamodioda sabazro urTi-
erTobebis gamococxlebis winaaRmdeg.
stalinis statiaSi naTqvami iyo isic, rom socializmis dros mosaxleobis
mzardi moTxovna-saWiroebani yovelTvis win gauswrebda warmoebis SesaZleblo-
bebs. es debuleba mosaxleobas uxsnida `deficituri ekonomikis~ batonobas da
amarTlebda mis arsebobas.
mrewvelobis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis TvalsaCino miRwevebi milionobiT
adamianis Tavdauzogavi Sromis Sedegi iyo, magram omis Semdgom periodSi sabWo-
Ta kavSiris dabrunebam ekonomikuri ganviTarebis omamdel modelze gamoiwvia
rigi sameurneo maCveneblebis gauareseba.

Tavi ;;9,,.
sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri ganviTareba (1945-1953)

27.1. omis demokratiuli impulsi
omma Secvala is sazogadoebriv-politikuri atmosfero, romelic sabWoTa

kavSirSi iyo Camoyalibebuli 1930-ian wlebSi. omis
gansakuTrebulma pirobebma iZulebuli gaxada
adamianebi, SemoqmedebiTad eazrovnaT, damouki-
deblad emoqmedaT, sakuTar Tavze aeRoT pasuxis-
mgebloba.
omma droebiT daangria `rkinis farda~, rom-
liTac qveyana izolirebuli iyo danarCeni,
`mtruli~ msofliosagan. wiTeli armiis evropuli
laSqrobis monawileebma (aseTi iyo TiTqmis 10 mi-
lioni adamiani), mravalricxovanma repatrianteb-
ma (5,5 milionamde) TavianTi TvaliT naxes samyaro,
romelsac manamde mxolod propagandistuli masa-
lebiT icnobdnen da negatiuri saxiT iyo warmod-
genili. gansxvaveba imdenad didi iyo, rom bevr
adamianSi ar SeiZleba ar gamoewvia daeWveba sabWo-
Ta propagandiT daweril SefasebebSi.
omSi gamarjvebam glexobas imedi gauCina,
rom daSlidnen kolmeurneobebs, inteligencia
imedovnebda, rom Sesustdeboda politikuri diqtati, mokavSire respublikebis
(gansakuTrebiT baltiis respublikebSi, dasavleT ukrainasa da belorusiaSi) mo-
saxleoba ki imedovnebda, rom Seicvleboda erovnuli politika.
omis dros ganaxlebul partiul-saxelmwifo nomenklaturaSic ki Cndeboda
cvlilebebis aucileblobis Segneba. 1946-1947 wlebSi daxuruli wesiT (mxolod
partiul-saxelmwifo muSakebs Soris) mimdinareobda sabWoTa kavSiris axali kon-
stituciisa da sak. kp (b) axali programisa da wesdebis ganxilva. gamoiTqva wina-
dadebebi sistemis SedarebiT demokratizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod, iyo wi-
nadadebebi samxedro drois specialuri sasamarTloebis gauqmebis, sameurneo
marTvis funqciebidan partiis gaTavisuflebis, xelmZRvanel partiul da sabWo-
Ta Tanamdebobebze yofnis vadebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb, alternatiuli arCevnebis
Catarebis Taobaze da a. S. ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen is generlebi da oficre-
bi, romelTac SedarebiTi damoukidebloba igrZnes omis pirobebSi gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebis dros, magram omis damTavrebis Semdeg isev aRmoCndnen ubralo `Wan-
Wikebi~ stalinur sistemaSi.
xelisuflebas aSfoTebda aseTi ganwyoba, magram mosaxleobis absoluturi
umravlesoba omSi gamarjvebas aRiqvamda, rogorc stalinisa da misi sistemis ga-
marjvebas. warmoqmnili socialuri daZabulobis CaxSoba xelisuflebam gadawyvi-
ta, erTi mxriv, garegnuli demokratizaciiT, meore mxriv ki, brZolis gaZliere-
biT `Tavisuflad moazrovneebTan~ da arsebuli reJimis ganmtkicebiT.

27.2. cvlilebebi xelisuflebis struqturebSi
1945 wlis seqtemberSi gauqmda sagangebo mdgomareoba da Tavdacvis saxel-

mwifo komiteti. 1946 wlis martSi sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo komisarTa sabWo ga-
dakeTda ministrTa sabWod. stalinis gancxadebiT, omSi gamarjveba niSnavda gar-
damavali mdgomareobis damTavrebas da amitom uari unda eTqvaT cnebebze `sa-
xalxo komisari~ da `komisariati~. cvlilebebi mimdinareobda tradiciuli rusu-
li simbolikis aRdgenis tendenciis farglebSi.
1945-1952 wlebSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda politbiuros, rogorc politi-
kuri kursis `generatoris~, roli. am wlebis ganmavlobaSi Sedga mxolod ori
sxdoma Tavisi oqmiT, danarCen SemTxvevebSi ki gadawyvetilebebi miiReboda gamo-
kiTxvis gziT.
stalini xelmZRvanelobda ministrTa sabWos da oficialur SemTxvevebSi
iwodeboda `sabWoTa saxelmwifos meTaurad~.
politbiuros SigniT Camoyalibda stalinTan daaxloebuli pirebis viwro
wre (sxvadasxva dros maT ewodeboda xuTeuli, eqvseuli, Svideuli, mogvianebiT
rva da cxra xelmZRvaneli Sedioda).
1946 wlis martidan `Svideulis~ SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen stalini, molo-
tovi, beria, miqoiani, malenkovi, Jdanovi, voznesenski. àxlo wreSi~ wydeboda sa-
gareo da saSinao politikis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.
stalinis garemocva, romelTac xelisuflebaSi sakvanZo postebi ekavaT, gare-
dan Canda erTiani da monoliTuri. sinamdvileSi, maT Soris sakmaod daZabuli urTi-
erTobebi iyo; brZola gavlenisaTvis kulisebSi mimdinareobda. imisda mixedviT, Tu
vin miaRwia warmatebas, omis Semdgomi stalinis rvawlian mmarTvelobaSi SeiZleba
gamoiyos sami periodi. maT Soris mijnebia 1949 wlis marti da 1951 wlis ivlisi.
imavdroulad xdeboda saministroebisa da uwyebebis, aseve maTi TanamSrom-
lebis raodenobrivi zrda. 1947 wlis Tebervlidan ministrTa sabWo daiyo 8 biu-
rod, romlebic erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi saministroebisa da uwyebebis saqmia-
nobis koordinirebas axdendnen. biuroebis Tavmjdomareebi gaxdnen malenkovi,
voznesenski, saburovi, beria, miqoiani, kaganoviCi, kosigini, voroSilovi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi sabaraTo sistemis gauqmebasTan erTad, partiul-sameur-
neo zedafena kidev ufro gancalkevda xalxis masisgan. 1948 wlis ianvridan minis-
trTa sabWos dadgenilebiT xelmZRvanel muSakebs, garda xelfasisa, eZleodaT
droebiTi fuladi anazRaureba. es Seadgenda (Tanamdebobis mixedviT) damatebiT
sami, or-naxevari, erT-naxevari Tvis xelfass, romelic masTan mihqondaT dalu-
quli konvertiT, aqedan is ar ixdida gadasaxadebs, partiul sawevros. nomenkla-
turis fuladi uzrunvelyofis es wesi 1956 wlamde SenarCunda. 1955 wlis dekem-
berSi droebiT fulad anazRaurebas partiuli organoebis 9136 muSaki iRebda da,
saerTo jamSi, es weliwadSi 169 milion maneTs Seadgenda.
1946 wels Catarda adgilobrivi sabWoebis, respublikebis umaRlesi sabWoe-
bisa da sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi, ganaxlda deputatTa korpu-
si, romlis Semadgenlobac omis wlebSi ar Secvlila, Tumca rogorc omamde, omis
Semdegac arCevnebi ualternativo iyo (erTi adgili — erTi kandidati) da biule-
tenSi SehqondaT yvela instanciaSi SeTanxmebuli kandidatis gvari.
1946 wels gaixsna axali mowvevis sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos pirveli
sesia. prezidiumis Tavmjdomaris postze airCies n. Sverniki, xolo m. kalinini
didi pativiT gaaciles pensiaze.
1950-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis xSirad iwvevdnen sabWoebis sesiebs, gaizar-
da mudmivmoqmedi komisiebis raodenoba. konstituciis Sesabamisad, pirvelad Ca-
tarda saxalxo mosamarTleebisa da msajulebis pirdapiri da faruli arCevnebi.

15-wliani intervalis Semdeg, 1952 wlis oqtomberSi Catarda sak. kp (b) ;,;
yriloba, romelmac gadawyvita partiisTvis saxelis Secvla da ewoda sabWoTa
kavSiris komunisturi partia. am saxelwodebiT partia 1991 wlamde, Tavis gauqme-
bamde arsebobda. Seicvala politbiuros saxelwodebac, rac 1918 wlidan arse-
bobda. mis nacvlad Seiqmna centraluri komitetis prezidiumi, romelSic 25 wev-
ri Seiyvanes, maT Soris bevri SedarebiT axalgazrda iyo. stalins surda Zveli
gvardiis (molotovi, voroSilovi, kaganoviCi, miqoiani, malenkovi, beria) Seviw-
roeba. manamde Tavis memkvidred ganixilavda malenkovs, magram, rogorc Cans, ga-
daifiqra. swrafad dawinaurda nikita xruSCovi, romelic manamde, 1938 wlidan
ukrainis kompartias xelmZRvanelobda, 1949 wlis dekembridan ki — moskovis sa-
olqo partiul organizacias.
amave dros politikuri reJimi mkacrdeboda, daiwyo represiebis axali talRa.

27.3. represiebis axali talRa
`gulagis~ sistemam Tavis mwvervals miaRwia swored omis Semdgom wlebSi.

1930-iani wlebis Suaxanebis patimrebs daemata milionobiT axali `xalxis mteri~.
erT-erTi pirveli dartyma germanelTa tyveobaSi myofma sabWoTa meomrebma mii-
Res, bevri maTgani germanuli banakebidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg sabWoTa bana-
kebSi aRmoCnda. iqve gaagzavnes ùcxo elementebi~ baltiis respublikebidan, da-
savleT ukrainidan da dasavleT belorusiidan.
1948 wels Seiqmna specialuri reJimis banakebi maTTvis, vinc gasamarTlebu-
li iyo àntisabWoTa saqmianobisa~ da `kontrrevoluciuri aqtebisTvis~. am bana-
kebSi gamoiyeneboda patimrebze zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebiT daxvewili meTode-
bi. politikur patimrebs ar surdaT TavianT mdgomareobasTan Segueba da ajanye-
bebs awyobdnen, zogjer politikuri lozungebiTac. am ajanyebebidan yvelaze
cnobilia gamosvlebi peCoraSi (1948), salexardSi (1950), kingirSi (1952), ekibas-
tuzSi (1952), vorkutasa (1953) da norilskSi (1953).
politpatimrebTan erTad, omis Semdeg banakebSi bevri sxva adamianic aRmoC-
nda. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis 1948 wlis 2 ivni-
sis dadgenilebiT, adgilobriv xelisuflebas ufleba mieca, Soreul regionebSi
gadaesaxlebina pirebi, romlebic `borotad Tavs arideben SromiT saqmianobas
soflis meurneobaSi~.
stalins eSinoda omis dros samxedroebis gazrdili popularobisa. omis bo-
los SeiaraRebul ZalebSi iyo 12 sabWoTa kavSiris marSali, 3 mTavari marSali da 12
jaris saxeobis marSali, 2 flotis admirali da 5597 generali da admirali. omis
Semdeg uSiSroebis mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS aRmoCnda g. Jukovi. 1945 wlis 27 iv-
niss man moskovis axlos Tavis agarakze miiwvia stumrebi, maT Soris iyvnen samxed-
roebi s. bogdanovi, v. sokolovski, v. Cuikovi. isini gamarjvebas zeimobdnen da ga-
nadidebdnen Jukovs, mas nacistur germaniaze gamarjvebis mompoveblad miiCnev-
dnen. meore dRes maTi saubrebis Canawers stalini gaecno da es gaxda JukoviT ukma-
yofilebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi. dasavleTis propaganda cecxlze navTs as-
xamda da acxadebda, rom samxedroebi xelisuflebaSi mosvlas ecdebodnen.
Jukovis komprometirebisTvis gamoiyenes e. w. aviatorTa saqme. 1946 wlis
dasawyisSi dapatimrebulma aviaciis marSalma a. xudiakovma samxedro-sahaero Za-
lebis sardal a. novikovs, saaviacio mrewvelobis saxalxo komisars a. Saxurins
brali dasdo imaSi, rom SeiaraRebaSi iRebdnen defeqtebis mqone TviTmfrinavebs,
rasac katastrofebi mosdevda. novikovi, Saxurini da maTi 5 TanamSromeli gaasa-
marTles da sxvadasxva vadiT patimroba miusajes. Crdili miadgaT malenkovsa da
berias, romlebic pasuxismgebelni iyvnen saaviacio mrewvelobaze. gamoZiebis

dros `Cvenebebi miiRes~ Jukovis winaaRmdegac, rom is àmcirebda omSi umaRlesi
mTavarsardlis xelmZRvanel rols~.
1946 wlis gazafxulze daapatimres germaniaSi myofi sabWoTa jarebis jgu-
fis 74 generali da oficeri. maT brali edebodaT germaniidan da avstriidan
sxvadasxva qonebis, avejis, suraTebis, Zvirfaseulobis gamotanaSi. magram male
brali dasdes imaSi, rom Jukovis xelmZRvanelobiT samxedroebi awyobdnen mTav-
robis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebas.
Jukovi gaiwvies germaniidan da 1946 wlis martSi daniSnes saxmeleTo jare-
bis mTavarsardlad. 1946 wlis 1 ivniss umaRles samxedro sabWos sxdomaze Sedga
Jukovis saqmis garCeva. mis winaaRmdeg braldebebs mxari dauWires malenkovma da
molotovma, magram marSlebma konevma, vasilevskim, rokosovskim da ribalkom ga-
moricxes, rom Jukovs raime SeTqmulebaSi mieRo monawileoba. ganxilva damTav-
rda stalinis daskvniT: àmxanago Jukov, garkveuli droiT mogiwevT moskovis da-
toveba~.
1946 wlis 3 ivniss Jukovi dainiSna odesis samxedro olqis sardlad, magram
saqme amiT ar damTavrebula. mis winaaRmdeg axa-
li braldebebi wamoayenes germaniidan piradi
saWiroebisaTvis didi odenobiT sxvadasxva fa-
seulobis gamotanis Taobaze. 1947 wlis Teber-
valSi Jukovi gamoiyvanes centraluri komite-
tis wevrobis kandidatTa ricxvidan, 1948 wlis
ianvarSi ki daniSnes naklebad prestiJul ura-
lis samxedro olqis sardlad.
omis Semdeg intrigis msxverpli gaxdnen generalitetis sxva warmomadgen-
lebic. g. kuliki da v.gordoni àmxiles~, rogorc `sabWoTa kavSirSi kapitalizmis
restavraciis momxreebi~; admirali kuznecovi da misi TanamSromlebi braldebu-
li aRmoCndnen imaSi, rom omis dros samxedro-teqnikuri informaciis gacvlis
farglebSi mokavSireebs gadasces paraSutiani torpedos naxazebi.
represiebi Seexo partiul funqcionerTa nawilsac, gansakuTrebiT maT,
vinc eswrafoda met damoukideblobas centraluri xelisuflebisagan. daapatim-
res mravali partiul-saxelmwifo moRvawe, romlebic leningradis partiul or-
ganizaciaSi Sediodnen da miiCneodnen sak. kp(b) politbiuros wevrisa da centra-
luri komitetis mdivnis a. Jdanovis gundSi. 1948 wlis 31 agvistos Jdanovis mou-
lodneli gardacvalebis Semdeg, `leningradis saqmeze~ daaxloebiT 2 aTasi ada-
miani daapatimres. maTgan 200 gaasamarTles da daxvrites. maT Soris ruseTis fe-
deraciis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare m. rodionovi, politbiuros wevri da
sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomare n. voznesenski, sak.
kp (b) centraluri komitetis mdivani a. kuznecovi.

Jdanovi da stalini voznesenski da kalinini
`leningradelTa~ winaaRmdeg mravali braldeba wamoayenes. magaliTad, voz-
nesenskis brali dasdes saxelmwifo gegmebis Segnebulad SemcirebaSi, statisti-
kuri monacemebis falsificirebasa da saidumlo dokumentebis dakargvaSi.

mTavari braldeba `leningradelTa~ winaaRmdeg mainc Semdegi iyo: TiTqos
kuznecovis jgufSi xSirad ganixileboda calke ruseTis komunisturi partiisa
da ruseTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis Seqmnis sakiTxi. maT aseve ùndo-
daT~ ruseTis dedaqalaqad leningradis gamocxadeba. Turme `leningradelebi~
brals sdebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebas antirusuli politikis gatare-
baSi. ruseTis kompartiis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi ki mas saTaveSi Jdanovi unda Cas-
dgomoda. es braldebebi malenkovma da beriam `Camoayalibes~. stalinma neba ar
darTo, rom es braldebebi gaexmaurebinaT, magram represiebi `leningradelTa~
winaaRmdeg ar SeuCerebia.
aseTi maRali rangis Tanamdebobis pirebis dapatimrebis Semdeg, 1950 wlis
ianvarSi aRadgines sikvdiliT dasja, romelic gauqmebuli iyo 1947 wlis 26 maiss.
sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis mizani is iyo, rom sikvdiliT unda daesajaT lenin-
gradis saqmeze dapatimrebuli ramdenime maRalCinosani.
`leningradis saqme~ asaxavda partiis umaRles eSelonSi mimdinare brZolas,
es angariSsworeba mkacri gafrTxileba unda yofiliyo yvelasTvis, vinc ki Tun-
dac raimes gaifiqrebda `xalxTa beladisgan~ gansxvavebuls.
represiebis omis Semdgomi talRa saqarTvelosac mZimed Seexo. 1949 wels,
saqarTvelos uSiSroebis ministris specialuri direqtiviT, aRricxvaze aiyvanes
da TvalTvali dauwyes daaxloebiT 25 aTas adamians, romelTac SemdgomSi repre-
sirebuli specgadasaxlebulebis kontingenti Seadgines.
1949 wlis 14 ivniss saqarTvelodan gaasaxles TurqeTisa da saberZneTis qve-
Sevrdomebi an yofili qveSevrdomebi, aseve adamianebi, romelTac `somex-daSnake-
bad~ miiCnevdnen — sul 36.675 adamiani.
`megrelTa saqmis~ dawyebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg, 1951 wlis 16 noembers,
stalinis pirdapiri miTiTebiT, sak.kp (b) ck miiRo umkacresi dadgenileba `saqar-
Tvelos ssr teritoriidan mtruli elementebis gasaxlebis Sesaxeb~, rasac moh-
yva ssrk ministrTa sabWos 1951 wlis 29 noembris 1 4893-2113 dadgenileba. am dad-
genilebiT saqarTvelodan 6300 adamiani gadaasaxles yazaxeTSi.
gadasaxlebas eqvemdebarebodnen qarTveli emigrantebis, `xalxis moRalate-
ebis~, agreTve im pirTa axlo naTesavebi, romlebic ar dabrundnen samSobloSi,
cxovrobdnen sazRvargareT da aqtiurad eweodnen sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg
`ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas~ (meuRle da mSoblebi, vaJiSvilebi da maTi ojaxebi,
maTTan mcxovrebi qaliSvilebi, Zmebi da debi, agreTve calke mcxovrebi qaliSvi-
lebi, Zmebi da debi, romlebzec arsebobda makomprometirebeli masalebi); Tur-
qeTSi mcxovrebi aWaruli warmoSobis qarTvel emigrantTa da `samSoblos moRa-
lateTa~ axlo naTesavebi; saqarTvelos muslimuri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli
regionebidan gamosul, TurqeTSi mcxovreb da samSobloSi naTesauri kavSirebis
mqone emigrantTa da samSoblos moRalateTa naTesavebi; reemigrantebi, romle-
bic 1946-1949 wlebSi saqarTveloSi dabrundnen safrangeTidan, iranidan, CineTi-
dan; yofili samxedro tyveebi, romlebic iricxebodnen faSisturi armiis nacio-
nalur formirebebSi; agreTve TurqeTis dazvervasTan kavSirSi eWvmitanili e.w.
`sazRvris miRma mosiaruleni~ da maTi ojaxebi. gadasaxlebas eqvemdebarebodnen
TiToeuli ojaxis Sromisuunaro da arasrulwlovani wevrebic. ssrk ministrTa
sabWos 1953 wlis 11 aprilis #1007-430 dadgenilebiT, aRniSnuli specgadasaxle-

sakavSiro komunistur partiaSi arsebobda mokavSire respublikebis kompartiebi, magram ar iyo
ruseTis kompartia da misi xelmZRvaneli organoebi.

saqarTvelos Sss arqivi, (,,,), f. # 14, aRw. 26, saq. 32, furc. 168.

m. naTmenaZe, a. dauSvili. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria (1921-2000 ww.). Tb., 2004, gv. 262.

Ƚ.Ɇɚɦɭɥɢɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ ± `saarqivo moambe~, 2009, 1 7,
gv.91-96.

ba gauqmda da kontingenti TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebze daabrunes konfiski-
rebuli qonebis anazRaurebiT.
sul 1950-1951 wlebSi saqarTveloSi represirebul iqna 16.174 adamiani (aqe-
dan 1950 wels — 4716, xolo 1951 wels — 11.458 adamiani).
gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyo cnobili politikuri moRvawe, socialist-federa-
listTa partiis erT-erTi lideri samson fircxalava, romelic sabWoTa xelisuf-
lebis mowveviT dabrunda saqarTveloSi da Sua aziaSi gardaicvala 84 wlis asakSi.
1951 wels saqarTveloSi e. w. `megrul saqmesTan~ dakavSirebuli `wmenda~ ukve
beriasTan stalinis dapirispirebas ukavSirdeboda. es iyo mcdeloba, gaeTavisuf-
lebinaT saqarTvelos komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba berias erTguli kadrebisagan.
1951 wlis noemberSi sak.kp(b) centralurma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba `sa-
qarTveloSi meqrTameobis da baramias antipartiuli jgufis Sesaxeb~. masSi naTqvami
iyo, rom gamovlenilia megruli nacionalisturi organizacia, romelsac saTaveSi
edga saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdivani m. baramia. 1952 wlis
27 marts sak.kp(b) centralurma komitetma miiRo axali dadgenileba saqarTvelos
kompartiaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelic àzustebda~, rom aralega-
luri nacionalisturi organizacia, baramias xelmZRvanelobiT, `miznad isaxavda sa-
qarTvelos Camocilebas sabWoTa kavSirisagan~. daapatimres saqarTvelos komparti-
is centraluri komitetis 7 wevri 11-idan, 427 saolqo komitetebis, qalaqkomebis da
raikomebis mdivnebi, samegrelos TiTqmis mTeli partiuli aqtivi. kremlSi gaSlili
morigi saxelisuflo brZola — stalinis mier l. berias Seviwroeba-Camocilebis
mcdeloba — mtkivneulad aisaxeboda saqarTveloze da mravali adamianisaTvis waye-
nebuli cru kuTxurobis braldeba emsaxureboda qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis
gaxleCis imperiul gegmebs. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1953 wlis 10 aprils
skkp ck prezidiumma miiRo dadgenileba, romelmac `megruli nacionalisturi jgu-
fis~ saqme falsificirebulad gamoacxada.
`gviani stalinizmis~ dros momzadebuli procesebidan ukanaskneli aRmoC-
nda èqimTa saqme~ (1953). dapatimrebulebs brali edebodaT umaRlesi xelmZRva-
nelobis araswor mkurnalobaSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva rigi gamoCenili moRvawis
sikvdili. èqimTa saqme~ emyareboda eqim i. etingeris Cvenebas. politbiurom sas-
wrafod Seqmna komisia malenkovis, berias, uSiSroebis axali ministris s. ignatie-
vis SemadgenlobiT. gamoZiebam `daadgina~, rom èqimma mavneblebma~ araswori
mkurnalobiT mokles a. SCerbakovi, a. Jdanovi, imaves upirebdnen sxva umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis pirebs da xelisuflebis saTaveSi unda moeyvanaT uSiSroebis minis-
tri abakumovi.

èqimTa saqme~ sababi aRmoCnda
stalinis piradi dacvis saTaveSi myofi
n. vlasikisa da a. poskrebiSevis diskre-
ditaciisaTvis. vlasiki stalinis dac-
vas meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi ed-
ga saTaveSi, poskrebiSevi ki 1935 wlis
agvistodan xelmZRvanelobda stalinis
kancelarias.

Ƚ.Ɇɚɦɭɥɢɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɋɋɋɊ — `saarqivo moambe~, 2009, 1 5,
gv.72-73.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɏɏ— ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ, ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.ȼ.Ɇɢɥɨɜɚ.— Ɇ.: ɗɤɫɦɨ, 2007, ɫɬɪ.592.

stalinisTvis versia uSiSroebis saministroSi arsebuli SeTqmulebis Tao-
baze kargi sababi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom xelisuflebidan sabolood Camoecile-
bina molotovi, voroSilovi, miqoiani, kaganoviCi, andreevi da mravali sxva moR-
vawe, romelTac ebraeli naTesavebi hyavdaT.
1952 wlis 16 oqtombers partiis centraluri komitetis plenumze stalinma
mkacrad gaakritika molotovi da miqoiani, maT brali dasdo amerikuli imperia-
lizmis winaSe laCrobasa da kapitulantobaSi. molotovs uxeS Secdomad CaeTva-
la èbraelTa ukanono pretenziebis advokatoba Cvens sabWoTa yirimze~. sajarod
gamoucxada politikuri undobloba voroSilovs, miqoians ki brali daedo
trockistul SecdomebSi.
mweralma konstantine simonovma, plenumis monawilem, Tavis dRiurSi Cawera:
`yvelasTvis gasagebi iyo, rom stalins ar surda mis Semdeg pirvel pirad molo-
tovi darCeniliyo~. mogvianebiT ki Tavad molotovi igonebda: `stalins kidev er-
Ti-ori weli rom ecocxla, me ver gadavrCebodi~.
plenumze Seiqmna centraluri komitetis prezidiumis biuro, romelSic
stalinis garda Sevidnen mxolod beria, bulganini, kaganoviCi, malenkovi, sabu-
rovi da xruSCovi.
sul 1948-1953 wlebSi represiebis msxverpli gaxda 6,5 milioni adamiani.

27.4. nacionaluri politika
sxva cvlilebebTan erTad, omma gamoiwvia xelisuflebis mxridan ukontro-

lo ideuri da politikuri moZraobebis gazrda, maT Soris erovnulic. am moZrao-
bebma gansakuTrebiT farTo xasiaTi miiRo 1939-1940 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris Se-
madgenlobaSi Sesul teritoriebze, sadac mimdinareobda brZola koleqtiviza-
ciisa da gasabWoebis (`sovetizaciis~) winaaaRmdeg.
1944-1952 wlebSi dasavleT ukrainasa da baltiis qveynebSi grZeldeboda
brZola erovnuli moZraobis winaaRmdeg. aTasobiT adamiani, vinc germanelebis
mxareze ibrZoda, tyeebSi wavida da brZolas agrZelebda okupantebis winaaRmdeg.
1944-1952 wlebSi dasavleT ukrainidan gaasaxles 203.662 adamiani.
am moZraobebis sawinaaRmdegod represiebi tardeboda. 1950 wlisaTvis daa-
patimres da gadaasaxles 400 aTasi litveli, 150 aTasi latvieli, 50 aTasi estone-
li. paralelurad tardeboda sayovelTao koleqtivizacia, romelic omma Sewyvi-
ta.
omis wlebSi gadaasaxles volgispireTis germanelebi, yirimeli TaTrebi,
CeCnebi, inguSebi, yalmuxebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi. omis Semdgom wlebSi Za-
ladobrivi deportaciebi Seexo sxva eTnosebsac (magaliTad, moldovelebs).
v. ivanovis plakati (1946 weli).
`xalxTa megobrobis~ stalinuri erovnuli doqtrina
damTavrda 1945 w. 24 maiss, rodesac stalinma warmoTqva cno-
bili sadRegrZelo rusi xalxis sadideblad. stalinma rus
xalxs omis sawyis periodSi moTminebisTvis madloba gadauxa-
da da rusebi `xelmZRvanel xalxad~ gamoacxada sabWoTa kav-
Siris yvela sxva xalxisTvis. es iyo rusuli didmpyrobeluri
Sovinizmis aRorZineba, rasac mowoneba mohyva rusuli sazo-
gadoebis arcTu mcire nawilSi.

gaZlierda zewola erovnul inteligenciaze, patara xalxebis tradiciebsa
da kulturaze. magaliTad, 1951 wels daiwyo muslimi xalxebis erovnuli eposis
kritika, rogorc `klerikalurisa da antixalxuris~.

gansakuTrebiT masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo ebrauli erovnebis warmomadge-
nelTa mimarT negatiurma damokidebulebam. omis wlebSi Seiqmna ebrauli antifa-
Sisturi komiteti (mas saTaveSi edga cnobili msaxiobi solomon mixoelsi). omis
Semdeg komitetis warmomadgenlebi winadadebas ayenebdnen, Seqmniliyo ebraelTa
avtonomia yirimSi an volgispireTSi. es xelisuflebam warmoadgina, rogorc SeT-
qmulebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. 1948 wels mixoelsi mokles, rogorc varau-
doben, uSiSroebis agentebma.
mixoelsis sikvdilis Semdeg aqtiurad daiwyo ebraelTa komitetis devna. Ta-
vad mixoelss sikvdilis Semdeg brali dasdes, rom cdilobda ebraelTa intere-
sebisTvis gamoeyenebina stalinis qaliSvili svetlana da misi qmari g. morozovi.
1948-1949 wlebSi saxelmwifo antisemitizmi gamoixata `kosmopolitizmTan
brZolis~ kampaniaSi, `rusuli kulturisa da mecnierebis dacvaSi~, romelic
TiTqosda ebraelebis mier iyo okupirebuli. studentebi da aspirantebi àmxel-
dnen~ TavianT ebrael maswavleblebs.
ebraelTa antifaSisturi komitetis saqmianobisTvis bolos moReba mas Sem-
deg gadawyvites, rac Seiqmna israelis saxelmwifo (1948 wlis 14 maisi) da roca
1948 wlis seqtemberSi moskovSi Cavida israelis elCi golda meersoni (meiri 1956
wlidan). stalins ar moewona, rom meersoni daumegobrda molotovis cols p. Jem-
CuJinas. aRmoCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi mravali ebraeli mzad iyo is-
toriul samSobloSi gadasaxlebuliyo an moxalised wasuliyo arabebis winaaR-
mdeg saomrad. es yvelaferi Sefasda socialisturi samSoblos Ralatad.
sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda, israeli Tavisi gavlenis qveS moeqcia,
exmareboda iaraRiT. aseve SesTavaza, palestineli devnili arabebi (500 aTasze
meti) gadaesaxlebinaT Sua aziaSi da iq SeeqmnaT arabTa mokavSire respublika an
avtonomiuri olqi. aseTi winadadeba 1948 wlis ivnisSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos
sxdomaze wamoayena sabWoTa warmomadgenelma d. manuilskim, magram amas enTuzi-
azmiT ar Sexvedrian.
1948 wlis noembridan daiwyo antifaSisturi komitetis wevrebisa da ebrae-
li inteligenciis sxva warmomadgenlebis dapatimreba, rogorc ùerovnebo~ ada-
mianebisa, maT brali edebodaT `kosmopolitizmSi~. 1952 wlis mais-ivlisSi Ca-
tarda daxuruli sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec komitetis liderebs daxvreta
miesajaT.
ebraelTa saqmes mohyva ebraelTa Semcireba partiul da saxelmwifo aparat-
Si. magaliTad, 1945-1952 wlebSi sakavSiro saministroebsa da uwyebebSi ebraelTa
ricxvi Semcirda 516-idan 190-mde (Tanamdebobaze myof pirTa saerTo raodenoba-
Si — 12,9-idan 3,9-mde). sawarmoebisa da mSeneblobebis xelmZRvanelebSi ebra-
elTa wili imave periodSi 12,3-idan 4,6-mde Semcirda. ebraelTa wili saolqo,
samxareo da mokavSire respublikebis kompartiis centralur komitetebSi imave
periodSi Semcirda 1,3-idan 0,1-mde. mecnierebaTa akademiis institutebSi
1946-1948 wlebSi Catarda atestacia, ebraelebi moxsnes ganyofilebebis, labora-
toriebis, seqciebis xelmZRvanelobidan. Sedegad rusebis wili 73,6-idan 80-
mde gaizarda. es kampania bevri uniWo karieristis dawinaurebis mizezi gaxda.
èbraelTa saqmes~ Seewira saxelmwifo uSiSroebis ministri v. abakumovi, ro-
melic 1951 wlis ivnisSi daapatimres. mis winaaRmdeg malenkovi moqmedebda. abaku-
movs brali dasdes, rom is Segnebulad aferxebda èbraeli nacionalistebis~ saq-
mis gamoZiebas, ris Semdegac mas mravali sxva braldebac wauyenes.

kosmopolitizmi 1940-iani wlebis bolodan gamoiyeneboda politikuri braldebis saxiT da
niSnavda arapatriotul qcevasa da azrovnebas.

Tavi ;;9,,,.
ideologia da kultura (1945-1953)
28.1. `rkinis fardis~ aRdgena
omma gaaRviZa imedebi komunisturi partiul-ideologiuri wnexis Sesuste-

bis Taobaze. kulturis moRvaweebi imedovnebdnen, rom omis wlebSi gamokveTili
sazogadoebis sulieri cxovrebis kontrolis Semcirebis tendencia kvlav gag-
rZeldeboda. mokavSireobam dasavleTis demokratiebTan, iseve rogorc wiTeli
armiis sazRvargareTulma laSqrobam, SesaZlebeli gaxada kulturuli kontaqte-
bis damyareba ucxoeTTan.
magram am imedebs asruleba ar ewera. sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis samxedro mo-
kavSireebs Soris urTierToba swrafad gafuWda. 1946 wlis zafxulidan qveyanaSi
gaiSala farTo Seteva samamulo kulturaze `dasavluri gavlenis~ dasaZlevad.
amaSi faqtobrivad igulisxmeboda sruli partiul-politikuri kontrolis dam-
yareba inteligenciaze. `medasavleTeobis~ winaaRmdeg laSqrobas saTaveSi Caud-
ga andrei Jdanovi (1896-1948), romelic sak. kp(b) centralur komitetSi ideolo-
giaze pasuxismgebeli piri iyo.
Jdanovi moqmedebda stalinis piradi miTiTebebis Sesa-

bamisad, magram am politikam `JdanovSCinis~ saxeli miiRo da
es termini Sevida evropul enebSi. amiT aRiniSneba komunistu-
ri politika kulturis sferoSi, romelic emyareba cenzuras,
represiebs, akrZalvebsa da diqtats.
komunisturi ideologiis centrSi stalini idga, rom-
lis kultmac apogeas miaRwia 1949 wels, beladis 70 wlis iubi-
les aRniSvnis dros.

`rkinis farda~ sabolood aRdga 1948 wlis bolodan, rodesac gaiSala `kos-
mopolitizmis~ winaaRmdeg brZola. sabWoTa kavSiri kvlav aRmoCnda dasavleTis-
gan ara marto ideologiur, aramed kulturul izolaciaSic.
sabWoTa moqalaqeebis ucxoelebisagan izolaciis kuriozul zomas warmo-
adgenda 1947 wlis 15 Tebervals miRebuli brZanebuleba, romelic sabWoTa moqa-
laqeebis ucxoelebTan qorwinebis registracias krZalavda. es dadgenileba mxo-
lod stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, 1953 wlis seqtemberSi gauqmda.

28.2. literatura
omis Semdgom moskovsa da leningradSi xSirad imarTeboda poeturi da li-

teraturuli saRamoebi. 1946 wlis aprilSi moskovSi Sedga poet ana axmatovas po-
eziis saRamo, romlis drosac darbazi fexze wamodga da didxans ukravda taSs.
amis Sesaxeb roca stalins moaxsenes, mas ukiTxavs, `vin iyo darbazis fexze wamod-
gomis organizatori?~
erT-erTi pirveli dartyma literaturas miayenes. 1946 wlis 9 agvistos
kremlSi Sedga centraluri komitetis orgbiuros sxdoma, sadac stalinma sasti-
kad gaakritika ana axmatova da mixail zoSCenko, romlis ironiulma moTxrobebma

stalini gaacofa. cxadi gaxda, rom sabWoTa literaturas represiebis axali tal-
Ra atydeboda Tavs.
1946 wlis 14 agvistos sak. kp (b) centralurma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba
Jurnalebis `zvezdisa~ da `leningradis~ Sesaxeb. am gamocemebs brali edebodaT
`partiis sulisTvis ucxo~ ideebis propagandaSi, saliteraturo tribunis daT-
mobaSi ùideo, ideologiurad mtruli nawarmoebebisTvis~. dadgenilebaSi gansa-
kuTrebiT gaakritikes m. zoSCenko da a. axmatova. am sakiTxze moxsenebiT gamovida
a. Jdanovi. yvelas unda gaego, rom `socialisturi realizmis~ principebi — ideu-
roba, klasobrivi midgoma da partiuloba, — kvlavac xelSeuxebeli iyo.
Jurnali `leningradi~ daxures, xolo Jurnal `zvezda~-Si xelmZRvaneloba
Secvales.
mkacrad gaakritikes is mwerlebic ki, romelTa Semoqmedebac savsebiT pasu-
xobda partiis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare a. fadee-
vi gaakritikes roman àxalgazrda gvardiis~ Tavdapirveli variantisTvis, ro-
melSic arasakmarisad iyo naCvenebi axalgazrda iatakqveSeTelebisaTvis partiu-
li xelmZRvaneloba. poeti m. isakovski gaakritikes pesimizmisaTvis, romelic Can-
da leqsebSi `mtrebma dawves mSobliuri xata...~
gaakritikes dramaturgi a. Steini, mwerlebi i. germani, e.kazakeviCi, m. slo-
nimski. literaturuli kritika gadaizarda represiebSi. `kosmopolitebTan~
brZolis dros daxvrites p. markiSi da l.kvisto, `saqmeebi~ iyo aRZruli da midi-
oda gamoZieba i. erenburgis, v. grosmanis, s. marSakis winaaRmdeg.

28.3. Teatri da kino
literaturis kvaldakval `partiuli xelmZRvaneloba gaZlierda~ Teatrsa

da kinoze. 1946 wlis 26 agvistos sak. kp(b) centralurma komitetma miiRo dadge-
nileba `dramatuli Teatrebis repertuarisa da misi gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa
Sesaxeb~. dadgenilebaSi dagmobili iyo qveynis TeatrebSi klasikuri repertua-
ris siWarbe, rac xdeboda im piesebis xarjze, romlebic eZRvneboda `komunizmis-
Tvis brZolis paToss~, xolo is arcTu bevri piesa, romlebic Tanamedroveobas
eZRvneboda gakritikebuli iyo rogorc susti da uideo, romlebSic sabWoTa ada-
mianebi warmodgenili iyvnen `primitivebad da dabalkulturulebad, obivatelu-
ri gemovnebiTa da CvevebiT~, movlenebi gadmocemuli iyo `gamogonilad da yal-
bad~. gakritikebuli iyo xelovnebis saqmeTa komiteti repertuarSi iseTi piese-
bis CarTvis gamo, romlebic axdendnen `mefeebis, xanebis, didebulebis cxovrebis
idealizebas~, aseve `burJuaziuli dasavleTeli dramaturgebis piesebis~ dad-
gmis gamo, sadac `Riad qadagebdnen burJuaziul Sexedulebebsa da morals~.
1946 wlis 4 seqtembers gamovida centraluri komitetis axali dadgenileba,
romelic eZRvneboda ramdenime kinofilmis kritika. es iyo:
— l.lukovis `didi cxovreba~ (me-2 seria). is eZRvneboda omis Semdeg donba-
sis aRdgenas. filmi gaakritikes `partiuli muSakebis yalbad warmodgenis~ gamo,
aseve ar iyo naCvenebi `Tanamedrove donbasi misi mowinave teqnikiTa da kultu-
riT, rac stalinuri xuTwledebis ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna~.
— v. pudovkinis àdmirali naximovi~.
— s. eizenSteinis ìvane mrisxane~ (me-2 seria). stalinis azriT, am filmSi Se-
iqmna mefis yalbi saxe — gaubedavisa da susti xasiaTis, araswori, negatiuri for-
miT iyo warmodgenili opriCnina. zogis azriT, am filmSi stalinma paralelebi
dainaxa sakuTar mmarTvelobasTan.
gaakritikes kinoreJisorebi g. kozincevi, l. traubergi da sxvebi.

stalinma ganacxada, rom sabWoTa kinematografi mxolod `Sedevrebs~ unda
qmnides. Sedegad, yovelwliurad gamosuli filmebis raodenoba weliwadSi mxo-
lod 7 ± 9-s Seadgenda.
partiuli xazis dasacavad specialurad Seiqmna yovelkvireuli gamocema
`kultura da cxovreba~, romelmac 1946 wlis bolos moiTxova Teatrebis reper-
tuarebidan yvela ucxoeli avtoris piesis amoReba.

28.4. musika
1947 wlis bolos mkacri ideologiuri presi Tavs daatydaT sabWoTa musiko-
sebs. sababi gaxda sami nawarmoebis Sesruleba, romlebic xelisuflebis SekveTiT
oqtombris revoluciis 30-e wlisTavisTvis Seiqmna: s. prokofievis me-6 simfonia,
a. xaCaturianis `poemebi~ da v. muradelis opera `didi megobroba~. muradeli gaak-
ritikes imitom, rom 1918-1920 wlebis warmoCenisas qarTveli da osi warmoadgina
rusebis mtrad, `maSin rodesac xalxTa megobrobas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi xels uS-
lidnen inguSebi da CeCnebi~.
1948 wlis TebervalSi sak kp(b) centralurma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba
`sabWoTa musikaSi dekadenturi tendenciebis Sesaxeb~. masSi muradeli gaakriti-
kes imis gamo, rom ugulebelyofili iyo klasikuri operisa da gansakuTrebiT ru-
suli klasikuri operis saukeTeso tradiciebi da gamocdileba. gakritikebuli
iyvnen sxva kompozitorebic imis gamo, rom idgnen `formalur, antixalxur mimar-
Tulebaze~: s, prokofievi, d. SostakoviCi, a. xaCaturiani, n. miaskovski.
es yovelive ara marto aRaribebda qveynis kulturul cxovrebas, aramed mis
izolirebasac axdenda msoflio kulturis miRwevebisgan. miuxedavad diqtatisa
da ideologiuri wnexisa, iyo miRwevebic, pirvel rigSi, klasikuri memkvidreobis
aTvisebis saqmeSi.

28.5. ganaTleba
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocana

iyo omis mier dangreuli saganmanaTleb-
lo sistemis aRorZineba. is iwyeboda sko-
lebis mSeneblobiT. 1946-1950 wlebSi aSen-
da 18,5 aTasi skolis Senoba. ganuxrelad
izrdeboda mecnierebasa da ganaTlebaze
gamoyofili xarjebi. es xarjebi ukve 1946
wels wina welTan SedarebiT 2,5-jer gai-
zarda. daiwyo omis mier Sewyvetili sa-
valdebulo 7-wliani ganaTlebis progra-
mis realizeba. 1952 wels savaldebulo
gaxda 7-wliani ganaTleba.
ekonomikis aRdgenis amocana moiTxovda maRali kvalifikaciis specialiste-
bis did odenobas. 1946-1948 wlebSi umaRlesi saswavleblebis raodenobam gadaa-
Warba omamdel dones, xolo studentTa raodenobis TvalsazrisiT es maCvenebeli
1947 wels iqna miRweuli. bevri swavlobda SeTavsebiT, warmoebaSi muSaobasTan
erTad. 1948 wels studentebis odenobam gadaaWarba omamdel maCvenebels.
me-4 xuTwledis bolos umaRles saswavleblebSi momzadda 652 aTasi inJine-
ri, maswavlebeli, eqimi, agronomi da sxva specialistebi, xolo saSualo specia-

dadgenilebis miRebis dros CeCnebi da inguSebi deportirebulebi iyvnen.

luri ganaTleba miiRo 1 milion 278 aTasma adamianma. 1953 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi
iyo 4,5 milioni adamiani umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri ganaTlebiT.
gaizarda mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da informirebis SesaZleblobebi radio
da telemauwyeblobiT. 1945 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo ramdenime aseuli televi-
zori, 1953 wels ki — ramdenime aTeuli aTasi.

28.6. samecniero diskusiebi
omis wlebSi mecnierTa codna xelisuflebas dasWirda da mravali maTgani

patimrobidan gaaTavisufla. TandaTanobiT, garkveul farglebSi, xdeboda mec-
nierebaSi Tavisufali azrovnebis aRdgena, romlis gareSec sazogadoeba ver gan-
viTardeba. SemoqmedebiTi atmosfero ar gamqrala omis Semdegac, rodesac gaiSa-
la diskusiebi istorikosebs, filosofosebs, biologebs, fizikosebs, kiberneti-
kosebs, ekonomistebs Soris.
gansakuTrebiT tipuri aRmoCnda diskusia biologiis problemebis Sesaxeb.
misi iniciatori iyo soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa sakavSiro akademiis prezi-
denti t. lisenko. presaSi daiwyo kritikis kampania formaluri genetikisa da misi
warmomadgenlebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic cdebs atarebdnen `buz-drozofileb-
ze~. `buzebis moyvarul — adamianis moZuleTa~ kritika imiT damTavrda, rom 1948
wels, akademiis sesiaze, gaakritikes akademikosebi a. Jebraki, p.Jukovski, l.orbe-
li, a.speranski, i.Smalgauzeni da maTi mimdevrebi (ramdenime aseuli adamiani). mas-
Tan erTad xangrZlivi droiT daviwyebas mieca genetika.
1950 wels stalinma piradad miiRo monawileoba enaTmecnierebis Sesaxeb mim-
dinare diskusiaSi. diskusiis dros man `mecnierulad daasabuTa~ sabWoTa kavSir-
Si uryevi da Zlieri saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebloba. amiT uaryo marqsis Te-
zisi imis Taobaze, rom komunizmisken winsvlasTan erTad kvdomas iwyebda saxel-
mwifo.
diskusia istoriul mecnierebaSi faqtobrivad dayvanil iqna arsebuli
mdgomareobis gamarTlebaze. am diskusiebis dros progresul moRvaweebad iqnen
miCneuli ivane mrisxane da misi opriCnikebi. erovnuli moZraobis liderebi (maga-
liTad, Samili) gamocxaddnen ucxoeTis mosyidul agentebad. srulad gamarTle-
bulad da garduvalad gamocxadda iakobinelTa terori safrangeTis didi revo-
luciis dros. mravali saxeli da movlena didi xniT daiviwyes.
sastikad gaakritikes g. aleqsandrovis (1908-1961) wigni `dasavleTevropu-
li filosofiis istoria~ (1946). aleqsandrovi iyo sak. kp(b) centraluri komite-
tis agitaciisa da propagandis ganyofilebis ufrosi da misi naSromis gakritike-
bis Semdeg Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles. mas brali dasdes imaSi, rom egueboda
idealistur, burJuaziul da dekadentur filosofias da saTanadod ar akriti-
kebda mas.
diskusia politikuri ekonomiis sakiTxebze daiwyo 1951 wlis noemberSi
politikuri ekonomiis saxelmZRvanelos momzadebasTan erTad. am wignze muSaoba
jer kidev omamde daiwyo. stalinis davalebiT mas werda cnobili ekonomisti l.
leontievi. omis Semdeg muSaoba gagrZelda, magram momzadebuli saxelmZRvane-
los arcerTi varianti stalins ar moewona. 1950 wlis maisSi politbiuros gadaw-
yvetilebiT saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba daevala mecnier-ekonomistTa jgufs.
erTi wlis Semdeg momzadda saxelmZRvanelos maketi, romelic daegzavnaT parti-
ul da sameurneo muSakebs, specialistebs. 1951 wlis 10 noembridan 8 dekembramde
mimdinareobda sakavSiro diskusia, romelSic monawileoba miiRo daaxloebiT 240
mecnierma. diskusiis safuZvelze momzadda winadadebebi saxelmZRvanelos gaum-
jobesebasTan dakavSirebiT.

diskusias stalini gamoexmaura da 1952 wels gamovida
misi naSromi `socializmis ekonomikuri problemebi sabWoTa
kavSirSi~. es aRmoCnda stalinis ukanaskneli Teoriuli naS-
romi. stalini uaryofda sabazro ekonomikis nebismier ga-
movlinebas da asabuTebda sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri
cxovrebis kidev ufro metad gasaxelmwifoebriobis auci-
leblobas. masSi Camoyalibebuli iyo mniSvnelovani politi-
kuri debulebac: òmebis garduvalobis aRmosafxvrelad sa-
Wiroa imperializmis ganadgureba~.

stalinma aseve uaryo marqsizmis klasikosebis zogierTi debuleba. magali-
Tad, arasworad gamoacxada engelsis debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasaqonlo
warmoebis likvidacia socialisturi revoluciis pirveli piroba unda gaxdes.
stalini amtkicebda, rom sasaqonlo warmoebis kanonebi moqmedeben socializmis
drosac, magram es SezRudul xasiaTs atarebs.
stalinma uaryo engelsis debuleba, rom qalaqsa da sofels Soris gansxvave-
bis waSla didi qalaqebis daRupvas gamoiwvevda.
wamyvani kapitalisturi qveynebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebTan dakavSire-
biT stalini acxadebda, rom `warmoebis moculoba am qveynebSi Semcirdeboda~.
politbiuros zogierTi wevri (molotovi, miqoiani) ar iyvnen darwmunebul-
ni stalinis rigi debulebebis sisworeSi. es gaxda maTTan stalinis urTierTobe-
bis Semdgomi gacivebis mizezi.
imdroindeli xelisuflebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo debuleba sab-
WoTa kavSirSi komunizmis aSenebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb kapitalisturi gare-
mocvis arsebobis pirobebSic ki. molotovis informaciiT, stalini muSaobda am
naSromis meore nawilze, magram misi damTavreba ver moaswro.
politikuri ekonomiis saxelmZRvanelo (1954) gadamuSav-

da stalinis debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es iyo socializ-
mis administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis apologia da misi
Teoriuli safuZvlebis sistematuri gadmocema. am saxel-
mZRvanelom TiTqmis ucvlelad 1985 wlamde iarseba.

omis Semdgom wlebSi kulturis arsi da misi amocanebi arsebiTad daiyvanes
sazogadoebis azrovnebis damuSavebaze partiuli ideologiis dasamkvidreblad.
mecnierebis amocana iyo TavdacviTi amocanebis gadawyveta da aseve `partiuli
mimarTulebis~ SenarCuneba ara mxolod humanitarul, aramed sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSic.
faqtobrivad gamoiricxa samecniero kontaqtebi dasavleTis mecnierebTan.
1947 wlis maisSi `Rirsebis sasamarTlo~ mouwyves mecnierebs n. kliuevasa da ros-
kins, romelTac TiTqosda amerikelebs gadasces kibos sawinaaRmdego wamlis dam-
zadebis saidumlo. sinamdvileSi, maT amerikul JurnalSi gamoaqveynes statia sa-
kuTari gamokvlevis Taobaze, rasac SemdgomSi praqtikuli Sedegebi ar moutania.
Semdeg moewyo sxva `Rirsebis sasamarTloebi~. Sedegad sabWoTa mecnierebs eSino-
daT ara marto raimes dabeWdvisa dasavleTSi, aramed dasavleTel kolegebTan
Sexvedrisac ki.

Tavi ;;,;.
`civi omis~ saTaveebTan
29.1. ra iyo `civi omi~
meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris mcxovreblebs ime-

di hqondaT, rom dadgeboda mSvidobiani dro da ukeTesi cxovreba, gagrZeldebo-
da da gafarTovdeboda dasavleTel mokavSireebTan kargi urTierTobebi. amave
dros grZnobdnen siamayes mopovebuli gamarjvebiT da uZlevelad miaCndaT sab-
WoTa qveyana. aseve imedovnebdnen, rom evropaSi mainc damyardeboda komunistu-
ri wyobileba. mosaxleobas swamda aseve stalinis sibrZnisa da swori saxelisuf-
lo kursis.
meore msoflio omis damamTavrebel etapze, rodesac germanuli faSizmis
ganadgureba mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo, Tavi iCina uTanxmoebam, erTi mxriv, sab-
WoTa kavSirsa da, meore mxriv, mis dasavleTel mokavSireebs Soris. omis dros
sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgenlebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen, pirvel rigSi,
meore frontis gaxsnis dagvianebis gamo. ukmayofilebas iwvevda sxva sakiTxebic,
magram saerTo mizani — faSizmis damarcxeba — aerTianebda koaliciis monawile-
ebs.
magram, rodesac mokavSireebi Seudgnen omis Semdgomi msoflios mowyobis
sakiTxebis ganxilvas, sul ufro mkafiod vlindeboda gansxvavebuli midgomebi,
rac omis dros ukana rigSi iyo gadaweuli.
meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg maleve iCina Tavi winaaRmdegobam
gamarjvebul qveynebs Soris. am periods `civi omi~ ewoda. es iyo daZabuli kon-
frontaciis mdgomareoba kapitalistur da socialistur qveynebs Soris aSS-isa
da sabWoTa kavSiriT saTaveSi. dapirispirebam, romelic 1945 wlis bolos daiwyo,
TandaTan moicva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero. ideologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT, sabWoTa kavSiri mudmivad gmobda àmerikul imperializms~, rogorc
yvela progresuli Zalis mTavar mters.
Tavis mxriv, aSS-is liderebi da ideologebi, iseve rogorc misi mokavSiree-
bi, sabWoTa kavSirs uwodebdnen totalitarul sistemas da brals sdebdnen impe-
riul-eqspansionistur zraxvebSi da aqtiurad nergavdnen antikomunistur gan-
wyobas.
gaiara orma-samma welma meore msoflio omis damTavrebidan da msoflio ga-
iyo or mtrul banakad. aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris gaCaRda Sejibri gamale-
bul SeiaraRebaSi.
`civi omis~ mizezebi iyo:
- antihitleruli koaliciis qveynebs aRar
hyavdaT saerTo mteri;
- winaaRmdegoba kapitalistur da socia-
listur sistemebs Soris;
- winaaRmdegoba totalitarul da demok-
ratiul qveynebs Soris;
- sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is swrafva, do-

termini `civi omi~ pirvelad gamoiyena cnobilma amerikelma Jurnalistma u. lipmanma, romelic
masSi gulisxmobda mwvave brZolasa da konfrontacias, `cxeli~ saSualebebis gamoyenebis, anu uSua
lo saomari moqmedebebis gareSe.

minirebisTvis mieRwiaT omis Semdgom msoflioSi;
- dasavleTis qveynebis mier komunisturi ideologiis miuRebloba, SiSi `wiTeli
safrTxis~ winaSe;
- msoflio socialisturi sistemis Camoyalibeba;
- sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is xelmZRvanelebis (stalini da trumeni) politiku-
ri ambiciebi.
sagareo politikuri konfrontaciis politikas sabWoTa kavSirSi Tan sdev-
da represiebis gaZliereba qveynis SigniT da yovelive gansxvavebuli azris CaxSo-
ba. inergeboda antidasavluri ganwyoba, gmobdnen dasavlur cxovrebis wess, mwva-
ved akritikebdnen xelovnebisa da literaturis im moRvaweebs, romelTac brali
edebodaT ucxoelebis winaSe `qedis moxraSi~.
msgavsi procesi viTardeboda dasavleTSi, sabWoTa kavSirsa da komunistebs
akritikebdnen aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi.
`civi omis~ gaCaRebaSi sabWoTa kavSiri da dasavleTi erTmaneTs adanaSau-
lebdnen. ukanasknel wlebSi ki istorikosTa umravlesoba `civi omis~ mizezebs
eZebs geopolitikuri da samxedro-strategiuli interesebis SejaxebaSi, ideo-
logiur dapirispirebaSi.
`civ oms~ Tan axlda:
x SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri da gaZlierebuli
mzadeba `cxeli omisTvis~;
x metoqeoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi;
x mwvave ideologiuri brZola da gareSe
mtris xatis Seqmna;
x msoflioSi gavlenis sferoebisTvis
brZola;
x lokaluri samxedro konfliqtebi.

stalinuri xelmZRvanelobis sagareopolitikuri kursi (1945-1953)
aRmosavleT evropaSi saxalxo-de- aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi socializmis
mokratiuli reJimebis damyareba. stalinuri modelis danergva.
1948 weli — sabWoTa kavSiris xel- mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis SesaZleblobis
Sekruleba fineTTan. aRiareba.
1949 w. — sabWoTa kavSiris mier bir- pirveli nabiji aSS-Tan samxedro-strategi-
Tvuli iaraRis Seqmna. uli paritetisken, gamalebuli SeiaraRebis
dawyeba.
1950-1953 ww. — omi koreaSi. `civi omis~ `cxel~ omad gadazrdis realu-
ri SesaZleblobis arseboba

29.2. uTanxmoeba mokavSireebs Soris
stalini realurad afasebda sabWoTa kavSirisa da kapitalisturi samyaros

ZalTa Tanafardobas da ar hqonda saerTaSoriso arenaze swrafi gamarjvebis
iluzia. stalinis azriT (1945 wlis aprilSi, kerZo saubarSi jilasis Tandaswre-
biT gamoTqmuli mosazreba), 10-15 wlis Semdeg garduvali iqneboda omis ganaxle-
ba sabWoTa kavSirsa da kapitalistur qveynebs Soris. amave dros, xruSCovis mow-
mobiT, stalinis garemocvaSi imedovnebdnen, rom evropa `meore msoflio omis ka-
tastrofis Semdeg sabWoTa gaxdeboda~. kerZod, miaCndaT, rom òmis Semdgom ger-

maniaSi moxdeboda revolucia da Seiqmneboda proletaruli saxelmwifo... aseve
imeds amyarebdnen safrangeTsa da italiaze~.
aseT varaudebs garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnda. komunisturi partiebis wev-
rTa raodenoba dasavleTSi meore msoflio omis wlebSi TiTqmis 3-jer gaizarda.
1945-1947 wlebSi komunistebi Sediodnen 13 burJuaziuli mTavrobis Semadgenlo-
baSi. italiasa da safrangeTSi ki saerTod axlos idgnen xelisuflebaSi mosvlas-
Tan.
sabWoTa kavSirs awuxebda aSS-is birTvuli monopolia. iaponiis winaaRmdeg
atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebiT aSS-ma mTel msoflios da, pirvel rigSi, sabWoTa
kavSirs aCvena Tavisi samxedro-strategiuli Zliereba.
aSS-isa da inglisis liderebs ki seriozulad afiqrebdaT sabWoTa armiis
siZliere, romelic yvelaze didi da Zlieri iyo msoflioSi. maT SeSfoTebas isic
iwvevda, rom msoflio sazogadoebriobis TvalSi sabWoTa kavSiri aRar aRiqmebo-
da mtrad, faSizmze gamarjvebaSi Setanilma wvlilma gazarda simpaTia sabWoTa
qveynis mimarT. es gamoixata komunisturi partiebis wevrebis raodenobis zrdaSi.
amave dros amerikelebi darwmunebuli iyvnen TavianT upiratesobaSi. omis
wlebSi samrewvelo produqciis warmoeba aSS-Si 2,5-jer gaizarda da 5-jer meti
iyo sabWoTa kavSiris analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT.
miuxedavad winaaRmdegobaTa gaRrmavebisa, mokavSireebma moaxerxes rig sa-
kiTxebSi TanamSromloba. magaliTad, 1945 wlis ivnisSi san-franciskoSi gamar-
Tul konferenciaze gadawyda gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Camoyalibeba.
mokavSireni erTiani iyvnen niunbergis procesis Catarebis dros, sadac gaasamar-
Tles nacisti damnaSaveebi.
saerTo pozicia hqondaT nacisturi germaniis mokavSireebTan — italisTan,
fineTTan, bulgareTTan, ungreTTan, rumineTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebebis
gaformebis dros. xelSekrulebebs xeli moewera 1947 wlis 10 Tebervals da Zala-
Si Sevida 1947 wlis 15 seqtembers, mas Semdeg, rac xelSekrulebebis ratificire-
ba moaxdines sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis mTavro-
bebma.

29.3. stalinis swrafva poziciebis kidev ufro ganmtkicebisken
sabWoTa kavSiris axalma mdgomareobam, misi sazRvrebis gafarToebam, mZlav-

ri armiis yolam, msoflioSi sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis zrdam stalins gauCina
miswrafeba, kidev ufro ganemtkicebina sabWoTa kavSiris poziciebi msoflioSi.
sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo-politikuri koncefcia iTvaliswinebda:
ùsafrTxoebis sartylis~ formirebas sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebis gar-
Semo; komunisturi reJimebis Seqmnas evropaSi;
sabWoTa gavlenis gavrcelebas msoflios yvela regionSi.
potsdamis konferenciaze (1945 w. 17 ivlisi — 2 agvisto) stalinma miaRwia
poloneT-germaniis sazRvris dafiqsirebas oder-neiseze da didi reparaciebis
dakisrebas germaniaze.
maSinve sabWoTa warmomadgenlebma winadadeba Seitanes, sabWoTa kavSiris in-
teresebis Sesabamisad Secvliliyo Savi zRvis sruteebis reJimi (maT Soris moiT-
xoves iq sabWoTa samxedro-sazRvao bazebis Seqmnac). 1945 w. 7 ivniss molotovma
ultimatumi warudgina TurqeTis elCs, Seqmniliyo erToblivi TurqeT-sabWoTa
kavSiris samxedro baza bosforisa da dardanelis dasacavad. ganacxades, rom da-
interesebulni arian, Seicvalos marTvis reJimi siriasa da libanSi, aseve italiis
yofil afrikul koloniebSi.

1945 wlis seqtemberSi stalinma moiTxova sabWoTa kav-
Siris, rogorc didi saxelmwifos, statusi ganmtkicebuli-
yo misTvis tripolitaniaze (libia) proteqtoratis gada-
cemiT.
1946 wlis TebervalSi molotovma ganacxada, rom amie-
ridan saerTaSoriso cxovrebis arcerTi sakiTxi ar unda
gadawyvetiliyo sabWoTa kavSiris monawileobis gareSe.
sabWoTa jarebi rCebodnen Tavrizis mxareSi da iq ira-
nis azerbaijanis avtonomiis Seqmna igegmeboda. mxolod da-
savleTis seriozuli zewolis Sedegad, 1946 wlis martSi
sabWoTa jarebma datoves irani.
iransa da TurqeTze zewolam moskovisTvis sasurveli
Sedegi ver gamoiRo. piriqiT, es ori qveyana aSS-is mokavSi-
reebad aqcia.

29.4. sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli pretenziebi TurqeTisadmi

meore msoflio omis bolos sabWoTa kavSirma moTxovnebi wauyena TurqeTs. es
iyo teritoriuli pretenzia — aRdgeniliyo ruseT-osmaleTis 1878 wlis sazRvari,
anu TurqeTs sabWoTa kavSirisTvis unda gadaeca is teritoria, romelic 1921 wlis
SeTanxmebiT leninma gadasca aTaTurqs. es iyo saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriu-
li miwebis nawili. garda amisa, sabWoTa kavSiri iTxovda bosforisa da dardanelis
sruteebis erTobliv kontrols da iq sabWoTa samxedro bazis Seqmnas.
1945 wlis 19 marts sabWoTa kavSirma denonsacia moaxdina TurqeTTan 1925
wlis 25 dekembers gaformebuli xelSekrulebisa. 1945 wlis 22 ivniss TurqeTma
uariT upasuxa sabWoTa kavSiris moTxovnebs. TurqeTma es didi britaneTisa da
SeerTebuli Statebis mxardaWeris imediT gaakeTa. TurqeTTan sabWoTa kavSiris
moTxovnebis sakiTxi ganixiles potsdamis konferenciazec.
TurqeTisgan teritoriis dabrunebis moTxovnam garkveuli dapirispireba
warmoSva somxeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris. TurqeTisgan moTxovnili 26 aTasi kv.
km. teritoriidan somxeTs miaCnda, rom 20.500 kv. km. mas unda gadascemoda. aman sa-
qarTveloSi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, radganac saqme exeboda saqarTvelos isto-
riul miwebs. Tbilisma gayofis sxva gegma wamoayena — saqarTvelos 12.760 kv. km.,
somxeTs — 13.190 kv.km.
ganxilvis procesSi teritoriuli pretenziebi TurqeTis mimarT gaizarda —
somxeTi moiTxovda im teritorias, rac mas sevris zavis pirobebiT unda gadasce-
moda, saqarTveloSi ki miaCndaT, rom TurqeTs unda daebrunebina saqarTvelos
yvela istoriuli provincia da aseve mTeli lazeTi.
1946 w. 7 agvistos sabWoTa kavSirma TurqeTs notiT mimarTa, moskovi moiT-
xovda, rom sruteebi Savi zRvis saxelmwifoebs erToblivad gaekontrolebinaT.
TurqeTma es uaryo dasavleTeli mokavSireebis imedad.
sabWoTa kavSiris pretenziebi TurqeTisadmi naxsenebia CerCilis fultonis
sityvaSi. SeerTebulma Statebma trumenis doqtrinis farglebSi TurqeTs didi
daxmareba gauwia. 1952 wels TurqeTi natoSi Sevida.
sabWoTa kavSirma mizans ver miaRwia. stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, 1953 w. 30
maiss sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministrom ganacxada, rom xsnida teri-
toriul pretenziebs TurqeTisadmi.

garkveulwilad es iyo pasuxi TurqeTis mtrul poziciaze sabWoTa kavSirisadmi 1941-1942 wlebSi,
rodesac germaniis jarebi kavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen.

sabWoTa kavSiris terito-
riuli pretenziebi Tur-
qeTisadmi 1945-1953 wleb-
Si.

29.5. sabWoTa eqspansiis Sekavebis politika
sabWoTa eqspansionizmis paralelurad aSS da didi britaneTi aZlierebdnen

`sabWoTa eqspansiis~ Sekavebis politikas. 1945 wlidan muSavdeboda sabWoTa kav-
Siris did qalaqebze birTvuli dartymebis miyenebis gegmebi. 1945 wlis seqtem-
berSi amerikeli samxedroebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo mieRoT pir-
veli, prevenciuli dartymis strategia. Tavdapirvelad saWirod miiCnies sabWo-
Ta kavSiris teritoriaze 20 mniSvnelovani miznis SerCeva atomuri bombardirebi-
saTvis.
1945 wlis dekembrisaTvis aSS-Si ukve SemuSavebuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris wi-
naaRmdeg omis gegma, romelic samrewvelo centrebis bombardirebas iTvaliswi-
nebda.
1946-1949 wlebSi SemuSavda sabWoTa kavSi-
ris winaaRmdeg omis axali, modificirebuli
gegmebi: `pinCeri~ (1946), `broileri~ (1947), `gra-
beri~, `flitvudi~, `dropSoti~, òftekli~ da
sxv.
`flitvudis~ Tanaxmad (1948 wlis seqtembe-
ri), gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris 70
qalaqSi 133 atomuri bombis Camogdeba ( 8 — mos-
kovSi, 7 — leningradSi), omis gaWianurebis Sem-
TxvevaSi ki Camogdebuli atomuri bombebis raodenoba 200-mde unda gazrdiliyo.
amas mohyveboda sabWoTa kavSiris mrewvelobis 40-is dangreva da 7 milioni ada-
mianis daRupva.
1949 wlis dasawyisSi Sedgenili `dropSotis~ gegma iTvaliswinebda omis daw-
yebas 1957 wlisaTvis. omis mogeba igegmeboda 2-4-kviriani intensiuri atomuri
dabombvis Sedegad. amas unda mohyoloda sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis okupacia
da 5 zonad gayofa. sabWoTa kavSirSi SesaZlo msxverpli 65 milion adamians miaR-
wevda.
atomur omamde saqme, sabednierod, ar misula. amerikelebs ar gaaCndaT is
upiratesoba, romelic surdaT, rom hqonodaT omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, garda
amisa, 1949 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiri atomuri iaraRis mflobeli gaxda. demokrati-

asa da totalitarizms Soris damyarebuli samxedro balansi mSvidobis SenarCu-
nebis mTavari garanti gaxda.
1952 wlis 4 seqtembers filadelfiaSi, Tavisi prezidentobis pirvel wels,
prezidentma eizenhauerma ganacxada: `Tanamedrove omSi gancdili marcxi ufro
saSineli ar SeiZleba iyos, vidre masSi miRweuli gamarjveba. mesame msoflio omSi
gamarjvebis erTaderTi gza — misi Tavidan acilebaa~.

29.6. CerCilis sityva fultonSi da stalinis pasuxi
1946 wlis 5 marts didi britaneTis yofilma premier-ministrma CerCilma

fultonSi (aSS) prezident trumenis TandaswrebiT warmoTqva sityva, romelic
mowmobda Rrma krizisis arsebobas sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis dasavleTel mokavSi-
reebs Soris urTierTobaSi.
CerCilma Tavisi sityva 1500 msmenelis winaSe warmoTqva, sityva 15 wuTsa da
33 wams grZeldeboda, magram am sityvam msoflio gayo rogorc sivrceSi, or bana-
kad, ise droSi — ukan darCa faSizmis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZola, win iyo sam-
xedro Sejibri birTvuli omis zRvarze.
sityvis pirvel nawilSi CerCil-
ma aRiara aSS-is lideroba `Tavisufa-
li qveynebis samyaroSi~. CerCils
atomuri iaraRis flobaze monopo-
lia miaCnda mSvidobis garantiad.
sityvis meore nawilSi CerCilma sab-
WoTa kavSirs uwoda `saerTaSoriso
siZneleTa mizezi~, brali dasdo eq-
spansionizmSi.

CerCilma Tavis sityvaSi gamoiyena termini `rkinis farda~, romelmac evro-
pa da msoflio gayo `komunizmsa~ da `Tavisufal samyaros~ Soris. CerCilis gamos-
vlas fultonSi bevri miiCnevs `civi omis~ dasawyisad.
sabWoTa karikatura fultonSi CerCilis

sityvaze.
CerCilis sityvis Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba
iyo `mSvidoba mTel msoflioSi~ (ingl. World
peace).
stalinis braldeba ìnglisur-saqsonuri ra-
sizmis~ Taobaze wamyvani Tema gaxda sabWoTa
propagandisTvis 1940-iani wlebis meore naxe-
varsa da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi.

1945-1946 wlebis zamTari CerCilma eqimebis rCeviT aSS-Si gaatara da mWidro kontaqtebi hqonda
trumenTan. 1945 wlis dekemberSi ki vestmisteris kolejma fultonSi CerCili miiwvia leqciis
wasakiTxad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT. CerCili im pirobiT dasTanxmda, Tuki mis
leqcias trumeni daeswreboda. fultonSi isini matarebliT wavidnen da gzaSi CerCilma gaacno
Tavisi gamosvlis teqsti. trumenis SefasebiT, sityva did aurzaurs gamoiwvevda, magram dadebiT
Sedegebs moitanda. trumens isic awyobda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg sabrZolo mowodebiT
CerCili gamovidoda, romelic am droisaTvis kerZo piri iyo da aravis warmoadgenda.

termini `rkinis farda~ gamoyenebuli iyo gebelsis statiaSi, romelic gazeT `raixSi~ gamoqveynda
1945 wlis 24 Tebervals.

CerCilis sityvis sapasuxod sabWoTa kavSiris kompartiis centralurma or-
ganom gazeTma `pravdam~ 11 marts gamoaqveyna saredaqcio statia `CerCili iaraRs
aJRarunebs~, Semdeg ki, 14 marts imave gazeTSi gamoqveynda interviu stalinTan.
CerCilis sityvaze sabWoTa presaSi ukve iyo komentarebi gakeTebuli da belads
SeeZlo araferi eTqva, miT umetes, rom Tavisi mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi sta-
lini iSviaTad gamodioda xolme. CerCilisadmi gacemul pasuxSi ki stalini kidev
ufro mkacri iyo.

stalinma yofili mokavSire Seadara
hitlers, misi sityva Seafasa, rogorc sab-
WoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg omis dawyebisaken
mowodeba da brali dasdo ànglo-saqsuri
rasis~ batonobisken miswrafebaSi. stalinis
pasuxma yvelasTvis cxadi gaxada — sabWoTa
kavSirma miiRo gamowveva da Zalismier zewo-
las analogiur pasuxs gascemda.

stalinis gamosvla sabWoTa moqalaqeebis umravlesobam SeSfoTebiT aRiqva

— jari demobilizacias eloda, moqalaqeebi — mSvidobas.
amave dros vrceldeboda xmebi stalinis avadmyofobis Sesaxeb. 1945 wlis
oqtomberSi stalini SvebulebaSi gavida, rac dekembris Sua ricxvebamde gag-
rZelda.
1946 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSi stalini gamovida vrceli sityviT, romel-
Sic erTi keTili sityvac ar uTqvams dasavleTel mokavSireebze, sabWoTa mSrome-
lebs ki mrewvelobis gasammagebisken mouwoda.
CerCilis sityvasTan erTad, viTarebis safuZvliani analizi mocemuli iyo
moskovSi aSS-is elCis jorj kenanis werilSi. 1946 wlis 22 Tebervals man TeTr
saxlSi gaagzavna 8 aTasi sityvisgan Semdgari depeSa. kenanis SefasebiT, sabWoTa
kavSiri, romelic emyareboda rusul nacionalizms, eswrafoda, daengria ameri-
kuli sazogadoebis harmonia, mouwodebda, eCvenebinaT totalitarizmis namdvi-
li saxe da masTan urTierTobebi minimumamde daeyvanaT. Semdeg Jurnal `forin
afersSi~ gamoaqveyna statia fsevdonimiT da iq gadmosca `civi omis~ strategia.

29.7. `trumenis doqtrina~, `marSalis gegma~ da sabWoTa kavSiri
1947 wlis martSi aSS-is prezidentma trumenma Camoayaliba konkretuli

programa `sabWoTa eqspansiisgan evropis gadasarCenad~ (`trumenis doqtrina~).
programa iTvaliswinebda:
— farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri daxmarebis gawevas evropis qveynebisaTvis;
— aSS-is xelmZRvanelobiT dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro-politikuri kav-
Siris Seqmnas (es gaxda 1949 wels Seqmnili nato);
— sabWoTa sazRvrebis axlos amerikuli bazebis qselis Seqmnas (pirvel rigSi
TurqeTsa da saberZneTSi);
— aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi Sida opoziciis mxardaWeras;
— aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebas sabWoTa kav-
Sirisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg.

trumenis doqtrinis miznebad dasaxelda:
x ar daeSvaT sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis sfero-
sa da komunisturi ideologiis Semdgomi gav-
rceleba (socializmis Sekavebis doqtrina);
x sabWoTa kavSiris iZuleba, dabruneboda Tavis
Zvel sazRvrebs (socializmis ukugdebis doq-
trina).

dasavleTis es zomebi da sajarod gamoTqmuli gegmebi sabWoTa xelmZRvane-
lobam gamoacxada sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg omisken mowodebad.
aSS-is axali kursis erT-erTi gamovlineba gaxda 1947 wels gamocxadebuli
`marSalis gegma~, romelic iTvaliswinebda aSS-is mier farTomasStabiani daxma-
rebis gawevas omiT dazaralebuli evropis qveynebisaTvis.
j. k. marSali aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivani iyo. gegma wamoyenebul iqna 1947
wlis ivnisSi, ZalaSi Sevida 1948 wlis aprilSi. is formalurad sabWoTa kavSirsa
da mis mokavSireebsac SesTavazes, magram moelodnen, rom uars ityodnen da asec
moxda.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam ara marto ar miiRo es daxmareba, aramed zewolac
moaxdina Tavis mokavSireebze, romelTac (poloneTi, Cexoslovakia) interesi ga-
moavlines am programisadmi. am yvelafers evropa gaTiSvisaken mihyavda. stalinma
CaTvala, rom amerikelebs undodaT evropis qveynebis ekonomikaSi CarTva da maTi
vaWrobis TavianTi interesebisTvis daqvemdebareba.

16 qveyanam, romelTac miiRes `marSalis geg-

ma~, 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRes 12,4 miliardi do-
laris Rirebulebis masobrivi moxmarebis sagnebi.
amerikuli daxmarebis miRebis aucilebeli piro-
ba iyo mimRebi qveynis mTavrobidan komunistebis
gaZeveba, Tuki isini Sediodnen mTavrobaSi.
`marSalis gegma~ ar miiRes sabWoTa kavSirma,
`saxalxo demokratiis~ qveynebma da fineTma.

29.8. reparaciebis amoReba germaniidan
potsdamSi SeTanxmdnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri reparaciebs miiRebda aRmosav-

leT germaniidan da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan germanuli aqtivebis amoRe-
biT.
sul reparaciis saxiT wamoRebulma nivTebma 400 aTasi sarkinigzo vagoni Se-
adgina. maT Soris iyo 2885 qarxana, 96 eleqtrosadguri, 340 aTasi dazga, 200 aTasi
eleqtrosadguri, 1 mln. 335 aTasi msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli, 2,3 mln. tona
fqvili, 1 mln tona kartofili da bostneuli, 20 mln. tona spirti, berlinis met-
ros vagonebi, sakruizo sazRvao lainerebi da a. S.
aRmosavleT germaniis mosaxleobisgan konfiskebuli iqna 60 aTasi roiali,
460 aTasi radiomimRebi, 190 aTasi xaliCa, 940 aTasi avejis sagani, 265 aTasi kedli-

sa da magidis saaTi, 1,2 milioni qalisa da kacis palto, 1 mln. qudi, 186 vagoni
Rvino, 72 aTasi vagoni samSeneblo masala.
reparaciebis miReba germaniis demokratiuli respublikidan Sewyda 1954
wels. mTlianobaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi gatanil iqna 15,8 miliardi dolaris saqone-
li.
garda reparaciebisa, sabWoTa kavSirSi muSaobda 3,4 milioni germaneli sam-
xedro tyve. 1944-1947 wlebSi damatebiT centraluri da aRmosavleT evropidan
gaiyvanes 284 aTasi germaneli, 60 aTasi rumineli da 56 aTasi fineli. yvelani sa-
moqalaqo pirebi iyvnen da maT sabWoTa kavSirSi iZulebiT amuSavebdnen.
sabWoTa kavSiri mniSvnelovan sargebels Rebulobda Tavis satelitebTan
vaWrobis drosac. sabWoTa kavSiri maT saqonels msoflio sabazro fasebze maRa-
li fasiT awvdida, maTgan saqonels ki dabali fasebiT iRebda. am gziT 1945-1953
wlebSi aRmosavleT evropidan vaWrobiT sabWoTa kavSiris mogebam 14 miliardi
dolari Seadgina. SedarebisTvis: lend-liziT sabWoTa kavSiris mier miRebuli
daxmareba 11 miliard dolars Seadgenda.

Tavi ;;;.
socializmis stalinuri modelis gavrceleba
30.1. komunisturi reJimebis damkvidreba evropisa da aziis qveynebSi

Tavidan stalini imedovnebda, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, faSistu-
ri okupaciidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, xelisuflebis saTaveSi maSinve movidod-
nen komunistebi, magram ase mxolod iugoslaviasa (1945) da albaneTSi (1946) mox-
da. danarCen qveynebSi ki procesi or etapad warimarTa.
pirveli etapi grZeldeboda 1947 wlis Suaxanebamde. saxelmwifoebrivi mow-
yobis ZiriTadi modeli iyo `saxalxo demokratia~. mas safuZvlad edo `socializ-
mis damyarebis erovnuli gzebis~ koncefcia. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, socializ-
misken svla unda momxdariyo TandaTanobiT, evoluciurad, samoqalaqo mSvidobi-
sa da klasTa Soris kavSiris gziT. gamoricxavdnen samoqalaqo oms da `proleta-
riatis diqtaturas~. ekonomikaSi uaryofili iyo Zaladobrivi eqspropriaciis
sabWouri praqtika.
`civma omma~ Tavisi koreqtivebi Seitana am gegmebSi. 1947 wlis Suaxanebidan
komunistebma poziciebi dakarges safrangeTSi, italiasa da fineTSi, komunistebi
damarcxdnen saberZneTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omSi. stalins SeeSinda, rom po-
ziciebs dakargavda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSic da kursi aiRo am qveynebSi
`socializmisken mimavali~ socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis
forsirebaze.
bulgareTSi 1946 wlis noemberSi giorgi dimitrovma Camoayaliba komunis-
turi mTavroba, xolo 1947 wlis zafxulSi miiRes konstitucia, romelic TiTqmis
mTlianad imeorebda sabWoTa kavSiris 1936 wlis konstitucias.
1947 wlis ianvarSi poloneTis prezidenti gaxda komunisti b. beruti. 1947
wlis agvistoSi komunistebma gaimarjves ungreTSi. 1947 wlis dekemberSi rumine-
Tis mefe mixai, rumineTSi myofi sabWoTa jarebis sardlobis zewoliT, taxtidan
gadadga da xelisufleba komunistebs gadasca. 1948 wlis TebervalSi komunistu-
ri reJimi damyarda CexoslovakiaSi. 1948 wels prosabWouri reJimi damyarda
CrdiloeT koreaSi, 1949 wels komunistebma gaimarjves CineTSi mimdinare samoqa-
laqo omSi.
1949 wlis dekemberSi mao Ze duni moskovSi Cavida. stalini mas civad Sexvda.
stalinis adrindeli gaTvlebiT, CineTSi gomindanis xelisufleba SenarCundebo-
da, komunistebi ki CineTis nawils gaakontrolebdnen. axla ki mas saqme hqonda udi-
des komunistur qveyanasTan, romelic sabWoTa kavSirs mosaxleobis raodenobiT
ramdenjerme aRemateboda. mao Ze duni aRiarebda sabWoTa kavSiris liderobas, mag-
ram Tvlida, rom moskovi ar unda Careuliyo sxva socialisturi qveynebis saSinao
saqmeebSi. cxadia, es stalins ar moswonda. mao 7 kvira darCa moskovSi da mxolod
1950 wlis TebervalSi gaemgzavra CineTSi, xelSekrulebis gaformebis Semdeg.
sabWoTa kavSir-CineTis xelSekruleba 1950 w. 14 Tebervals gaformda. sab-
WoTa kavSirma SeinarCuna Tavisi gansakuTrebuli statusi manjuriaSi, rasac mao
garkveul damcirebad, `koloniur SeWrad~ ganixilavda. xelSekrulebis mixedviT,
CineTma uari Tqva monRoleTis mimarT pretenziebze da aRiara misi damoukideb-
loba. Tumca, sabWoTa kavSiri garkveul daTmobebze wavida, Secvala 1945 wels Can
kaiSisTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi. CineTs daubrunda manjuriis
rkinigza, xolo ara ugvianes 1952 wlisa CineTisTvis unda daebrunebina daliani
da port-arturi.

stalinma maos aRuTqva teqnikuri mrCevlebis gagzavna, aseve daxmareba — 300
mln dolari. maosTvis mniSvnelovani iyo TavdacviTi xelSekrulebis gaformeba,
Tuki CineTs iaponia an `sxva qveyana~ daesxmoda Tavs (aSS ar iyo naxsenebi, magram
`sxva~-Si igulisxmeboda).
socialisturi qveynebis liderebs stalini karnaxobda qcevis wesebs ara
mxolod saerTaSoriso arenaze, aramed saSinao politikis sferoSic. maTi morCi-
leba aixsneboda ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris siZlieriT da socializmis mSeneb-
lobis marqsistuli doqtrinis erTianobiT, aramed sabWoTa kavSiris mier gaweu-
li didi materialuri daxmarebiTac. 1945-1952 wlebSi am qveynebisaTvis gaweuli
mxolod grZelvadiani SeRavaTiani kreditebis jamma Seadgina 15 miliardi rubli
(3 miliardi dolari).
socialisturi banakisa da evropis sxva qveynebis komunistebis darazmvis sa-
Sualeba iyo kominformi (`komunisturi partiebis sainformacio biuro~), rome-
lic 1947 wlis seqtemberSi Seiqmna. kominterni stalinma 1943 wels daSala da
axal struqturas, garkveulwilad misi zogierTi funqcia unda Seesrulebina,
kerZod konsultaciebis gamarTva da informireba.
1945 wels komunisturi reJimebi

damyarda iugoslaviasa da CrdiloeT
vietnamSi, 1946 wels — albaneTSi. 1947
wels axal fazaSi Sevida aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebis prosabWouri blo-
kis formireba. 1944-1948 wlebSi Seq-
mnili koaliciuri mTavrobebis nac-
vlad xelisuflebaSi movidnen komu-
nistebi.
30.2. sabWoTa blokis formireba
sabWoTa blokis ekonomikuri safuZvlebis gaformeba moxda 1949 wels, ro-

desac Seiqmna ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis sabWo, xolo samxedro-politiku-
ri erToba Tavidan miRweul iqna sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropis qvey-
nebis sakoordinacio komitetis SeqmniT.
stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, 1955 wels Seiqmna varSavis xelSekrulebis orga-
nizacia.
`socialisturi banaki~ — ideologiuri da politikuri termini, romelsac

sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis satelit qveynebSi iyenebdnen `ganviTarebis socialis-
tur gzaze damdgari qveynebis aRsaniSnavad.
`socialisturi Tanamegobrobis~ farglebSi dauSvebeli iyo raime `TviT-

moqmedeba~. 1949-1952 wlebSi `socialistur banakSi~, stalinis mier gagzavnili
mrCevlebis iniciativiTa da pirdapiri monawileobiT, Catarda `wmendis~ ori
talRa. xelisuflebaSi movida liderTa axali Taoba, romlebic ulaparakod er-
Tgulebdnen stalins. saxalxo demokratiis qveynebSi adrindeli mmarTvelebi an
cixeSi Casves, anda daxvrites.

socialisturi banakis qveynebSi socializmis stalinuri modelis danergvam
mTeli Tavisi mravalferovnebiT (represiebis CaTvliT) kidev ufro darazma maTi
xelmZRvaneloba kremlis garSemo. socializmisaken mimavali sxvadasxva gzis Se-
saxeb (romlis Sesaxeb Tavis droze werda giorgi dimitrovi) ukve aRaravin saub-
robda.
socializmis 7 stalinuri principi:
1. proletariatis diqtatura;
2. sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba warmoebis Ziri-
Tad saSualebebze. yvela msxvili sawarmos
eqspropriacia;
3. yvela bankis nacionalizacia da erT saxel-
mwifo bankad Serwyma;
4. erTi centridan ekonomikis gegmiuri war-
marTva;
5. marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis batono-
ba;
6. SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna revoluciis
monapovrebis dasacavad;
7. kontrrevoluciisa da ucxoeTis agenturis
daundobeli SeiaraRebuli CaxSoba.
30.3. stalinis konfliqti iugoslaviis xelmZRvanelobasTan
iugoslavia erTaderTi aRmosavleTevropuli qveyana iyo, romelic socia-

lizmis mSeneblobis gzas daadga da stalinisgan damoukidebloba SeinarCuna. iu-
goslaviasa da albaneTSi komunistebi xelisuflebaSi stalinis dauxmareblad
movidnen.
iugoslaviis xelmZRvanelobis `zedmeti damoukideblobis~ gamo 1948 wels
ganxeTqileba moxda sabWoTa kavSir-iugoslaviis urTierTobaSi.
iugoslavia-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebis gauareseba 1947 wlis bolo-
dan daiwyo, rodesac sabWoTa elCma belgradSi moskovSi gagzavnil informacieb-
Si iugoslaviis xelmZRvanelobas brali dasdo marqsizm-leninizmis arsis ucodi-
narobasa da beladizmSi.
dapirispirebis mizezi iyo titos gegma Seeqmna balkaneT-adriatikis qveyne-
bis konfederacia. 1947 wlis bolos titom gamoacxada, rom apirebda balkaneTis
federaciis Seqmnas. jer unda gaerTianebuliyo iugoslavia da bulgareTi, Sem-
deg ki SeiZleba mas sxva qveynebic SeerTebodnen. igulisxmeboda, rom federacias
tito uxelmZRvanelebda. 1948 wlis 28 ianvars `pravdam~ gamoaqveyna statia, rome-
lic amtkicebda, rom am qveynebs federacia ar sWirdebodaT.
1948 wlis TebervalSi stalinma aukrZala iugoslavias samxedro bazebis Seq-
mna albaneTSi. 1948 wlis 9 marts iugoslaviaSi sabWoTa elCma moskovs acnoba, rom
belgradi uars ambobda, miewodebina informacia iugoslaviis ekonomikis mdgoma-
reobis Sesaxeb. elCi moskovSi gamoiZaxes saTaTbirod da 1948 wlis 18 marts ti-
tom miiRo molotovis depeSa. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom ekonomikis Sesaxeb informa-

ciis armiwodeba ganixileboda sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT undoblobisa da arame-
gobruli damokidebulebis aqtad da amis gamo iugoslaviidan gaiwvies yvela sab-
WoTa specialisti. 1948 wlis 27 marts titos gaegzavna werili molotovisa da
stalinis xelmoweriT, romelSic iugoslaviis xelmZRvanelobas brali edeboda
antisabWouri xazis gatarebaSi, oportunistul Secdomebsa da marqsizm-leniniz-
mis mniSvnelovani debulebebis reviziaSi.
1948 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa elCma ar moiwona iugoslaviis moqmedeba, rom
titom moskovTan SeuTanxmeblad gamoxata Tavisi pozicia triestTan dakavSire-
biT.
1948 wlis maisSi titom uaryo sabWoTa moTxovna ukrainaSi, komunisturi
partiebis TaTbirze ganexilaT iugoslaviis kompartiaSi arsebuli situacia.
1948 wlis 29 ivniss gamocxadda kominformbiuros rezolucia, romelic iu-
goslavel komunistebs mouwodebda, aeZulebinaT qveynis xelmZRvaneloba, raTa
maT eRiarebinaT TavianTi Secdomebi, gamoesworebinaT isini, anda, Tuki isini amas
ar gaakeTebdnen, wamoeyenebinaT axali, internacionalistur poziciaze mdgomi
xelmZRvaneloba.
1949 wlis oqtomberSi stalinma diplomatiuri urTierTobebi gawyvita iu-
goslaviasTan da moaxdina misi izolireba socializmis banakis qveynebisagan.
1949 wlis 29 noembers `pravdaSi~ gamoqveynda kominformis rezolucia saTa-
uriT: ìugoslaviis kompartia mkvlelebisa da jaSuSebis xelSia~.
moskovSi marSali iosef broz tito gamoacxades

`hitlerul-trockistul agentad~ da sabWoTa
presaSi masze karikaturebi qveyndeboda. amtki-
cebdnen, rom iugoslaviaSi arsebobda `faSistu-
ri tipis antikomunisturi sapolicio reJimi~,
laparakobdnen `tito-rankoviCis sisxlian xrova-
ze~. zogierTi monacemis mixedviT, sabWoTa spec-
samsaxurebi titoze Tavdasxmasac amzadebdnen,
rac stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg gauqmda.

Tavi ;;;,.
`civi omi~ `cxeli omis~ zRvarze
stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi `civi omis~ kulminacia aRmoCnda 1949-

1950 wlebi. 1949 wlis aprilSi Seiqmna Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis orga-
nizacia. imave wels sabWoTa kavSirma pirvelad gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi da
amiT daarRvia aSS-is birTvuli monopolia. sabWoTa kavSiri gadavida zesaxelmwi-
fos rangSi.
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis 1945-1952 wlebis urTierTobis mTavari gakveTili
is iyo, rom mkacri sagareo politikis gatarebiT aravin darCeboda mogebuli da
`civi omi~ advilad SeiZleba gadazrdiliyo `cxel~ omSi. amis Segnebam wanamZRvre-
bi Seqmna imisaTvis, rom stalinis memkvidreebs koreqtivebi SeetanaT sagareo-po-
litikur doqtrinaSi.
31.1. berlinis krizisi da germaniis orad gayofa
sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikaSi centraluri adgili kvlav evropis

problemebs ekava. 1948 wlis zafxulSi gaCaRda berlinis pirveli krizisi, rode-
sac sabWoTa jarebma berlinis okupaciis dasavluri zonebis sruli blokireba
moaxdines. germaniis okupaciis Semdeg gamarjvebulma qveynebma germania saokupa-
cio zonebad dayves. berlini okupaciis sabWoTa zonaSi moxvda, amitom berlini
calke dayves okupaciis zonebad. ase aRmoCnda dasavleT berlini (2 milioni
mcxovrebliT) dasavleTeli mokavSireebis okupaciis zonaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri
amiT varaudobda, dasavleT berlini gamouval mdgomareobaSi Caeyenebina da iq
dasavleTis qveynebis poziciebis gaZlierebisaTvis SeeSala xeli.
berlinis rukaze gamoyofilia okupaciis

zonebi. marjvniv — sabWoTa zonaa; marcxniv
ki — safrangeTis, didi britaneTisa da aSS-is
saokupacio zonebi, romelTa gaerTianebis
Semdeg Seiqmna dasavleT berlini.
pirvelad meore msoflio omis Semdeg, germaniaSi myofi yofil mokavSireTa

Zalebi sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moiyvanes. aSS da misi mokavSireebi iZulebuli iy-
vnen TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT berlini moemaragebinaT `sahaero
xidis~ meSveobiT (aviaciis gamoyenebiT). yoveldRiurad dasavleT berlins miewo-
deboda saWiro sursaTi da moxmarebis sagnebi, sul 8 aTas tonamde tvirTi, qva-
naxSirisa da benzinis CaTvliT. dasavleT berlinis 3 aeroportSi yovel 3 wuTSi
jdeboda didi britaneTis an aSS-is TviTmfrinavi da Cahqonda tvirTi. ase grZel-
deboda TiTqmis 11 Tve. sabWoTa xelisufalni iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan daexiaT da
krizisic amiT amoiwura. dasavleT berlinis blokada grZeldeboda 1948 wlis 24
ivnisidan 1949 wlis 4 maisamde.

dasavluri karikatura sabWour mcdelo-
baze, miesakuTrebina berlini.
1949 wlis 12 maiss dasavleT germaniidan
gamosulma yvavilebiT Semkulma satvirTo man-
qanebis qaravanma gaiara aRmosavleT germania
da berlinSi Sevida
1949 wlis maisSi, okupaciis dasavluri zonebis gaerTianebis da iq arCevne-

bis Catarebis Semdeg, Seiqmna germaniis federaciuli respublika (pirveli kan-
cleri gaxda k. adenaueri). sapasuxod, 1949 wlis 7 oqtombers okupaciis sabWoTa
zonaSi Seiqmna germaniis demokratiuli respublika. ase gaiyo germania or nawi-
lad.
1951 wlis mart-ivnisSi parizSi mimdinareobda molaparakebebi germaniasTan
samSvidobo xelSekrulebis gasaformeblad. molaparakebebi warumatebeli aR-
moCnda da natos liderebma miiRes evropis xelaxali SeiaraRebisa da, pirvel
rigSi, germaniis SeiaraRebis gegma (1952).
orad gayofili germania.

`berlinis krizisma~ gaamwvava `civi omi~ da sabo-
lood gayo evropa aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilebad.
germaniis demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnam (1949 w. 7
oqtomberi) daamTavra sabWoTa tipis reJimebis formi-
reba aRmosavleT evropaSi.
31.2. natos Seqmna da sabWoTa kavSiris omisaTvis mzadeba
1949 wlis 4 aprils Seiqmna dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro bloki, romelSic

Tavdapirvelad aSS-sa da kanadasTan erTad evropis 10 qveyana (inglisi, safrange-
Ti, italia, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, portugalia, islandia, dania da
norvegia) Sevida, Semdeg daemata saberZneTi da TurqeTi, mogvianebiT — espaneTi
da germania.
sabWoTa kavSiri CaerTo xangrZliv brZolaSi mowinaaRmdegesTan, romelic
mas ramdenjerme aRemateboda ekonomikuri da finansuri potencialiT.
1940-iani wlebis bolodan, dasavleTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis gamo, sab-
WoTa ekonomikis mSvidobian relsebze gadayvana Seicvala remilitarizaciiT.
amas biZgi misca koreis omma. saaviacio mrewvelobas daevala, 1953 wlisaTvis ga-
suliyo weliwadSi 20 aTasi TviTmfrinavis gamoSvebaze. stalinis brZanebiT, avia-
cias 59.400 TviTmfrinavi unda hyoloda.

1948 wlis martSi saidumlo eqspedicia moewyo CrdiloeT yinulovan okeane-
Si. ainteresebdaT, SeiZleboda Tu ara modreife yinulze samxedro TviTmfrina-
vis dasma da sawvavis Sevseba, raTa maT atomuri bombebis mitana (romelic sabWoTa
kavSirs jer ar hqonda) aSS-is teritoriamde SesZlebodaT.1
1950 wels samxedroebma moiTxoves 1 aTasi mcire siSoris (600 km) da 2 aTasi
saSualo siSoris (3000 km) raketa. saswrafod iqmneboda pirveli sabWoTa strate-
giuli bombdamSeni tu-16, romelsac aSS-is teritoriamde miRweva SeeZlo.
1946 wlidan 1953 wlamde samoqalaqo mrewvelobis seqtori 34%-idan 30%-mde
Semcirda. 1950 wlis dasawyisisTvis samxedro-samrewvelo xarjebma mTeli kapi-
taldabandebebis 92% Seadgina.
militarizaciaSi CaerTnen aRmosavleT evropis socialisturi qveynebi. sab-
WoTa samxedro doqtrina 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gulisxmobda mZlavri sa-
tanko muStiT dasavleT evropis okupacias da la manSze gasvlas. Setevis wina
rigSi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis armiebi unda wasuliyo, maT Soris germaniis
demokratiuli respublikisa, romelic 1952 wlidan CarTo stalinma samxedro
mzadebaSi.
1949 w. 29 agvistos yazaxeTSi, semipalatinskis raionSi pirveli sabWoTa
atomuri bombi aafeTqes, romelic nagasakSi Camogdebuli amerikuli bombis ko-
pio iyo. stalins amis Sesaxeb ar ganucxadebia, undoda jer bombebi daegrovebina,
magram dasavleTSi amis Sesaxeb radioaqtiuri naleqiT gaiges.
31.3. omi koreaSi (1950-1953)
ori dapirispirebuli Zalis yvelaze mwvave Sejaxeba 1950-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisSi koreaSi moxda. es iyo `civi omis~ periodis pirveli samxedro konfliqti da
man aCvena, rom `civi omi~ SeiZleba advilad gadazrdiliyo SeiaraRebul Setake-
bad. `civi omi~ koreaSi `cxel omad~ gadaizarda msoflio omad gadaqcevis realu-
ri safrTxis SeqmniT.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg korea orad

iyo gayofili: CrdiloeT koreaSi komunistebi
batonobdnen kim ir senis xelmZRvanelobiT,
samxreT korea ki amerikelTa gavlenis qveS iyo.
1948 wlis 16 Tebervals gamocxadda kore-
is saxalxo-demokratiuli respublika dedaqa-
laqiT fxenianSi, 1948 wlis 15 agvistos ki se-
ulSi gamocxadda koreis respublika.
1950 wels korea sabWoTa da aSS-is jarebma
datoves. koreis orive reJimi erTmaneTs qvey-
nis gaerTianebiT emuqrebodnen.
kim ir seni 1940-1945 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi cxovrobda da wiTeli armiis

kapitani iyo. 1948 wlidan mravaljer sTxova stalins omis dawyebis nebarTva
`qveynis gasaerTianeblad~. CineTSi komunistebis gamarjvebis, pirveli sabWoTa

1 am droisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirs strategiuli bombdamSenebi ar hyavda.

atomuri bombis gamocdis da samxreT koreidan amerikelTa wasvlis Semdeg, sta-
linma gadawyvita gaeriska. CineTis komunist liderTan, maosTan moTaTbirebis
Semdeg, 1950 wlis 9 Tebervals stalinma neba darTo kim ir sens omisTvis momzade-
buliyo. CrdiloeT koreas didi odenobiT SeiaraReba miewoda. CrdiloeT koreas
samxreTze mniSvnelovani upiratesoba hqonda — saxmeleTo jariT da artileriiT
orjer aRemateboda, tankebiT — 6,5-jer, TviTmfrinavebiT ki — 6-jer.
1950 wels kim ir senis jarebi samxreT koreaSi SeiWrnen, ramdenime dReSi TiT-
qmis mTeli samxreT korea daikaves, magram aSS-is Cabmam omSi ZalTa Tanafardoba
Secvala, axla ukve samxreTkoreelebma Seuties da koreeli komunistebis xelSi
koreis mcire monakveTi darCa, CineTis sazRvris gaswvriv. omi komunistebis mar-
cxiT damTavrdeboda, magram 1950 wlis noembridan omSi `Cineli moxaliseebi~ Caeb-
nen, romelTac sabWoTa kavSiri aiaraRebda. koreaSi moulodnelad 500 aTasi Cine-
li mebrZoli Sevida. maT amerikelebsa da mis mokavSireebs ukan daaxevines.
konfliqtSi gaeros TanxmobiT monawileoba miiRes amerikis jarebma.1 ameri-
keli samxedroebi apirebdnen atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebasac,2 rac ar gaakeTes
imis SiSiT, rom sabWoTa kavSiri imaves moimoqmedebda. trumens arc CineTisTvis
gamoucxadebia omi.
1950 wlis noembridan saomar moqmedebebSi uSualod monawileobda sabWoTa
kavSiris 64-e gamanadgurebelTa korpusi, romelsac meore msoflio omis gmiri, i.
koJedubi xelmZRvanelobda. koreis omis ganmavlobaSi maT Camoagdes 1309 TviT-
mfrinavi, kidev 212 TviTmfrinavi sazenito artileriam gaanadgura. sabWoTa kor-
pusma ki 335 TviTmfrinavi dakarga.
aSS-is mier dawyebulma CrdiloeT koreis masiurma dabombvebma (napalmis
bombebic gamoiyenes) maT ver moutana samxedro warmateba, samagierod gamoiwvia
antiamerikuli ganwyobis zrda aziaSi. es ki aqtiurad gamoiyena sabWoTa xel-
mZRvanelobam. koreaSi amerikelebma imaze meti bombi Camoagdes, vidre meore
msoflio omis dros germaniasa da iaponiaSi erTad aRebuli.
frontis xazis 38-e paralelze dafiqsirebis Semdeg konfliqtma dakarga ad-
rindeli simwvave da poziciuri xasiaTi miiRo. daiwyo samSvidobo molaparakebe-
bi, rac mxolod stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg, 1953 wlis 27 ivliss samSvidobo Se-
Tanxmebis gaformebiT damTavrda.
koreis omSi daiRupa 57 aTasi amerikeli samxedro,

misma mokavSire 15 qveyanam (`gaeros droSiT~ monawileob-
dnen) – 3,1 aTasi, samxreT koreis armiam — 1,3 milioni,
CrdiloeT koreis armiam — 520 aTasi, CineTis armiam — 900
aTasi. koreis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis msxverplma 3 mili-
oni adamiani Seadgina. omSi daiRupa 315 sabWoTa samxed-
roc.

1sabWoTa kavSiris warmomadgeneli protestis niSnad ar eswreboda uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomebs da
vetos uflebac ver gamoiyenes, rodesac amerikelebma gaeroSi CrdiloeT koreis sawinaaRmdego
rezolucia Seitanes. gaeroSi yvelam dagmo CrdiloeT korea da mxolod erTma qveyanam —
iugoslaviam Seikava Tavi.
2 1950 wlis 30 seqtembers prezidentma trumenma ganacxada, rom ganixilavs koreaSi atomuri
iaraRis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.

koreis oms mohyva aSS-is samxedro Zalis zrda. 1952 wlis noemberSi amerike-
lebma gamoscades 10,5 megatoni simZlavris TermobirTvuli iaraRi. sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi aSS-is samxedro xarjebi 4-jer gaizarda. iaponiasa da taivanze ame-
rikelTa samxedro yofna mudmivi gaxda.
31.4. mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis aucileblobis gaazrebis dasawyisi
rogorc orTodoqsi marqsisti, stalini garduvalad miiCnevda imperializ-

mis kraxs. wignSi `socializmis ekonomikuri problemebi sabWoTa kavSirSi~ stali-
ni werda: òmis garduvalobis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa imperializmis ga-
nadgureba~.
1951 wlis ianvarSi stalinma ganacxada, rom uaxloesi 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi
realuri SesaZlebloba arsebobda mTel evropaSi socializmis dasamyareblad.
sabWoTa kavSiris mier atomuri iaraRis Seqmnis Semdeg atomuri omis saf-
rTxe kidev ufro gaizarda.
sicocxlis bolo xanebSi stalinma garkveulwilad Secvala saerTaSoriso
viTarebis Sefaseba. Tuki adre misTvis amosavali iyo socializmsa da kapita-
lizms Soris Seurigebeli winaaRmdegobis idea, bolos acxadebda, rom zogjer im-
perialistur qveynebs Soris winaaRmdegobebi ufro Zlieri SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
vidre kapitalisturi da socialisturi qveynebis dapirispireba, da gamoiwvios
mwvave konfliqti kapitalistur qveynebs Soris.
Tavis erT-erT ukanasknel interviuSi stalinma aRniSna, rom sabWoTa kav-
Sirs surda omis Sewyveta koreaSi, Tavad ki mzad iyo Sexvedroda aSS-is axal pre-
zidents duait eizenhauers.

Tavi ;;;,,.
stalinis gardacvaleba da dakrZalva
32.1. stalinis avadmyofoba da gardacvaleba
sicocxlis bolo TveebSi i. stalinma mkacrad

gaakritika Tavisi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi v. mo-
lotovi da a. miqoiani. Serisxulebi aRmoCndnen ase-
ve k. voroSilovi da l. beria.
1952 wlis oqtomberSi sak. kp (b) ;,; yrilobaze,
rodesac partias saxeli Seecvala da sabWoTa kavSi-
ris komunisturi partia ewoda, politbiuros nac-
vlad Seiqmna centraluri komitetis prezidiumi,
romelic mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda da masSi axal-
gazrda partiul-saxelmwifo moRvaweebi Seiyvanes.
stalini kuncevoSi, e. w. àxlo agarakze~ cxovrobda. ukanasknelad stalin-

Tan 1953 wlis 28 Teberval — 1 martis Rames gamoZaxebulebi iyvnen n. xruSCovi, l.
beria da n. bulganini.
1 marts, saRamos, qveynis xelmZRvanelebi kvlav gamoiZaxes kuncevoSi, amje-
rad stalinis dacvam, romelTac stalini ugono mdgomareobaSi ipoves.
2 marts eqimTa konsuliumma daadgina, rom stalins tvinSi sisxli Caeqca, ra-
mac cnobierebis dakargva gamoiwvia.
3 marts cxadi gaxda, rom stalinis gardacvaleba garduvali iyo.
4 marts radioTi gadaica informacia stalinis avadmyofobis Sesaxeb. presa-
Si gamoqveynda stalinis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba gasaocari wvrilmanebiT, —
pulsis, wnevis da Sardis analizis monacemebiT. politikuri mosazrebebiT gamo-
acxades, rom stalins insulti daemarTa ara 1 marts, aramed 2 marts da is moskov-
Si imyofeboda.
1953 wlis 5 marts, ise, rom loginidan ar wamomdgara, stalini 74 wlis asakSi
gardaicvala.
5 marts, jer kidev stalinis gardacvalebis cnobis miRebamde, kremlSi Camo-
ayalibes qveynis xelmZRvanelobis axali Semadgenloba — partiis centralur ko-
mitetSi prezidiumisa da prezidiumis biuros nacvlad yofiliyo erTi organo —
prezidiumi, `rogorc es gansazRvruli aris wesdebiT~. mis SemadgenlobaSi ad-
rindeli 25 wevris nacvlad 11 Seiyvanes. biuroSi kvlav Seiyvanes v. molotovi da
a.miqoiani. ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda g. malenkovi. misi moadgileebi
da imavdroulad ministrebi gaxdnen molotovi (sagareo saqmeTa ministri), bul-
ganini (samxedro ministri), beria (Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, es saministro gafar-
Tovda da mas saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministroc SeuerTes).
n. xruSCovs, Tavisi kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar miuRia raime saxelmwifo
posti, darCa skkp centraluri komitetis mdivnad da misi prezidiumis wevrad.
amave dros swored xruSCovi Caudga saTaveSi i. stalinis damkrZalav komisias.
TaTbiris Sedegebi 7 marts gamoacxades. gamoikveTa xelisuflebis axali kon-
figuracia. saxelisuflo piramidis saTaveSi aRmoCndnen stalinis mier Seviwroe-
buli `Zveli gvardiis~ warmomadgenlebi. stalinis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi movida

e.w. `koleqtiuri xelmZRvaneloba~, romlis SigniTac male gaiSala brZola pirve-
lobisTvis. am brZolis yvela monawiles Tavidan yvelaze metad beriasi eSinoda.
32.2. stalinis dakrZalva
6 marts stalinis cxedari daasvenes moskovSi, kavSirebis saxlis svetebian

darbazSi. 16 saaTze movida adamianTa pirveli nakadi, romelTac stalinTan ga-
moTxoveba surdaT. xalxis uwyveti nakadi midioda sami dRisa da Ramis ganmavlo-
baSi. sapatio yaraulSi idgnen partiisa da mTavrobis xelmZRvanelebi: g. malenko-
vi, l. beria, v. molotovi, k. voroSilovi, n. xruSCovi, n. bulganini, l. kaganoviCi,
a. miqoiani, sapatio yaraulSi idgnen aseve saerTaSoriso komunisturi moZraobis
cnobili warmomadgenlebi da fineTis premier-ministri urxo kekoneni.
sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba
stalinis neStTan 1953 wlis 6
marts.
8 marts, Sua Ramisas, gamomSvidobeba Sewyda da daiwyo dakrZalvisTvis mza-

deba. Ramis 2 saaTze daiwyes gvirgvinebis gamotana. gadawyvites, rom stalinis ku-
bos ukan mxolod 100 samgloviaro gvirgvins Caatarebdnen, danarCeni aTasobiT
gvirgvini ki mavzoleumis orive mxares daawyves.
stalinis dakrZalva Sedga 1953 wlis 9 marts

wiTel moedanze. mavzoleumis Tavze ukve
amokveTili iyo warwera `lenini da stalini~.
mavzoleumis win moewyo samgloviaro mitin-
gi, sadac sityviT gamovidnen malenkovi, be-
ria da molotovi. stalinis dakrZalva fil-
madac gadaiRes saxelwodebiT `didi gamoT-
xoveba~.
6 marts ministrTa sabWom da partiis centralurma komitetma gadawyvites,

aeSenebinaT panTeoni, sadac gadaasvenebdnen leninisa da stalinis cxedrebs, ase-
ve kremlis kedelTan dakrZalulebs, Tumca es proeqti male daviwyebas mieca.
dakrZalvis dros xalxis saSineli Wyleta moxda. sxvadasxva SefasebiT, dai-
Rupa ramdenime aseulidan 2-3 aTasamde adamiani. oficialuri monacemebi dRemde
ar aris gamoqveynebuli.
stalini mavzoleumSi iyo dasvenebuli 1961 wlis 31 oqtombris Ramemde, ro-
desac is xruSCovis brZanebiT gamoasvenes da kremlis kedelTan dakrZales. es iyo
maSin mimdinare `destalinizaciis~ procesis nawili.

32.3. gaxda Tu ara stalini SeTqmulebis msxverpli
stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoiTqva sxvadasxva eWvi misi sikvdilis mi-

zezebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, eWvoben, rom stalini bunebrivi sikvdiliT ki ar mokvda,
aramed misi uaxloesi garemocvis SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda.
v. molotovis mogonebebSi, romelic 1993 wels gamoqveynda, avtori amtki-
cebs, rom masTan saubarSi beria stalinis mowamvliT trabaxobda.
2004 wels amerikelma istorikosma jonaTan brentma da ruseTis federaciis
politikuri represiebis mxverplTa reabilitaciis saprezidento komisiis aR-
masrulebelma mdivanma vladimir naumovma gamoaqveynes naSromi, sadac gamoTqva-
men varauds, rom beriam, xruSCovis monawileobiT, varfarini daumata stalinis
Rvinos misi sikvdilis Rames. kuWidan sisxldenas, rogorc wesi, maRali wneva ar
iwvevs, magram rogorc sisxldenis, ise insultis gamowveva SeuZlia varfarinis
Zlier dozas. esaa ufero, gemos armqone preparati. mkurnali eqimebis saboloo
daskvnaSi, romelic partiis centralur komitets warudgines 1953 wlis ivlisSi,
amoRebuli iyo kuWidan sisxldenis xseneba.
2011 wels gamoqveynda stalinis gakveTis angariSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSi-
ris janmrTelobis dacvis saministrom Caatara. am daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT ame-
rikelma specialistma migel a. fariam aRniSna: stalinis gakveTis angariSSi Tval-
saCinoa imis dasabuTebis mcdeloba, rom stalinis gadasarCenad eqimebma gaakeTes
yvelaferi, magram mdgomareoba gaarTula tvinis gareT sisxlCaqcevebma. maT es
sisxlCaqcevebi hipertonias miaweres da ara varfariniT mowamvlas.
pirdapiri dasabuTeba imisa, rom stalini mokles, ar aris aRmoCenili, mag-
ram cxadia isic, rom 1953 wlis 2-5 marts, rodesac stalini sikvdils ebrZoda, mi-
si TanamebrZolebi da `memkvidreebi~ yuradRebiT adevnebdnen Tvals stalinis
janmrTelobis gauaresebas da erTmaneTs Soris daiwyes brZola xelisuflebis
gasayofad.

nawili mecxre
nikita xruSCovis mmarTveloba
Tavi ;;;,,,.
xelisuflebisaTvis brZola stalinis memkvidreebs

Soris
33.1. stalinis memkvidreTa gansxvavebuli xedvebi
1953 wlis 5 marts stalinis gardacvalebasTan erTad damTavrda mTeli epo-

qa sabWoTa kavSiris cxovrebaSi. beladis sikvdilma saTave daudo mniSvnelovan
cvlilebebs sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
xelisufleba or aTeul welze metxans Tavmoyrili iyo diqtatoris xelSi,
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, radganac sabWoTa kavSirSi ar arsebobda xelisuf-
lebis legitimuri gadacemis meqanizmebi, dadga xelisuflebis gaWianurebuli
krizisis xana.
stalinis sikvdils mohyva brZola pirvelobisaTvis mis garemocvaSi da es
brZola imave scenariT warimarTa, rogoriTac 1924 wels brZola leninis sikvdi-
lis Semdeg.
stalinis sicocxleSi mis garemocvaSi ar iyo mkafiod gamokveTili lideri.
aseTi lideris gamoCena faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo, stalinis sicocxleSi sxva
gamokveTil liders ar dauSvebda Tavad stalini da arc misi uSualo garemocva.
niWier, unarian, sxvebisgan gamorCeul liders emuqreboda `xalxis mtrad~ gamoc-
xadeba, dapatimreba an gaurkvevel viTarebaSi gardacvaleba. Sedegad, nebismier
politikoss, romelic stalinis sikvdilis dros mis ùaxloes garemocvaSi~ Sedi-
oda, hqonda Sansi gamxdariyo lideri.
1953 wlis martisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles eSelonebSi sami mTavari
centri Camoyalibda, romelTac saTaveSi edgnen stalinis uaxloesi garemocvis
wevrebi: malenkovi, beria da xruSCovi. es brZola 1958 wlis gazafxulamde mimdi-
nareobda, ramdenime etapi gaiara da sabolood gaimarjva nikita xruSCovma, rome-
lic, pirvel rigSi, partiul aparats eyrdnoboda.
xelisuflebisTvis brZolis etapebi
etapi wlebi arsi
pirveli etapi 1953 w. marti — ivnisi malenkov-xruSCovis tandemma beria Camoi-
Sora.
meore etapi 1953 w. ivlisi — 1955 xruSCovis gaZliereba, malenkovis gadad-
w. Tebervali goma.
mesame etapi 1955 w. Tebervali — xruSCovis erTpirovnuli lideroba. mo-
1958 w. marti lotov-kaganoviCis opoziciuri jgufis
ganadgureba.
stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSiris gan-

viTarebaSi oTxi alternatiuli gza gamoikveTa da TiToeuli konkretul lider-
Tan asocirdeboda: l. berias àlternativa~; n. xruSCovis kursi; g. malenkovis
kursi; v. molotov — l. kaganoviCis xazi. mokled warmovadginoT TiToeuli:

lavrenti berias àlternativa~:
x stalinis kultis msxvreva;
x reabilitaciis pirveli talRa;
x uSiSroebis organoebis gardaqmna;
x skkp centraluri komitetisgan xelisuflebiTi funqciebis
gadacema sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWosTvis;
x erovnuli respublikebis xelmZRvanelobis `gaerovnuleba~,
erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRleba;
x kolmeurneobebis kritika, misi araefeqturobis Cveneba;
x `gulagis~ gadacema iusticiis saministrosTvis;
x qveynis ekonomikis eqstensiuri ganviTarebis kursze uaris
Tqmis dasawyisi;
x samxedro xarjebis Semcireba;
x demokratiul safuZvelze germaniis gaerTianebis winadadeba.
giorgi malenkovis kursi:
x pirovnebis kultis kritika;
x `b~ jgufis sawarmoebis prioritetuli ganviTareba;
x saxelmwifo aparatze dayrdnoba;
x mwarmoebelTa ekonomikuri stimulirebis gaZliereba;
x birTvuli iaraRis arsebobis pirobebSi msoflio omis dauSveb-
lobis idea;
x warmoebis intensifikaciis mcdelobebi.
nikita xruSCovis kursi:
x dayrdnoba partiul aparatze;
x soflis meurneobisa da à~ jgufis sawarmoebis prioritetuli
ganviTareba;
x ekonomikis eqstensiuri ganviTarebis gagrZeleba;
x pirovnebis kultis kritika;
x mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebisTvis yuradRebis gaZlie-
reba, kosmosis aTviseba;
x saerTaSoriso daZabulobis ganmuxtvisken mimarTuli kursi;
x yamiri miwebis aTviseba;
x komunizmis gaSlili mSeneblobis kursi;
x proletariatis diqtaturis saxelmwifos saerTo saxalxo sa-
xelmwifod gadaqcevis idea.
molotov-kaganoviCis xazi:
x ucvleli saxiT stalinis reJimis SenarCuneba;
x umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg represiebis Sewyveta;
x `civ omSi~ droebiTi Sesveneba.

33.2. malenkovisa da berias lideroba

malenkovi da beria
stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg pirvel etapze sabWo-
Ta kavSiris xelmZRvanelobaSi sakvanZo poziciebi dai-
kaves g. malenkovma da l. beriam. malenkovi gaxda minis-
trTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, beria ki — gaerTianebuli
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelmZRvaneli.
daiwyo pirveli kampania pirovnebis kultis dasagmobad. stalinis dasafla-

vebis Semdeg gamarTul centraluri komitetis prezidiumis pirvelive sxdomaze,
1953 wlis 10 marts, giorgi malenkovma (1901-1988) ganacxada, rom aucilebeli iyo
`pirovnebis kultis politikis~ Sewyveta da `qveynis koleqtiur xelmZRvanelo-
baze~ gadasvla. Tavidan es propagandis sferoSi cvlilebebiT Semoifargla. sta-
linis saxels iSviaTad axsenebdnen presaSi, Sewyvites misi TxzulebaTa krebule-
bis gamoSveba.
1953 wlis mart-ivnisSi beria axali xelmZRvanelobis yvelaze aqtiuri wevri
iyo. beriac da malenkovic emxrobodnen saxelisuflo uflebamosilebis gadace-
mas partiulidan Sesabamis saxelmwifoebrivi organoebisTvis. daiwyo Sinagan saq-
meTa saministros reorganizacia.
Sewyda èqimTa saqme~. 16 marts beriam daapatimra eqimTa saqmis mTavari ga-
momZiebeli riumini da gaaTavisufla dapatimrebuli eqimebi. 3 aprils skkp cen-
traluri komitetis prezidiumma aRiara, rom eqimTa saqme gamogonili iyo da ama-
ze pasuxismgebloba daakisra yofil uSiSroebis ministrs s. ignatovs.
4 aprils berias gankargulebiT aikrZala dakiTxvis dros wamebis meTodebis
gamoyeneba da aseve moiTxova, cixeebSi gaenadgurebinaT wamebis iaraRebi. beria
moxerxebulad iyenebda im faqts, rom formalurad 1946 wlidan aRar iyo dakavSi-
rebuli uSiSroebis organoebTan da saqmes ise warmoadgenda, rom Tavad arafer
SuaSi iyo.
6 aprils sabWoTa adamianebma presidan gaiges, rom èqimTa saqme~ fabrikacia
iyo, iseve rogorc cili daswames da ukanonod iyo dasjili saxalxo artisti mi-
xoelsi. am cnobis gamoqveynebam milionobiT adamianze didi STabeWdileba moax-
dina, rac mxolod stalinis sikvdils Tu Seedreboda.
berias iniciativiT gaaTavisufles da reabilitirebul iqna mravali samxed-
ro da politikuri moRvawe. 1953 wlis martSi cixeebsa da banakebSi daaxloebiT 10
milioni patimari iyo. 1953 wlis 27 marts, berias iniciativiT, ssr kavSiris umaR-
lesi sabWos prezidiumma miiRo brZanebuleba amnistiis Sesaxeb. daaxloebiT 1,2
milioni adamiani gaaTavisufles. gaTavisufleba Seexo maT, visi patimrobis va-
dac 5 wels ar aRemateboda, aseve arasrulwlovnebs, bavSvian da fexmZime qalebs.
amnistia ar vrceldeboda politikur patimrebze, romlebic gasamarTlebuli iy-
vnen 58-e muxliT: àntisabWoTa saqmianoba~.
beriam SeaCera stalinis `strategiuli~ mSeneblobebi, rogoric iyo rkinig-
zebi salexardi-igarka, krasnoiarski-eniseiski, baikal-amuris magistrali, gvira-
bi, romliTac kunZuli saxalini materiks unda dakavSireboda, wynari okeanis sa-
napiroze samxedro-sazRvao bazisa da didi gemTmSenebeli qarxnis (saxazo gemebi-
sa da aviamzidebisTvis) mSenebloba. es yvelaferi iyo `gulagis~ proeqtebi da
Sendeboda patimarTa xeliT. sxva, ufro naklebad Zviri da saWiro proeqtebi be-
riam gadasca samoqalaqo ekonomikas. 1953 wlis SemodgomisTvis beria gegmavda 1,7
milioni specdasaxlebulis gaTavisuflebas, maT Soris germanelebis, yofili ku-

lakebisa da `xalxis mtrebis~ ojaxis wevrebis. danarCeni specdasaxlebulebis ga-
Tavisufleba igegmeboda momdevno erTi-ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
beriam dasaxa zomebi erovnuli politikis koreqtirebisTvis. kerZod, api-
rebda daebrunebina Zveli praqtika, rodesac erovnul respublikebsa da olqebSi
xelmZRvanel postebze iniSnebodnen mkvidri erovnebis warmomadgenlebi.
1953 wlis ivnisSi beriam moamzada proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda latvi-
aSi, ukrainaSi, belorusiasa da sxva respublikebSi rusi Tanamdebobis pirebis
Secvlas adgilobrivi erovnebis pirebiT. xruSCovisTvis es ukanaskneli wveTi aR-
moCnda. ukrainas xruSCovi Tavis `samflobelod~ Tvlida da berias gegma piradad
mis winaaRmdeg mimarTulad CaTvala.
33.3. SeTqmuleba berias winaaRmdeg
beriam pirvelma gadadga nabijebi stalinis teroris meqanizmis damsxvrevi-

sa da gulagis sistemis demontaJisken. rogor aRmoCnda aseTi sastiki da sisxlia-
ni adamiani reformatoris rolSi? rogorc erT-erTi rusi istorikosi aRniSnavs,
`berias moraluri principebi arc maRali iyo da arc dabali sxva partiuli xel-
mZRvanelebis analogiur principebTan SedarebiT~, magram stalinis garemocvi-
dan Tavisi xeliT mxolod beria klavda, awamebda da Zaladobda. beria erTpirov-
nuli liderobisTvis emzadeboda da malenkovs mxolod droebiT iTmenda. amas-
Tan, cdilobda Tavisi reputaciis Secvlas, reabilitaciasa da stalinisgan dis-
tancirebas.
xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi berias winaaRmdeg arsebobda erTi didi dab-
rkoleba, romelic man ver gaiTvaliswina an misi daZleva ver SeZlo. beria Zalze
sZuldaT da eSinodaT, es ganwyoba iyo ara mxolod xalxSi, aramed partiul apa-
ratSi da samxedroebSi. xruSCovi, malenkovi da molotovi Zalze ufrTxodnen be-
rias aqtiurobas, xedavdnen, rom beria yvela sferoSi iWreboda da aseve cdilob-
da maT erTmaneTTan dapirispirebas. garda amisa, beria qarTveli iyo.
partiuli aparati cdilobda Tavisi xelmZRvaneli rolis SenarCunebas, mis
liderad ki xruSCovi gamovida. qveynis axal xelmZRvanelobaSi n. xruSCovs ekava
skkp centraluri komitetis mdivnis posti. misgan gansxvavebiT, stalinis yvela
sxva memkvidres saxelmwifoebrivi postebi hqonda. swored xruSCovi Caudga saTa-
veSi berias xelisuflebidan Camocilebis mizniT SeTqmulebas.
xruSCovma pirvelad molotovs mimarTa, Semdeg — malenkovs. SeTqmulebaSi
monawileobaze dasTanxmda umaRles xelisufalTa TiTqmis mTeli Semadgenloba,
romlebic 1930-iani wlebis bolodan ufrTxodnen berias. SeTqmulebaSi gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba hqonda malenkovis monawileobas, romelmac uRalata Tavis
saSiS partniors.
1953 wlis 26 ivniss skkp centraluri ko-

mitetis sxdomaze beria daapatimres. es SesaZ-
lebeli gaxda xruSCovisa da malenkovis SeT-
qmulebis Sedegad, raSic aqtiuri monawileo-
ba miiRes marSalma g. Jukovma da moskovis sam-
xedro olqis sardalma generalma k. moska-
lenkom. imave dRes beria gadaayenes yvela
postidan da sasamarTlos gadasces.
1953 wlis 2-7 ivliss Sedga skkp centraluri komitetis sagangebo plenumi
`berias danaSaulebrivi antipartiuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi moqmedebebis Se-

saxeb~. plenumze, stalinuri epoqis `tradiciebis~ Sesabamisad, berias brali dae-
do jaSuSobasa da sxva mZime danaSaulebebSi. is gamocxadda `partiisa da sabWoTa
xalxis mtrad~. braldebis mTavari punqti iyo berias mier partiis xelmZRvaneli
rolis `danaSaulebrivi xelyofa~. masve braldeboda mTavari rolis Sesruleba
ukanono masobrivi represiebis ganxorcielebaSi. berias `jaSuSuri saqmianobis~
aravis sjeroda, magram es iyo Cveuli propagandistul-politikuri Stampi.
1953 wlis 23 dekembers sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sasamarTlos daxurul
sxdomaze beria da misi uaxloesi garemocva uSiSroebis sferodan — v. merkulovi,
v. dekanozovi, b. qobulovi, s. gogliZe, p. meSiki, l. vloZimirski — gaasamarTles
58-e muxliT. maT brali daedoT `samSoblos RalatSi, teroristuli aqtebis mow-
yobaSi da antisabWoTa moRalaturi jgufis SeqmnaSi~.1
yvelani dauyovnebliv daxvrites, gvamebi dawves, ferfli ki usaxelo saf-
lavSi Cafles. SemdgomSi specsamsaxurebis maRali rangis TanamSromlebis nawils,
romlebic berias saqmis gamo iyvnen dapatimrebulebi, mieasajaT xangrZlivi va-
diT patimroba.
33.4. xruSCovis poziciebis gaZliereba
berias Tavidan moSorebiT yvelaze metad xruSCovma moigo. berias gaqrobam

daasusta malenkovis poziciebi, magram am etapze romelime `stalinis memkvid-
ris~ erTpirovnul liderobas sxvebi ar dauSvebdnen, mxolod `koleqtiur~ xel-
mZRvanelobaSi xedavdnen sakuTari usafrTxoebis garantiebs. Camoyalibda tri-
umvirati — malenkovi (mTavroba), xruSCovi (partia), bulganini (armia).
1953 wlis ivlisSi gamarTulma skkp centraluri komitetis plenumma pirda-
pir miuTiTa, rom aucilebeli iyo `partiuli xelmZRvanelobis ganmtkiceba par-
tiis da saxelmwifo aparatis yvela rgolSi~.
berias Camocileba uSiSroebis yovlismomcvel samsaxurze gamarjvebas niS-
navda. uSiSroebis saministros saolqo ganyofilebebSi saswrafod anadgureb-
dnen arqivebs. partiuli nomenklaturis TvalSi centraluri komitetis prezi-
diumi gamovida terorisgan mxsnelis rolSi. pirvel rigSi, centraluri komite-
tis prezidiumis wevrebi sakuTar Tavze fiqrobdnen. maTi SeTanxmebiT Sewyda
uSiSroebis organoebis mier partiisa da mTavrobis xelmZRvanelebis, aseve maRa-
li rangis samxedroebis mosmenisa da Tvalyuris devnebis praqtika. berias seifSi
aRmoCenili makomprometirebeli dokumentebi gaanadgures. berias saqmis gamoZi-
ebis mravaltomiani masalebi aseve gaasaidumloes da gamoZiebis Sedegebi mokled
gaacnes partiul nomenklaturas.
berias xelisuflebidan Camocilebam SeaCera mravali misi wamowyebac. maga-
liTad, droebiT SeCerda specdasaxlebulTa gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi, scades eW-
vqveS daeyenebinaT antisemituri kampaniis Sewyvetac.
1954 wlis seqtemberSi komunisturma reJimma Caidina morigi saSineli dana-
Sauli. tockis poligonze, orenburgis axlos mimdinare samxedro manevrebis
dros aafeTqes namdvili atomuri bombi da marSalma Jukovma, romelic maSin Tav-
dacvis ministris moadgile iyo, ubrZana 40 aTas jariskacsa da oficers, `Seteva-
ze gadasuliyvnen~ da gaevloT pirdapir afeTqebis epicentrSi. am adamianebis sa-
mi meoTxedi maleve daixoca radiaciis sasikvdilo dozis miRebis gamo. Jukovi
arasodes ufrTxildeboda jariskacebis sicocxles, magram amjerad yvelafers
gadaaWarba. am danaSaulisTvis Jukovi aravis gausamarTlebia, piriqiT, daawinau-

1 arsebobs versia, rom beria gacilebiT adre mokles da sasamarTloze misi oreuli iyo.

res. 1955 wlis TebervalSi Jukovi daniSnes Tavdacvis ministrad da airCies skkp
centraluri komitetis prezidiumis wevrad.
33.5. malenkovisa da xruSCovis mmarTveloba. malenkovis gadayeneba.
1953 wlis zafxulidan daiwyo xelisuflebisTvis brZolis axali etapi. xe-

lisuflebis saTaveSi moeqcnen malenkovi da xruSCovi, magram xruSCovi sul uf-
ro imtkicebda poziciebs, malenkovis roli ki mcirdeboda.
1953 wlis maisSi malenkovis iniciativiT gauqmda e. w. `konvertebi~, damate-
biTi anazRaureba partiuli Tanamdebobis pirebisTvis, ramac maTi Semosavali ga-
anaxevra. aman gaanawyena nomenklatura da saSualeba misca n. xruSCovs oTxi Tvis
Semdeg gaeuqmebina `koleqtiuri xelmZRvaneloba~ da aRedgina adrindeli privi-
legiebi.
1953 wlis seqtemberSi n. xruSCovi airCies skkp centraluri komitetis pir-
vel mdivnad, magram raime saxelmwifoebrivi posti kvlavac ar ekava.
uSiSroebis saxelmwifo komitetis xelmZRvanelad xruSCovma ivan serovi
daniSna. serovi yovelTvis exmareboda xruSCovs mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSi.
serovma uSiSroebis samsaxuris arqivebSi `wesrigi daamyara~ da mospo monacemebi
xruSCovis monawileobis Taobaze stalinis periodis represiebSi. amave dros se-
rovi agrovebda makomprometirebel masalebs skkp centraluri komitetis prezi-
diumis sxva wevrebze, pirvel rigSi ki malenkovze.
kremlSi xelisuflebisTvis brZolas CerCili adarebda `buldogebis brZo-
las xaliCis qveS~. Zneli iyo imis mixvedra, Tu ra
xdeboda manamde, sanam xaliCis qvemodan ar gamoy-
ridnen morigi msxverplis Zvlebs. 1953 wlis meore
naxevarsa da 1954 wels xruSCovi da molotovi erTad
moqmedebdnen malenkovis winaaRmdeg, mas bralad
sdebdnen `beriasTan siaxloves~ da Secdomebs qvey-
nis saSinao da sagareo politikaSi.
ra Secdomebze iyo laparaki?
1953 wlis 8 agvistos malenkovi gamovida sap-
rogramo sityviT ssrk umaRlesi sabWos winaSe. malenkovma gamoacxada, rom Seum-
cirebda gadasaxadebs glexobas, gazrdida samomxmareblo sagnebis warmoebas da
sxvadasxva saxis socialur uzrunvelyofas hpirdeboda xalxs. man aseve naadre-
vad ganacxada, rom sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna da gamoscada wyalbadis bombi.
xruSCovma malenkovis gamosvla demagogiad Seafasa, romlis mizanic xalxSi
avtoritetis mopoveba iyo xelmZRvanelobis sxva wevrebis xarjze. xruSCovs gan-
sakuTrebiT abrazebda malenkovis `SeWra~ soflis meurneobis sferoSi, romel-
sac `Tavisad~ miiCnevda.
malenkovis kidev erT Secdomad miiCnies 1954 wlis TebervalSi umaRlesi
sabWos àmomrCevlebis~ winaSe gamosvlis dros gakeTebuli gancxadeba, rom oms
birTvul saxelmwifoebs Soris SeiZleba `civilizaciis ganadgureba~ mohyoloda.
malenkovi fizikosi iyo ganaTlebiT, masze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina amerike-
lebis mier atomuri bombebis gamocdam wynar okeaneSi, aseve kurCatovisa da sxva
sabWoTa fizikosebis werilma partiis xelmZRvanelebisadmi, romelSic afrTxi-
lebdnen, rom birTvul oms SeiZleba mohyoloda sicocxlis mospoba dedamiwaze.1

1 malenkovi komunisti liderebidan pirveli iyo, romelmac ori sistemis mSvidobiani Tana-
arsebobis Tezisi wamoayena.

molotovma brali dasdo malenkovs dasavleTTan brZolis dros `pacifiz-
mTan keklucobaSi~ da `progresuli Zalebis demobilizaciaSi~. birTvuli omis
aRiareba safrTxed mTeli kacobriobisTvis komunistebisTvis niSnavda uaris
Tqmas partiul dogmaze Seurigebeli klasobrivi brZolis Taobaze. molotovi da
xruSCovi gamovidnen komunisturi ideologiis reviziis winaaRmdeg. maTi zewo-
lis Sedegad, malenkovma ukan daixia da ganacxada, rom Tuki msoflio omi moxde-
boda, mas mohyveboda mxolod ìmperializmis daRupva~.
1954 wlis dekemberSi xruSCovis iniciativiT Sedga saxelmwifo uSiSroebis
saministros im yofil maRalCinosanTa sasamarTlo procesi, romlebic damnaSa-
veni iyvnen `leningradis saqmis~ fabrikaciaSi. 1954 wels reabilitirebul iqnen
`leningradis saqmis~ msxverpli adamianebi. `leningradis saqmis~ erT-erTi orga-
nizatori ki malenkovi iyo. cnobili gaxda, rom malenkovi monawileobda specia-
luri cixis SeqmnaSi umaRlesi partiuli nomenklaturisTvis.
1955 wlis 22 ianvars centraluri komitetis prezidiumis sxdomaze malenko-
vi moxsnes mTavrobis meTauris Tanamdebobidan. es gadawyvetileba dadasturda
1955 wlis TebervalSi centraluri komitetis plenumze da ssrk umaRlesi sabWos
sesiaze. malenkovi daniSnes, moskovidan Sors, erT-erTi eleqtrosadguris di-
reqtorad.1
ministrTa sabWos axal Tavmjdomared dainiSna n. bulganini, romelic manam-
de Tavdacvis ministri iyo. is malenkovze ufro naklebad ganaTlebuli da uini-
ciativo iyo. swored misi am Tvisebebi gamo meore msoflio omis Semdeg eWvianma
stalinma mas ando Tavdacvis ministris posti.
axali Tavdacvis ministri gaxda g. Jukovi. bulganini da Jukovi xruSCovis
`kreatura~ iyo. garda amisa, xruSCovi saTaveSi Caudga Tavdacvis sabWos. es iyo
axali organo, romelic saSualebas aZlevda xruSCovs, uSualod gaekontrolebi-
na samxedroebi.
xruSCovis xelSi iyo ukve partiis samdivno, aseve uSiSroeba da armia, mas
konkurencias ver uwevda unebisyofo mTavrobis meTauri. 1955 wlidan xruSCovi
pirveli piri gaxda komunistur xelmZRvanelobaSi.
brZola xelisuflebisTvis stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg
lavrenti beria ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile; Sinagan

saqmeTa saministros xelmZRvaneli.
daapatimres 1953 wlis 26 ivniss, sasamarTlo, daxvreta.
giorgi malenko- sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare.
vi gadaayenes 1955 wlis 8 Tebervals.
nikita xruSCovi skkp centraluri komitetis mdivani.
1953 wlis 13 seqtembridan ck pirveli mdivani.
1958 wlis 27 martidan ssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare.

1 g. malenkovi 1961 wlis noemberSi komunisturi partiidan garicxes da Semdeg uSedegod cdilobda
partiaSi aRdgenas. 1973 wlidan cxovrobda moskovSi, oroTaxian binaSi, 1980 wels, andropovis
gankargulebiT, axali oroTaxiani bina misces, sadac sicocxlis bolomde cxovrobda.

33.6. uSiSroebis saministros maRalCinosanTa gasamarTleba da uSiSro-
ebis sistemis reforma
kremlis axalma xelmZRvanelobam Tavis erT-erT umTavres amocanad uSiS-

roebis samsaxuris organoebis reformireba dasaxa. reformis Sedegad partiul
òligarqebs~ Tavi usafrTxod unda egrZnoT da gamoricxuli unda yofiliyo ma-
sobrivi teroris periodis dabruneba.
1954 wlis 8 Tebervals centraluri komitetis prezidiumma miiRo gadawyve-
tileba ssrk ministrTa sabWosTan saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis (ǲǫǩ) Seq-
mnis Sesaxeb. mis funqciebSi Sedioda dazverva da kontrdazverva, maT Soris agen-
turuli muSaoba sazRvargareT, partiuli da saxelmwifo organoebis, maRali
rangis sabWoTa moRvaweebis dacva. 1957 wels ǲǫǩ-s gadaeca sasazRvro jarebi,
romlebic manamde Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelSi iyo.
uSiSroeba da Sinagan saqmeTa saministro ukve aRar iyo ori damsjeli mon-
stri, romlebic erTmaneTs konkurencias uwevdnen da amiT usafrTxo iyvnen sta-
linisTvis. gauqmda `gansakuTrebuli TaTbirebi~, romelTac ukanono brZanebebi
gamohqondaT dapatimrebis, wamebisa da daxvretis Sesaxeb. uSiSroebis komitetisa
da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Statebi 20%-iT, anu 26 aTasi adamianiT Semcirda.
uSiSroebis komitetidan daiTxoves daaxloebiT aTasi adamiani, romlebic
yvelaze metad iyvnen terorSi CarTulni. 1954 wels daxvrites abakumovi da riu-
mini, 1956 wels daxvrites gamomZiebeli-sadisti b. rodosi da berias mier azerba-
ijanSi daniSnuli m. bagirovi. am ukanasknelma sikvdiliT dasjis win Tqva, rom
marTlac daxvrita mravali adamiani azerbaijanSi, magram ara imaze meti, `vidre
xruSCovma ukrainaSi~.
daapatimres politikuri Tavdasxmebis organizatorebi, maT Soris trocki-
ze mowyobili Tavdasxmisac (p. sudoplatovi da n.eitingoni). daxures laborato-
ria, sadac specialur Sxamebs amzadebdnen teroristuli aqtebisaTvis. mravali
Cekisti gadaiyvanes miliciaSi Tanamdebobrivi daqveiTebiT an pensiaze gauSves
SeRavaTebis gareSe.
Tavidan uSiSroebis komitets partiuli kadrebiT àZlierebdnen~, Semdeg
komkavSiridan miiyvanes kadrebi umaRlesi iuridiuli da sainJinro ganaTlebiT.
uSiSroebis komitets aekrZala Tvalyuris devneba skkp centraluri komite-
tis wevrebisTvis, anda maTi dapatimreba centraluri komitetis sanqciis gareSe.
uSiSroebis adgilobrivi organoebi emorCilebodnen Sesabamisi teritoriuli
partiuli organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebs. Seamcires rogorc Statiani, ise `ne-
bayoflobiTi~ agentura. uSiSroebis samsaxurs gamoZieba aRar exeboda da dapa-
timrebulebi sasamarTlosTvis unda gadaeca, sadac formalurad mainc arsebob-
da advokatura `socialisturi kanonierebis~ farglebSi.
amave dros saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti darCa gigantur organizaciad,
romelsac farTo agentura hyavda da sabWoTa sazogadoebis yvela sferos akon-
trolebda. fiqcia iyo misi daqvemdebareba ministrTa sabWosadmi. sinamdvileSi,
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis ufross niSnavda komunisturi partiis cen-
traluri komitetis pirveli mdivani da umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebze angariSsac
piradad mas abarebda. amave dros uSiSroebis samsaxuris saqmianobas ar gaaCnda
mkafio konstituciuri sazRvrebi. yvela sawarmosa da dawesebulebaSi, yvela Se-
moqmedebiT kavSirSi, akademiur da saswavlo dawesebulebaSi iyo e. w. `pirveli
ganyofileba~, romelSic uSiSroebis komitetis warmomadgenlebi muSaobdnen da
Tvals adevnebdnen yvelafers.

33.7. stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritika

xruSCovma pirvelma dasva sakiTxi terorsa da
represiebze stalinis pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, Tum-
ca jer kidev 1955 wlis ivnisSi acxadebda, rom stali-
nis saxelis Selaxvis uflebas aravis miscemda, magram
Semdeg pozicia Secvala. aq, pirvel rigSi, mas Tavisi
politikuri gaTvla hqonda. miqoiani igonebda, rom
man piradad gaafrTxila xruSCovi: Tuki Cven momdev-
no yrilobaze Tavad ar vilaparakebT represiebis Se-
saxeb, maSin amas vinme sxva gaakeTebs yrilobis Semdeg
da mas sruli ufleba eqneboda xruSCovi da misi gare-
mocva daedanaSaulebina momxdarSi.
1955 w. dekemberSi centraluri komitetis prezidiumis sxdomaze cxare dis-

kusia gaCaRda s. kirovis mkvlelobis garemoebebsa da imis Taobaze, Tu ratom gax-
da represiebis msxverpli partiis ;9,, yrilobis mier arCeuli centraluri komi-
tetis wevrebisa da kandidatebis umravlesoba. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad Seiqmna
komisia samdivnos wevris p.pospelovis1 xelmZRvanelobiT. komisiam, uSiSroebis
komitetis TanamSromlebis daxmarebiT, Seiswavla mravalricxovani dokumentebi
da regularulad awvdida informacias prezidiums.
1956 wlis 1 Tebervals prezidiumis sxdomaze cixidan miiyvanes uSiSroebis
saministros gansakuTrebul saqmeTa gamomZiebeli b. rodosi. man daadastura,
rom centraluri komitetis dapatimrebul wevrebs kosiorsa da Cubars awamebda
stalinis brZanebiT, raTa maT eRiarebinaT, rom `xalxis mtrebi~ iyvnen.
aristovma xruSCovs hkiTxa: `simarTlis TqmisTvis geyofa vaJkacoba?~. molo-
tovi, kaganoviCi da voroSilovi stalinis mxilebis winaaRmdegi iyvnen. xruSCovma
ganacxada: `stalini socializmis saqmis erTguli iyo, magram yvelafers barbaro-
suli xerxebiT akeTebda. man partia gaanadgura. is marqsisti ar iyo. yvelaferi
wminda waSala, rac ki adamianSia, yvelaferi Tavis kaprizebs daumorCila~.
1956 wlis 8 Tebervals, partiis ;; yrilobis win, pospelovis komisiam cen-
traluri komitetis prezidiums moxseneba warudgina. komisiis monacemebiT, ori
wlis (1937-1938) ganmavlobaSi antisabWoTa saqmianobaSi brali daedo 1.548.366
adamians, aqedan 681.692 daxvrites. partiis ;9,, yrilobis 1966 delegatidan daa-
patimres 1108 adamiani, aqedan 848 daxvrites. is adamianebic ki, romelTac xelebi
sisxlSi hqondaT gasvrili, gaognebuli iyvnen Cadenili danaSaulis masStabebiT.
xruSCovma kvlav dasva sakiTxi — gaecnoT es faqtebi yrilobis delegatebis-
Tvis Tu daemalaT da rogor SeefasebinaT stalinis roli. molotovi kvlav im az-
ris iyo, rom stalini dartymis qveS ar unda daeyenebinaT: òcdaaTi weli partia
cxovrobda da muSaobda stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT, ganaxorciela qveynis in-
dustrializacia, moipova omSi gamarjveba da misi damTavrebis Semdeg sabWoTa
kavSiri uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca~. lazar kaganoviCi, romlis Zmamac dapatim-
rebis SiSiT 1940 wels Tavi moikla, meryeobda: `Cvenc varT pasuxismgebelni, mag-
ram viTareba iyo iseTi, rom Cven winaaRmdegobis gaweva ar SegveZlo~.
dava midioda imaze, Tu rogor SeefasebinaT stalinis moqmedeba 1934 wlis
Semdeg. yvela im azris iyo, rom am periodamde stalini `gmirulad iqceoda~. sabo-
loo jamSi, molotovi, kaganoviCi, malenkovi da voroSilovi moxsenebis gakeTe-

1 p. pospelovi iyo akademikosi, marqs-engels-lenin-stalinis institutis direqtori, gazeT
`pravdis~ yofili redaqtori.

bis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. miqoianma, bulganinma, Svernikma, kiriCenkom, ponoma-
renkom, pervuxinma, Sepilovma, saburovma da aristovma mxari dauWires yriloba-
ze stalinis mamxilebeli moxsenebiT gamosvlas. xruSCovma ganacxada, rom yri-
lobaze moxsenebiT gamovidoda, magram warsulis kritikaSi ar `gadaamlaSebda~.
Tavisi dapireba pirvelma mdivanma ar Seasrula.
skkp ;; yriloba moskovSi gaixsna 1956 wlis 14 Tebervals. yrilobis regla-
mentSi ar iyo naxsenebi moxseneba stalinis Sesaxeb. yrilobis delegatebsa da ase-
ve ucxoel stumrebSi didi xmauri gamoiwvia miqoianis moxsenebam, romelSic man
pirvelad gaakritika stalinis `pirovnebis kulti~. delegatebis umravlesobam
dagmo oratori. yriloba roca damTavrda da airCies partiis xelmZRvaneli or-
ganoebi, delegatebs gamoucxades, rom 25 Tebervals, diliT Sedgeboda damatebi-
Ti daxuruli sxdoma, mowveuli pirebisa da ucxoeli stumrebis gareSe, `pirovne-
bis kultis~ Sesaxeb.
xruSCovma aseTi scenari ukanasknel momentSi airCia da daamtkicebina cen-
traluri komitetis plenums yrilobis gaxsnamde erTi dRiT adre. misi moxseneba
`pirovnebis kultis~ Sesaxeb ar ganuxilavT centraluri komitetis prezidiumis
danarCen wevrebs. xruSCovis moxseneba iyo pospelovis moxsenebisa da Tavad pir-
veli mdivnis eqspromtis kombinacia. Tavis moxsenebaSi xruSCovi gamovida 1930-
iani wlebis didi teroris farglebidan da akeTebda Sefasebebs, emociursa da
xSirad faqtobrivi TvalsazrisiT araswors, stalinis rolis Sesaxeb omisa da
omis Semdgom periodSi. moxsenebaSi gamosWvioda stalinis winaSe SiSi da sabWoTa
liderebs Soris metoqeoba stalinis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi. moxsenebis emoci-
urobisa da bundovaneba-daulageblobis miuxedavad, xruSCovi Tanmimdevruli
iyo erT rameSi — is warsulSi arsebuli yovelive cudis gamo brals sdebda sta-
linsa da berias, amiT ki cdilobda komunisturi partiis, socializmisa da komu-
nizmis ideis reabilitacias.
xruSCovis moxsenebis logika Semdegi iyo:
x socialisturi wyobileba ar gaigivdeba pirovnebis kultTan da socializ-
mis principebis damaxinjebasTan;
x pirovnebis kultze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba ara komunistur partias, ara-
med stalinsa da berias;
x pirovnebis kultis kritika mowmobs socializmis simtkices da komunisturi
partiis Zalas.
xruSCovis moxsenebam marTlac istoriuli masStabis Sedegebi moitana. sta-
linze xruSCovis Setevam komunisturi nomenklatura SokSi Caagdo. man dartyma
miayena stalinisadmi rwmenas. maleve yrilobis Semdeg centraluri komitetis
prezidiumma daadgina, moxseneba gaecnoT yvela komunistisa da komkavSirelis-
Tvis, aseve muSebis, kolmeurneTa da mosamsaxureTa upartio aqtivisTvis.
moxsenebis teqsti, romelsac ewera `dabeWdvisTvis ar aris gankuTvnili~,
daegzavnaT partorganizaciebsa da dawesebulebebs. mas gaecno daaxloebiT 7 mi-
lioni skkp wevri, 18 milioni komkavSireli da mravali sxva adamiani, sabWoTa kav-
Siris TiTqmis mTeli srulwlovani mosaxleoba. iseve, rogorc partiis yriloba-
ze, moxsenebis wakiTxvas ar mosdevda ganxilva. komunisturi reJimis gigantur
propagandistul aparats ar miuRia raime damatebiTi ganmarteba da instruqcia,
garda moxsenebis teqstisa. aman didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia.
moxsenebis wakiTxvas universitetebsa da dawesebulebebSi mohyva uamravi
SekiTxva da mamxilebeli gamosvla. bevrs ar moewona stalinisa da warsulis kri-
tika, zogierTi acxadebda, Tu ratom esvena stalini mavzoleumSi, zogierT sko-
laSi moswavleebi stalinis portretebs xsnidnen, iyvnen iseTebic (rogorc vete-

ranebSi, ise axalgazrdebSi), romlebic acxadebdnen, rom saqme ara stalinSi, ara-
med reJimSia. stalinis terors Zalze bevri monawile da xelSemwyobi hyavda.
tragikuli movlenebi ganviTarda saqarTve-

loSi. xruSCovis mier stalinis pirovnebis kriti-
kam, rig SemTxvevebSi, antiqarTuli kampaniis xasia-
Ti miiRo. 1956 wlis 4-9 marts saqarTveloSi (Tbi-
lisSi, gorSi, soxumSi) iyo saprotesto gamosvle-
bi, romelSic aseul aTasobiT adamiani monawile-
obda. gamomsvlelebi moiTxovdnen stalinis reabi-
litacias, xruSCovisa da miqoianis gadadgomas da
axali mTavrobis Seqmnas molotoviT saTaveSi, ac-
xadebdnen, rom xruSCovi da miqoiani cdiloben
`mTeli qarTveli xalxis dadanaSaulebas~. gamom-
svlelebma dasaxmareblad mimarTes TbilisSi vizi-
tiT myof Cinel marSal ju des.
moskovma saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebi ajanyebad Seafasa. 1956 wlis 9

marts moskovidan saswrafod Camofrindnen skkp centraluri komitetis mdivnebi
aristovi da suslovi. maT ubrZanes amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis sardals gene-
ral ivan fiduininskis, jari gamoeyvana da sisxlSi CaexrCo xalxis gamosvla. mo-
mitingeTa winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes cecxlsasroli iaraRi da tankebi. stalinis kri-
tikis Semdeg kvlavac leninur-stalinuri meTodiT gauswordnen xalxs. daiRupa
aTobiT adamiani, mTel saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda masobrivi dapatimrebebi.
xruSCovi imedovnebda, rom SeZlebda situaciis dalagebas. 1956 wlis april-
Si gamocxadda, rom mzaddeboda centraluri komitetis plenumi `pirovnebis
kultis~ Sesaxeb. xruSCovTan SeTanxmebiT marSali Jukovi amzadebda moxsenebas,
romelSic dawvrilebiT da kritikulad iqneboda ganxiluli stalinis saqmianoba
meore msoflio omis wlebSi.
xruSCovisa da misi momxreebis azriT, stalinis `kultis~ ganadgurebas moh-
yveboda `namdvili~ komunizmis renesansi. es varaudi safuZvlad daedo centra-
luri komitetis samdivnos 1956 wlis 27 martis dadgenilebas, romlis Tanaxma-
dac, unda momzadebuliyo `popularuli marqsistuli saxelmZRvanelo~ skkp is-
toriaSi. `sak. kp(b) mokle kursi~, romelsac wlebis manZilze swavlobda miliono-
biT komunisti da sabWoTa moqalaqe, uaryofil iqna, rogorc ùcxo marqsizmi-
saTvis~.
revoluciisa da msoflio komunizmis lideris kvarcxlbekze, romelic sta-
linisgan gaaTavisufles, daabrunes lenini. dadgenilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom mar-
qsizm-leninizmi rCeboda `Tanamedroveobis yvelaze progresul movlenad~. mok-
led rom vTqvaT, axali komunisturi doqtrina Semdegnairad gamoiyureboda: le-
nini plus msoflio revoluciuri gamocdileba, minus stalini da 1934-1953 wleb-
Si gaCaRebuli misi terori~.
amerikelebma moipoves xruSCovis moxsenebis asli da gamoaqveynes presaSi,
mas iyenebdnen aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisTvis gaTvaliswinebul radiogada-
cemebSi. ucxoeli komunistebi saqmis kursSi xruSCovs ar Cauyenebia da isini Ta-
vidan uaryofdnen xruSCovis `saidumlo~ moxsenebis arsebobas stalinis Sesaxeb.

aman kidev ufro saSinel mdgomareobaSi Caagdo komunistebi dasavleTis qveyneb-
Si.
1956 wlis 22-26 ivniss moskovSi gaimarTa aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi
qveynebis liderebisa da dasavleT evropis komunisturi partiebis xelmZRvanel-
Ta TaTbirebi. maT moiTxoves `pirovnebis kultis~ kritikis SeCereba an, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, `Teoriuli axsna-ganmarteba~, Tu rogor moxda pirovnebis kultis
Camoyalibeba `gamarjvebuli socializmis pirvel qveyanaSi~.
mao Ze duni CineTSi, kim ir seni koreaSi da enver xoja albaneTSi stalinis
kritikis gamo xruSCovze Zalze ganawyendnen. garedan zewolam da Tavad sabWoTa
qveyanaSi mimdinare duRilma aiZula xruSCovi, gaeuqmebina partiis centraluri
komitetis aprilis plenumi, sadac unda gagrZelebuliyo stalinis pirovnebis
kultis kritika. 1956 wlis 30 ivniss centralurma komitetma miiRo dadgenileba,
romelSic dadgenil iqna stalinis kritikis farglebi. stalinuri reJimis tero-
ri da danaSaulebebi gamarTlebuli iyo ìstoriuli pirobebiT~, pirvel rigSi,
`mtruli garemocviT~ da moaxloebuli omiT. xazi esmoda, rom stalinis damsaxu-
reba iyo brZola opoziciasTan partiaSi, aseve koleqtivizacia da omSi gamarjve-
ba. xruSCovis moxsenebis radikalizmidan dadgenilebaSi kvalic ar darCenila.
movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, rom xruSCovma Tavisi `saidumlo~
moxsenebiT `jini gamouSva boTlidan~. stalinis kritikiT man iseTi dartyma mia-
yena msoflio komunizmsa da sabWoTa reJimis ideologias, romelic Rrma da
ukurnebeli aRmoCnda.
33.8. `gaerTianebuli opozicia~ xruSCovis winaaRmdeg
xelisuflebisTvis brZolis mesame etapze xruSCovs mouxda brZola ukve mis

winaaRmdeg moqmedi `gaerTianebuli opoziciis~ winaaRmdeg, romelSic Sediodnen
malenkovi, molotovi, kaganoviCi da sxvebi.
1956 wlis krizisi Zviri daujda sabWoTa kavSirs. kremlis xelmZRvaneloba,
intervenciis gamoyenebasTan erTad, cdilobda finansuri daxmarebiTac `daem-
Svidebina~ poloneTi da ungreTi, am qveynebma miiRes mravalmiliardiani ekonomi-
kuri daxmareba, sursaTi da kreditebi.
skkp centraluri komitetis prezidiumSi molotovi, kaganoviCi, voroSilo-
vi da malenkovi Tvlidnen, rom xruSCovma, Tavisi moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebe-
biT da erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadasvliT, msoflio komunizmi da varSavis
xelSekruleba daSlis piras miiyvana. sazogadoebaSi xruSCovis reputacia mkveT-
rad iyo Seryeuli.
1957 wlis zafxulSi opoziciam isargebla imiT, rom centraluri komitetis
prezidiumSi umravlesoba hyavda (7 wevri 11-idan: voroSilovis, kaganoviCis da
molotovis mxareze gadavidnen xruSCovis momxreebi — bulganini, pervuxini, Sepi-
lovi, saburovi) da centraluri komitetis prezidiumis sxdomaze (1957 wlis 18-
21 ivnisi) miiRes gadawyvetileba centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis postis
gauqmebis Taobaze, xruSCovi ki daniSnes soflis meurneobis ministrad.
xruSCovma am sakiTxis ganxilva moiTxova skkp centraluri komitetis ple-
numze. riggareSe plenumi 1957 wlis 22-26 ivniss Sedga. centralur komitetSi uk-
ve xruSCovis momxreebi Warbobdnen. xruSCovis mxareze iyo aseve armia (Tavdacvis
ministri g. Jukovi) da uSiSroeba (ǲǫǩ-s Tavmjdomare i. serovi). maT samxedro
TviTmfrinavebiT saswrafod Camoiyvanes moskovSi centraluri komitetis wevre-
bi. Tavdacvis ministri Jukovi daemuqra centraluri komitetis prezidiumis wev-
rebs, rom armias is akontrolebda da misi brZanebis gareSe èrTi tankic ki ar da-
iZreboda adgilidan~.

riggareSe plenumze xruSCovma da misma momxreebma gamoiyenes saidumlo ar-
qivebis masalebi da gaasajaroves dokumentebi, saidanac Canda molotovis, kaga-
noviCis da malenkovis monawileoba 1930-iani wlebis represiebSi. igrZnes ra, rom
opozicia marcxdeboda, bulganinma, pervuxinma da saburovma sajarod moinanies
da xruSCovis mxareze dabrundnen.
kaganoviCi, malenkovi, molotovi da Sepilovi beds ar Seurigdnen da brZola
gaagrZeles. kaganoviCma partiul aparats mimarTa, sadac dagmo stalinis kriti-
ka. partiuli aparati ki ZiriTadad stalinuri kadrebisgan Sedgeboda. molotovi
akritikebda xruSCovs koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis principis darRvevasa da qcevis
uxeS manerebSi.
centraluri komitetis wevrebis umravlesobam CaTvala, rom maTTvis xruS-
Covis mowinaaRmdegeebi ufro did safrTxes warmoadgendnen, vidre Tavad xruS-
Covi. Sedegad molotovi, kaganoviCi, malenkovi `da maTTan mimxrobili Sepilovi~
gamoacxades SeTqmulebis monawileebad, àntipartiul jgufad~ da Tanamdebobe-
bidan gadaayenes.
xruSCovma ver gabeda damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegeebis dapatimreba da par-
tiidanac ar garicxa. pirvelma mdivanma Tavi moikatuna da ise warmoaCina saqme,
rom àpatia~ bulganinsa da voroSilovs, raTa ar eRiarebina is faqti, rom mis wi-
naaRmdeg iyo centraluri komitetis prezidiumis umravlesoba, Tumca, ramdeni-
me wlis ganmavlobaSi Tavisi yofili mowinaaRmdegeebi pensiaze gaistumra.
centraluri komitetis prezidiumSi xruSCovma Seiyvana Tavisi erTguli
adamianebi centraluri komitetis samdivnos Semadgenlobidan, maT Soris iyvnen
l. breJnevi, f. kozlovi, m. suslovi, e. furceva da g. Jukovi.
33.9. Jukovis gadayeneba
1957 wlis oqtomberSi yvela Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes centraluri komi-

tetis prezidiumis wevri, Tavdacvis ministri marSali g. Jukovi. xruSCovs yvela-
ze metad swored Jukovis eSinoda, romelsac didi avtoriteti hqonda armiaSi da
xalxic pativs scemda.
Jukovma xruSCovs dauWira mxari gaerTianebuli opoziciis winaaRmdeg
brZolis dros. Jukovma maSin ganacxada, rom Tu saWiro iqneboda armiasac gamoiy-
vanda. aman xruSCovi gadaarCina, magram amave dros SeaSina kidec. Jukovs imaves ga-
keTeba xom mis winaaRmdegac SeeZlo. Tanac arsebobda aSS-is magaliTi — generali
d. eizenhaueri prezidenti gaxda.
1957 wlis Semodgomaze miqoianma xruSCovs uTxra, rom Jukovma partiis cen-
tralur komitetTan SeTanxmebis gareSe Seqmna specdaniSnulebis nawilebis sko-
la. specialuri nawilebi (`specnazi~) eqvemdebareboda samxedro dazvervas. spe-
cialuri daniSnulebis brigadebis erT-erTi amocana iyo savaraudo mowinaaRmde-
gis strategiuli daniSnulebis raketebis bazebis ganadgureba. specdaniSnule-
bis nawilebi natosac hyavda. xruSCovs natos raketebi ki ar adardebda, aramed
eSinoda, rom specrazmis gamoyeneba Jukovs kremlis mmarTvelebis winaaRmdegac
SeeZlo.
xruSCovma gadawyvita Jukovis Camocileba, oRond amisaTvis specialuri
gegma SeimuSava. pirvel rigSi, Jukovi gauSva sazRvargareT. centraluri komite-
tis prezidiumis sxdomaze xruSCovma ganacxada, rom stalinma Zalze gaanawyena
iugoslaviis xelmZRvaneli marSali tito. masTan Sesarigeblad yvelaze karg kan-
didaturad ki Jukovi miiCnia — orive marSalia, orive meore msoflio omis vete-
rania da erTmaneTs kargad gaugebeno. xruSCovis winadadebas yvela daeTanxma,
Jukovsac araferi hqonda sawinaaRmdego.

iugoslaviaSi Jukovs SeeZlo TviTmfrinaviT Cafreni-
liyo, amas ramdenime saaTi dasWirdeboda, magram xruSCo-
vis gegma moiTxovda, rom Jukovi didi xniT yofiliyo uc-
xoeTSi. amitom sevastopolidan eskadra (samxedro gemebis
jgufi) gaagzavnes iugoslaviaSi. Jukovi kreiser `kuibiSev-
ze~ imyofeboda. eskadra gzadagza navsadgurebSi Sedioda
da Jukovs didi pativiT xvdebodnen. sabWoTa presaSi vrce-
li angariSebi qveyndeboda Jukovis vizitTan dakavSirebiT.
eskadra bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis gavliT Cavi-
da iugoslaviaSi. Jukovi titosTan Sesaxvedrad wavida, es-
kadram ki moulodnelad brZaneba miiRo, jer albaneTSi wa-
suliyvnen, Semdeg ki sevastopolSi dabrunebuliyvnen. Jukovma yovelgvari kavSi-
ri dakarga moskovTan (arc iugoslaviaSi da arc albaneTSi maSin sabWoTa kavSirs
saelCoebi ar hqonda). xruSCovi ki ukve Jukovis gadasayeneblad niadags amzadeb-
da. Jukovs mis winaaRmdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb samxedro dazvervis
ufrosma Stemenkom acnoba. Semdeg Stemenko xruSCovma dasaja da Tanamdebobri-
vad daaqveiTa.
xruSCovis miTiTebiT, samxedro nawilebsa da partiul organizaciebSi kre-
bebs atarebdnen, sadac gmobdnen Jukovis xelmZRvanelobis stils, mas brals
sdebdnen uxeSobaSi (es marTlac ase iyo), sakuTari damsaxurebis gandidebasa da
sakuTari pirovnebis kultis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaSi, bonapartizmSi, partiu-
li organoebis xelmZRvaneli rolis dakninebaSi. rac mTavaria, xruSCovma gadai-
bira maRali rangis samxedroebi da isini Jukovs daupirispira.
iugoslaviidan Jukovi TviTmfrinaviT Camofrinda. aeroportidan pirdapir
partiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis sxdomaze miiyvanes, sadac mas zemo-
TaRniSnuli braldebebi wauyenes. Jukovi yvelafers uaryofda, magram prezidiu-
mi da masze dasaswrebad miyvanili marSlebi Jukovis winaaRmdeg erTsulovani iy-
vnen. igive moxda meore dRes mowveul partiis 1957 wlis oqtombris plenumze.
Tavdacvis ministrad dainiSna marSali rodion malinovski (1898-1967), ori msof-
lio omis, samoqalaqo omis monawile.
33.10. bulganinis gadayeneba da xruSCovis erTmmarTvelobis damyareba
1958 wlis martSi, mTavrobis axali Semadgenlobis formirebis dros, mTav-

robis meTauris postidan gadaayenes n. bulganini, romelmac 1957 wlis zafxulSi
opozicias dauWira mxari. ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomared airCies xruSCovi, ro-
melmac imavdroulad SeinarCuna skkp centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis
posti.
bulganini droebiT daubrunda sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo

bankis Tavmjdomaris posts (1958 w. 31 marti— 15 agvisto), mag-
ram misi politikuri bedi gadawyvetili iyo. 1958 w. 5 seqtem-
bers gamarTulma skkp ck plenumma bulganini gaaTavisufla
centraluri komitetis prezidiumis wevrobidan, aseve samxed-
ro wodeba general-polkovnikobamde Seumcires (1958 w. 26 no-
emberi). Tanamdebobrivadac mniSvnelovnad daaqveiTes — gada-
iyvanes stavropolis saxalxo meurneobis sabWos Tavmjdoma-
red, sadac pensiaze gasvlamde muSaobda (1958 w. agvisto — 1960
w. Tebervali). gardaicvala 1975 wels moskovSi.

xruSCovma ara marto sruli gamarjveba moipova xelisuflebisTvis brZola-
Si, aramed Tavis xelSi moaqcia partiuli da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis yvela
berketi. sabWoTa kavSirSi kvlav damyarda erTi piris xelisufleba, romelsac ar
gaaCnda raime sapirwone. partiis centraluri komitetis prezidiumma dakarga
kolegiuri organos xasiaTi, sadac ganixilavdnen da akritikebdnen politikur
gadawyvetilebebs. iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, prezidiumis wevrebi eTanxme-
bodnen yvelafers, rasac maT xruSCovi sTavazobda.
bulganini da xruSCovi in-

doeTSi vizitis dros.
samagierod, xruSCovis gamarjvebis fasi iyo misi sruli damokidebuleba

partiul aparatze. partiuli aparati ki mas mxars iqamde uWerda, sadamdec es mis
interesebs Seesabameboda.

Tavi ;;;,9.
xruSCovis sagareo politika
34.1. kremlis axali strategia sagareo politikaSi
stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg misma memkvidreebma kursi aiRes axal saer-

TaSoriso strategiaze, romelic dasavleTTan daZabulobis Senelebas iTvalis-
winebda.
axali strategia, pirvel rigSi, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom saerTaSoriso
arenaze ZalTa Tanafardoba kremlis sasargeblod ar icvleboda. 1954 wlis oq-
tomberSi natos karebi gaiRo dasavleT germaniisaTvis, aSS zrdida Tavis stra-
tegiul upiratesobas, sabWoTa kavSiris garSemo qmnida samxedro bazebis siste-
mas. axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi Camoyalibda samxedro-
politikuri kavSirebi, romelTa daniSnuleba sabWoTa kavSirisa da CineTis Seka-
veba iyo.
sabWoTa kavSirs mZime tvirTad awveboda mravalmilioniani armiis Senaxva,
romelic stalinis sikvdilis droisaTvis 5,4 milion adamians Seadgenda, es iyo
meore msoflio omis bolo periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris armiis TiTqmis naxevari.
1955 w. agvistoSi armiaSi iyo daaxloebiT 4,8 milioni adamiani. aseTi didi armiis
Senaxva sabWoTa ekonomikas mZime tvirTad awveboda. amasTan, sabWoTa kavSiris
axali xelmZRvaneloba mesame msoflio oms garduvalad aRar miiCnevda da misTvis
aRar emzadeboda.
axali strategia sami ZiriTadi elementisgan Sedgeboda:
pirveli — maqsimalurad SeekavSirebinaT sabWoTa kavSirTan aRmosavleT da
centraluri evropis qveynebi da ganemtkicebinaT komunisturi imperia;
meore — or samxedro-politikur bloks Soris `neitraluri~ qveynebis sar-
tyelis Seqmna;
mesame — natos qveynebTan mSvidobiani TanamSromlobis ekonomikuri da sxva
`normaluri~ formebis TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba.1
skkp centraluri komitetis prezidiumSi ganxilvis dros xruSCovi da misi
momxreebi acxadebdnen, rom, propagandistuli miznebidan gamomdinare, saWiro
iyo eRiarebinaT socializmze mSvidobiani gadasvlis SesaZlebloba, samoqalaqo
omisa da diqtaturis gareSe. amiT apirebdnen `wvrili burJuaziis~ meryevi ele-
mentebis mxardaWeris mopovebas. xruSCovi varaudobda, rom Semcirdeboda dasav-
leTSi arsebuli SiSi sabWoTa safrTxis Taobaze.
1956 wlis TebervalSi ;; yrilobam aRiara, rom msoflio omi ar iyo gardu-
vali, SesaZlebeli iyo saparlamento gziT socializmze gadasvla da xangrZlivi
mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba or ideologiurad dapirispirebul bloks Soris.
1955 wels gaZlierda uTanxmoeba xruSCovsa da molotovs Soris sagareo po-
litikis sakiTxebze. molotovi winaaRmdegi iyo avstriidan sabWoTa jarebis gay-
vanisa da ar eTanxmeboda titosTan Serigebas. 1955 w. ivlisSi centraluri komi-
tetis plenumze xruSCovma brali dasdo molotovs dogmatizmSi da pasuxismgeb-
loba daakisra, stalinTan erTad, `civi omis~ krizisebis gaCaRebaSi, maT Soris
koreis omSi. xruSCovic da molotovic erTmaneTs bralad sdebdnen sagareo po-
litikaSi `leninizmidan~ gadaxvevas, Tumca xruSCovisTvis ufro ioli iyo, war-
sulis SecdomebSi stalinTan erTad molotovi daedanaSaulebina.

1 ǰșȚȖȘȐȧ ǸȖșșȐȐ. ǺȖȔ Ȁ. ǷȖȌ ȘȍȌ. Ǩ. ǩ. ǯțȉȖȊȈ. ǴȖșȒȊȈ, 2017, șȚȘ.27.

TandaTanobiT molotovi Camoaciles sagareo politikas da is dimitri Sepi-
loviT Caanacvles, romelic oficialurad sagareo saqmeTa ministri 1956 w. iv-
nisSi gaxda, magram manamde naxevari wliT adre xruSCovs daexmara axali sagareo-
politikuri strategiis SemuSavebaSi.
34.2. socialisturi qveynebis darazmvis politika da neitraluri qvey-

nebis sartyelis Seqmnis mcdeloba
problemebi evropis socialistur banakSi

evropis `socialisturi banakis~ qveynebSi grovdeboda ukmayofileba komu-
nisturi mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. amis mizezebi mravlad iyo: rTuli socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, moxmarebis sagnebisa da sursaTis deficiti, proble-
mebi sacxovrebel pirobebSi, politikuri uflebebis SezRudva, es yovelive war-
moSobda politikuri sistemis reformirebis survils. 1953 wels, stalinis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg, daiwyo masobrivi saxalxo mRelvarebebic: 1953 wlis 3 maiss
bulgareTi moicva Tambaqos fabrikebis muSaTa gaficvam, 1953 wlis 31 maiss-2 iv-
niss gaficuli iyo Cexoslovakiis rigi samrewvelo sawarmoebi, 1953 wlis 15-18 iv-
niss masobrivi mRelvarebebi moxda germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi, maTi
CaxSoba mxolod sabWoTa jarebis CareviT moxerxda.
skkp ;; yrilobas (1956 wlis 14-25 Tebervali) didi gamoxmaureba mohyva so-
cialisturi banakis qveynebSic. CineTSi, albaneTsa da rumineTSi stalinizmis
kritika negatiurad iqna aRqmuli, sxva qveynebSi ki gaZlierda politikuri reJi-
mebis Serbilebis survili.
1956 wels masStaburma ukmayofilebam ifeTqa poloneTSi. ivnisSi poznanSi
tardeboda saerTaSoriso bazroba, romelSic bevri ucxoeli monawileobda, ami-
tom opozicia imedovnebda, rom mitingis darbevas mkacri zomebiT ver gabedav-
dnen. poznanSi muSaTa gamosvlebi 28 ivniss daiwyo, quCebSi daaxloebiT 100 aTasi
adamiani gamovida. maT winaaRmdeg armiis nawilebi gamoiyvanes, Tumca angariSswo-
reba SedarebiT `rbili~ iyo. es aixsneba imiT, rom poloneTis xelisuflebaSi re-
formatorTa jgufi arsebobda, garda amisa, poloneTis sxva qalaqebSi viTareba
daZabuli iyo. sabWoTa jarebi mzad iyvnen gamosvlebis CasaxSobad. am viTarebaSi
xruSCovi Cavida varSavaSi. poloneTis xelmZRvanelobaSi arsebulma reformis-
tebis jgufma daarwmuna sabWoTa lideri, rom ukeTesi iqneboda politikuri kur-
sis liberalizacia. 1956 wlis 19-21 oqtombers poloneTSi gaimarTa poloneTis
gaerTianebuli muSaTa partiis 9,,, plenumi, xelmZRvanelad airCies vladislav
gomulka, romelic reformebis momxre iyo. gomulkas arCevam mxolod gaaZliera
saprotesto gamosvlebi noembersa da dekemberSi. gomulkam poziciebi gaimyara
da axali daTmobebi miiRo moskovisgan. poloneTi datoves maRali rangis sabWoTa
mrCevlebma da maRali rangis Tanamdebobis pirebma.1
sabWoTa `daTmobebis~ sanacvlod polonelebma piroba dades, rom SenarCun-
deboda socializmi da qveyana darCeboda varSavis xelSekrulebis wevrad. polo-
neTma gansakuTrebuli adgili daikava aRmosavleT evropis socialistur qvey-
nebs Soris. gomulkam ganaxorciela koncefcia `poloneTis gza socializmisa-
ken~, Sewyda, magaliTad glexuri meurneobebis koleqtivizacia, gaumjobesda ka-
Tolikuri eklesiis mdgomareoba. poloneTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma didi
gavlena moaxdina ungreTze.

poloneTi datova sabWoTa kavSiris da poloneTis marSalma konstantin rokosovskim, romelic
1949-1956 wlebSi poloneTis Tavdacvis ministri iyo da poloneTis mTavrobaSi „stalinistad~
iTvleboda, Tanamdeboba aseve datova da sabWoTa kavSirSi dabrunda 1949 wlidan misma moadgilem
stanislav poplavski.

ungreTSi daZabuli viTareba iyo. 1945-1956 wlebSi cxovrebis done qveyanaSi
Semcirda. ungreTi sabWoTa kavSirs reparaciebs uxdida, rogorc nacisturi ger-
maniis yofili mokavSire da Tavis teritoriaze inaxavda sabWoTa saokupacio ja-
rebsac, amasTan qveyanas marTavda uaRresad represiuli reJimi. ungreTSi 1940-
iani wlebis bolodan xelisuflebis saTaveSi iyo erTaderTi legalurad moqmedi
partia — ungreTis mSromelTa partia, maTiaS rakoSiT saTaveSi, mas `stalinis sa-
ukeTeso ungrel mowafes~ uwodebdnen. rakoSis mmarTvelobis dros ungreTSi da-
axloebiT 650 aTasi adamiani aRmoCnda devnis obieqti da 400 aTasamde adamiani
sxvadasxva vadiT daapatimres.
1953-1955 wlebSi ungreTis mTavrobas xelmZRvanelobda imre nadi, romelic
demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcielebis momxre iyo, magram is xelisuflebas
Camoaciles da rakoSis kursi gagrZelda. ungreTis revolucia 1956 wlis 23 oq-
tombers, polonelebTan solidarobis aqciiT daiwyo, budapeStSi 200-aTasiani
demonstracia gaimarTa. 24 oqtombers moskovidan miRebuli miTiTebis Sesabami-
sad, budapeStSi Sevidnen ungreTSi myofi sabWoTa jarebi,1 romlebic SeiaraRe-
bul winaaRmdegobas waawydnen. ungreTis xelisuflebaSi imre nadi dabrunda. man
mouwoda gamosvlebis Sewyvetisa da sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebebis dawyebi-
saken. 30 oqtombers sabWoTa jarebi gaiyvanes budapeStidan da daabrunes Tavian-
Ti dislokaciis adgilebSi. ise Canda, rom saqme molaparakebebisken midioda, mag-
ram 31 oqtombers xruSCovma gadawyvita ungreTSi samxedro intervenciis gziT
`wesrigis damyareba~.
moskovSi saswrafod daigegma operacia `vixri~, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiris
Tavdacvis ministri g. Jukovi xelmZRvanelobda.2 4 noembers Seiqmna ungreTis
prosabWoTa mTavroba ianoS kadaris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac moskovs `daxma-
rebisTvis~ mimarTa. sabWoTa jarebma ukve 6 noembers budapeSti aiRes, 11 noem-
brisaTvis ki ungreTis ajanyeba mTlianad Caaqres.
TiTqmis 200 aTasi ungreli (qveynis mosaxleobis 2%)

emigraciaSi wavida. ungreTSi represiebi ganaxlda,
1956 wlis bolodan 1960 wlamde ajanyebis 300 monawile
sikvdiliT dasajes. 1958 wlis 16 ivniss CamoaxrCes imre
nadi `samSoblos Ralatisa da SeTqmulebis organize-
bisaTvis saxalxo-demokratiuli wyobilebis damxobis
mizniT~. 1989 wels es ganaCeni gauqmda da imre nadi
erovnul gmirad gamocxadda.
RonisZiebebi socialisturi banakis gansamtkiceblad
1955 wlis 14 maiss varSavaSi Seiqmna samxedro-politikuri organizacia, —

varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia, romelSic sabWoTa kavSiris garda Sevida
aRmosavleT evropis 7 socialisturi qveyana: poloneTi, germaniis demokratiu-
li respublika, Cexoslovakia, rumineTi, ungreTi, bulgareTi da albaneTi. Tavisi
struqturiT is faqtobrivad iyo natos asli da pasuxi natoSi germaniis gawevri-
anebaze. garda amisa, aseTi struqturis Seqmnis gareSe sul ufro Zneldeboda

sabWoTa jarebi ungreTSi imyofebodnen 1947 wlis parizis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis da 1955
wlis varSavis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. ungreTSi imyofeboda 6 aTasi jariskaci, 290 tankiT, 120
javSantransportioriT da 156 qvemexiT.

ungreTSi SesaWrelad moamzades 30 aTasze meti jariskaci, 1000-ze meti tanki, 800 qvemexi da
naRmsatyorcni, 380 javSantransportiori. maT upirispirdeboda 15-dan 50 aTasamde ajanyebuli.
ungreTis regularuli armiis nawilebi neitralitets inarCunebdnen.

centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa jarebis yofnis kanonierebis dasa-
buTeba. Seiqmna xelSekrulebaSi Semavali qveynebis gaerTianebuli SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi. misi mTavarsardali gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris marSali i. konevi.
varSavis xelSekrulebas male Camoscilda albaneTi — 1961

wels, moskovTan ideologiuri uTanxmoebebis gamo faqtobri-
vad gamovida blokidan, xolo formalurad gavida 1968 wels,
varSavis xelSekrulebis jarebis mier Cexoslovakiis okupaci-
is Semdeg.
1985 wlis 26 aprils varSavis xelSekrulebas 20 wliT ga-
ugrZelda vada, socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg ki —
1991 wlis 1 ivliss arseboba Sewyvita.
1955 w. maisSi xruSCovi did partiul delegaciasTan erTad gaemgzavra iu-

goslaviaSi, sadac Seecada titosTan Serigebas.1 iugoslaviaSi viziti warmoad-
genda pirvel STambeWdav nabijs, rac stalinuri kursidan gadaxvevas niSnavda.
xruSCovi imedovnebda, rom iugoslavias sabWoTa blokSi daabrunebda, Tumca uSe-
degod. SemdgomSi titom arCia, saTaveSi Casdgomoda `miumxrobeli qveynebis~ moZ-
raobas, romlebic cdilobdnen mesame Zalis Seqmnas saerTaSoriso arenaze.
1956 wlis noemberSi ungreTis revoluciis CaxSobis Semdeg, sabWoTa xel-
mZRvaneloba iZulebuli iyo, mniSvnelovnad Seemcirebina kontroli varSavis
xelSekrulebaSi Semavali Tavisi satelitebis saSinao da sagareo politikaze.
1956 wels daSlilad gamocxadda kominformi — es iyo aRmosavleT evropis qvey-
nebze stalinis kontrolis iaraRi.
Seicvala ekonomikuri damokidebulebac — Tuki stalini aRmosavleT germa-
niidan reparaciebs iRebda, xolo aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebTan uTanaswo-
ro ekonomikuri gacvliT mniSvnelovan sargebels Rebulobda, xruSCovi iZule-
buli gaxda, sapirispiro politika gaetarebina. ukve eSinodaT cxovrebis donis
dacemisa gdr-Si da aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi, radganac amas mohyveboda
mRelvarebebi da am qveynebis moqalaqeebi ver dainaxavdnen socializmis ùpira-
tesobebs~ kapitalizmTan SedarebiT. amitom kremli `saxalxo demokratiis~ qvey-
nebs sul ufro met usasyidlo daxmarebas uwevda — awvdida iaf nedleuls, kredi-
tebs, yidulobda am qveynebSi warmoebul produqcias.
kremlis politikaze gavlenas axdenda dasavleT evropaSi mimdinare integ-
raciis procesi, sadac 1957 wels Seiqmna evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba. mosko-
vic Seecada, ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis sabWoSic urTierTobebi analogi-
uri principiT moewyo, Tumca warumateblad.
sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikas sul ufro mZime tvirTad awveboda poloneTis,
ungreTis, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT germaniis Senaxva da CineTisTvis daxmare-
bis gaweva.
xruSCovma mxari dauWira avstriisa da fineTis neitralitets. is imedovneb-
da, rom am qveynebs mibaZavdnen dasavleTis sxva qveynebic da amiT, SesaZloa, na-
tos poziciebic Seryeuliyo.
1955 wlis martSi moskovSi Sedga sabWoTa kavSir-avstriis molaparakebebi.
xruSCovi Tanaxma iyo, avstriidan mTlianad gamoeyvana sabWoTa jarebi im piro-
biT, rom am qveynidan gavidodnen sxva saokupacio Zalebic da avstria gaxdeboda

1 1948 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris presaSi iugoslaviis liders Semdegnairad moixseniebdnen: „sisxliani
ZaRli tito da misi xrova~ da „amerikis imperializmis laqia~.

neitraluri saxelmwifo, romlis teritoriazec ar iqneboda sxva qveynebis sam-
xedro bazebi. 1955 w. 15 maiss venaSi sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is, didi britaneTis,
safrangeTisa da avstriis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres xelSekru-
lebas erTiani, damoukidebeli da demokratiuli avstriis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
fineTTan mimarTebaSi xruSCovma fsoni dado fineTis premier-ministr urxo
kekonenze, romelic `neitraluri~ kursis momxre iyo. 1956 w. ianvarSi fineTs da-
ubrunda porkala-udis naxevarkunZuli, romelic helsinkidan 12 kilometrSi iyo
da iq 1945 wlidan sabWoTa samxedro baza iyo ganlagebuli. es iyo `fineTis gulze
mibjenili dana~. finelebma kekoneni prezidentad airCies, finelebi imedovneb-
dnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri viborgsa da kareliis samxreT nawilsac daabrunebda,
magram es ar momxdara, Tumca 1956 wlis 11 ivliss sabWoTa kavSirma gaauqma kare-
lo-fineTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika da mis nacvlad aRdga kareliis
avtonomia ruseTis federaciaSi.
xruSCovi imedovnebda, rom fineTTan vaWrobis gziT SeZlebda dasavluri
mowinave teqnologiebis miRebas. garda amisa, egona, rom skandinaviis sxva qveyne-
bic — norvegia da dania uars ityodnen natos wevrobaze da TavianTi teritorii-
dan gaiyvandnen amerikul bazebs.
34.3. sabWoTa aqtiuroba mesame samyaros qveynebSi
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobam da msoflio koloniu-

ri sistemis msxvrevam sabWoTa liderebs yuradReba gadaatanina mesame samyaros
qveynebze.
sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba daumegobrda indoeTis premier-ministrs javaxar-
lal nerus da mxari dauWira mis mier wamoyenebul mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis xuT
princips (`panCa Sila~). es principebi 1955 w. maisSi bandungSi (indonezia) gamar-
Tul konferenciaze miiRes koloniuri uRlisagan gaTavisuflebulma aziis qvey-
nebma, aseve CineTma.
1955 w. noemberSi xruSCovi da bulganini ewvivnen avRaneTs, indoeTsa da bir-
mas. es iyo aSS-isa da didi britaneTis aSkara gamowveva.
1955 w. meore naxevarSi, titos rCeviT, xruSCovma mxari dauWira egviptis li-
ders abdel nasers, Semdeg ki — sxva radikal arab politikosebs axlo aRmosav-
leTSi.
unda iTqvas, rom sabWour garRvevas samxreTSi xeli Seuwyo dasavleTis po-
litikamac. amerikelebi ar endobodnen nerus, nasersa da antikoloniuri moZrao-
bis sxva liderebs; didi britaneTi da safrangeTi ki TavianTi koloniuri sam-
flobeloebis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen, maT Soris suecis arxisa da alJiris.
swored dasavleTis politikiT ukmayofilebis gamo aziisa da afrikis mravali
qveyana gaxda mesame samyaros wevri, sadac swrafad izrdeboda simpaTiebi sabWoTa
kavSirisa da CineTisadmi.
Tavidan sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas kargad axsovda koreis omis gakveTilebi,
frTxilad iqceoda da cdilobda, Tavidan aecilebina situacia, rodesac mesame
samyaroSi brZolas pirdapiri Sejaxeba SeiZleba mohyoloda dasavleTis qveyneb-
Tan. 1954 wels sabWoTa kavSirma da CineTma mxari ar dauWires vietnameli komunis-
tebis survils, xelSi CaegdoT mTeli vietnami, da amis nacvlad xeli moaweres Se-
Tanxmebas safrangeTTan da aSS-Tan arCevnebis Semdeg vietnamis mSvidobiani gaer-
Tianebis Sesaxeb, Tumca male cxadi gaxda, rom xruSCovsa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis
umravlesobas xelebi eqavebodaT ìmperialistebisTvis dartymis misayeneblad~.
34.4. Sejibri raketul-birTvul SeiaraRebaSi da kosmosSi gasvla

meore msoflio omis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirs yvelaze mravalricxovani sax-
meleTo armia hyavda, romelic evropis centrSi idga. amerikelebs saxmeleTo Za-
lebiT maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva ar SeeZloT, maT daiwyes SeiaraRebis im sa-
xeobebis ganviTareba, raSic upiratesoba hqondaT: Sori radiusis bombdamSenebi-
sa da atomuri iaraRis. sabWoTa kavSirs ar SeeZlo aviaciaSi Sejibri, amitom kur-
si aiRo raketebis Seqmnaze, rasac 1946 wlidan daadgnen.
1953 wels sabWoTa armiis SeiaraRebaSi gamoCnda raketa, romelsac dasav-
leTSi `skadi~ uwodes. misi sabrZolo muxti 780 kg. trotils Seadgenda da sro-
lis siSore 580 km iyo, magram es ar iyo sakmarisi, sabWoTa kavSirs am droisTvis
atomuri bombebi hqonda da maT ufro mZlavri raketebi esaWiroebodaT.
a. saxarovisa da v. ginzburgis proeqtiT Seiqmna TermobirTvuli bombi, ro-
melic 1953 w. 12 agvistos gamoscades, misi Zala 400 aTasi tona trotilis ekviva-
lenti iyo, xolo konstruqcia im amerikuli bombisgan gansxvavdeboda, romelic
1952 da 1954 wlebSi aafeTqes wynari okeanis kunZulebze. amerikulisgan gansxva-
vebiT, sabWoTa TermobirTvuli mowyobilobis damontaJeba SeiZleboda raketa-
matarebelze. magram pirveli TermobirTvuli mowyobilobebi Zalze didi iyo da
3-dan 5,5 tonamde iwonida. maT haerSi asatanad uzarmazari raketebi iyo saWiro.
pirveli birTvuli qobinis matarebeli raketa sabWoTa kavSirSi gauSves 1956
w. 2 Tebervals kapustin iaris poligonidan (volgisiqiTa stepebSi) da aafeTqes
aralis zRvis Tavze. Semdegi amocana iyo, ufro mZime TermobirTvuli mowyobilo-
ba gadaesrolaT ara 1200 kilometrze, aramed 12 aTas kilometrze, — aSS-is teri-
toriis misaRwevad. pirveli kontinentSorisi raketa iwonida 280 tonas da misi ga-
mocda daiwyo 1957 wlis maisSi. swored am gamocdebis farglebSi, ramdenime waruma-
tebeli startis Semdeg, sabWoTa raketam Ǹ-7 dedamiwis orbitaze gaiyvana pirveli
xelovnuri Tanamgzavri. es iyo sergei koroliovis (1907-1966) damsaxureba.
kosmosSi Tanamgzavris gayvaniT sabWoTa kavSirma didi propagandistuli ga-
marjveba moipova `civ omSi~. sabWoTa kavSiris avtoriteti mesame samyaros qvey-
nebSi uaRresad gaizarda. aziisa da afrikis mravali qveynisTvis `rusuli socia-
lizmi~ misabaZi magaliTi gaxda.
`mefe-bombi~ — ase uwodebdnen araoficialurad

Ǩǵ602-s, romelic yvelaze mZlavri TermobirTvuli
mowyobiloba iyo, rac ki dedamiwaze aufeTqebiaT —
58 megatona trotilis ekvivalenti. 1961 wlis 30 oq-
tombers bombi TviTmfrinavidan Camoagdes da haerSi
aafeTqes axal miwaze arsebul birTvul poligonze.
is 1570-jer ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre xirosimasa da
nagasakSi 1945 wels Camogdebuli atomuri bombebi,
erTad aRebuli. afeTqebis naTebas xedavdnen aTasi
kilometris daSorebiTac.

34.5. axali strategiis warumatebloba
1955 w. ivlisSi JenevaSi Sedga, pirvelad 1945 wlis Semdeg, meore msoflio
omSi gamarjvebuli qveynebis warmomadgenelTa Sexvedra umaRles doneze. sabWo-
Ta kavSirs warmoadgendnen xruSCovi, bulganini, molotovi da Jukovi. sabWoTa
diplomatia cdilobda, Tumca warumateblad, urTierTobis gaumjobesebas saf-
rangeTTan da did britaneTTan.
1955 w. seqtemberSi moskovSi vizitiT imyofeboda dasavleT germaniis kan-
cleri konrad adenaueri da or qveyanas Soris damyarda diplomatiuri urTier-
Tobebi.
axal strategias ar mohyolia dasavleTTan urTierTobis gaumjobeseba, ris
imedic hqonda sabWoTa reJims. kremlis mcdelobas, erTi mxriv, dasavluri bizne-
si daeinteresebina sabWoTa kavSirTan vaWrobiT, meore mxriv ki, SeiaraRebis Sem-
cirebis propagandiT dasavleTis sazogadoebrivi azris keTilganwyoba moepove-
bina, SezRuduli Sedegebi mohyva. mas ar Seumsubuqebia aSS-is antikomunisturi
kursi.
ganiaraRebis sabWoTa propagandistul nabijebs aSS-is prezidentma eizenha-
uerma aseve propagandistuli nabijiT upasuxa — winadadeba wamoayena SeeqmnaT
`Ria ca~, e. i. sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is mzverav TviTmfrinavebs daubrkoleb-
lad efrinaT am ori qveynis Tavze, rac ormxrivi ndobis demonstrireba iqneboda.
Jukovi am winadadebiT dainteresda, magram xruSCovma amaSi dainaxa `Ria Spiona-
Jis~ mcdeloba, romelic gamoaaSkaravebda sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro sisustes.
1955 wlis bolosTvis `Jenevis suliskveTeba~ faqtobrivad amoiwura, `civi
omi~ grZeldeboda. dasavleT germaniasTan urTierTobis normalizacias ar moh-
yolia adenaueris mier gdr-is cnoba da remilitarizaciaze uaris Tqma.
kremlis axal strategias ar Seucvlia komunisturi doqtrinis arsi, rome-
lic kvlav agebuli iyo socializmis kapitalizmze garduvali gamarjvebis rwme-
naze. erTi mxriv, taqtikuri mosazrebebiT uari iTqva agresiul ideologiur gan-
cxadebebze evropasTan mimarTebaSi, magram, meore mxriv, gamococxlda jer kidev
kominternis droindeli Sexedulebebi, rom kapitalizmisa da imperializmis Ser-
yeva ufro advilia ara evropaSi, aramed aziis, afrikisa da axlo aRmosavleTis
qveynebSi. amisaTvis unda gamoeyenebinaT radikaluri antikoloniuri moZraobe-
bi, aseve, am gziT daengriaT amerikuli samxedro-politikuri blokebi aziasa da
axlo aRmosavleTSi.
1957 wels sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri gaxda andrei gromiko,
romelic dasavleTTan frTxili da mkacri molaparakebebis momxre iyo, magram
eSinoda feTqebadi xasiaTis mqone da uxeSi xruSCovis, romelic realurad war-
marTavda sagareo politikas.
xruSCovi rwmeniT bolSeviki iyo da sjeroda, rom `mSvidobian Tanaarseboba-
sa~ da `daZabulobis Senelebas~ mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miaRwevda, Tuki kargad Se-
aSinebda ìmperialistebs~. Tavisi mouTmenlobiT xruSCovi bevr rames ufuWebda
sabWoTa diplomatias.
1957 wels xruSCovma amerikelebs miRebis dros ganucxada: `Cven Tqven dag-
marxavT~. mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda kapitalizmze komunisturi wyobis gamarjve-
bis garduvaloba, magram am fraziT wyalSi gadayara mravalwliani muSaoba, ro-
melsac unda Seemcirebina amerikelebis mier sabWoTa kavSiris mtrad aRqma.
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebze zewolis mTavari saSualeba xruSCovisTvis iyo
raketul-birTvuli iaraRi. 1956 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi, egvipteSi omis dros,
xruSCovma daijera, rom efeqturia dasavleTisTvis atomuri ultimatumebis wa-
yeneba. sabWoTa kavSiri mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda aSS-s strategiul SeiaraRe-

baSi, magram xruSCovs es ar awuxebda. mas gaTvla hqonda atomuri muqaris fsiqo-
logiur efeqtze. `Tanamgzavris efeqtis~ garda, sabWoTa kavSirs 1960-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi hqonda saSualo radiusis asamde raketa, romelTac dasavleT evropi-
saTvis dartymis miyeneba SeeZloT.
nikita xruSCovma 1959 wels moskovSi ga-
marTul amerikul gamogonebaTa gamofenaze
warmoTqva sityva, romelSic amerikelebs da-
emuqra da Semdegi fraza warmoTqva: `Cvens
gankargulebaSia iseTi saSualebebi, romel-
Tac TqvenTvis mZime Sedegebi mohyveba. Ǵȣ
ȊȈȔ ȗȖȒȈȎȍȔ ȒțȏȤȒȐȕț ȔȈȚȤ!~ es fraza inglisu-
rad Targmnes rogorc «Kuzma's mother» (kuz-
mas deda).
am frazas xruSCovi Tavis sityvebSi xSirad
imeorebda, magram gansakuTrebiT cnobili gaxda
gaeroSi 1960 wlis 12 oqtombers gamosvlis Sem-
deg. amerikelebs ar esmodaT, Tu ratom unda Se-
SinebodaT vinme kuzmas dedasi, magram gaugebro-
ba kidev ufro mZafrs xdida muqaras. rusi filo-
logebi am frazis Targmnisas `kuzmas dedis~ xse-
nebas arasworad miiCneven, magram imaSi Tanxmde-
bian, rom gamoTqma mTlianobaSi muqaras Seicavs.
amerikelebma es fraza birTvuli iaraRiT muqa-
rasTan gaaigives.
1958 wlis Semodgomaze xruSCovi Seecada
birTvuli blefiT, sabWoTa interesebis Sesabamisad, germaniis problemis gadaW-
ras. germaniis gaerTianeba, avstriis msgavsad, germaniis demokratiuli respub-
likis gaqrobasac niSnavda, magram sabWoTa kavSiri midioda amaze erTiani germa-
niis neitralizaciisTvis. 1957-1958 wlebSi dasavleT germaniis lideri konrad
adenaueri qveynis ekonomikis swrafi aRmavlobis pirobebSi atarebda gdr-is izo-
laciis politikas, dasavleT berlini ki gaxda dasavleTis gavlenis mZlavri ber-
keti aRmosavleT germaniis mosaxleobaze, — es iyo ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis,
demokratiisa da cxovrebis ufro maRali materialuri donis simbolo. dasavleT
berlinSi sul ufro meti aRmosavleTgermaneli garboda.
1958 w. noemberSi xruSCovma aSS-s, did britaneTs da safrangeTs warudgina
ultimatumi. is moiTxovda wlis bolomde samSvidobo xelSekrulebis gaformebas
germaniasTan dakavSirebiT da dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier dasavleT berli-
nis `Tavisufal qalaqad~ aRiarebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xruSCovi imuqrebo-
da, rom gdr-Tan xels moawerda xelSekrulebas da gauqmdeboda yvela SeTanxmeba,
romliTac dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi saxmeleTo da sahaero gzebiT dasavleT
berlins ukavSirdebodnen.
aSS-sa da natos xelmZRvanelobam uaryo sabWoTa ultimatumi da radganac
sabWoTa kavSiris mier dasavleT berlinis blokadas moeloda, sapasuxo zomebis-
Tvis daiwyo mzadeba. nato ar gamoricxavda Zalis gamoyenebas dasavleT berlin-
Tan, gdr-is teritoriis gavliT, komunikaciis uzrunvelsayofad. xruSCovma es
icoda da gankarguleba gasca, 1959 w. dasawyisSi kaliningradis olqsa da aRmosav-
leT germaniaSi ganelagebinaT saSualo siSoris raketebi. centralur evropaSi
1948 w. Semdeg pirvelad warmoiSva politikuri krizisi, romelsac SeiaraRebuli
konfliqti SeiZleba mohyoloda. Tumca xruSCovi Tvlida, rom yovelTvis SeZleb-
da ukanasknel zRvarze SeCerebas da ar mividoda `cxel~ omamde, rom aSS da misi na-

toeli mokavSireebi àr iomebdnen adenaueris gamo~ da wavidodnen daTmobebze. da-
savlur presaSi periodulad qveyndeboda sensaciuri gancxadebebi, rom omis Sem-
TxvevaSi inglisi da dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebi saerTod gaqrebodnen.
dasavleTeli politikosebi SeSfoTebuli iyvnen xruSCovis upasuxismgeblo
gancxadebebiT. didi britaneTis premier-ministri harold makmilani, safrange-
Tis prezidenti Sarl de goli, Semdeg ki aSS-is prezidenti eizenhaueri sTava-
zobdnen xruSCovs molaparakebebis magidasTan dajdomas. 1959 w. seqtemberSi
xruSCovi pirveli sabWoTa lideri gaxda, romelic oficialuri vizitiT aSS-Si
Cavida. am qveyanaSi xmauriani propagandistuli turnes Semdeg, xruSCovi Sexvda
eizenhauers da sabWoTa lideri kmayofili darCa, rodesac eizenhauerma berlin-
Si arsebuli situacia àranormalurad~ miiCnia. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, rom
1960 wlis dasawyisSi parizSi Sedgeboda oTxi saxelmwifos liderebis Sexvedra
germaniis sakiTxze.
xruSCovi miiCnevda, rom eizenhaueri sabWoTa kavSirs ukve Tanaswor partni-
orad Tvlida da germaniis problemac sabWoTa interesebis Sesabamisad gadawyde-
boda. 1959 w. dekember — 1960 w. ianvarSi xruSCovi ukve daZabulobis Senelebis-
Tvis emzadeboda. is varaudobda samxedro xarjebis mkveTrad Semcirebasa da
mniSvnelovani saxsrebis gadasrolas `komunizmis ekonomikis~ asaSeneblad. amas
moiTxovda sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli mwvave demografiuli krizisic. ekonomi-
kas ar hyofnida muSaxeli, radganac srulwlovani xdeboda omis periodSi dabade-
buli mcirericxovani Taoba. 1960 wlis ianvarSi gamocxadda armiis 1,2 milioni
adamianiT Semcireba, pirvel rigSi, oficerTa xarjze. centraluri komitetis
prezidiumis sxdomaze xruSCovma ganacxada, rom momavali raketebs ekuTvnoda da
didi sakadro armia, aseve saokeano samxedro-sazRvao floti male saWiro aRar
iqneboda. Sewyda samxedro-sazRvao flotis xomaldebis mSenebloba da mSeneblo-
bis damamTavrebel fazaSi myofi didi samxedro wyalzeda gemebi, maT Soris aviam-
zidebi da mZime kreiserebi, jarTad Camoweres. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda aviaciac.
Semcireba uxeirod ganxorcielda da bevri niWieri oficeri da specialisti ga-
uSves SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan. 1959 w. 27 ivlisis sapensio kanoni samxedro mosam-
saxureebs pensias mxolod 40 wlis samsaxuris Semdeg uniSnavda. bevri gaTavisuf-
lebuli oficeri lukmapuris gareSe darCa. armia didma ukmayofilebam moicva.
generaliteti lanZRavda xruSCovs da Tvlidnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiri sul ufro
metad CamorCeboda aSS-s samxedro sferoSi.
parizSi oTxi qveynis liderebis Sexvedra unda Semdgariyo 1960 wlis maisis
Sua ricxvebSi. 1 maiss sabWoTa sazenito sistemebma sverdlovskis raionSi Camoag-
des amerikuli mzveravi TviTmfrinavi u-2, amasTan meore raketiT sabWoTa TviT-
mfrinavic Camoagdes, romlis mfrinavic daiRupa. samagierod, amerikeli mfrina-
vi g. pauersi tyved aiyvanes, romelic kontraqtiT centralur sadazvervo samsa-
xurze muSaobda. man Cvenebebis micemac daiwyo. eizenhaueri pauerss daRupulad
miiCnevda da Tavidan aSS-is kavSiri sadazvervo TviTmfrinavTan uaryo. xruSCov-
ma erTi kviris Semdeg sazeimod warmoadgina tyved Cavardnili mfrinavi, rogorc
`molaparake samxili~. xruSCovisTvis moulodnelad eizenhauerma pasuxismgeb-
loba aiRo momxdarze, riTac xruSCovs didi problema Seuqmna. xruSCovi Tvlida,
rom amis Semdeg aSS-is prezidentTan molaparakebebis gamarTva sisustis gamoxa-
tuleba iqneboda.
1960 w. 12 maisis centraluri komitetis prezidiumis direqtivebi jer kidev
mimarTuli iyo dasavleTis saxelmwifoebTan konstruqciuli molaparakebebis-
ken. varaudobdnen, rom 1960 w. zafxulSi eizenhaueri Cavidoda sabWoTa kavSirSi
da kotejebic ki iqna agebuli mis misaRebad. moulodnelad, aeroportSi, parizSi
gafrenis win xruSCovma gamcileblebs, anu centraluri komitetis prezidiumis

wevrebs uTxra, rom molaparakebebis nacvlad saWiroa Sexvedris boikotireba.
maT Sepasuxeba ver gabedes. parizSi xruSCovma uari Tqva, Sexvedroda eizenhauers
manamde, sanam is bodiSs ar moixdida u-2 incidentis gamo. de goli da makmilani
amaod sTxovdnen xruSCovs, rom molaparakebebis magidas misjdomoda. sanacvlod
xruSCovma preskonferencia gamarTa, sadac namdvili isterika moawyo, brals
sdebda eizenhauersa da adenauers, yvelanair mtrebs raketebiT emuqreboda.
parizis Sexvedris CaSlam msoflio da evropa daabruna `civi omis~ yvelaze
cud droSi. sabWoTa armiis Semcireba Sewyda, ramac maRali rangis samxedroebis
didi kmayofileba gamoiwvia. situacia yvelaze cudi germaniaSi iyo. berlinis
krizisi kvlav grZeldeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis mosaxleoba ki Tvalsa da
xels Sua mcirdeboda, — 1959-1960 wlebSi dasavleT germaniaSi gaqceulTa raode-
nobam naxevari milioni Seadgina. es xdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris mniSvnelovani fi-
nansuri daxmarebis miuxedavad.
xruSCovi gadaeSva `revoluciur diplomatiaSi~, romelic 1920-iani wlebis
periodis bolSevikur da kominternis aqciebs hgavda. is mokavSireebs eZebda af-
rikis memarcxene nacionalistebs Soris, exmareboda alJirs, gvineas, egviptes da
mesame samyaros sxva qveynebs. sabWoTa kavSiri Caeria kongoSi mimdinare samoqala-
qo omSi prezident patris lumumbas mxareze katangis separatistebis winaaRmdeg,
romelsac dasavleTeli daqiravebulebi uWerdnen mxars. rodesac patris lumum-
ba mokles, xruSCovma mis sikvdilSi brali dasdo `dasavleTis imperialistebsa~
da gaeros generalur mdivans dag hamarSelds.
xruSCovis `revoluciuri diplomatiis~ kulminacia iyo misi viziti niu-
iorkSi gaeros generalur sesiaSi monawileobis misaRebad. erTaderTi sabWoTa
samgzavro TviTmfrinavi Ǻǻ-104 (romelic gadakeTebuli strategiuli bombdam-
Seni Ǻǻ-95 iyo), romelsac SeeZlo sabWoTa lideris aSS-Si Cayvana, remontdeboda,
amitom xruSCovi amerikaSi gemiT wavida da Tan aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis li-
derebi waiyvana. is niu-iorkSi daaxloebiT erTi Tve darCa, gaeroSi gamosvlebi-
sas gaafTrebiT amxelda ìmperialistebs da maT xelSemwyobebs~.
1960 wlis 12 oqtombers gaeros me-15 generaluri

asambleis sxdomaze niu-iorkSi msoflio diplomatiis
istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze skandaluri SemTxveva
moxda. ganxilvis mTavari Tema iyo kolonializmis lik-
vidaciis sakiTxi. gaeroSi erTbaSad miiRes koloniuri
mflobelobidan gaTavisuflebuli afrikis 16 qveyana.
erT-erT sxdomaze, sadac ganixileboda sabWoTa kavSi-
ris ungreTSi SeWris sakiTxi, filipinebis warmomadge-
nelma lorenco sumulongim sabWoTa kavSiri Seadara
sakoncentracio banaks da mouwoda xruSCovs, moexdina
aRmosavleT evropis dekolonizacia. xruSCovma fili-
pinels àmerikis imperializmis laqia~ uwoda da, dar-
bazSi mjdomi, magidaze sakuTar fexsacmels abraxu-
nebda. es msoflio sensaciad iqca, sabWoTa presaSi ki
miaCumaTes.

34.6. ruseTisa da CineTis komunisturi reJimebis konfliqti. erTiani
komunisturi banakis daSla
skkp ;; yrilobis Semdeg msoflio komunisturi moZraoba Rrma krizisma mo-

icva. komunisturma moZraobam Tavisi kerpi dakarga. stalinis dros sayovelTaod
miRebuli dogma iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSirisTvis mxari unda daeWiraT, Tundac sa-
kuTari qveynis interesebis xarjze, stalinis kultis gakritikebis Semdeg yvela
komunisturi reJimi, gadarCenis mizniT, mimarTavda nacionalistur demagogias
da cdilobda moskovisgan distancirebis demonstrirebas. am gziT sakuTari xal-
xis TvalSi kanonier nacionalur elitebad Tavis warmoCenas cdilobdnen.
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisidan fuWdeba sabWoTa kavSir-rumineTis urTier-

Tobebi. rumineTis komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba acxadebda, rom rumineTs unda
dabruneboda moldova (besarabia) da ruminelebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeT buko-
vina (gercis okrugi).
1950-iani wlebis bolodan swrafad uaresdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris urTier-
Toba CineTTan. mao ver patiobda xruSCovs stalinis kultis mxilebas da aseve
imas, rom es nabiji masTan konsultaciis gareSe gadadga. 1956 wlis oqtomberSi
CineTis kompartiis xelmZRvaneloba Suamavali iyo polonel komunistebsa da
kremls Soris da aseve monawileoba miiRo ungreTSi sabWoTa intervenciis gan-
xilvaSi. am movlenebis dros mao, jou en lai da sxva Cineli liderebi darwmun-
dnen, rom stalinis memkvidreebi `moisustebdnen~ da saerTaSoriso komunistur
moZraobaSi dadga dro maTi liderobisTvis. mao jer Tavis garemocvaSi ambobda,
Semdeg ki presasac ganucxada, rom stalinis kritikiT xruSCovma upatiebeli Sec-
doma dauSva. maos TqmiT, stalini maxvili iyo komunistebis xelSi, axla ki `sabWo-
Ta amxanagebma~ es maxvili daagdes da is komunizmis mtrebs CauvardaT xelSi.
xruSCovi lavirebda. garegnulad sabWoTa kavSir — CineTis urTierTobebi
aRmavlobis gzaze iyo. CineTisadmi sabWoTa kav-
Siris daxmareba izrdeboda. moculobis Tval-
sazrisiT is dasavleT evropisaTvis aSS-is mier
inicirebul marSalis gegmas utoldeboda. sab-
WoTa kavSiri CineTs Tanamedrove armiis Seqmna-
Si exmareboda, CineTSi aSenebdnen satanko, saa-
viacio, saartilerio da gemTmSenebel qar-
xnebs. 1958 w. pekinSi Cavida birTvuli iaraRis
sabWoTa konstruqtorebis delegacia Cineli
kolegebis instruqtaJisTvis. arzamas-16 bir-
Tvul centrSi ki gamzadebuli iyo sarkinigzo eSeloni mza birTvuli `nakeTobe-

biT~, mxolod zevidan niSans elodebodnen da CineTSi gaagzavnidnen, magram mov-
lenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda.
am dros xruSCovi, centraluri komitetis prezidiumSi poziciebis ganmtki-
cebasTan erTad, ufro Tavdajerebuli gaxda da ramdenjerme ganacxada, rom mxo-
lod sabWoTa kavSiri da aSS arian is didi saxelmwifoebi, romlebzec damokide-
bulia msoflios bedi. es Cinelebs aSkarad ar awyobdaT. 1958 wlis ivlisis bolos
mao ukve mkacrad daelaparaka moskovs. sabWoTa samxedroebma CineTs SesTavazes,
CineTis sanapiros gaswvriv aeSenebinaT radiolokaciuri sadgurebi aSS-is flo-
tis Tvalyuris sadevneblad, CineTis portebSi ganeTavsebinaT èrToblivi~ sab-
WoTa kavSir — CineTis strategiuli wyalqveSa floti. sapasuxod maom sabWoTa
elCTan saubris dros sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas brali dasdo Sovinizmsa da `Ci-
neTis kolonizebis~ survilSic ki.
xruSCovi saswrafod Cavida pekinSi, molaparakebebi rTuli aRmoCnda. xruS-
Covma maos ganucxada, rom CineTidan gaiyvanda sabWoTa samxedro mrCevlebs da
uari Tqva èrTobliv~ wyalqveSa flotze. magram mao ar apirebda aSS-isa da sab-
WoTa kavSiris ukonkurento zesaxelmwifoebad aRiarebas. 1958 w. maisSi maom Ci-
neTSi daiwyo `didi naxtomi~, rasac, misi gaTvliT, CineTis swrafi ekonomikuri
ganviTareba unda mohyoloda.
imavdroulad CineTis armiam maos brZanebiT daiwyo im kunZulebis bombar-
direba, romlebsac Can kai Si akontrolebda da aSS floti icavda. maos moskovi
saqmis kursSi ar Cauyenebia. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba dabneuli iyo, aSS-Tan kon-
fliqtSi CarTvas didi omi SeiZleba mohyoloda. mao axla sabWoTa xelmZRvane-
lebs ise eqceoda, rogorc adre stalini eqceoda sxva kompartiebs. gaRiziane-
bulma xruSCovma aRar gagzavna atomuri mowyobiloba CineTSi.
pekinsa da moskovs Soris Ria ideologiuri konfrontacia daiwyo 1959 w oq-
tomberSi xruSCovis CineTSi vizitis Semdeg (CineTis saxalxo respublikis me-10
wlisTavze). am dros sasazRvro konfliqtma ifeTqa CineTsa da indoeTs Soris. in-
doeTi ukmayofilo iyo 1959 w. CineTis mier tibetis dakavebiT. tibetis sulieri
lideri dalai lama indoeTSi gaiqca da nerum Seifara. Cineli komunistebi xruS-
Covisgan mxardaWeras iTxovdnen, magram moskovi indoeTs mniSvnelovan partnio-
rad miiCnevda da `neitralitetis~ pozicia gamoacxada. maom es Ralatad Seafasa.
xruSCovi moskovSi gabrazebuli dabrunda.
1960 wlis aprilis bolos, leninis dabadebis 90-e wlisTavis aRniSvnisas, Ci-
nelebma sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partias brali dasdes leninizmis RalatSi.
Cinelebs ar moswondaT Tezisebi òri sistemis mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ da
`kapitalizmidan socializmze mSvidobiani gadasvlis~ SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.
1960 w. ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi rumineTis komunisturi partiis yrilobaze
xruSCovi mwared Seejaxa CineTis delegaciis xelmZRvanels pen jens. moskovSi
dabrunebis Semdeg xruSCovma gadawyvita, CineTidan gamoewvia yvela sabWoTa spe-
cialisti. Tve-naxevris ganmavlobaSi CineTidan wavida 1390 sabWoTa inJineri,
mecnieri, konstruqtori da sxva eqsperti. maT Tan waiRes mTeli dokumentacia.
CineTSi mravali mSenebloba dakonservda. Cinelebi sabWoTa komunistebs `soci-
al-demokratizmSi~ sdebdnen brals, xolo sabWoTa komunistebi ùltramemar-
cxeneobaSi~ adanaSaulebdnen Cinel komunistebs.
Cinelma komunistebma teritoriuli pretenziebic wauyenes sabWoTa kav-
Sirs, rom ruseTma me-19 saukuneSi CineTs waarTva Soreuli aRmosavleTi da sxva
teritoriebi. es dava 1969 wels Setakebamde mivida sasazRvro mdinare amuris ka-
lapotSi mdebare kunZul damanskze.
sabWoTa partiul-sameurneo elita CineTTan urTierTobis gafuWebaSi
xruSCovs adanaSaulebda. es misi gadayenebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo. xruSCovi 1964

w. oqtomberSi gadaayenes, 1964 w. 7 noembers ki moskovSi jou enlai Cavida. Cinele-
bi elodnen, rom gauqmdeboda skkp ;; da ;;,, yrilobebis gadawyvetilebebi sta-
linis kultis mxilebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca sabWoTa komunist liderebs ama-
ze wasvla ar SeeZloT. es Secdomisa da CineTis kompartiis liderobis aRiareba
iqneboda. 1966 wels maom daiwyo `kulturuli revolucia~, romelSic sabWoTa
kavSiri iseTive rols asrulebda, rogorsac trockizmi stalinis teroris dros.
34.7. birTvuli omis zRvarze: berlinis kedeli, revolucia kubaSi da

karibis krizisi
1952 wels sazRvari aRmosavleT da dasavleT germanias Soris Caiketa. gadas-

vlis erTaderTi saSualeba berlini iyo. 1961 w. 12-13 agvistos RamiT, xruSCovisa
da gdr-is lideris ulbrixtis SeTanxmebiT, sazRvrebi dasavleT berlinTan dai-
keta da mis garSemo swrafad aSenda kedeli. misi sigrZe 120 kilometri iyo. dasav-
leTma daicva berlini,1 magram kenedis administracias da dasavleTis qveynebis
liderebs berlinSi Setakebebi aSinebdaT da gdr-s ekonomikuri blokadac ki ar
gamoucxades.
26-27 oqtombers amerikel samxedroebsa da gdr-is mesazRvreebs Soris mci-
re konfliqts movlenaTa swrafi eskalacia mohyva. gamSveb punqtTan amerikuli
tankebi gamoiyvanes, sabWoTa mxarem CaTvala, rom amerikelebi kedlis dangrevas
apirebdnen da sabWoTa tankebi gamoiZaxes. kenedi-xruSCovis mimoweris Semdeg
xruSCovs eyo goniereba da pirvelma gaiyvana tankebi, mas amerikelebmac mibaZes.
1961-1962 wlebSi xruSCovis moqmedebebma gamoiwvia civi omis yvelaze Rrma
krizisi, rasac sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is pirdapiri Setakeba SeiZleba mohyolo-
da. 1961 w. ianvarSi aSS-is prezidenti gaxda jon kenedi. mas èrgo~ berlinis kri-
zisi da revolucia kubaSi, sadac fidel kastros revoluciuri reJimi movida sa-
TaveSi.
am epizodma xruSCovs ganumtkica rwmena, rom aSS-s omi ar surda da kenedi
SeiZleba daTmobebze wasuliyo. 1961 w. 1 seqtembers sabWoTa kavSirma calmxrivad
ganaaxla miwis zedapirze birTvuli afeTqebebi (romelic aSS-Tan SeTanxmebiT
1958 wels aikrZala) da weliwadSi 80 afeTqebamde aiyvana. xruSCovi moiTxovda
`superbombis~ Seqmnas, romliTac ìmperialistebs SeaSinebda~. aseTi bombi an-
drei saxarovis fizikosTa jgufma Seqmna. es iyo istoriaSi yvelaze mZlavri bom-
bi 100 megatoni (100 mln. tona trotilis) simZlavrisa. misi afeTqebis Zala aRema-
teboda meore msoflio omis dros momxdari yvela afeTqebis Zalas es bombi bom-
bdamSenma tu-95-ma 1961 w. 30 oqtombers Camoagdo axali miwis arqipelagis Crdi-
loeTis kunZulTan. sabWoTa teritoriaze ngrevis Tavidan asacileblad aafeT-
qes mxolod naxevarZaliT — daaxloebiT 58 megatona.2
1962 wlis 18 maiss xruSCovma Tavdacvis sabWos SesTavaza, kubaSi gaegzavnaT
sabWoTa raketebi birTvuli qobinebiT. 21 maiss prezidiumma mxari dauWira xruS-
Covis winadadebas. jer erTi, amiT sabWoTa kavSiri kubas icavda; meorec, amcireb-
da aSS-is strategiul upiratesobas (birTvuli iaraRis matareblebis Tanafar-
doba Seadgenda 1:17-Tan3); mesame, xruSCovs undoda eCvenebina, rom sabWoTa kav-
Sirs SeeZlo aSS-is teritoriis uSualo siaxloves moqmedeba.

„yvela Tavisufali adamiani... berlinis moqalaqea~ (jon kenedi, 1963 w. 26 ivnisi). 1961-1989 wlebSi
dafiqsirda berlinis kedlis gadakveTis 5 aTasi mcdeloba, daiRupa daaxloebiT 150 adamiani.
2 ukanaskneli sabWoTa atomuri afeTqeba 1990 w. oqtomberSi ganxorcielda. sul 42 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi ganaxorcieles 969 mowyobilobis 715 gamocda.

3 karibis krizisis dawyebis droisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirs hqonda daaxloebiT 300 birTvuli muxti,
aSS-s 6 aTasze meti.

1962 w. 14 oqtombers amerikulma TviTmfrinavma u-2-ma gadaiRo kubaze sab-

WoTa bazebi. 22 oqtombers kenedim kubas blokada gamoucxada, imave dRes xruS-
Covma moiwvia ck-is prezidiumis saswrafo Ramis sxdoma da aRniSna, rom omis
zRurblze iyvnen. 28 oqtombers xruSCovma radioTi amerikelebs acnoba, rom ku-
bidan raketebs gaitanda. Tavis mxriv, amerikelebma piroba dades, rom kubas Tavs
ar daesxmodnen da TurqeTidan gaitandnen raketebs. mTlianobaSi, kubis krizisma
gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena xruSCovis prestiJsa da omis zRvarze balansi-
rebis miseul politikas. aSS-ma politikuri da moraluri gamarjveba moipova.

Tavi ;;;9.
xruSCovis socialur-ekonomikuri politika

xruSCovis saSinao politika 1953-1964 wlebSi Zalze winaaRmdegobrivi iyo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer xruSCovis mmarTvelobis dasawyisad 1958 wels miiCne-
ven, rodesac is saTaveSi Caudga sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos, Tumca skkp
centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani xruSCovi jer kidev 1953 wels gaxda. sa-
Sinao politikaSi xruSCovs hqonda miRwevebi da mravali Secdomac dauSva.
35.1. soflis meurneobis aRmavlobis gzebis Zieba
saxalxo meurneobis problemebs Soris pirvel adgilze idga agraruli war-

moeba. soflis meurneobas ki xruSCovi `Tavis sferod~ miiCnevda. centraluri ko-
mitetis 1953 wlis seqtembris plenumze da Semdgom periodSi xruSCovi gamovida
im droisaTvis mniSvnelovani iniciativebiT:
x gazarda saxelmwifo Sesasyidi fasebi sakolmeurneo produqciaze;
x SemoiRo kolmeurneTa Sromis avansireba (manamde kolmeurneebs anazRa-
ureba weliwadSi erTxel eZleodaT);
x dainerga `qvemodan~ dagegmvis principi. kolmeurneobebs TavianT wesde-
bebSi ufleba miecaT, cvlilebebi SeetanaT adgilobrivi specifikis
gaTvaliswinebiT;
x pirvelad SemoiRes pensiebi kolmeurneebisaTvis;
x kolmeurneebs miecaT pasportebi.
am zomebma da aseve yamiri miwebis aTvisebam pirvel xanebSi xeli Seuwyo sof-
lis meurneobis aRmavlobas. 1953-1958 wlebSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia
34%-iT gaizarda wina xuTwledTan SedarebiT. soflis meurneobas aseTi masSta-
buri ekonomikuri zrda ar hqonia axali ekonomikuri politikis periodis Semdeg.
soflis meurneobis aRmavlobam xruSCovs, erTi mxriv, imis rwmena gauCina,
rom administraciuli meTodebiT SesaZlebelia warmatebis miRweva; meore mxriv,
SeeSinda, rom kolmeurneTa keTildReobis zrdis Sedegad isini kulakebad ar `ga-
dagvarebuliyvnen~. ekonomikuri stimulebis rolis gaZliereba obieqturad am-
cirebda administraciuli Carevis saWiroebas soflis meurneobis saqmeebSi, ko-
munistur sistemas ki administrirebaze uaris Tqma ar SeeZlo. amis gamo 1950-iani
wlebis bolodan ekonomikuri stimulebis adgils sul ufro metad ikavebda admi-
nistraciuli iZuleba.
1959 wels daiwyo manqana-traqtorebis sadgurebis (mts) reorganizacia.
kolmeurneobebi imisaTvis, rom teqnikis gareSe ar darCeniliyvnen, iZulebuli
iyvnen erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi SeeZinaT saWiro teqnika, amasTan, maRal fasad. am
gziT saxelmwifom erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi moaxdina im Tanxebis kompensireba,
rac wina wlebSi soflis meurneobaSi Cado. kolmeurneobebi ki rTul mdgomareo-
baSi aRmoCndnen, maT did nawils ar SeeZlo erTbaSad eyida traqtorebi da kombai-
nebi, amitom ganvadebiT yidulobdnen (2-3 wlis, zogjer ki 5 wlis ganvadebiT .
aman gaauaresa kolmeurneobebis didi nawilis finansuri mdgomareoba. mts-ebis
gauqmebis uaryofiTi mxare isic iyo, rom kolmeurneobebma dakarges meqaniza-
torTa kvalificiuri kadrebi, romlebic mts-ebis daSlis Semdeg kolmeurneo-

bebSi ki ar gadavidnen, aramed raionul centrebsa da qalaqebSi monaxes samuSao.
1958-1961 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi, pirvelad ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
Semcirda sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis parki. kolmeurneobebis xelSi gadasuli
teqnika swrafad gamodioda mwyobridan, aucilebeli remontis Catareba ki kol-
meurneobebs ar SeeZloT.
1959 wels aseve gakeTda daskvna, rom soflad `piradi damxmare meurneoba
TandaTanobiT kargavda mniSvnelobas~, radganac, Turme, kolmeurneTaTvis uf-
ro momgebiani xdeboda produqtebis kolmeurneobebidan miReba. faqtobrivad
daiwyo axali Seteva damxmare meurneobebze. saxelmwifo organoebs daevalaT,
or-sam weliwadSi SeesyidaT msxilfexa rqosani saqoneli kolmeurneebisa da sab-
WoTa meurneobebis muSebisgan.
1959 wlidan daiwyo simindis, `mindvris dedoflis~, epopeac. 1955-1962
wlebSi simindis naTesebi gaormagda, xruSCovi naTesebis farTobis zrdas nebis-
mier fasad moiTxovda da angariSi ar eweoda bunebriv da klimatur pirobebs. si-
mindis naTesebis gasazrdelad zogjer amcirebdnen xorblisa da qeris saTes
farTobebs. simindis `propagandas~ sapirispiro Sedegi mohyva: mTlianobaSi Sem-
cirda marcvleulis mosavali.

1959 wels, aSS-Si vizitiT yofnis dros, xruSCovma ai-
ovas StatSi naxa amerikeli fermeri r. harsti, romelsac
hibriduli simindi hqonda gaSenebuli. xruSCovma daaskvna,
rom sabWoTa kavSirSi mecxoveleobis donis gazrda SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda misTvis sakvebi bazis gazrdiT. amisaTvis
ki gamodgeboda simindi, romelic marcvalsac iZleoda da
mwvane masasac silosisaTvis.
kidev erTi reforma soflad kolmeurneobaTa gamsxvilebas ukavSirdeba.

Canafiqris mixedviT, `didi~ kolmeurneobebi ufro ukeTesad gaumklavdebodnen
soflad arsebul problemebs. 1955 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi kolmeurneobaTa
raodenoba 83 aTasamde Semcirda, 1958 wlisaTvis — 78 aTasamde, xolo 1960 wli-
saTvis — 45 aTasamde. xelisufleba amtkicebda, rom kolmeurneobaTa gamsxvile-
bam dadebiTi Sedegebi moitana, magram mdgomareoba soflad rTuli rCeboda.
1950-iani wlebis bolodan Semcirda produqciis warmoebis zrdis tempi.

35.2. yamiri miwebis aTviseba

1948-1953 wlebSi marcvleulis mosavali sabWoTa kavSirSi faqtobrivad ar
izrdeboda. 1953 wels movida ufro naklebi marcvleuli, vidre 1940 wels.
1954 wels, ramdenime mousavliani wlis Semdeg, n. xruSCovma centralur ko-
mitets warudgina marcvleulis problemis erTbaSad gadawyvetis gza — yamiri da
nasveni miwebis aTviseba. yamiris aTviseba miCneul iqna soflis meurneobis ganvi-
Tarebis ZiriTad gzad. es iyo mkafiod gamokveTili ganviTarebis eqstensiuri
gza. yamiri miwebis asaTviseblad yvelaze perspeqtiul regionebad miCneul iqna
yazaxeTi, urali da cimbiri. yazaxeTSi Secvales partiuli organizaciis xel-
mZRvanelobac — axal xelmZRvanelebad dainiSnen p. ponomarenko da l. breJnevi.
1954 wlis gazafxulisTvis yazaxeTis yamir miwebze Seiqmna 120-ze meti sab-
WoTa meurneoba. yamiri miwebis asaTviseblad Casulebs uxdebodaT ugzoobis pi-
robebSi, karvebSi cxovreba, mZime klimatur pirobebSi, rodesac mkacr sicives,

saSineli sicxe cvlida. Tesvisa da mosavlis aRebisas TiTqmis dRedaRam uxdebo-
daT muSaoba, sxva dros ki dakavebuli iyvnen samSeneblo saqmianobiT.
yamiris aTvisebis pirveli Sedegi STambeWdavi iyo. 1954 wels marcvleulis
mTlianma mosavalma Seadgina 85,5 milioni tona, aqedan yamir miwebze 27,1 milioni
tona movida. 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi yazaxeTSi aiTvises daaxloebiT 20 milioni heq-
tari yamiri miwa. 1960 wels marcvleulis mTlianma mosavalma 125 milioni tona
Seadgina, aqedan yamirze 59 milioni tona moiyvanes. aman SesaZlebeli gaxada xor-
cisa da rZis warmoebis zrda, mosaxleobis sasursaTo momaragebis gaumjobeseba.

pirvel wels yamirma qveyanas misca 27 mi-

lioni tona marcvleuli, meore wels TiT-
qmis 59 milioni tona, momdevno ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi yamiri yovelwliurad
iZleoda 50-60 milion tona marcvals.
mTlianobaSi gadaxnes 42 milion heqtarze
meti, Seiqmna 425 marcvleulis sabWoTa me-
urneoba.

yamiris aTvisebas sWirdeboda didi odenobiT adamianuri resursi, finanse-

bi, teqnika. yamiris aTvisebis pirveli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi amisaTvis daixarja
daaxloebiT 20 miliardi rubli, rac im periodSi soflis meurneobisaTvis gamo-
yofili Tanxebis daaxloebiT mexuTeds Seadgenda. 1954-1955 wlebSi komkavSiru-
li sagzuriT yamirze 350 aTasze meti axalgazrda gaigzavna. 1954-1959 wlebSi ya-
zaxeTis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 2 milioni adamianiT gaizarda. pirveli wlebis
Sedegebis mixedviT ise Canda, rom resursebis masStaburi xarjva gamarTlebuli
iyo, naklebi yuradReba eqceoda miwaTmoqmedebis tradiciul regionebs, iqidan
yamirze gzavnidnen kadrebsa da teqnikas, amcirebdnen saTes farTobs.
yamiris aTvisebis pirveli warmatebuli wlebis Semdeg, Tavi iCina uaryofiT-
ma mxareebma. yamir miwebs iTvisebdnen naCqarevad, miwaTmoqmedebis mecnierulad
dasabuTebuli sistemis gareSe. aman gamoiwvia ekologiuri wonasworobis dar-
Rveva, niadagis erozia. Sedegad 1956-1958 wlebSi gamousadegari gaxda da daikar-
ga 10 milion heqtarze meti nayofieri miwa. 1962-1963 wlebidan namdvil ubedure-
bad iqca qviSis qariSxlebi. yamiri miwebis efeqturoba 65%-iT Semcirda. mosavli-
anoba dabali iyo, yamiris aTviseba krizisis fazaSi Sevida. 1960-iani wlebis Suaxa-
nebisaTvis yamiri miwebis aTvisebiT gamowveulma eiforiam sabolood gaiara. mar-
cvleulis warmoebas sabWoTa kavSirSi krizisis periodi daudga.
1963 wels sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda, daewyo marcvleulis sazRvar-
gareT Sesyidva. pirvel weliwads iyides 12 milioni tona marcvleuli, rac 1 mi-
liardi dolari dajda. momdevno wlebSi marcvleulis ucxoeTSi Sesyidva Cveu-
lebriv movlenad iqca.

mxolod 1954 wels yamiris asaTviseblad gaigzavna 120 aTasi traqtori am wels sabWoTa kavSirSi
gamouSves 137 aTasi traqtori daaxloebiT 10 aTasi kombaini warmoebuli 37 aTasidan yamirze ga-
igzavna 100 aTasze meti avtomanqana da aseve didi odenobiT sasoflosameurneo inventari

35.3. sasursaTo problemebi, ukmayofileba qalaqebSi da novoCerkaskis
tragedia

1962 wlis 1 ivniss xalxisadmi mimarTvaSi xruSCovs mouwia imis aRiareba, rom
problemebi warmoiSva qalaqebis mosaxleobis xorcis produqtebiT uzrunvelyo-
faSi. aRiniSna, rom mecxoveleobis meqanizaciisa da Sromisnayofierebis arsebu-
li donis pirobebSi, xorcisa da rZis warmoebaze danaxarjebi mniSvnelovnad aRe-
mateboda saxelmwifos mier Sesasyid fasebs. qveynis xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita
yvela saxis xorcze Sesasyidi fasebis saSualod 35%-iT gazrda, imavdroulad,
saSualod 30%-iT gaizarda gasayidi fasebi xorcsa da xorcis produqtebze, xo-
lo karaqze — 25%-iT.
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisidan kvebis produqtebis deficitis daZlevas cdi-
lobdnen marcvleulis importiT da deficituri produqtebis normirebuli ga-
nawilebiT sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis mixedviT. sasursaTo siZneleebma da
sacalo fasebis zrdam 1962 wlis zafxulSi gamoiwvia mRelvarebebi rigaSi, kievSi,
leningradSi, CeliabinskSi, muromSi, aleqsandrovSi, krivoi rogSi, sumgaiTSi,
magram yvelaze masStaburi protesti novoCerkaskSi iyo, sadac saqme sisxlis-
Rvramde mivida. sabWoTa masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs araferi uTqvamT
novoCerkaskis ambebze, magram momxdaris Sesaxeb informacia mTel sabWoTa kav-
Sirs moedo. xruSCovis avtoriteti rigiT adamianebSi swrafad ecemoda.

1962 wlis 1-3 ivniss novoCerkaskis erT-
erT qarxanaSi dawyebuli muSaTa gaficva sa-
erTo saqalaqo mRelvarebaSi gadaizarda.
rigiTi adamianebis protesti, romlebic uk-
mayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen sasursaTo
problemebis gamo, sisxlSi CaaxSves. milici-
is ganyofilebis win mokles 5 adamiani, de-
monstraciis daSlis dros — 17, xolo 70 mZi-
med daiWra, 2 ivniss mokles kidev 2 adamiani.
1962 wlis 13-20 agvistos novoCerkaskSi
gamarTulma sabWoTa sasamarTlom gaficvis
7 `moTaves~ sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana
da daxvrites, 103 adamians miesaja patimro-
ba 2-idan 15 wlamde. 1996 wels yvela es ada-
miani reabilitirebul iqna.
gamoqveynebulma dokumentebma: `cen-
traluri komitetis prezidiumi 1957-1964
ww. pirovneba da xelisufleba~ aCvenes, rom
cecxlis gaxsnis brZaneba uSualod xruSCo-
visgan momdinareobda, romelmac piradad
moiTxova àntisabWoTa amboxebis~ Zalis ga-
moyenebiT CaxSoba.

warmoqmnili ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis gadawyveta xruSCovma
scada sameurneo xelmZRvanelobis srulyofiT da `Crdilovan~ ekonomikasTan
brZolis gaZlierebiT. centraluri komitetis noembris (1962) plenumze aRiniSna,
rom 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi korufciisa da xelisuflebis borotad gamoyene-
bis braldebiT pasuxisgebaSi mieca daaxloebiT 12 aTasi xelmZRvaneli muSaki.
amave plenumze, xruSCovis moTxovniT, kursi aiRes xelmZRvaneli organoebis ga-
dawyobaze sawarmoo principis mixedviT — dayofa xdeboda samrewvelo da sasof-
lo organoebad. erTiani sabWoebisa da maTi aRmaskomebis nacvlad iqmneboda sam-
rewvelo da sasoflo sabWoebi da aRmaskomebi, Sesabamisad, iyofoda profkavSi-
rebisa da komkavSiris organizaciebic. aseTi gardaqmna araefeqturi aRmoCnda,
samagierod, mas mohyva mmarTveli aparatis gaormageba da misi Sesanaxi xarjebis
mniSvnelovani zrda.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba ar mohyolia mmarTvelobis decentra-
lizaciis politikasac. ukve 1956 wlisaTvis respublikebs gadaecaT daaxloe-
biT 15 aTasi samrewvelo sawarmo. 1957 wels Seiqmna meurneobis marTvis axali
dargobrivi da teritoriuli organoebi — saxalxo meurneobis sabWoebi (`sovnar-
xozebi~). sabWoTa kavSiris teritoria gaiyo 105 administraciul-ekonomikur ra-
ionad, sadac `sovnarxozebi~ Seiqmna. 1962 wlis bolodan daiwyo `sovnarxozebis~
gamsxvileba. 1963 wlis TebervalSi maTi ricxvi 47-s Seadgenda.
1963 wlis martSi Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi
sabWo (ȼɋɇɏ), romelsac dauqvemdebares rigi sameurneo saxelmwifo komitetebi
(Ƚɨɫɩɥɚɧ, Ƚɨɫɫɬɪɨɣ da sxv.). mmarTvelobaSi Setanil amgvar siaxleebs, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis daCqarebis nacvlad, arev-dareva mohqonda.

35.4. mrewvelobis ganviTareba
xruSCovis mmarTvelobis periodSi tradiciulad grZeldeboda mrewvelo-

baSi warmoebis saSualebaTa warmoebis dargebis upiratesi ganviTareba. 1953 wels
warmoebis saSualebaTa warmoeba mrewvelobis mTlian produqciaSi Seadgenda
70%-s, xolo 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi am maCvenebelma ukve 75%-s miaRwia. ;;
saukunis SuaxanebSi msoflioSi dawyebuli samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis
miRwevebi sustad inergeboda sabWoTa kavSirSi. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi xelis
mZime da dabalkvalificiuri SromiT dakavebuli adamianebis wili mrewvelobaSi
Seadgenda 40%-s, xolo soflis meurneobaSi — 75%-s.
sabWoTa kavSirSi samecniero-teqnikuri progresis simbolo gaxda saraketo
teqnikis ganviTareba da kosmosis aTvisebis dasawyisi. 1957 wlis oqtomberSi ga-
uSves dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavri. 1961 wlis 12 aprils kosmosSi
pirvelad warmatebiT ifrina iuri gagarinma. kosmosuri kvlevebi udides Tanxeb-
sa da resursebs moiTxovda, mis ganviTarebas ki ganapirobebda ara mxolod samec-
niero, aramed, pirvel rigSi, samxedro interesebi. danarCeni msofliosTvis STam-
beWdavi iyo msoflioSi pirveli atomuri yinulmWrelis `leninis~ ageba 1957 wels
da pirveli atomuri eleqtrosadguris amoqmedeba obninskSi 1954 wels.

wlebi mrewveloba soflis meurneoba
1951-1955 85% 20,5%
1956-1960 64,3% 30%
1961-1965 51% 11%
mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis zrda

sabWoTa kavSirSi
1953-1960 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris mTliani Sida produqti yovelwliurad

daaxloebiT 10%-iT izrdeboda. amgvari `sabWoTa ekonomikuri saswauli~ mniSvne-
lovanwilad miRweuli iyo stalinis periodis memkvidreobis safuZvelze da 1950-
ian wlebSi mrewvelobaSi ganxorcielebuli udidesi kapitaldabandebebis Sede-
gad. 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris mier
miRweuli ekonomikuri maCveneblebi mowmobda, rom am droisaTvis damTavrda in-
dustriuli sazogadoebis safuZvlebis Seqmna. ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze
gadasvla SeuZlebeli iyo Zveli sameurneo meqanizmis SenarCunebis pirobebSi.
35.5. socialuri politika
xruSCovis mmarTvelobis periodSi gatarebul ekonomikur politikas mkafi-

od gamoxatuli socialuri mimarTuleba hqonda. 1950-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi ga-
tarda rigi zomebi adamianTa cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. regularu-
rad izrdeboda Sromis anazRaureba mrewvelobaSi (mxolod 1961-1965 wlebSi —
19%-iT), izrdeboda kolmeurneTa Semosavlebi, 1964 wlidan maT pensiasac uxdid-
nen. muSebisa da mosamsaxureebis pensia gaormagda, sapensio asaki ki Semcirda, sa-
muSao kviris xangrZlivoba 48 saaTidan 46 saaTamde Semcirda.
gaizarda dabali anazRaurebis mqone muSebisa da mosamsaxureebis xelfase-
bi, Tumca gamovlinda gaTanabrebiTi tendenciac — kvalificiuri muSebisa da in-
Jinrebis xelfasi bevrad ar aRemateboda dabali kategoriis muSakTa Sromis anaz-
Raurebas. muSebisa da mosamsaxureebis saSualo Tviuri xelfasi 1958 wlidan 1965
wlamde 78 rublidan 96 rublamde gaizarda.
e. w. `xruSCovkebis~ mSenebloba sabWoTa

kavSiris masStabiT mimdinareobda. me-5 xuT-
wledSi aSenda 105 milioni kv. m. sacxovrebeli
farTi, momdevno sam weliwadSi (1956-1958) —
daaxloebiT 153 kv. m. Svidwledis ganmavlobaSi
sacxovrebeli farTi sabWoTa kavSirSi 40%-iT
gaizarda. 1950-iani wlebis bolos sacxovrebe-
li farTis mSeneblobam miaRwia 50 milion kv. m.
weliwadSi. sacxovrebeli farTis krizisi mo-
ixsna.

socialuri politikis yvelaze TvalsaCino miRweva am periodSi iyo farTo-
masStabiani binaTmSenebloba. saqalaqo sabinao fondi 1955-1964 wlebSi 80%-iT
gaizarda. axali binebi miiRo 54 milionma adamianma (sabWoTa kavSiris yoveli me-
oTxe mcxovrebi). icvleboda sacxovrebeli standarti: ojaxs eZleoda ara oTaxi,
aramed calke bina.
xruSCovis mmarTvelos periodSi radiomauwyebloba sabWoTa kavSiris mTel
teritoriaze gavrcelda. viTardeboda televizia. 1953 wlidan 1958 wlamde te-
levizorebis raodenoba 200 aTasidan 3 milionamde gaizarda.
35.6. `komunizmis gaSlil mSeneblobaze~ gadasvla da misi kraxi
1959 wlis ianvarSi Sedga skkp ;;, riggareSe yriloba, sadac nikita xruSCov-
ma gamoacxada sabWoTa kavSirSi socializmis sruli da saboloo gamarjvebis1 da
komunizmis gaSlil mSeneblobaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb. yrilobam aseve miiRo ekono-
mikis ganviTarebis 7-wliani gegma (1959-1965), ekonomikis swrafi zrdis Sedegad
sabWoTa kavSiri 1965 wels msoflioSi pirvel adgilze unda gasuliyo warmoebis
absoluturi moculobis mixedviT (am gegmis arsi sabWoTa propagandam martivad
warmoadgina: davewioT da gavuswroT amerikis SeerTebul Statebs).
Svidwledis ganmavlobaSi soflis meurneobis mTliani produqcia 1,7-jer
unda gazrdiliyo, Sromisnayofiereba kolmeurneobebSi orjer unda amaRlebu-
liyo. saxelmwifo kapitaldabandebebs soflis meurneobaSi 150 miliardi rubli
unda Seedgina.
gadawyda, aseve daeCqarebinaT partiis axali, mesame programis miReba (par-
tiis axali programis SesamuSaveblad komisiebi Seiqmna partiis sam wina yriloba-
ze). programis proeqti gansaxilvelad gamoaqveynes 1961 w. zafxulSi.
partiis programis misaRebad 1961 w. oq-

tomberSi moiwvies skkp ;;,, yriloba, romelsac
`komunizmis mSenebelTa yriloba~ uwodes. prog-
rama iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa kavSirSi momdevno
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi komunizmis aSenebas. yri-
lobaze warmodgenili ekonomikuri gaTvlebis
mixedviT, 1961-1970 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiri ga-
daaswrebda aSS-s erT sul mosaxleze warmoebu-
li produqciis maCvenebliT. 1980 wlisaTvis ki
sabWoTa kavSiri SeZlebda gadasuliyo moTxov-
nilebis mixedviT ganawilebis principze, rac
marqsizmSi komunizmis umTavres niSnad iyo miC-
neuli.
ras emyareboda aseTi utopiuri gaTvlebi? pirvel rigSi, gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia marqsistuli Teoria da xruSCovis survili. marqsizmis Tanaxmad, socializ-
mis aSenebis Semdeg `dRis wesrigSi~ dgeboda komunizmis aSeneba. rogorc Cans,
xruSCovi iTxovda komunizmis mSeneblobis konkretul vadebs da imdroindeli
sabWoTa ekonomistebisagan miiRo Sesabamisi `gaTvlebic~. dRes aRiniSneba, rom

1
e. i. socializms sabWoTa kavSirSi arc qveynis Signidan da arc qveynis garedan veravin daamxobda.

wamyvani sabWoTa ekonomistebi e. varga da s. strumilini1 aRmoCndnen eiforiis
atmosferoSi, rac gamowveuli iyo 1950-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris eko-
nomikuri zrdis maRali tempiT. swored am eiforiam warmoSva sabWoTa kavSirSi
komunizmis aSenebis konkretuli gegmac.2
`komunizmis gaSlili mSeneblobis~ koncefcia xruSCovis mier marqsizm-le-
ninizmis TeoriaSi Setanili wvlili iyo da safuZvlad daedo skkp ;;,, yrilobaze
miRebul partiis mesame programas. komunizmi miCneuli iyo kacobriobis gardu-
val momavlad da misi aSeneba sabWoTa kavSirSi gamocxadebuli iyo skkp-is ùmaR-
les miznad~.
komunizmis aSenebas sabWoTa kavSirSi programa ukavSirebda `samerTiani
amocanis~ gadawyvetas: a/ axali sazogadoebis materialur-teqnikuri bazis Seq-
mna, b/ komunisturi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis ganviTareba da g/ axali adami-
anis aRzrda. gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeboda am ukanaskneli amocanis gadaw-
yvetaze.
mravalricxovani gegmebisa da valdebulebebis fonze Cndebodnen xelmZRva-
nelebi, romlebic motyuebiT cdilobdnen Tavis gamoCenas, magaliTad, 1959 wels
skkp riazanis olqis pirvelma mdivanma a. larionovma ivaldebula, rom saxelmwi-
fos mihyidida gegmaze 3-jer met xorcis produqcias. didi gaWirvebiT da gayal-
bebebiT gegmas orjer gadaaWarbes. 1959 wlis dekemberSi larionovs mieniWa soci-
alisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba. 1960 wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac gamomJRavnda
sicrue, larionovi gaaTavisufles Tanamdebobidan, ris Semdegac man Tavi moik-
la.
dRes zedmetia im utopiuri gaTvlebis ganxilva, rac komunisturi partiis
mesame programaSi iyo mocemuli. sul male cxadi gaxda, rom es gaTvlebi sruliad
ararealuri iyo. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi warmoiSva seriozuli problemebi
ekonomikaSi, maT Soris mosaxleobis sursaTiT momaragebis sferoSi.
`komunizmis gaSlili mSeneblobis~ pirvelive wlebSi warmoiqmna xelisuf-
lebisaTvis moulodneli ekonomikuri problemebi. komunizmis `gaSlil mSeneb-
lobaze~ saubari Sewyda, nikita xruSCovi ki xelisuflebas Camoaciles.

1
e. vargam da s. strumilinma, davalebis Sesabamisad, moamzades dokumenti „komunizmis mSeneblobis
gzebis~ Taobaze, romelSic mocemuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 10-15-wliani
prognozi.
2
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi samrewvelo produqciis moculoba unda gazrdiliyo aranakleb 6-jer. ami-
saTvis 10 weliwadSi Sromisnayofiereba unda gazrdiliyo 2-jer da ufro metad, xolo 20 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi orjer unda gadaeWarbebinaT aSS-Si im dros arsebuli SromisnayofierebisaTvis. igegme-
boda samuSao kviris 35 saaTamde Semcireba, ufaso unda gamxdariyo sabavSvo baRebi, komunaluri
momsaxureba, transporti da a. S.

Tavi ;;;9,.
politikuri cvlilebebi xruSCovis mmarTvelobis

dros
36.1. komunisturi partiis axali programa
komunisturi partiis axali, rigiT mesame,1 programis SesamuSaveblad aqtiu-

ri muSaoba daiwyo 1958 wlis SuaxanebSi, skkp ck-is mdivnis b. ponomariovis xel-
mZRvanelobiT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi masze muSaobda daaxloebiT 100 mecnieri
da specialisti. sabolood, xruSCovis SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg, 1961
wlis 26 ivliss skkp ck prezidiumma programis proeqtis teqsti moiwona.
1961 wlis 30 ivliss gazeTebSi `pravda~

da ìzvestia~gamoqveynda komunisturi par-
tiis axali programis proeqtis teqsti sa-
yovelTao ganxilvisaTvis, masSi monawileo-
ba miiRo 9 milionze metma komunistma da,
mTlianobaSi, daaxloebiT 73 milionma ada-
mianma. `ganxilva~ mkacrad dadgenil far-
glebSi mimdinareobda da proeqtSi raime
arsebiTi cvlilebis Setanas aravin eloda,
Seitanes 138 umniSvnelo cvlileba (magali-
Tad, proeqtSi iyo `frangul-germanuli wi-
naaRmdegobebi~, mis nacvlad Caiwera `fran-
gul-dasavleTgermanuli winaaRmdegobebi~,
ekonomikis nawilSi xazi gaesva kibernetikis
mniSvnelobas da a. S.) ;;,, yrilobaze ar iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli calke moxseneba progra-
masTan dakavSirebiT, xruSCovma mis Sesaxeb
saangariSo moxsenebis farglebSi isaubra.
partiis axali programis mTavari ekonomikuri amocana iyo ori aTeuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi komunizmis materialur-teqnikuri bazis Seqmna. es, rogorc ukve
iTqva, utopiuri amocana iyo, danarCeni Teoriuli sakiTxebi ki komunisturi no-
menklaturis interesebis Sesabamisad wydeboda, mas ki Tavis mdgomareobaSi raime
arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setana ar undoda. programaSi, komunizmis dros `saxel-
mwifos TandaTanobiTi kvdomis~ aRniSvnasTan erTad2, xazgasmuli iyo, rom sul
ufro gaizrdeboda komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli roli, `rogorc gamocdi-
li avangardis da sazogadoebrivi organizaciis umaRlesi formisa~. programa
aseve aRniSnavda, rom komunizmis mSeneblobasTan erTad waiSleboda erovnuli

komunisturi partiis pirveli programa miiRes 1903 wels rsdmp ,, yrilobaze meore programa
1919 wels rkp b 9,,, yrilobaze

programaSi Äsaxelmwifos TandaTanobiTi kvdomis~ ori piroba iyo dasaxelebuli qveynis SigniT
komunizmis aSeneba da saerTaSoriso arenaze socializmis gamarjveba

gansxvavebebi. anu, faqtobrivad, xruSCovis programa erebis arsebobisTvis or
aTeul wels adgenda.
36.2. teritoriul-administraciuli cvlilebebi
xruSCovis mmarTvelobis periodSi ganxorcielda rigi teritoriul-admi-

nistraciuli cvlilebebi. `gaqra~ mokavSire respublika — karelia-fineTis, igi
gadaiqca kareliis avtonomiur respublikad ruseTis federaciis Semadgenloba-
Si. amas sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebis Secvla ar mohyolia, represirebuli xalxe-
bis reabilitaciasa da gadasaxlebis adgilebidan dabrunebas mohyva yalmuxeTis,
yabardo-balyareTis, CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri respublikebis Seqmna. Cer-
qezeTis avtonomia gadaiqca yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiad. gauqmda ramdenime
mcire administraciuli regioni da isini moeqcnen ufro didi regionebis Semad-
genlobaSi. belorusSi gauqmda xuTi olqi, ruseTis federaciaSi gauqmda arzama-
sis, balaSovisa da velikielukis olqebi.
mTavari administraciul-teritoriuli cvlileba mainc ruseTis federaci-
idan yirimis naxevarkunZulis ukrainisTvis gadacema aRmoCnda. skkp centraluri
komitetis prezidiumis miTiTebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidi-
umma 1954 wlis 19 Tebervals gamosca Sesabamisi dadgenileba da amis mizezad da-
saxelda yirimis olqisa da ukrainis ekonomikis erToba, teritoriuli siaxlove
da sameurneo-kulturuli kavSirebi. yirimis olqis ruseTis federaciidan ukra-
inis SemadgenlobaSi gadacemis Sesaxeb kanoni 1954 wlis 26 aprils sabWoTa kavSi-
ris umaRlesi sabWos sesiam daamtkica. maSin am cvlilebisaTvis didi yuradReba
aravis miuqcevia. sabWoTa kavSiris `daSlis~ SesaZlebloba komunistur nomenkla-
turas azrad ar mosdioda da yirimi, ubralod, èrTi jibidan meoreSi gadades~.
rodesac 1964 wels xruSCovi gadaayenes da mravali braldebac wauyenes, aravis
uxsenebia yirimis statusis Secvla.
ukrainisTvis yirimis gadacemis asaxsne-

lad ramdenime versia arsebobs: zogjer saq-
mes ise warmoaCenen, rom es xruSCovis piradi
iniciativa iyo, romelsac 1938-1949 wlebSi
ukrainaSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ekava. am mo-
sazrebis sawinaaRmdegod aRiniSneba, rom
1954 wels xruSCovi marto verafers gaake-
Tebda. mas sWirdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris
umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomaris
voroSilovis, misi moadgilis, molotovis
da sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos Tav-
mjdomaris malenkovis Tanxmoba.
kidev erTi versiis Tanaxmad, yirimis ga-
dacemiT xruSCovma gazarda rusuli mosax-
leobis raodenoba ukrainaSi da amiT xels
uSlida ukrainuli nacionalizmis zrdas.

36.3. xruSCovis `daTbobis~ winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi da liberaliza-
ciis sazRvrebi
stalinze axali Seteva mniSvnelovani iyo imaTTvis, romelTac surdaT mie-
RoT destalinizaciis Seuqcevadobis garantia. amave dros, stalinze axal Sete-
vas ar mohyolia iseTi ryevebi sazogadoebaSi, rac 1956 wels moxda.
mmarTvel fenaSi damyarda aramdgradi wonasworoba partiul aparatSi arse-
bul konservatiul, prostalinur umravlesobasa da `liberalur~ umciresobas
Soris, romlebic emxrobodnen `leninTan dabrunebas~ da àdamianuri saxis socia-
lizmis~ aSenebas. Tumca partiuli aparatis gaaxalgazrdavebas ar mohyolia sta-
linistebis poziciebis Sesusteba.
1950-iani wlebis bolo periodis enTuziazmis Semdeg mkafiod Canda xruSCo-
vis `liberalizaciis~ ideologiuri Cixi. `daTbobis~ iluziis miRma mkafiod Can-
da partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi despotizmis niSnebi. ar Sesustebula cenzura.
1960 wels miiRes sisxlis samarTlis axali kodeqsi, sadac aRar iyo staliniseuli
represiuli muxlebi, magram qveyanaSi rCeboda aTasobiT politpatimari. 1960-
1961 wlebSi ɄȽȻ-m politikuri motivebiT daapatimra daaxloebiT 500 adamiani.
xruSCovis reJimi mkacrad devnida `muqTaxorebs~ (vinc arsad muSaobda ,
`farcovSikebs~ (iatakqveSa movaWreebs da gansakuTrebiT `valutCikebs~ (ucxouri
valutiT movaWreebs . 1959 wels didi saerTaSoriso skandali mohyva ian rokoto-
visa da misi Tanamzraxvelebis process. ucxouri valutiTa da saqonliT vaWrobis-
Tvis maT 10-15 wliT patimroba emuqrebodaT, magram saqmeSi Caeria xruSCovi: ès
ras niSnavs? rodesac gaTavisufldebian, Cven ukve komunizmi gveqneba. ar SeiZleba
aseTebi didi kovziTa da CangliT SevuSvaT~. miiRes kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesa-
xeb gansakuTrebiT msxvili masStabiT finansuri datacebebis gamo. mas ukuqcevis
Zala misces — rokotovi da misi Tanamzraxvelebi sikvdiliT dasajes. aman mTel
msoflioSi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, Tumca es xruSCovisTvis sulerTi iyo.

36.4. xruSCovi da partiuli aparati
opoziciis damarcxebis Semdeg xruSCovi erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis mata-
rebeli gaxda, Tumca erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba amwvavebda xruSCovis xasiaTis
uaryofiT mxareebs. is sul ufro xSirad erTpirovnulad Rebulobda gadawyveti-
lebas, specialistebTan moTaTbirebis gareSe, xSirad emociebis gavleniT. Zalze
uxeSad eqceoda ministrebs, partiuli aparatis muSakebs, samxedroebs, mecniereb-
sa da mwerlebs. misi xasiaTis uaryofiTma Tvisebebma Tavisi roli Seasrules Ci-
neTis liderebTan urTierTobis gawyvetaSi.
amave dros xruSCovi rCeboda zemodan `destalinizaciis~ mTavar mamoZrave-
bel Zalad. xruSCovi erTaderTi ar yofila, vinc daiwyo Seteva stalinze. sta-
linis garemocvis didi nawili, berias CaTvliT, dainteresebuli iyo, uari eTqvaT
terorze, stalinuri mobilizaciuri tipis ekonomikaze, agresiul sagareo poli-
tikaze. magram mas Semdeg, rac xelisuflebaSi marto xruSCovi darCa, destalini-
zaciis politikuri impulsi ki ar gaZlierda, aramed Sesustda. partiuli apara-
tisa da samxedroTa umravlesoba, miuxedavad danaSaulebebSi mxilebisa, aRmer-
Tebda stalins. maTTvis stalinma omi moigo da mZlavri imperia aaSena. impulsuri
da laparakis moyvaruli xruSCovi stalinTan did kontrasts qmnida da partiul
aparats `brZeni beladis~ nostalgias uCenda.

Ädestalinizacia~ stalinisa da misi danaSaulebebis mxilebis oficialuri politika

xruSCovs partiuli aparatisa da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis garda sxva saxeli-
suflo dasayrdeni ar gaaCnda. mas esmoda am sayrdenebis arasaimedooba, amitom
cdilobda am struqturebSi cvlilebebis Setanas da kadrebis gaaxalgazrdavebas.
1959 w. ianvarSi ɄȽȻ-s Tavmjdomare serovis nacvlad aleqsandre Selepini
(1918-1994 gaxda. man ganaaxla kadrebis wmenda da am uwyebidan 20 aTasamde ofice-
ri gauSva, maT nacvlad komkavSirel muSakebs niSnavdnen.
1961 w. oqtomberSi skkp ;;,, yrilobaze miiRes partiis axali wesdeba, rome-
lic iTvaliswinebda partiuli organoebis sistematur ganaxlebas. partiis daba-
li organizaciebi yovel arCevnebze sanaxevrod unda ganaxlebuliyo, saolqo ko-
mitetebi da respublikuri organoebi — mesamediT, centraluri komiteti da misi
prezidiumi — meoTxediT. erTi adamiani ar SeiZleba aerCiaT erTsa da imave orga-
noSi ramdenjerme. xruSCovma maSinve gamoiyena es siaxle da ganaaxla samdivno.
iqidan gamoiyvanes ekaterina furceva da saqarTvelos kompartiis lideri vasil
mJavanaZe da Seiyvanes Selepini. furcevam yrilobaze gaigo, rom samdivnodan ga-
iyvanes da iseT SokSi Cavarda, rom Tavis mokvla scada.
36.5.;;,, yriloba da axali Seteva stalinze

stalinze axali Seteva xruSCovma skkp ;;,, yrilobaze (1961 w. oqtomberi
ganaxorciela. am droisaTvis xruSCovi Tavisi Zlierebis zenitSi iyo. gansxvave-
biT ;; yrilobisagan, sadac xruSCovi piradad gamovida da stalinze misi Seteva
èqspromtis~ xasiaTs atarebda, ;;,, yrilobaze xruSCovi kulisebidan marTavda
movlenebs, stalinze axali ieriSi ki kargad iyo organizebuli. stalinze axali
Seteva mavzoleumidan misi cxedris gamosvenebasa da dasaflavebas isaxavda miz-
nad.
mavzoleumis stalinisgan `gaTavisufleba~ xalxis iniciativa unda yofili-
yo. yrilobamde ramdenime kviriT adre leningradis ori didi qarxnis, kirovis sa-
xelobisa da nevis manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnebis muSebi TavianT krebebze gamovid-
nen stalinis dakrZalvis iniciativiT. leningradi imitom SearCies, rom represie-
bisgan erT-erT yvelaze dazaralebul regionad iyo miCneuli.
skkp ;;,, yriloba pompezur xasiaTs atarebda. yrilobas eswreboda daaxlo-
ebiT 30 `leninis gvardieli~ (partiis uxucesi wevrebi . isini delegatebis daax-
loebiT 0,5%-s Seadgendnen. stumris statusiT yrilobas eswreboda revoluciam-
deli saTaTbiros deputati vasili Sulgini, romelsac nikoloz ,,-is gadadgoma
hqonda miRebuli.
yrilobaze 26 oqtombers moxsenebiT gamovida ɄȽȻ-s xelmZRvaneli aleqsan-
dre Selepini, romelmac moZiebuli dokumentebis safuZvelze ilaparaka stali-
nis periodis represiebis Sesaxeb, Tumca dartymis mTavari obieqti iyo ara sta-
lini, aramed `stalinis garemocva~: molotovi, malenkovi, kaganoviCi, bulganini
da voroSilovi. imave suliskveTebiT saubrobdnen yrilobis sxva delegatebic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom damswre 70 ucxoeli stumridan skkp SigniT antipartiuli jgu-
fis damarcxebasa da pirovnebis kultis mavneblobaze isaubra mxolod oTxma:
safrangeTis kompartiis generalurma mdivanma moris torezma, erayis kompartiis
generalurma mdivanma salim adilma, bulgareTisa da ungreTis xelmZRvanelebma
todor Jivkovma da ianoS kadarma.
aRsaniSnavia, rom skkp ;; da ;;,, yrilobebze aqcenti keTdeboda stalinis
represiebis dros `leninuri gvardiis~ — Zveli bolSevikebis ganadgurebaze da
cotas laparakobdnen masobriv represiebze, ubralo xalxs rom daatyda Tavs.

istorikosebi ver SeTanxmebulan, stalin-
ze axali Setevis dros ra amoZravebda xruS-
Covs: emociebi stalinis epoqaSi Cadenili da-
naSaulebebis gamo, saboloo angariSsworebis
survili àntipartiul jgufTan~ (malenkovi,
kaganoviCi, molotovi , romelmac 1957 wels
kinaRam daamxo, Tu miswrafeba, stalinis kul-
ti Seecvala sakuTariT, romelic yvelas
Tvalwin iqmneboda.

30 oqtombers, rodesac yriloba dasasrulisken midioda, leningradis sa-

olqo komitetis pirvelma mdivanma ivan spiridonovma winadadeba wamoayena, `sta-
linis cxedari umokles vadaSi gadatanili yofiliyo mavzoleumidan sxva adgi-
las~. spiridonovis gamosvla damswreTa umravlesobisaTvis moulodneli iyo,
Tumca amas TiTqosda ucdida da maSinve mxari dauWira moskovis saqalaqo komite-
tis pirvelma mdivanma petre demiCevma. Semdeg, Canafiqris mixedviT, unda gamosu-
liyo saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani vasil
mJavanaZe, romelic yelSexveuli mivida da xmis uqonloba moimizeza. mis magivrad
saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem givi javaxiSvilma ilaparaka, rome-
lic mokle sityviT gamovida da formalurad SeuerTda ukve gamosul kolegebs.
emociuri iyo Zveli bolSeviki qalis dora lazurkinas gamosvla. is icnobda
leninsac da stalinsac, dazaralebuli iyo represiebiT, 18 weli hqonda banakebSi
gatarebuli, 1961 wels 77 wlis iyo. savaraudod, is mTlad janmrTeli ar iyo. man
Tqva, rom gamoecxada lenini, rogorc cocxali (asea dafiqsirebuli yrilobis ma-
salebSi , romelmac uTxra, ar minda stalinis gverdiT wolao.
yrilobam erTxmad miiRo gadawyvetileba: `mizanSeuwonlad iqnes miCneuli
stalinis sarkofagis mavzoleumSi Semdgomi datoveba~. aRiniSna, rom stalinis
mier xelisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba, masobrivi represiebi patiosani sabWoTa
adamianebis winaaRmdeg da sxva moqmedebebi pirovnebis kultis periodSi SeuZle-
bels xdida stalinis sarkofagis ganTavsebas leninis mavzoleumSi. sxdomas Tav-
mjdomareobda xruSCovi, dadgenilebis proeqti podgornim waikiTxa. 31 oqtom-
bers, diliT, yrilobis gadawyvetileba stalinis cxedris mavzoleumidan gamos-
venebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda gazeT `pravdaSi~. xruSCovma manamde gasca gankargu-
leba stalinis sarkofagis mavzoleumidan gamotanis Sesaxeb, vidre yriloba mii-
Rebda Sesabamis dadgenilebas.
Tavidan stalinis dakrZalvas

apirebdnen meuRlis nadeJda alilue-
vas gverdiT, novodeviCis sasaflao-
ze, magram xruSCovs SeeSinda, — sta-
linis sxeuli an momxreebma, an mowi-
naaRmdegeebma ar moitacono, amitom
gadawyda kremlis kedelTan dakrZal-
va, radganac es adgili yovelTvis da-
culi iyo.

mavzoleumidan stalinis gamosvenebis operaciaSi monawileobda daaxloe-
biT 30 adamiani. maT xelmZRvanelobda partiuli kontrolis komitetis Tavmjdo-
mare nikolai Sverniki. saflavis gaTxra saidumlod xdeboda, wiTeli moedani ga-
daketili iyo 7 noembris aRlumisTvis mzadebis sababiT. eSinodaT xalxis SesaZ-
lo protestisa.
1961 wlis 31 oqtomber-1 noembris RamiT stalinis cxedari gamoasvenes mav-
zoleumidan. stalinis Svilebs svetlanas da vasils ar dauZaxes. vasili, saer-
Tod, yazanSi iyo gadasaxlebuli da, savaraudod, arc icoda stalinis cxedris
mavzoleumidan gamosvenebis Sesaxeb. stalinis damarxvis process ar daswrebia
mJavanaZe, romelic yrilobis damTavrebisTanave TbilisSi gamofrinda. mis nac-
vlad dakrZalvas givi javaxiSvili eswreboda.
stalinis cxedars moxsnes generalisimusis samxreebi, socialisturi Sro-
mis gmiris varskvlavi (sxva jildoebi ar ekeTa , mundirs aaWres oqros Rilebi da
TiTbris RilebiT Secvales. rodesac kubos Tavs axuravdnen, Sverniki da javaxiS-
vili aqviTindnen.
yrilobas jer kidev ar hqonda damTavrebuli muSaoba, rodesac stalinis
gvami CauSves kremlis kedelTan gaTxril ormoSi da zemodan daasxes TviTmcle-
liT motanili cementis xsnari. sityva `stalini~ waSales mavzoleumis Sesas-
vlelSi. mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi anadgurebdnen beladis suraTebsa da Zeglebs. gi-
gantur qandakebebs trotiliT afeTqebdnen, vertmfrenebiTa da traqtorebiT
glejdnen kvarcxlbekebidan. stalinis saxelobis mravali qalaqi, quCa da sawar-
mo axal saxels Rebulobda: stalingradi volgogradi gaxda, stalinabadi — du-
Sanbe, stalino — donecki, staliniri kvlav cxinvali gaxda. pamirSi stalinis piks
ewoda komunizmis piki; masTan erTad molotovi gaxda permi, Ckalovi — orenburgi
da a.S.
stalinis mavzoleumidan gamosveneba logikuri iqneboda skkp ;; yrilobis
Semdeg, magram maSin ver gabedes da xalxis reaqciis SeeSindaT, 1961 wels stali-
nis damarxvas sazogadoebis mxridan raime didi aRSfoTeba da reaqcia ar mohyo-
lia, magram arc damarxvis meTods gamouwvevia pativiscema. xalxi aseve gulgri-
lad Sexvda sami wlis Semdeg xruSCovis gadayenebas.
stalinze meore Seteva xorcieldeboda CineTTan ganxeTqilebis pirobebSi,
rodesac Cinelebi `revizionizmSi~ adanaSaulebdnen sabWoTa komunistebs. amave
dros es iyo pasuxi xruSCovis avtoritetis mkveTr Semcirebaze xalxSi da parti-
ul nomenklaturaSi. xruSCovma yriloba gamoiyena Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebTan sa-
boloo angariSsworebisTvis. molotovi gadaayenes da Semdeg partiidan garic-
xes, malenkovi da kaganoviCi aseve garicxes partiidan da moskovSi cxovreba auk-
rZales.

ɄȽȻs eSinoda rom qarTveli aqtivistebi moskovSi sxvadasxva gziT Cavidodnen xelis SesaSlelad
amitom moskovisken mimaval qarTvelebs Tvals adevnebdnen

Tavi ;;;9,,
xruSCovis gadayeneba da breJnevis mmarTvelobis da-

sawyisi
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis 18-wliani periodi (1964-1982 mniSvnelova-

ni etapi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi. am periods, zogadad, ùZraobis xanas~
uwodeben. ùZraobis xana~ breJnevis sikvdilis Semdegac gagrZelda da 1987 wlis
aprilSi damTavrda, rodesac daiwyo gorbaCovis `gardaqmnis~ xana. leonid breJ-
nevis mmarTvelobis periodi rom ùZraobis xana~ iyo, amis Taobaze gorbaCovis
sityvebidan gaxda cnobili skkp ;;9,, yrilobaze (1986 , Tumca, zogierTi isto-
rikosis azriT, sabWoTa kavSirma swored breJnevis mmarTvelobis oci wlis gan-
mavlobaSi miaRwia Tavisi ganviTarebis maqsimalur dones.
breJnevis epoqisaTvis, ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, damaxasiaTebelia `gan-
viTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia, ramac Caanacvla `komunizmis gaSlili mSe-
neblobis~ xruSCoviseuli gegma.
37.1. ukmayofilebis zrda xruSCovis mmarTvelobiT
nikita xruSCovis gadayenebisTvis mizezebi mravlad iyo. xruSCovis winaaR-

mdeg iyo ganwyobili xalxis umravlesoba: glexebi mas ver patiobdnen piradi sa-
karmidamo nakveTebis SezRudvas; muSebi brals sdebdnen fasebis zrdasa da sur-
saTiT momaragebis gauaresebaSi; mecnierebi, kulturis moRvaweebi, inteligenci-
is sxva jgufebi aRSfoTebulni iyvnen xruSCovis uxeSobiT da gaunaTleblobiT,
araTanmimdevruli destalinizaciiT; samxedroebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen armiisa
da flotis SemcirebiT, aseve Tvlidnen, rom xruSCovi did daTmobebze wavida ka-
ribis krizisis (1962 dros; partiul-saxelmwifo aparati ukmayofilo iyo kadre-
bis mudmivi cvliT, naCqarevi da moufiqrebeli reorganizaciebiT; bevri xruS-
Covs damnaSaved miiCnevda CineTTan urTierTobis gauaresebaSi, arasworad miaC-
ndaT uzomo daxmarebebi mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis; isinic ki, vinc xruSCovis
madlobeli iyvnen axloblebis reabilitaciis gamo, ver patiobdnen xruSCovs
uxeSobasa da sulelur qmedebebs.
xruSCovis gadayeneba SesaZlebeli gaxada im cvlilebebmac, rac misi mmar-
Tvelobis pozitiur Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT — xruSCovma, faqtobrivad, gaa-
nadgura totalitaruli beladobis fenomeni. teroris Sewyveta, SiSis donis Sem-
cireba da masobrivi molodinebis zrda cvlida adamianebis guneba-ganwyobas.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ Ɍɨɦ ɒ Ɇ 2017 134

xruSCovis 70 wlis iubile
1964 wlis 15 aprils, damxobamde eqvsi
TviT adre, nikita xruSCovs 70 weli Seus-
rulda. `Zvirfasi nikita sergeis Zis~ iubi-
le sabWoeTSi didi zeimiT aRiniSna. 17 ap-
rils dabadebis dRe `viwro wreSic~ aRniS-
nes. rogorc misi vaJi sergei xruSCovi igo-
nebs, ck prezidiumis wevrebi erTmaneTs
ejibrebodnen iubilaris qebaSi. breJnevis
mliqvneloba yvela sazRvars gadascda.
xruSCovi moRuSuli iyo, magram aravis aCe-
rebda, — am SemTxvevaSi axali qeba daiwyebo-
da misi Tavmdablobis Taobaze.
dabadebis 70-e wlisTavze n. xruSCovs
sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris varskvlavi gadas-
ces. xruSCovi mokle sityviT gamovida, ro-
melSic Semdegi aRniSna: `zogierTi politi-
kuri moRvawis sikvdili zogjer maT fizi-
kur sikvdilze adre dgeba~. is, albaT, verc
ifiqrebda, rom swored aseTi iyo misi bedi.

erTi mxriv, xruSCovis gadayeneba iyo Tavisebuli `sasaxlis gadatrialeba~,
xruSCovi gaxda partiul-saxelmwifo xelmZRvanelobis zedafenis SeTqmulebis
msxverpli. xruSCovma xelyo nomenklaturis interesebi. meore mxriv, xruSCovis
gadayeneba marto elitis nebis uniadago gamovlineba ar yofila. xruSCovis mmar-
TvelobiT ukmayofileba sul ufro izrdeboda mosaxleobaSi da xalxi xelisuf-
lebaSi momxdar cvlilebas mSvidad da mowonebiTac ki Sexvda.

xruSCovis reformebis zogadi Sefaseba:
x reformebi xorcieldeboda administraciul-
mbrZanebluri sistemis farglebSi da ver gamodi-
odnen am farglebidan;
x reformebi zogjer atarebda impulsur da mou-
fiqrebel xasiaTs, rasac mosdevda ara mdgomare-
obis gaumjobeseba ama Tu im sferoSi, aramed, pi-
riqiT, zogjer kidev ufro auaresebda viTarebas.

saxelmwifo 37.2. gadatrialeba — xruSCovis gadayeneba
xruSCovs daupirispirda nomenklatura, partiul-sameurneo zedafena, vi-

sac mfarvelobda da awinaurebda. SeTqmulTa Soris iyvnen a. Selepini, romelic
1964 wels saTaveSi edga axal mZlavr struqturas — partiul-saxelmwifo kon-
trolis instituts, da v. semiCastni — ɄȽȻ-s xelmZRvaneli. SeTqmulebaSi monawi-

1964 wlisaTvis partiulsaxelmwifo kontrolis komiteti gadaiqca mZlavr struqturad romel-
sac SeeZlo sabWoTa da partiuli organoebis sruli dublireba akontrolebda Zalovan uwyebebs
Seqmnili iyo 15 respublikuri samxareo da saolqo komiteti 1057 saqalaqo da saraiono 348 aTasi
sawarmoebSi kolmeurneobebsa da sabWoTa meurneobebSi 270 aTasi saxalxo kontrolis posti maTSi
CarTuli iyo 2 milion 400 aTasi adamiani

leobdnen l. breJnevi, m. suslovi, n. podgorni da sxvebi. xruSCovs uRalates mis-
ma Zvelma megobrebmac: a. miqoianma da marSalma r. malinovskim.
1964 wlis 13-14 oqtombers ganviTarebuli movlenebi da xruSCovis Tanamde-
bobidan gadayeneba formalurad jdeboda skkp wesdebis farglebSi, magram sinam-
dvileSi atarebda `sasaxlis gadatrialebis~ yvela niSans. rsfsr ministrTa sab-
Wos yofili Tavmjdomare genadi voroncovi amtkicebda, rom SeTqmuleba `daax-
loebiT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda~. saqmis kursSi iyvnen centraluri
komitetis wevrebisa da saolqo komitetebis mdivnebis nawilic. 1963 wels skkp ck
meore mdivanma frol kozlovma, romelic xruSCovis erTguli iyo, janmrTelo-
bis mdgomareobis gamo posti datova. misi movaleobebi gaiyves ssr kavSiris umaR-
lesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomarem leonid breJnevma da skkp ck mdivanma ni-
kolai podgornim. es gaxda xruSCovis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli intrigis dasawyisi.

xruSCovis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebis mTavari monawileebi:
leonid breJnevi (1906-1982 — skkp centraluri komitetis mdivani, ssrk
umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomare;
nikolai podgorni (1903-1983 — skkp centraluri komitetis prezidiumis
wevri;
nikolai mironovi (1913-1964 — skkp ck administraciuli organoebis ganyo-
filebis gamge;
nikolai ignatovi (1901-1966 — rsfsr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tav-
mjdomare, ssrk umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile;
vladimir semiCastni (1924-2001 — ssrk ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli sa-
xelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare;
aleqsei Selepini (1918-1994 — skkp centralur komitetTan arsebuli par-
tiul-saxelmwifo kontrolis komitetis Tavmjdomare;
rodion malinovski (1898-1967 — ssrk Tavdacvis ministri.
xmebma, rom mis winaaRmdeg `raRac mzaddeboda~, xruSCovamdec miaRwia, mag-

ram misi Semdgomi moqmedeba Zneli asaxsnelia. 29 seqtembers xruSCovi Svebuleba-
Si gavida da dasasveneblad biWvinTaSi wavida, Tavis megobar anastas miqoians ki
`saqmeSi garkveva~ daavala. 3 oqtombers miqoiani biWvinTaSi Cavida da xruSCovs
moaxsena, rom SeTqmuleba marTlac arsebobda. miuxedavad amisa, xruSCovma Zve-
leburad gaagrZela dasveneba. rogorc Cans, saTanadod ver Seafasa mowinaaRmde-
geebi.
11 oqtombers ki xruSCovma gaakeTa yvelaze cudi ram, ris gakeTebac Seqmnil
viTarebaSi SeeZlo. moskovSi daureka `SeTqmulebis~ erT-erT monawiles, skkp ck-
is prezidiumis wevrs dmitri polianskis da uTxra, rom icoda mis winaaRmdeg in-
trigebis Sesaxeb, sam-oTx dReSi moskovSi dabrundeboda da yvelas Sav dRes daay-
rida. polianskim saswrafod daureka breJnevs, romelic ucxoeTSi imyofeboda,
da moldaveTSi myof podgornis. oriveni dauyovnebliv dabrundnen moskovSi.
SeTqmulebi aqtiur moqmedebaze gadavidnen.

1964 wlis 12 oqtombers orbitaze ga-
uSves kosmosuri xomaldi ©ȼɨɫɯɨɞ-1ª,
romlis bortzec sami kosmonavti iyo:
vladimir komarovi, konstantin feok-
tistovi da boris egorovi. frena sul 1
dRe-Rame, 17 wuTi da 3 wami gagrZelda da
warmatebiT damTavrda.
suraTze qveynis xelmZRvaneli nikita
xruSCovi telefoniT elaparakeba kos-
mosur xomald `vosxod~-ze myof kosmo-
navtebs, marjvniv zis leonid breJnevi.
dedamiwaze dabrunebul kosmonavtebs
xruSCovi veRar Sexvda, amasobaSi is `pen-
siaze gauSves~. kosmonavtebis oficia-
luri Sexvedra moskovSi gadaido da mxo-
lod 19 oqtombers Sedga. kosmonavtebma
angariSi qveynis axal xelmZRvanels le-
onid breJnevs Caabares.
bunebrivia, imave dRes SeTqmulebma moqmedeba daiwyes. 12 oqtombers breJ-

nevma daureka xruSCovs da ultimatumis formiT mosTxova saswrafod moskovSi
dabruneba centraluri komitetis prezidiumis sagangebo sxdomaze, sadac viTom-
da soflis meurneobaSi xruSCovis axali winadadebebi unda ganexilaT. 13 oqtom-
bers xruSCovi da miqoiani moskovSi gafrindnen. aeroportSi mxolod ɄȽȻ-s xel-
mZRvaneli semiCastni daxvdaT.
13 oqtombers 15:30-ze kremlSi saswrafod Sekrebil skkp centraluri komi-
tetis prezidiumis sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda leonid breJnevi. sxdomas eswrebo-
da 22 kaci, maT Soris sagareo saqmeTa ministri gromiko da Tavdacvis ministri
rodion malinovski. mTavari momxsenebeli iyo mixail suslovi. momxsenebelic da
gamomsvlelebic xruSCovs akritikebdnen ara qveyanaSi Seqmnili krizisuli mdgo-
mareobis gamo, aramed prezidiumSi Seqmnili àranormaluri viTarebis~ da arako-
legiulobis gamo. SeiZleba punqtebad CamovTvaloT pretenziebi, rac xruSCovs
wauyenes:
x sakuTari pirovnebis kultis Seqmna, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad gaakri-
tika stalinis pirovnebis kulti;
x uxeSad eqceoda partiis wevrebs;
x Tavis xelSi moaqcia umaRlesi xelisufleba da uari Tqva koleqtiur
xelmZRvanelobaze;
x partiuli aparati daiRala xruSCovis mier gatarebuli saSinao politi-
kiT da ganuwyveteli reorganizaciiT;
x ekonomikaSi arsebuli problemebi, magaliTad, socialur sferoSi da
soflis meurneobaSi.
xruSCovis dacva mxolod a. miqoianma scada. xruSCovs mosTxoves yvela pos-
tidan gadadgoma. xruSCovi yvela braldebas uaryofda. sxdoma gvian Ramemde gag-
rZelda da gadawyvites, meore dRes, dilis 9 saaTze Sekrebiliyvnen. 14 oqtom-
bers sxdoma kidev saaT-naxevars gagrZelda. breJnevma winadadeba wamoayena, rom
xruSCovi nebayoflobiT gadamdgariyo. xruSCovi winaaRmdegobis gawevas aRar

cdilobda. breJnevma xruSCovis memkvidred podgorni daasaxela, am ukanasknelma
ki uari Tqva Tavad breJnevis sasargeblod.
daadgines centraluri komitetis sxdomis mowveva, sinamdvileSi ki centra-
luri komitetis wevrebi ukve Sekrebilni iyvnen da icdidnen. plenumze suslovis
gamosvlis Semdeg kamaTi ar gaumarTavT. plenumze xruSCovi sityviT ar gamosu-
la. erTxmad daadgines yvela Tanamdebobidan xruSCovis gaTavisufleba `xandaz-
mulobisa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo~. ck plenumi damTavrda SeZaxile-
biT: `gaumarjos Cvens mZlavr leninur partias!~
1964 wlis 14 oqtombers skkp centraluri komitetis sxdomaze nikita xruS-
Covi gaaTavisufles partiuli Tanamdebobidan, 15 oqtombers — umaRlesi sabWos
prezidiumis gadawyvetilebiT mTavrobis meTauris postidanac. skkp ;;,,, yrilo-
bamde (1966 w. marti — aprili xruSCovi formalurad rCeboda skkp centraluri
komitetis wevrad, magram faqtobrivad misi muSaobisgan Camocilebuli iyo.
gazeTebma xruSCovis xelisuf-
lebidan wasvlis Sesaxeb mxolod 1964
wlis 16 oqtombers acnobes sabWoTa
moqalaqeebs. mokled aRiniSna, rom
plenumma daakmayofila amx. n. xruS-
Covis Txovna, asakSi yofnis da jan-
mrTelobis mdgomareobis gauarese-
bis gamo gaeTavisuflebinaT yvela
dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan — skkp-is
centraluri komitetis pirveli
mdivnis postidan, skkp-is centralu-
ri komitetis prezidiumis wevrobi-

dan da sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa
sabWos Tavmjdomaris postidan.
1964 wlis 14 oqtombers ck pre-
zidiumisa da ck sxdomaze xruSCovi
marto darCa da is kenWisyriT gadaa-
yenes. kremlis politikaSi `TamaSis
wesebis~ Secvla misi damsaxureba iyo,
is sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis peri-
odSi misi erTaderTi lideri iyo,
romelmac pensiaze myofma icxovra.

socialisturi qveynebis liderebs piradad breJnevma daureka da momxdaris
Sesaxeb acnoba. msofliom xruSCovis gadayenebis Sesaxeb gago `specialuri daniS-
nulebis Jurnalistis~ viqtor luisgan. aranairi `daxuruli werili~ komuniste-
bisTvis ar yofila, romliTac partiis wevrebs auxsnidnen gadayenebis mizezebs.
sabWoTa elCebisTvis gagzavnil direqtivaSi saubari iyo kursis memkvidreobiTo-
baze da gansakuTrebiT aRiniSneboda, rom àmxanagi xruSCovi rCeboda skkp wev-
rad~.

xruSCovis ojaxSi hyvebodnen — saxlSi dabrunebul
xruSCovs uTqvams: `da mainc Cemi damsaxureba istoriis wina-
Se isaa, rom SesaZlebeli iyo Cemi moxsna ubralo xmis micemis
gziT~.
xruSCovs daeniSna pensia 400 rubli.
gadayenebis Semdeg xruSCovi faqtobrivad Sinapatimro-
baSi iyo da mas aRaravin axsenebda, saswrafod gadaakeTes is-
toriis saxelmZRvaneloebic, sadac xruSCovi aRar figuri-
rebda. misi moRvaweoba mokled fasdeboda, rogorc mmarTve-
lobaSi `subieqtivizmisa~ da `voluntarizmis~ periodi.
sazogadoeba informacias xruSCovis gadadgomis Sesaxeb kmayofilebiTa da

sifrTxiliT Sexvda. kmayofilebas iwvevda xruSCovis dausrulebeli reformoba-
nas Sewyvetis molodini da mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis imedi, sifrTxiles ki —
aSkara sicrue `janmrTelobis gauaresebasTan~ dakavSirebiT da stalinur wes-
rigTan dabrunebis SiSi. oqtombris plenumidan ori kviris Semdeg ɄȽȻ-s xel-
mZRvaneli semiCastni centraluri komitetis prezidiumis sxdomaze moxsenebiT
gamovida, Tu ra reaqcia hqonda mosaxleobas xruSCovis gadayenebaze. arc erTi
mitingi, arc erTi mimarTva xruSCovis dasacavad. es, miuxedavad imisa, rom wlebis
manZilze mimdinareobda xruSCovis xotba-didebis kampania.
ɄȽȻ-s monacemebiT, 1965 wels saSualod orjer Semcirda àntisabWoTa ga-
mosvlebi~ (furclebi, xelisufalTa misamarTiT gakeTebuli Seuracxmyofeli
warwerebi . erTaderTi sakiTxi iwvevda interess — gagrZeldeboda Tu ara xruS-
Covis mier dawyebuli stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritika.

37.3. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavari pensioneri
1964 wlis 15 oqtombers xruSCovma pensioneris rangSi gaiRviZa. raime kon-

kretuli saqme mas aRar hqonda, ramac depresiaSi Caagdo. Tavidan Zalian uWirda,
saaTobiT ijda savarZelSi, zogjer ki cremlebi mosdioda. droTa ganmavlobaSi
mdgomareobas SeeCvia da ufro aqtiuri gaxda. xSirad Cadioda moskovSi da quCeb-
Si seirnobda, colisa da dacvis TanxlebiT, eswreboda koncertebsa da speqtak-
lebs TeatrebSi.
xruSCovs dauniSnes pensia 400 rubli. es Tanxa bevri ar iyo, magram ramden-
jerme aRemateboda rigiTi sabWoTa moqalaqeebis pensias, dautoves avtomobili
`zil~-i, kremlis saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis ufleba, specialuri sasursaTo
uzrunvelyofa (`paioki~ , cxovrobda moskovis axlos mdebare agarakze. bevrs mu-
Saobda baRSi, bevrs kiTxulobda da misi biblioTeka pensiaze yofnis dros swra-
fad gaizarda.

Ɋɭɞɨɥɶɮ ɉɢɯɨɹ Ɋ Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɪɝɥɢ ɇɢɤɢɬɭ ɏɪɭɳɟɜɚ
KWWSVZZZYHGRPRVWLUXRSLQLRQDUWLFOHVSRFKHPXVYHUJOLKUXVFKHYD

19501960ian wlebSi qalaqis macxovreblis pensia iyo 70dan 120 rublamde

xruSCovs dautoves bina moskovSi, sadac
yofna ar uyvarda da erCivna agaraki mosko-
vis maxloblad. Tumca, agaraki ramdenjerme
gamoacvlevines. samTavrobo agaraki maleve
daatovebines da molotovis yofil agarak-
Si Seasaxles, magram 1965 wlis dasawyisSi
iqidanac gamoasaxles da ufro mokrZale-
bul agarakSi gadaiyvanes petrovo-dalniSi.
agaraki mesriT iyo garSemortymuli da ga-
sasvlelebs uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi
akontrolebdnen. xruSCovi saxlidan marto
ver gamovidoda, mas aucileblad dahyve-
bodnen uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi.
pensioneri nikita xruSCovi sabWoTa presas aqtiurad ecnoboda, saidanac
axal ambebs gebulobda. aqtiurad usmenda dasavluri radiosadgurebis rusul
gadacemebs — àmerikis xmas~, bi-bi-sis, `germanul talRas~, romelTa CaxSobis gan-
kargulebac Tavad hqonda gacemuli. dasavluri gadacemebidan gebulobda al-
ternatiul Tvalsazriss sabWoTa kavSirsa da msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebze.
radios CamorTmevis Taobaze uSiSroebis TanamSromlebs miTiTeba ar hqondaT.
xruSCovi axal ambebs axloblebTan ganixilavda. did Secdomad miaCnda ja-
rebis Seyvana 1968 wels CexoslovakiaSi, — `SeiZleboda amis sxvanairad gakeTeba,
moiwona 1969-1970 wlebSi dawyebuli daZabulobis Seneleba dasavleTTan. gakvir-
vebas gamoTqvamda stalinis reabilitaciis mcdelobaze. ar daijera stalinis qa-
liSvilis svetlana aliluevas sazRvargareT gaqceva, sanam amis Sesaxeb dasavlu-
ri radiosadguridan ar moismina. svetlanas xruSCovi afasebda, radganac, vasi-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, mxari dauWira ;; da ;;,, yrilobebis gadawyvetilebebs.

nikita xruSCovis mesame meuRle nina kuxarCuki

(1900-1984 , romelTanac 1924 wels iqorwina da sami
Svili hyavdaT, magram qorwineba oficialurad mxo-
lod 1965 wels gaaformes. nina kuxarCuki Tan axlda
nikitas ucxoeTSi vizitebis dros.
pirveli coli efrosinia pisareva (1896-1919 1919
wels tifiT gardaicvala, meore cols marusias (gva-
ri ucnobia 1922 wels gaeyara, magram martoxela de-
dis daxmarebas SemdgomSic agrZelebda.

1967 wels xruSCovs gadadgomis Semdeg pirveli konfliqti mouxda xelisuf-

lebasTan. safrangeTSi aCvenes satelevizio filmi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ata-
rebs dros pensioneri xruSCovi. aman centralur komitetSi ukmayofileba gamo-
iwvia. Secvales xruSCovis mTeli dacva `sifxizlis~ naklebobis gamo, xruSCovi ki
gamoiZaxa skkp centraluri komitetis mdivanma da politbiuros wevrma a. kiri-
lenkom. es ukanaskneli xruSCovis dawinaurebuli iyo, magram xruSCovs uxeSad
elaparaka da daemuqra: `jer kidev Zalze kargad cxovrobo~. am usiamovno saub-
ris Semdeg xruSCovs pirveli infarqti daemarTa.
1969 wlis aprilSi nikita xruSCovi 75 wlis gaxda. sabWoTa kavSirSi es ar
aRuniSnavT, samagierod, ar gamorCenia dasavlur presas. ucxoeTidan mravali mi-
saloci depeSa miiRo, maT Soris de golisgan, inglisis dedoflisgan, ianoS kada-
risgan.

rogor da ratom dawera xruSCovma memuarebi

1960-ian wlebi `memuarebis aTwledi~ iyo.

mravali sabWoTa moRvawe (marSlebi da gener-
lebi, yofili ministrebi da partiuli funqci-
onerebi, mecnierebi da xelovnebis sferos war-
momadgenlebi mogonebebis weras Seudgnen.
xruSCovi aqtiurad ecnoboda am mogonebebs da
swyinda, rom mis Sesaxeb arafers werdnen, anda
mokled aRniSnavdnen — `ck-is mdivani~. 1965
wels, gamarjvebis me-20 wlisTavis iubileze
armiis general batovs hkiTxes, iyo Tu ara
xruSCovi stalingradSi. generalma, romelic
xruSCovTan erTad ibrZoda stalingradSi, sa-
jarod ganacxada, rom ar icis.
amgvar mogonebebze ganawyenebulma xruSCovma
memuarebis dawera gadawyvita. nikitas wera ar
exerxeboda, amitom mis monaTxrobs magnitofon-
ze iwerdnen da Semdeg sabeWdi manqaniT qaRal-
dze gadahqondaT. aq ori versia arsebobs: erTi
versiis Tanaxmad, mbeWdavi daiqiraves, meore
versiis mixedviT, nikitas vaJi sergei beWdavda,
rasac Semdeg nikita kiTxulobda da Sesworebebs
akeTebda. mTlianobaSi nikita xruSCovis monaT-
xrobi daaxloebiT 300 saaTi grZeldeba.
xruSCovi rom mogonebebs werda, cxadia,
kremlSi gaiges da ar moewonaT. scades aekrZa-
laT. daibara a. kirilenkom, saubars pelSe da
demiCevic daeswrnen. xruSCovma uari Tqva da
aRniSna, rom mogonebebis daweris sruli uf-
leba hqonda.
cxadia, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi xruSCovis mo-
gonebebs aravin dabeWdavda, magram gaurkveve-
lia Tu rogor moxvda xruSCovis mogonebebis
Canawerebi ucxoeTSi. erTi versiis mixedviT,
sergei xruSCovi daukavSirda ɄȽȻ-s xelmZRva-
nels andropovs da misi TanxmobiT, Jurnalist
viqtor luis xeliT magnitofiri dasavleTSi
gadaigzavna. Semdeg, rodesac skandali atyda,
andropovi mkveTrad gaemijna xruSCovs. meore
versiis Tanaxmad, Canawerebi dasavleTSi ise
gaitana viRacam, rom xruSCovma amis Taobaze
araferi icoda.
xruSCovis mogonebebi inglisur enaze Tar-
gmna stroub telbotma da or tomad daibeWda
aSS-Si 1970 da 1974 wlebSi. skandali atyda 1970
wlis noemberSi, rodesac sabWoTa mTavrobis-
Tvis cnobili gaxda, rom aSS-Si xruSCovis mo-

gonebebi unda gamosuliyo. nikita gamoiZaxes
partiuli kontrolis komitetis Tavmjdomare
a. pelSesTan. sabWoTa sisxlis samarTlis ko-
deqsiT, xruSCovis aRniSnuli qmedeba `samSob-
los Ralatad~ fasdeboda, magram nikita `Cveu-
lebrivi adamiani~ ar iyo. mas mosTxoves, uari
eTqva wignze. xruSCovis mokle gancxadebaSi
naTqvami iyo, rom mas ar gadaucia dasavleTSi
mogonebebi dasabeWdad, magram ar uTqvams, rom
mogonebebi ar arsebobda. am saubris Semdeg
xruSCovs meored mouvida infarqti. 1971 wlis
dasawyisSi xruSCovs Cautanes aSS-Si dabeWdili

mogonebebis pirveli tomi.
1971 wlis 11 seqtembers nikita xruSCovi gardaicvala. xruSCovis sikvdilma

kremlis xelmZRvaneloba problemis winaSe daayena. rogor daekrZalaT Serisxu-
li lideri. erTi mxriv, yvela im ritualis dacva, riTac saxelmwifo meTaurs
krZalavdnen, saWirod ar miaCndaT, meore mxriv ki, arc ignorireba gamodioda —
xruSCovi 11 weli sabWoTa qveynis xelmZRvaneli iyo.
xruSCovis dakrZalvis Taobaze partiul zedafenaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
warmoiSva. podgornis da kosigins miaCndaT, rom kremlis kedelTan unda daekrZa-
laT, magram ritualebis gareSe — ar unda yofiliyo nekrologi portretiT, mi-
tingi da saluti. nekrologSi ar iyo Cveulebrivi fraza — `Rrma mwuxarebiT viuw-
yebiT~, ewera ubralod — `mwuxarebiT~.

informacia xruSCovis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb

skkp centraluri komiteti da ssr kavSiris mi-
nistrTa sabWo mwuxarebiT iuwyeba, rom 1971 wlis
11 seqtembers mZime, xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sem-
deg, 78 wlis asakSi gardaicvala skkp ck yofili
pirveli mdivani da ssr kavSiris ministrTa sabWos
Tavmjdomare, personaluri pensioneri nikita ser-
geis Ze xruSCovi.
`pravda~, 13 seqtemberi, 1971 weli

garda am informaciisa, sabWoTa presaSi ar ga-

moqveynebula xruSCovis aranairi nekrologi da
suraTi, gansxvavebiT dasavluri presisgan, sadac
didi yuradReba miaqcies xruSCovis gardacvalebas
da vrceli werilebi gamoaqveynes rogorc misi dak-
rZalvis, ise moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
gaimarjva breJnevis, suslovisa da pelSes Tvalsazrisma — xruSCovi novode-
viCis sasaflaoze daekrZalaT orSabaTs, 13 seqtembers, 12 saaTze. gamomSvidobeba
gardacvlilTan moewyoT saavadmyofos samgloviaro darbazSi dilis 10 saaTze
da imave dRes mokle cnoba gamoeqveynebinaT gazeTebSi `pravda~ da ìzvestia~,
fotografiis gareSe. es yvelaferi gakeTda imisTvis, rom xruSCovis gardacva-
leba bevrs ver gaego da dasaflavebaze rac SeiZleba naklebi msurveli misuliyo.
nikitas Svilma sergei xruSCovma mamis gardacvalebis dResve daureka nac-
nob norvegiel Jurnalists luis da misgan mTelma msofliom Seityo momxdaris

Sesaxeb. samgloviaro depeSebi modioda ucxoeTis qveynebis liderebisgan. es Cve-
ulebrivi oficialuri protokoli iyo, rac uxerxul mdgomareobaSi agdebda sab-
WoeTis imdroindel mmarTvelebs. samgloviaro depeSebs ar agzavnidnen ucxoeli
komunistebi, — moskovidan isini winaswar gaafrTxiles, amis gakeTeba mizanSewo-
nili ar ariso.
dasaflavebamde erTi dRiT adre sergei xruSCovs aCvenes dasaflavebis ad-
gili novodeviCis sasaflaoze. adgili sergeis ar moewona da saflavis adgilis
gadatana farTo aleaze moiTxova, razec uari uTxres. maSin sasaflaos direq-
torma gamoZebna adgili gzasTan axlos, razec SeTanxmdnen. xruSCovisTvis pirve-
lad momzadebul saflavSi imave wlis dekemberSi dakrZales poeti aleqsandre
tvardovski.
informacia xruSCovis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb swrafad gavrcelda moskovSi
da gamosamSvidobeblad bevri xalxi movida. sasaflaoze sanitaruli dRe gamoac-
xades da misul adamianebs milicia da uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi ukan abruneb-
dnen. ase rom, dakrZalvas daeswrnen mxolod naTesavebi, axlo megobrebi, Svile-
bis TanamSromlebi. iyo daaxloebiT sami aTeuli ucxoeli Jurnalisti, magram ar-
cerTi sabWoTa. mravlad iyvnen uSiSroebis TanamSromlebi, romlebic uceremoni-
od uRebdnen suraTebs SekrebilT. aranairi tribuna samgloviaro mitingisTvis
ar yofila. mokle gamosamSvidobebeli sityvebi warmoTqves sergei xruSCovma,
Zvelma bolSevikma nadeJda dimanSteinma da sergeis megobarma vadim vasilievma.
xruSCovis saflavze bevri mnaxveli midioda, Tundac iq aRmarTuli Zeglis
sanaxavad da yvavilebi mihqondaT. kremlis miTiTebiT, moskovis sabWom gareSe
pirTaTvis sasaflao daketa.

Zegli xruSCovis saflavze

mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT nikita xruSCovis
saflavze unda daedoT standartuli marmarilos
fila, risTvisac 2 aTasi maneTi gamoiyo. ojaxma mo-
indoma saflavze obeliskis dadgma, romlis proeq-
tis gakeTeba ernst neizvestnis sTxoves. ojaxis
TqmiT, aseTi iyo nikitas anderZi. kosiginma moiwo-
na obeliskis proeqti da gamoyofili Tanxa 5 aTas
maneTamde gazardes, Tumca proeqtis ganxorcie-
lebas uSiSroeba adevnebda Tvals. centralur ko-
mitetSi ar moewonaT, rom skulptori apirebda
obeliskze mxolod `xruSCovis~ warweras. aman mav-
zoleumze warwerili `lenini~ gaaxsenaT. saswrafo
gaimarTa politbiuros sxdoma da moiTxoves, rom
Zeglze saxeli, mamis saxeli da dabadeba-gardacva-
lebis TariRebic mieweraT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
obeliski saerTod ar daidgmeboda.
Zeglis gaxsna politbiuros mier dadgenil va-
das weliwad-naxevari gadascilda. gaxsnis cere-
monias uSiSroeba adevnebda Tvals da suslovis
davalebiT andropovma specialuri angariSi moam-
zada Tavis uwyebaSi, romelic sabWoeTis umaRles
xelmZRvanelobas daegzavna.

nawili meaTe
leonid breJnevis mmarTveloba
Tavi ;;;9,,,
breJnevi: koleqtiuri mmarTvelobidan pirovnebis

gandidebamde
38.1. axali xelmZRvanelobis konturebi
xruSCovis damxobis mTavari organizatori Selepini iyo, magram qveynis xel-

mZRvanelobisTvis mas ar hqonda sakmarisi avtoriteti. centraluri komitetis
pirveli mdivani leonid breJnevi (1906-1982 gaxda, sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa
sabWos Tavmjdomare — aleqsei kosigini (1904-1980 , xolo umaRlesi sabWos prezi-
diumis Tavmjdomare — nikolai podgorni (1906-1983 . samive stalinis dawinaure-
buli iyo 1930-iani wlebis teroris dros. pirvel xanebSi isini, iseve, rogorc
stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg mosuli liderebi, `koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobis~
saxiT moqmedebdnen, Tumca xruSCovis memkvidreebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-
bodnen erTmaneTisgan.
xelisuflebaSi mosuli breJnevis `gundi~ sam jgufad SeiZleba gaiyos:
erTni (a. kosigini da centraluri komitetis mdivani i. andropovi aucileb-
lad miiCnevdnen ekonomikaSi reformistuli kursis gatarebas da sazogadoebriv-
politikuri cxovrebis Semdgom liberalizacias, ra Tqma unda, arsebuli siste-
mis farglebSi da misi ganmtkicebis mizniT. a. kosigini cnobili iyo rogorc re-
formebis momxre, romelic mxars uWerda zogierTi ekonomikuri stimulis Caner-
gvas administraciul-mbrZaneblur sistemaSi; iuri andropovi iyo ;; yrilobis
kursis Tanmimdevruli gagrZelebisa da `socialisturi Rirebulebebis~ dasaca-
vad gadamwyveti zomebis miRebis momxre;
konservatiuli gzis momxreebi (m. suslovi, a. Selepini Tvlidnen, rom qveya-
nas stabiluroba sWirdeboda, romlis miRwevis gzad esaxebodaT xruSCovis mier
gatarebuli kursis SeCereba, uari unda eTqvaT destalinizaciis politikasa da
reformebze. a. Selepini stalinisti iyo;
calke idga breJnevi, romelsac am or jgufs Soris centristuli pozicia
ekava. breJnevi iyo tipuri àparatis muSaki~, romelsac partiul-biurokratiuli
sistemis farglebSi gavlili hqonda karieris yvela safexuri. mas ar gaaCnda gar-
kveuli politikuri platforma, magram iZulebuli iyo Camoeyalibebina kursi,
romelic uzrunvelyofda aparatis mxardaWeras. es garemoeba ganapirobebda kon-
servatiuli kursis damkvidrebas (ùZraoba~ , magram politikis sferoSic ki es
Semobruneba mkveTrad ar xdeboda, ekonomikis sferoSi ki kidev ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda reformebi.

leonid breJnevi Tavidan droebiT fi-
gurad miiCneoda, magram bevrisTvis gasakvi-
rad swored is gaxda lideri didi xniT —
gardacvalebamde. breJnevi bevrs moswonda,
— xruSCovisgan gansxvavebiT keTili iyo, ar
uxeSobda, miiCnevdnen, rom breJnevi ar iyo
ambiciuri, frTxili iyo gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis dros da a.S.
breJnevs SeeZlo adamianebis keTilganwyobis mopoveba. xruSCovis gadayene-

bis Semdeg Tavis pirvelsave sajaro gamosvlaSi breJnevma gaauqma xruSCovis mier
SemoRebuli `dausabuTebeli~ SezRudvebi pirad damxmare meurneobaze, riTac ma-
Sinve moipova glexebis keTilganwyoba. 1965 wlis maisSi samxedroebTan Sexvedris
dros breJnevma stalini axsena omSi gamarjvebis organizatorad, riTac ovacia
gamoiwvia darbazSi. rac mTavaria, breJnevma moipova partiuli nomenklaturis
zeda eSelonis — saolqo komitetebis mdivnebisa da partiuli aparatis mxardaWe-
ra maT mimarT pativiscemis demonstrirebiT da sakadro stabilurobis dapire-
biT.
breJnevi ganasaxierebda e. w. àxal sabWoTa nomenklaturas~ — komunistebs,
romelTac meore msoflio omamde ar ekavaT maRali Tanamdebobebi da ar hqoniaT
axlo urTierToba `cocxal~ stalinTan.

38.2. breJnevis damkvidreba xelisuflebis saTaveSi
xruSCovis xelisuflebidan Camocilebis Semdeg axal Tanamdebobebze dawi-

naurdnen SeTqmulebis monawileni. gadatrialebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg, 1964 wlis
noembris plenumze, centraluri komitetis prezidiumis wevrebi gaxdnen a. Sele-
pini (gadatrialebis erT-erTi mTavari organizatori da a. Selesti (ukrainis
kompartiis 1-li mdivani . 1965 wlis dekemberSi gadadga umaRlesi sabWos prezi-
diumis Tavmjdomare a. miqoiani, 1966 wlis agvistoSi am postze dainiSna xruSCo-
vis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis kidev erTi aqtiuri wevri — n. podgorni.
1965 wlidan Tavi iCina sxva tendenciamac. breJnevma daiwyo xruSCovis wina-
aRmdeg SeTqmulebis monawile Tavisi TanamebrZolebis ukana rigSi gadaweva. 1965
wlis dekemberSi centralurma komitetma moaxdina partiul-sameurneo kontro-
lis aparatis reformireba. amis mizani iyo mis saTaveSi myofi a. Selepinis ufle-
bamosilebis Semcireba. 1967 wels Selepini gaaTavisufles centraluri komite-
tis mdivnis Tanamdebobidan.

breJnevi generalur mdivnad arCevis
Semdegac kidev ramdenime wlis ganmavloba-
Si xelisuflebis srulad mflobelad Tavs
ver grZnobda, maT Soris angariSis gaweva
uxdeboda samxedroebisTvisac, `marSalTa
bloki~ seriozul Zalas warmoadgenda xe-
lisuflebaSi. marSlebi omis gmirebi iy-
vnen da 1960-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi es seri-
ozuli politikuri argumenti iyo.

breJnevi da Tavdacvis ministri greCko
1966 wels cxadi gaxda, rom mZimed avadmyofi Tavdacvis ministri marSali ma-
linovski male gardaicvleboda. breJnevs uCndeba idea, rom am postze daeniSna
ara profesionali samxedro, aramed centraluri komitetis mdivani ustinovi. am
ukanasknels omis periodSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ekava Tavdacvis mrewvelobis
xelmZRvanelobaSi. ustinovi general-polkovniki iyo 1944 wlidan, rodesac
breJnevi, ubralod, polkovniki iyo. xruSCovis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi us-
tinovi ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile iyo. breJnevi usti-
novs 1947 wlidan icnobda.

dmitri ustinovi (1908-1984
andrei greCko (1903-1976
1966 wels skkp ck generalurma mdivanma ver moaxerxa gamarjvebis mopoveba

omSi saxelmoxveWil sabWoTa marSlebze da Tavisi rCeuli dmitri ustinovi ver
daniSna Tavdacvis ministrad. 1966 wels umaRles samxedro xelmZRvanelobaSi
yvelaze Zlier dajgufebas marSali greCko edga saTaveSi, romelic 1960 wlidan
iyo varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebis gaerTianebuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTa-
varsardali. greCko 1967 wlis aprilSi dainiSna Tavdacvis ministrad. iyo 1968
wels CexoslovakiaSi samxedro intervenciis erT-erTi organizatori, misi minis-
trobis periodSi iyo 1969 wels sasazRvro konfliqti CineTTan. 1973 wels, 16-
wliani Sesvenebis Semdeg, Tavdacvis ministrad daniSnes skkp centraluri komi-
tetis politbiuros wevri (Tavdacvis ministri politbiuros wevri aRar iyo g.
Jukovis gadayenebis Semdeg .
greCkos urTierToba breJnevTan daZabuli iyo, politbiuros sxdomebze
greCko Riad akritikebda breJnevs da es ukanaskneli iZulebuli iyo aetana kri-
tika; greCkos ar hqonda kargi urTierToba ɄȽȻ-s ufrosTan iuri andropovTan,
radganac ar moswonda da ewinaaRmdegeboda uSiSroebis organoebis gavlenis
zrdas; rTuli urTierToba hqonda dmitri ustinovTan, romelic 1965-1976 wleb-
Si skkp ck mdivani iyo da amave dros dakavSirebuli iyo Tavdacvis mrewvelobas-
Tan. dRes arsebobs versia, rom greCkos moulodneli sikvdili swored breJnev-
Tan dapirispirebam ganapiroba.

Tavdacvis ministri marSali andrei greCko
1976 wlis aprilSi, sruliad janmrTeli, mou-
lodnelad gardaicvala 72 wlis asakSi. amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT arsebobs versia, rom is
breJnevTan dapirispirebas Seewira. 1976 wlis
dekemberSi breJnevi 70 wlis xdeboda, zeimi-
saTvis mzadeba wlis dasawyisidan daiwyes.
breJnevs Zalian undoda gamxdariyo marSali
da misi am survilis Sesaxeb greCkos sikvdi-
lamde 10 dRiT adre uTxres, am ukanasknelma
kategoriuli uari ganacxada: `mxolod Cemi

sikvdilis Semdeg~. greCko moulodnelad gar-
daicvala da 10 dRis Semdeg breJnevs marSlis
wodeba mieniWa.
gaixsenes sxva SemTxvevac. 1974 wels breJ-
nevi general-leitenanti iyo da moindoma,
pirdapir armiis generali gamxdariyo da amiT
`gadaxtomoda~ general-polkovnikis wodebas.
maSinac greCko amis winaaRmdegi iyo, magram
breJnevma Tavisas miaRwia.
leonid breJnevis gza marSlobamde:

general-maiori — 2.11.1944
general-leitenanti — 4.08.1953
armiis generali — 22.03.1974
sabWoTa kavSiris marSali — 7.05.1976
breJnevi da Selepinis dajgufeba

1967 wels breJnevisa da Selepinis klanebs Soris gadamwyveti dapirispireba
gaiSala, rac breJnevis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. amasTan, axaldaniSnuli Tavdac-
vis ministri breJnevis mxareze aRmoCnda. 1967 wlis 18 maiss Selepinis mniSvnelo-
vani momxre, ɄȽȻ-s ufrosi vladimir semiCastni Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da `sa-
kavSiro politikur cxovrebas~ saerTod CamoaSores — is gadaiyvanes ukrainis mi-
nistrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirvel moadgiled. misi gadayenebis mizezi gaxda
stalinis qaliSvilis svetlana aliluevas uari, dabrunebuliyo sabWoTa kavSir-
Si indoeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg da, aseve, misi àntisabWoTa~ wignis gamocemis
perspeqtiva.
1967 wlis 20 ivniss Selepinis meore mokavSirem, partiis moskovis komitetis
xelmZRvanelma nikolai egoriCevma centraluri komitetis sxdomaze Tavdacvis
saministro gaakritika israel-arabeTis omis dros warumatebeli moqmedebis-
Tvis, daiwuna aseve moskovis sahaero Tavdacvis sistema. egoriCevi greCkos akri-
tikebda, magram sinamdvileSi kritikis samizne breJnevi iyo, romelic, saboloo
jamSi, pasuxismgebeli iyo Tavdacvis uwyebis mdgomareobaze. ramdenime dRis Sem-
deg egoriCevma dakarga moskovis komitetis xelmZRvanelis posti da mogvianebiT
elCad gaagzavnes daniaSi.

Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜ ɊȺ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɩɨɜ Ɇ Ɇɨɥɨɞɚɹ Ƚɜɚɪɞɢɹ 2006 ɫ89 9394

əɤɨɜɥɟɜ Ⱥ ɇ Ɉɦɭɬ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ɇ ȼɚɝɪɢɭɫ 2001

Tavad Selepini 1967 wlis ivlisSi daaqveiTes da gadaiyvanes profkavSirebis
(ȼɐɋɉɋ xelmZRvanelis postze. mis momxreebs aTavisuflebdnen sxvadasxva pos-
tidan, magram Selepini kvlav rCeboda politbiuros wevrad. 1970 wlis martSi,
breJnevis skkp ck generalur mdivnad arCevis 6 wlis Semdeg, aleqsandr Selepinma
scada breJnevis gadayeneba. Selepini am dros politbiuros wevrad rCeboda. man
aseve politbiuros wevrebTan — centraluri komitetis mdivan suslovTan da mi-
nistrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirvel moadgile mazurovTan erTad dawera e. w.
`samTa werili~, romelSic mkacrad iyo gakritikebuli breJnevi. apirebdnen am we-
rilis plenumze gatanas. breJnevi saqmis kursSi iyo da winmswrebi nabiji gadadga.
saswrafod gaemgzavra belorusiaSi, sadac Tavdacvis ministri marSali greCko
manevrebs atarebda. belorusiaSi ramdenime dRe darCa da samxedroebis mxardaWe-
ra moipova. Selepins, suslovs da mazurovs TavianTi werili aRar gaxsenebiaT.
Selepini 1975 wlis aprilSi gaiyvanes politbiuros Semadgenlobidan da gaa-
Tavisufles profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelis postidan. sababad gamoiyenes 1975
wels sabWoTa profkavSirebis delegaciis warumatebeli viziti did britaneTSi.
britanul presaSi aRiniSna, rom sabWoTa profkavSirebis xelmZRvaneli iyo sta-
linisti da uSiSroebis organoebis yofili xelmZRvaneli. arsebobs eWvi, rom
saprotesto aqciebis organizebaSi sabWoTa uSiSroebis xeli eria,

1964 wels xruSCovis memkvidre breJnevi
gaxda, magram mas xelisuflebis gayofa uxde-
boda politbiuros sxva wevrebTan (a. Selepi-
ni, n. podgorni, a. kosigini , mxolod 1971
wels gaxda breJnevis xelisufleba faqtob-
rivad erTpirovnuli: man Camoicila politi-
kuri metoqeebi da centraluri komitetis
aparatSi Seiyvana Tavisi erTguli adamianebi,
rogorebic iyvnen iuri andropovi da kon-
stantine Cernenko.
1978 wels breJnevs ukanaskneli dapirispireba mouxda kiril mazurovTan

(1914-1989 , romelic politbiuros wevrad rCeboda. skkp ck politbiuros erT-
erT sxdomaze winadadeba wamoayenes, rom breJnevisaTvis mesamejer mieniWebinaT
sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodeba. yvela Tanaxma iyo, mxolod mazurovi wavida wina-
aRmdegi, `me mgoni, leonid ilias Zes daTvur samsaxurs vuwevTo~. meore dRes sus-
lovma mazurovs urCia daewera gancxadeba wasvlis Sesaxeb `janmrTelobis gaua-
resebuli mdgomareobis gamo~. aseve uTxra, rom `politikurad beci iyo~ da ar
miscemdnen uflebas, Seeryia leonid breJnevis avtoriteti. Tavad mazurovis mo-
gonebis Tanaxmad, skkp centraluri komitetis 1978 wlis noembris plenumis muSa-
obis dros l. breJnevma SeaCera darbazis SesasvlelTan da pirdapir ganucxada,
rom masTan muSaoba metad aRar undoda. igive upasuxa mazurovmac da iqve dawera
gancxadeba pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb. breJnevma es gancxadeba plenumze waikiTxa,
erTxmad dauWires mxari da mazurovs madloba gadauxades mravalwliani muSao-
bisTvis.

Ɉɧ ɫɩɨɪɢɥ ɫ ɏɪɭɳɟɜɵɦ ɢ Ȼɪɟɠɧɟɜɵɦ« KWWSVEHOGXPNDEHOWDE\LVILOHV000167—492159SGI

Tavdasxma breJnevze
1969 wlis 22 ianvars leonid breJnevze Tavdasxma moxda, maSin rodesac saze-
imo Sexvedra mimdinareobda `soiuz-4~ da `soiuz-5~ kosmosuri xomaldebis ekipa-
JebTan. viqtor ilinma esrola manqanas, romelSic, misi azriT, generaluri mdi-
vani ijda. sinamdvileSi am manqaniT midiodnen kosmonavtebi. srolis Sedegad dai-
Rupa avtomobilis mZRoli, breJnevi ki, romelic sxva manqaniT mihyavdaT, ar da-
zaralebula.
1969 wlis 22 ianvars mimdinare-
obda kosmonavtebTan Sexvedris
pirdapiri telereportaJi. ucbad
gadacema Sewyda da srolis xma is-
moda. sabWoTa moqalaqeebma mxo-
lod 20 wlis Semdeg gaiges, rom l.
breJnevze Tavdasxma moxda. sam-
Tavrobo manqanebi SejavSnuli ar
Tavdamsxmeli viqtor ilini da Tavdasxmis iyo.
adgili ilinis garda sabWoTa kavSirSi
breJnevze sxva Tavdasxma ar yofi-
la. Tumca, ɄȽȻ-s informaciiT,
sazRvargareT iyo Tavdasxmis ori
mcdeloba 1977 da 1978 wlebSi
(safrangeTsa da gfr-Si , romelTa
Tavidan acileba moxerxda.
umcrosma leitenantma viqtor ilinma yvelaferi dagegma. icoda, rodis iq-

neboda kremlSi kosmonavtebTan Sexvedra da wina dRiT qalaq lomonosovSi Tavis
samxedro nawilSi morigeobis dros Cumad aiRo ori revolveri, saswrafod Cavida
leningradSi da iqidan moskovSi gadafrinda, TviTmfrinavis bortze iaraRis ata-
nac moaxerxa. moskovSi Rame biZasTan gaaTia, romelic miliciis yofili Tanam-
Sromeli iyo. meore dRes, diliT aiRo biZamisis milicielis Sineli da qudi, mivi-
da kremlis im WiSkarTan, sadac samTavrobo eskorts unda Caevlo da miliciis
jaWvSi Cadga. ilini moxvda miliciis or qvedanayofs Soris da ùcxos~ yofna ami-
tom ver SeamCnies. 14:15 kremlis karebSi samTavrobo korteJi Sevida. ilinma ori-
ve revolveridan srola daiwyo da 6 wamSi 11 gasrola (sxva cnobiT, 8 gasrola mo-
aswro, sanam ganaiaraRebdnen. ilini darwmunebuli iyo, rom breJnevis avtomo-
bils esroda, sinamdvileSi, kosmonavtebs esrola da breJnevi momdevno manqanaSi
ijda.
ilini kritikulad iyo ganwyobili sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli politikuri
sistemisadmi, gmobda CexoslovakiaSi intervencias da dadebiTad afasebda sam-
xedro gadatrialebebs mesame samyaros qveynebSi. aRtacebuli iyo li harvi os-
valdiT, romelic prezident jon kenedis mkvlelad miiCneva.
ilini gaasamarTles, magram arc dauxvretiaT da arc Cveulebriv cixeSi aR-
moCenila, aramed iZulebiTi fsiqiatriuli mkurnaloba miusajes. erTadgilian
palataSi TiTqmis 20 weli gaatara. 1988 wels dedis daJinebuli TxovniT lenin-
gradSi gadaiyvanes fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi da 1990 wels saerTod gaaTavi-

valentina tereSkova aleqsei leonovi andrian nikolaevi georgi beregovoi

sufles. ilins misces erToTaxiani bina da dauniSnes samxedro pensia, radganac is
armiaSi samsaxuridan mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi gaTavisuflebuli ar yofila.
breJnevze momxdari Tavdasxmis dros ɄȽȻ-s ufrosi i. andropovi iyo. bevri
fiqrobda, rom mas Tanamdebobidan gadaayenebdnen, Tumca ase ar momxdara. ilini
cixeSi rom ar aRmoCnda, andropovTan Sexvedras umadloda. andropovs ukiTxavs,
breJnevis magivrad qveynis xelmZRvanelad vin gesaxebodao. ilinma mixail suslo-
vi daasaxela. rogorc Cans, kremlSi marTlac Sida brZola mimdinareobda da
breJnevma ar moindoma andropovis Tavidan mocileba.
avadmyofi breJnevi
1976 wlis dasawyisSi breJnevma gadaitana klinikuri sikvdili. mas sicocxle
daubrunes, magram ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar SeeZlo muSaoba, darRveuli hqonda
azrovneba da metyveleba. am droidan moyolebuli breJnevis gverdiT mudmivad
imyofeboda eqim-reanimatorebis jgufi, sruli samedicino aRWurvilobiT. breJ-
nevis janmrTeloba TandaTanobiT uaresdeboda. is ukve Znelad arTmevda Tavs mi-
nimalur valdebulebebs. 1976 wlis Semdeg, momdevno eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
breJnevma gadaitana ramdenime infarqti da insulti. eqim-reanimatorebma is ram-
denjerme gamoiyvanes klinikuri sikvdilis mdgomareobidan. ukanaskneli klini-
kuri sikvdili — 1982 wlis 10 noembers breJnevma ver gadaitana.
rogorc amboben, breJnevma ramdenjerme iTxova Tanamdebobidan wasvla, mag-
ram amis ufleba ar misces. Tanamdebobaze myofis sul ufro mZime mdgomareobas
yvela xedavda. breJnevi gadaiqca dacinvisa da anekdotebis obieqtad. anekdote-
bis raodenobiT breJnevs sxva sabWoTa liderebi ver Seedrebian. anekdotebis ase-
Ti simravle ruseTSi mxolod Capaevsa da Stirlicze iyo.
anekdoti 1 -10056042
breJnevis dRis ganrigi: 9.00 — reanimacia, 11.00 — batareebis damuxtva, 13.00
— ordenebis gadacema, 15.00 — ordenebis miReba, 17.00 — sazeimo vaxSami, 19.00 —
klinikuri sikvdili, 9.00 — ...

38.3. breJnevis pirovnebis kultis formireba

l. breJnevs ramdenime weli dasWirda imisaTvis, rom politbiuroSi daeto-
vebina mxolod is adamianebi, romelTac mTlianad endoboda. 1973 wlis aprilSi
breJnevis garemocvam daiwyo breJnevis pirovnebis kultis formireba. rogorc
aRmoCnda, xelisuflebis monopolisturad mflobel partias ar SeeZlo arseboba
saTaveSi mdgomi pirovnebis gandidebis gareSe. breJnevTan erTad daberebuli mi-
si garemocva kargad xvdeboda imasac, rom breJnevis gareSe isinic aRar iqnebod-
nen saWiro. am process saTave daudo nikolai podgornim, is ganadidebda genera-
lur mdivans da darbazSi samjer gaisma mquxare aplodismentebi. magram yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo suslovis gamosvla. Sedegad centraluri komitetis plenumis
rezoluciaSi Caiwera: `Cveni leninuri partiis centraluri komitetis, misi po-
litbiuros da piradad amxanag leonid ilias Ze breJnevis xelmZRvanelobiT~. am
debulebiT iwyeba breJnevis sul ufro mzardi gandideba. am droidan arcerTi
kreba — centraluri komitetis plenumidan dawyebuli rigiTi partiuli krebiT
damTavrebuli — ar tardeboda breJnevis qebisa da mliqvnelobis gareSe.

Ɇɥɟɱɢɧ Ʌ Ɇ Ȼɪɟɠɧɟɜ Ɋɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɋɉȻ ɉɢɬɟɪ 2012 ɋ41

1977 wlis 16 ivniss breJnevi gaxades sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos pre-
zidiumis Tavmjdomare. am droisaTvis sabWoTa partiul-saxelmwifo xelmZRvane-
lobis konservatiuli kursi srulad iyo Camoyalibebuli, misi Sedegi gaxda ùZ-
raoba~ sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, damaxasiaTebeli gviani `ganviTarebuli so-
cializmisaTvis~.
garemocvis mxridan gandidebas daemata Tavad breJnevis sulieri mdgomare-
obac. fizikur dauZlurebas Tan daerTo gandidebis mania. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
breJnevis qeba, rac Cveulebriv iwyeboda sityvebiT `Zvirfaso leonid ilias Zev~,
ganviTarebuli socializmis damaxasiaTebeli niSani gaxda. breJnevis kultis
formirebiT dakavebuli iyvnen nomenklatura, literaturisa da xelovnebis war-
momadgenlebi. sityvieri qebis, ùdides leninelad~ gamocxadebis garda, breJ-
nevs gadaecemoda uamravi samTavrobo jildo. sajaro adgilebSi gamofenili iyo
breJnevis suraTebi da transparantebi misi suraTebiT da misi sityvebidan aRebu-
li `frTosani frazebiT~ (`leninuri kursiT komunizmisken~, èkonomika ekonomi-
uri unda iyos~ da a. S. demonstraciebis dros mohqondaT breJnevis da politbi-
uros sxva wevrebis portretebi. breJnevis gandidebas unda momsaxureboda misi
mogonebebis ciklis gamoqveyneba.
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi dausruleblad aqebdnen `Zvirfas amxa-
nag leonid ilias Zes~, funqcionerebi da xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferos warmo-
madgenlebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen breJnevisadmi mliqvnelobaSi. breJnevis 70
wlis iubiles, Semdeg ki mis yovel dabadebis dRes `msoflio mniSvnelobis zeimis~
saxe eZleoda, moskovSi Camodiodnen megobari qveynebis liderebi da Camohqon-
daT ordenebi breJnevisaTvis, romelsac gansakuTrebiT uyvarda jildoebis mi-
Reba.
breJnevis dausrulebeli qebisa da dajildoebis ceremoniebze, romelic
televiziiT mravalgzis gadaicemoda, sabWoeTis rigiTi adamianebi xedavdnen
sul ufro dauZlurebul moxuc adamians, analogiuri moxucebiT garemoculs.
sajarod protests ar gamoTqvamdnen, magram pirad urTierTobebSi breJnevi sa-
yovelTao dacinvis sagani gaxda. baZavdnen mis laparakis maneras, siaruls, dawe-
ril teqstTan mijaWvulobas. breJnevis Sesaxeb Seiqmna asobiT anekdoti, Tavad
dauZlurebuli breJnevi 1970-iani wlebis bolos da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
gadaiqca sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli krizisSi myofi komunisturi reJimis simbo-
lod.
breJnevis gandideba marcxiT damTav-
rda. breJnevis qebis paralelurad iqmnebo-
da sul ufro meti anekdotebi mis Sesaxeb.
zogjer arcTu usafuZvlod xumrob-
dnen — breJnevi iyo ara `pirovnebis kul-
ti~, aramed `kulti pirovnebis gareSe~. pi-
rovnebis gareSe imitom, rom masebze zemoq-
medebis TvalsazrisiT breJnevi Camouvar-
deboda araTu stalins, aramed xruSCovsac.
rogorc amboben, xruSCovs Tavis gadayene-
baze ufro metad is gaukvirda, rom mas
breJnevi Secvlida.

breJnevis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi saxelis ukvdavyofa moxda rigi geog-
rafiuli punqtebis saxelwodebaSi, magram breJnevis memkvidreebma daviwyebas

misces misi saxeli, xolo gardaqmnis periodSi daiwyo breJnevis kritika da misi
pirovnebis kultis demontaJi. breJnevs akritikebdnen adre misi gandidebiT da-
kavebuli adamianebi.

tuCebSi kocna breJnevis epoqis damaxasiaTebeli
niSani da dacinvis sagani gaxda. iTvleba, rom es
pirvelad 1968 wels moxda palestinis liderTan ia-
sir arafatTan Sexvedris dros da swored misgan
iswavla breJnevma es rituali. xalxSi am kocnas
`sammagi breJnevi~ uwodes. rituali sami moqmede-
bisgan Sedgeboda: kocna jer marcxena loyaze, Sem-
deg marjvenaze da bolos tuCebSi. breJnevma msof-
lios bevr liders akoca amgvarad, aSS-is 30-e pre-
zidentis jimi karteris CaTvliT. yvelaze cnobili
aRmoCnda 1971 wels breJnevisa da gdr-is lideris
erik honekeris kocna. 1990 wels mxatvarma dmitri
vrubelma am fotos safuZvelze berlinis kedelze
grafitiT daxata da kedlis dangrevis simbolo
gaxda.
yvela liders ar undoda breJnevisTvis ekocna.
rumineTis prezidentma CauSeskum kocnaze breJ-
nevs pirdapir uTxra uari. 1971 wels margaret tet-
Cerma koreqtulad aicila breJnevis kocna. fidel
kastrom ki imiT `gadairCina Tavi~, rom TviTmfri-
navis trapze Camosvlisas sigareti piridan ar ga-
mouRia. breJnevis kocnam daazarala iugoslaviis
prezidenti iozef broz tito, romelsac kocnis
Semdeg tuCi gauskda.
1982 wels breJnevis sikvdilis Semdeg sabWoTa
liderebma kocnis tradicia TandaTan daiviwyes da
xelis CamorTmeviT Secvales.
breJnevis memuarebi
1970-iani wlebis bolos breJnevis mravalmxriv saqmianobas `literaturuli
moRvaweobac~ daemata. erTimeoris miyolebiT gamovida breJnevis mogonebebis
trilogia — `mcire miwa~, àRorZineba~ da `yamiri~. mogonebebis avtorad breJnevi
iTvleboda, Tumca sinamdvileSi avtorebi iyvnen mwerali a. agranovski (àRorZi-
neba~ , ìzvestiis~ publicisti a. saxnini (`mcire miwa~ da gazeT `pravdis~ kores-
pondenti a. murzini (`yamiri~ . wignebis gamoSvebaSi aseve miiRes monawileoba sxva
Jurnalistebmac. breJnevis mogonebebze momuSave adamianebs mouxdaT im adgi-
lebSi mogzauroba, romlis Sesaxebac mimdinareobda Txroba da im adamianebis ga-
mokiTxva, romlebic monawileobdnen aRweril ambebSi. Tavad breJnevi gamoqveyne-
bis win ecnoboda momzadebul teqsts. gansakuTrebiT dainteresebula `mcire mi-
wiT~, romelSic ramdenime faqtobrivi Sesworeba Seitana.
breJnevis mogonebebi saskolo programaSi Seitanes. Tavisi memuarebisTvis
breJnevma 1980 wlis aprilSi miiRo leninuri premia literaturaSi da honorari -
180 aTasi maneTi. memuarebis Semdgenlebs fuli ar miuRiaT, magram isini ordene-
biT daajildoves.

Jurnal `novi mirSi~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, TiToeuli mogoneba calke bro-
Surad gamoica da tiraJi 15 milioni egzemplari iyo. breJnevis mogonebebi sas-
wrafod iTargmna sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebis enebzec, daibeWda gazeTeb-
Si da gamoqveynda calke broSurebad. Sedegad breJnevi sabWoTa kavSirSi gadaiqca
mwerlad, romlis Txzulebebic yvelaze didi tiraJiT iyo gamocemuli.
breJnevis trilogia pirvelad gamoqveynda
1978 wels Jurnal `novi mirSi~ (1 2 ± `mcire mi-
wa~, 1 5 ± àRorZineba~, 1 11 ± `yamiri~ . imave
`novi mirSi~ gamoqveynda damatebiTi Tavebi
`qarxnis sayviris xmaze~ da `samSoblos grZno-
ba~ (1981 1 11 da ukve breJnevis gardacvale-
bis Semdeg — `moldavuri gazafxuli~, `kosmo-
suri oqtomberi~ da `sityva komunistebis Se-
saxeb~ (1983 1 1 .

breJnevis saxeliT trilogiis gamocemis iniciativas miaweren k. Cernenkosa
da l. zamiatins. es ukanaskneli 1977-1978 wlebSi breJnevis mogonebebze momuSave
avtorTa jgufis xelmZRvaneli iyo. memuarebis gamocemis mizani iyo generaluri
mdivnis avtoritetis amaRleba. a. murzinis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, igegmeboda
breJnevis mogonebebis gagrZelebac saxelwodebiT `generaluri mdivnis postze~.
l. breJnevis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi mogonebebisadmi interesi gaqra,
1987 wels ki breJnevis wignebi saerTod amoiRes maRaziebidan da makulaturaSi
Caabares. breJnevis wignebi aRar Sedioda saskolo programebSic.
breJnevis jildoebi
breJnevs Zalze uyvarda jildoebis miReba. xruSCovis 10-wliani mmarTvelo-
bis dros breJnevi dajildoebuli iyo leninis ordeniT da samamulo omis pirveli
xarisxis ordeniT, 1961 wels miiRo socialisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba. mas Sem-
deg, rac breJnevi Tavad movida xelisuflebis saTaveSi da cnobili gaxda jildoe-
bisadmi misi gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli, orden-medlebis raodenobam mkveTrad
imata. breJnevis sajaro qeba da jildoebis nakadi gafarTovda gansakuTrebiT mas
Semdeg, rac 1976 wels gadatanilma insultma naklebad qmedunariani gaxada.
1973 wlidan koleqtiuri partiul-saxelmwifo xelmZRvaneloba aqtiurad
Seudga Tavisi lideris àvtoritetis amaRlebas~ da l. breJnevis `kultis~ for-
mirebisken mimaval gzas daadga. gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris oTxgzis gmiri (1966, 1976,
1978, 1981 , gadaeca `gamarjvebis~ ordeni (1978 , karl marqsis saxelobis oqros
medali (1977 , gaxda saerTaSoriso leninuri premiis `xalxebs Soris mSvidobis
ganmtkicebisaTvis~ laureati (1973 . sicocxlis bolos mas imaze meti ordeni da
medali hqonda, vidre stalinsa da xruSCovs erTad aRebuls.

breʷnevis saxeliT gamosuli Äkosmosuri oqtomberi~ cenzuris qveS moeqca imdroindelma Tavdacvis
ministrma dmitri ustinovma piradad waSala yvelaferi rac ki saxelmwifo saidumloebad CaTvala

l zamiatini 19222019 am dros iyo ɌȺɋɋis generaluri direqtori

breʷnevis mogonebebis namdvili avtorebi ki cdilobdnen daemalaT TavianTi monawileoba maT da-
weraSi magaliTad a murzins problemebi Seeqmna gardaqmnis periodSi rodesac mas brali dasdes
ÄuZraobis qebasa~ da mliqvnelobaSi

wesiT mxolod samjer SeiZleboda am wodebis miniWeba breʷnevamde gamonaklisi iyo mxolod g
ʷukovi romelmac sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris me4 varskvlavi 1956 wels ungreTis revoluciis CaxSo-
bis Semdeg miiRo

skkp centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnebis
dajildoeba sabWoTa ordenebiTa da medlebiT
i. b. stalini n. s. xruSCovi l. i. breJnevi
medali òqros varskvlavi~ 1 1 4
oqros medali `namgali da uro~ 1 3 1
leninis ordeni 3 7 8
ordeni `gamarjveba~ 2 - 1
wiTeli droSis ordeni 3 - 2
suvorovis , xarisxis ordeni 1 1 -
`samamulo omis~ , xarisxis ordeni - 1 1
sul 11 13 17
garda sabWoTa jildoebisa, breJnevi dajildoebuli iyo msoflios mravali

qveynis ordenebiTa da medlebiT. mTlianobaSi, l. breJnevs miRebuli hqonda 21
qveynis jildoebi: 58 ordeni (16 sabWoTa da 42 ucxouri da 42 medali (17 sabWoTa
da 25 ucxouri , Tu davumatebT im jildoebsac, romlebic medlebis kategoriaSi
SeiZleba gaviyvanoT, maSin medlebis raodenoba 69-mde izrdeba. breJnevs miRebu-
li jildoebi, yvela erTad, arasodes utarebia, — arc maT dasakideblad eyofoda
adgili da, rogorc aRiniSneba, jildoebis saerTo wona 6 kilograms Seadgenda.

ucxoeTis sami saxelmwifo liderobda
breJnevis dajildoebaSi: Cexoslovakiam breJ-
nevi 18-jer daajildova, monRoleTma — 11-jer,
bulgareTma ki — 10-jer, Semdeg modis germaniis
demokratiuli respublika — breJnevis 8 da-
jildoebiT, eqvs-eqvsjer daajildoves polo-
neTma da kubam, samjer — vietnamma, or-orjer
daajildoves breJnevi ungreTma, rumineTma,
laosma, iugoslaviam, indoneziam da fineTma.
TiTo jildo breJnevma mravali qveynisgan
miiRo, magaliTad, CrdiloeT koream daajildo-
va umaRlesi regaliiT — pirveli xarisxis saxel-
mwifo droSis ordeniT, argentinam — `maisis re-
voluciis~ ordeniT, iemenis saxalxo demokrati-
ulma respublikam — `14 oqtombris revoluciis
ordeniT~, eTiopiam — `sapatio varskvlavis~ or-
deniT, avRaneTma — `Tavisuflebis mzis~ orde-
niT, perum — `perus mzis~ ordeniT, gvineis res-
publikam — `damoukideblobis ordeniT~.
gmiris oqros varskvlavi (Sromis gmiris
CaTvliT breJnevs 19-jer gadaeca (5 sabWoTa
kavSiris da 14 sxva saxelmwifoebis . breJnevi 8-

jer gaxda sxvadasxva sakavSiro da saerTaSori-
so premiis laureati, romelTac Tavisi medlebi
hqondaT.
breJnevis dajildoebis amgvari masStabebi mis avtoritets ki ar zrdida,

aramed ironias iwvevda moqalaqeebSi da anekdotebis Tema xdeboda. gansakuTre-
buli reaqcia da aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia misTvis orden `gamarjvebis~ gadacemam,
romelsac is aranairad ar imsaxurebda.

1943 w. noemberSi, rodesac Zireuli gardatexa
moxda omis msvlelobaSi, kremlSi gadawyvites
specialuri jildos Seqmna umaRlesi rgolis sar-
dlebisTvis, `gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebisTvis~
— maT mier didi gamarjvebis mopovebis aRsaniSna-
vad. es iyo ordeni `pobeda~ (`gamarjveba~ . ordeni
mzaddeboda platinis, oqros, vercxlis, lalisa
da briliantebisgan. es iyo erTaderTi sabWoTa
ordeni, romelsac atarebdnen mkerdis ara mar-
cxena, aramed marjvena mxares. am ordeniT 1944
wlis 10 aprils pirvelad dajildovda sami sarda-
li marjvena napiris ukrainaSi mopovebuli didi
gamarjvebisTvis: 1 1 ordeni gadaeca ukrainis
pirveli frontis sardals giorgi Jukovs, 1 2 —
generaluri Stabis meTaurs aleqsandre vasilev-
skis, 1 3 — umaRles mTavarsardals ioseb stalins.
sul 1944 w. 10 aprilidan 1945 w. 9 seqtembramde
orden `gamarjvebiT~ 16 adamiani dajildovda,
maTgan Jukovi, vasilevski da stalini — or-or-
jer. sul gaica 19 ordeni. dajildoebulTa Soris
iyo 5 ucxoelic, romelTac mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitanes meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis saqmeSi:
amerikeli generali duait eizenhaueri, britane-
li feldmarSali bernard montgomeri, rumineTis
mefe mixai ,, poloneli marSali mixal rolia-Ji-
merski, iugoslaviis meTauri iozef broz tito. am
ukanasknelis dajildoeba 1945 w. 9 seqtembers me-
19 iyo ordenis istoriaSi.
yvelasTvis moulodnelad, 1978 wlis 20 Te-
bervals ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiu-
mis gadawyvetilebiT, ordeniT `pobeda~ dajil-
dovda leonid breJnevi. es dajildoeba imdenad
mtkivneuli aRmoCnda, rom breJnevis gardacvale-
bidan 7 wlis Semdeg, 1989 wlis 21 seqtembers ssr
kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem mixeil
gorbaCovma breJnevis aRniSnuli dajildoeba gaa-
uqma, rogorc òrdenis statusis sawinaaRmdego~.

Tavi ;;;,;.
leonid breJnevis Sidapolitikuri kursi
39.1. stalinis kritikis SeCereba
1964 wels xruSCovis gadayenebis Semdeg sabWoTa sazogadoebis nawili moe-

loda stalinis reabilitacias. xalxSi, magaliTad, vrceldeboda xmebi, rom sta-
lini hermetuli kuboTi iyo damarxuli da mas male amoTxridnen da mavzoleumSi
daabrunebdnen. axalma pirvelma mdivanma am molodinebis Sesabamisi ramdenime na-
biji gadadga. breJnevisa da misi garemocvis mier arCeuli konservatiuli kursis
gamoxatuleba iyo stalinis kritikis SeCereba.
1965 wlis maisSi, omSi gamarjvebis me-20 wlisTavze, breJnevis sazeimo moxse-
nebaSi, pirvelad xruSCovis mravalwliani braldebebis Semdeg, pozitiurad iyo
naxsenebi stalini, rogorc faSistur germaniaze gamarjvebis organizatori.
breJnevis am sityvebs mquxare aplodismentebi mohyva. breJnevma moxsenebis kiT-
xva gaagrZela da darbazi nel-nela dawynarda. stalinze Setevis SeCereba Seesaba-
meboda samxedroebis da partiuli nomenklaturis ganwyobas. breJnevma stalini
meored axsena 1966 wlis noemberSi, saqarTveloSi yofnis dros. breJnevma CamoT-
vala 7 qarTveli revolucioneri, maT Soris stalinic, anbanis mixedviT, magram
mxolod mis xsenebas mohyva aplodismentebi.
stalinis reabilitaciisken gadadgmul nabijebs winaaRmdegobac Sexvda.
1966 wlis 14 Tebervals gamoCnda `25-is werili~, romelsac xels awerdnen sabWo-
Ta mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi, maT
Soris 7 akademikosi (aqedan ori nobelis premiis laureati. werilSi naTqvami
iyo, rom stalinis reabilitaciis nebismieri mcdeloba sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi
seriozul uTanxmoebas gamoiwvevda. `stalins pasuxismgebloba ekisreba ara mxo-
lod uricxvi udanaSaulo adamianis daRupvaze, aramed omisaTvis Cvens moumza-
deblobazec, partiul da saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi leninur normebze uaris Tqma-
ze~. stalinma ise daamaxinja komunizmis idea, rom `xalxi mas amas arasodes apati-
ebs da ar miiRebs Tundac nawilobriv uaris Tqmas pirovnebis kultis Sesaxeb mi-
Rebul gadawyvetilebebze~, — naTqvami iyo werilSi.
`25-is werili~ gamoCnda skkp ;;,,, yrilobis Sekrebamde erTi TviT adre,
radganac arsebobda molodini, rom yrilobaze stalinis garkveuli reabilita-
cia moxdeboda. rogorc aRmoCnda, yrilobis win gamarTul TaTbirze 1966 wlis 17

piradad breʷnevis damokidebuleba stalinisadmi aleqsandre bovinis TqmiT pozitiuri iyo da
mis mimarT pativiscemiT da simpaTiiT iyo ganwyobili Sinaganad ar moswonda misi kritika breʷnevis
TqmiT Ästalinma Zalze bevri gaakeTa bolos da bolos misi xelmZRvanelobiT qveyanam omi moigo~.

breʷnevis gamosvla gamarjvebis me20 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT misi pirveli sajaro gamosvla iyo
qveynis meTauris statusiT skkp ckis prezidiumSi diskusia moxsenebis teqstTan dakavSirebiT uka-
nasknel momentamde grZeldeboda umravlesoba eTanxmeboda stalinis pozitiur Sefasebas moiT-
xovda Äpirovnebis kultis~ cnebis gamoricxvas breʷnevma Tavisi varianti airCia moxsenebaSi man
mxolod erTxel axsena stalini TavSekavebulic gamovida da efeqturic

xelmomwerTa Soris iyvnen akademikosebi piotr kapica igor tami ivan maiski mixail leontoviCi
andrei saxarovi momavali disidentebis lideri mwerlebi konstantin paustovski kornei Cukov-
ski valentin kataevi viqtor nekrasovi aseve maia pliseckaia oleg efremovi pavel korini mixail
romi da sxva cnobili moRvaweebi werili dawera cnobilma ʷurnalistma komunisturi internacio-
nalis Zvelma moRvawem ernst henrim 19041990

marts stalinis reabilitaciis sakiTxs marTlac Seexnen da uari iTqva Ria reabi-
litaciaze. leonid breJnevma maSin aRniSna, rom stalinis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi
araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobda da yrilobaze stalinis Sesaxeb ar
ilaparakebda. ès sakiTxi erTxel da sabolod aris gadawyvetili~, — ganacxada
breJnevma.
skkp ;;,,, yrilobaze (1966 wlis marti — aprili stalinis Ria reabilitacia-
ze uari iTqva, magram aseve mkafiod gamoCnda stalinizmis saSinelebebis Semdgom
mxilebaze uaris Tqma. prostalinur ganwyobas pasuxobda breJnevis arCeva skkp-is
centraluri komitetis ara pirvel (rogorc xruSCovis dros iyo , aramed genera-
lur mdivnad (rogorc stalinis dros . centraluri komitetis prezidiums daub-
runda politbiuros saxeli. garda amisa, stalinistebs SesaZlebloba miecaT,
yrilobis tribunidan mkacrad gaekritikebinaT disidenti mwerlebi. yriloba
warsulis ideologiuri orientirebisken Semobrunebis mauwyebeli iyo. maT So-
ris mTavari iyo kontrolis gaZliereba sazogadoebis cxovrebaze.
stalinis oficialuri reabilitacia ar momxdara, magram dabrunda istori-
ul filmebSi, romanebSi, wignebSi. rodesac ekranze gamoCndeboda, darbazSi ar-
cTu iSviaTad taSs ukravdnen. zogierTma mZRolma stalinis suraTebi avtomobi-
lebSi gamoakra... stalinis mimarT reabilitaciurma ganwyobebma piks miaRwia 1969
wels, rodesac skkp xelmZRvanelebis nawilma (g. voronovi, k. mazurovi, p.maSero-
vi, d. polianski, a. Selepini scada, mniSvnelovnad SeecvalaT stalinis saqmiano-
bis oficialuri Sefasebebi. stalinis dabadebis 90-e wlisTavisTvis gamosacemad
mzaddeboda misi Txzulebebi. es gegmebi, ZiriTadad, CaSala dasavleTSi xruSCo-
vis mogonebebis gamoqveynebam. mTlianobaSi, partiul nomenklaturas stalinis
reabilitaciis eSinoda, radganac ar undoda imdroindeli wesebis aRdgena da sa-
kuTari mdgomareobisTvis safrTxis Seqmna.

stalinis frTxili naxevar-reabilitaciis (`sta-
linis keTili saxelis aRdgenis~ mwvervalad miiC-
neva 1970 wlis 25 ivniss stalinis biustis dadgma
mis saflavze, wiTel moedanze, kremlis kedelTan
(mavzoleumidan gamosvenebidan 9 wlis Semdeg . es
iyo 1961 wlis Semdeg dadgmuli stalinis pirveli
axali Zegli. moqandake iyo cnobili sabWoTa skul-
ptori nikolai tomski.

ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɣ 19651967 ɝɝ Ɇ ɂɫɬɅɢɬ 2020 ɋ 339

skkp ;;,,, yrilobis bolo dRes 1966 wlis 8 aprils erTerTma momxsenebelma moskovis saqalaqo
komitetis pirvelma mdivanma nikolai egoriCevma winadadeba wamoayena pirveli mdivnisTvis daeb-
runebinaT generaluri mdivnis saxeli da centraluri komitetis prezidiumisTvis kvlav politbi-
uro ewodebinaT misi TqmiT es Äleninur normebTan~ dabruneba iqneboda Semdgomma gamomsvleleb-
ma erTsulovnad moiwones es winadadeba da Sesabamisi cvlileba Seitanes skkp wesdebaSi generalu-
ri mdivnis postze arCeuli leonid breʷnevi am Tanamdebobaze sikvdilamde 1982 w rCeboda

gadmocema stalinisa da breJnevis Sexvedris Sesaxeb
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, stalini breJnevs pirvelad 1952
wels Sexvda da mas `moldoveli~ Searqva. es gadmocema far-
Tod iyo gavrcelebuli breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi.
aRniSnuli gadmocema ramdenime versiis saxiT arsebobda:
erTi versiis Tanaxmad, sak. kp (b ;,; yrilobis dros dele-
gatebs Soris stalinis yuradReba miiqcia warmosadegma
axalgazrda kacma da misi vinaoba ikiTxa, — es iyo maSin

moldaveTis kompartiis pirvel mdivnad momuSave leonid
breJnevi. rodesac misi vinaoba da Tanamdeboba uTxres,
stalinma TiTqos SeniSna: `rogori lamazi moldavelia!~. es
Tqva imis gamo, rom breJnevi moldovels miamsgavsa, an uf-
ro imis gamo, rom moldaveTis kompartiis pirveli mdivani
moldaveli unda yofiliyo. meore versiis mixedviT, TiT-
qos kremlSi miRebis dros stalins moewona moldavuri sa-
cekvao gundis gamosvla da foieSi SemTxveviT Sexvedril
breJnevs uTxra: `kargad gamovidnen Seni moldavelebi~. am
versiis momxreni ambobdnen, rom TiTqos es Sexvedra daex-
mara breJnevs gamxdariyo moldaveTis kompartiis pirveli
mdivani. mesame versiis Tanaxmad, stalinma breJnevs `mol-
daveli~ Searqva mas Semdeg, rac is moldaveTidan moskovSi
gadaiyvanes samuSaod.

39.2. partiuli nomenklaturis poziciebis ganmtkiceba
1964 w. oqtomberSi xelisuflebis Secvla niSnavda xruSCovis im gadawyveti-

lebebis Secvlasac, ramac sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTveli fenis, nomenklaturis
komfortuli cxovreba daarRvia. axal partiul liders nomenklaturis — maRali
rangis partiuli da sameurneo funqcionerebis mxardaWera sWirdeboda. breJnev-
Si ki partiulma elitam dainaxa lideri, romelsac misi interesebis dacva SeeZ-
lo.
swored partiuli nomenklaturis poziciebis ganmtkicebisken iyo mimarTu-
li skkp-is wesdebaSi Setanili cvlilebebi skkp-is ;;,,, yrilobaze (1966 . wesde-
bidan amoiRes 1961 wels Setanili mkafio normebi partiuli organoebis Semadgen-
lobisa da partiuli organizaciebis mdivnebis aucilebeli Secvlis Taobaze.
aseTi rotaciis moTxovnas partiuli nomenklatura ufrTxoda. wesdebaSi zogadi
saxiT Caiwera, rom aucilebeli iyo partiuli organoebis sistematuri ganaxleba
da xelmZRvanelobis memkvidreobiTobis SenarCuneba. am ukanasknelze miTiTebiT,
faqtobrivad, uzrunvelyofil iqna partiuli mdivnebis umravlesobis uvado
yofna Tanamdebobebze. kadrebis stabilurobis moTxovna Tanamdebobebze maT da-
berebad da damRupvel `gerontokratiad~ gadaqcevad. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyis-
Si skkp centraluri komitetis politbiuros wevrebis saSualo asaki 70 wels Se-
adgenda, yvelaze axalgazrdebi iyvnen politbiuros wevrobis kandidatebi — gor-
baCovi da SevardnaZe, romelTa asaki 50 wels aRemateboda.
skkp-is ;;,9 yrilobam (1971 wlis marti-aprili kidev ufro ganamtkica par-
tiul-saxelmwifo biurokratiis poziciebi, moxda xelisuflebis personizacia,

srulad gabatonda partiulobis doqtrina. imavdroulad, propaganda eweoda
`muSaTa klasis wamyvan rols~.
breJnevis mmarTvelobis dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda nomenkla-
turuli muSakis warmomavlobasa da mdgomareobaSi. es cvlilebebi kargad Cans
centraluri komitetis Semadgenlobis magaliTze. 1970 wlisaTvis ck-is Semad-
genlobis 70% gamosuli iyo glexebisa da arakvalificirebuli muSebis ojaxebi-
dan. 1970 wlidan umaRlesi nomenklaturis biografiidan qreba `socialuri war-
momavlobis~ grafa. breJnevis nomenklaturas, ZiriTadad, teqnikuri, samxedro an
sasoflo-sameurneo ganaTleba hqonda. mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa iuridiuli
ganaTlebis mqone pirTa simcire.
1970-iani wlebis nomenklaturis mdgomareoba ufro komfortulia, vidre
wina periodebSi, mas ukve aRar eSinia Tanamdebobis dakargvisa da represiebis. no-
menklaturis zedafenam xruSCovis mmarTvelobis droidan kontroli daamyara
uSiSroebis organoebze. amave dros nomenklatura Caketil kastad Camoyalibda
da am kastisadmi kuTvnileba faqtobrivad memkvidreobiTi gaxda. kadrebis Sec-
vla bunebrivi sikvdilis an misi sruli diskreditirebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda.
nomenklatura sapasuxismgeblo partiul-administraciul postebze TavianT na-
Tesavebsa da axloblebs niSnavda. amis magaliTs Tavad breJnevi iZleoda, rome-
lic gansakuTrebiT awinaurebda Tavis nacnobebs dnepropetrovskidan (`dnepro-
petrovskis mafia~ : a. kirilenko da k. Cernenko centraluri komitetis mdivnebi
da politbiuros wevrebi gaxdnen, n. SColokovi — Sss ministri, d. kunaevi — yazaxe-
Tis kp centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani da sxv. breJnevis siZe Curbanovi
maleve gaxda generali da Sss ministris moadgile.
nomenklatura sul ufro Caketili xdeboda da sakuTari Tavis ganaxlebiT
iyo dakavebuli, — TavianT Svilebs ukeTes ganaTlebas aZlevdnen da Semdeg maT ka-
rieraze zrunavdnen. magaliTad, l. breJnevis Svili iuri, miuxedavad axalgazrda
asakisa, sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo vaWrobis ministris pirveli moadgile gaxda.
sagareo saqmeTa ministris a. gromikos Svili anatoli male aRmoCnda nomenkla-
turuli mrCevlis postze jer vaSingtonSi, Semdeg ki berlinSi, bolos ki dainiS-
na sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis afrikis institutis direqtorad.
`ganviTarebuli socializmis sazogadoebaSi~ nomenklaturis korporaciu-
li interesebi saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis interesebze maRla idga. kanoni
isedac partiul kontrols eqvemdebareboda, magram isic irRveoda nomenklatu-
ris araoficialuri gadawyvetilebebiT, zepiri miTiTebebiT — e. w. `satelefono
samarTliT~. ukontrolobisa da dausjelobis atmosfero, `Crdilovani bizne-
sis~ ganviTareba nomenklaturas korufciisa da `kerZomesakuTruli~ interese-
bis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas aZlevda.
sabWoTa kavSiri partokratiis klasikuri qveyana iyo, — es iyo politikuri
wyoba, sadac umaRlesi saxelmwifo xelisufleba (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli
da sasamarTlo faqtobrivad Tavmoyrili iyo erTaderTi partiis, ufro sworad,
misi biurokratiis xelSi, romelic Serwymuli iyo saxelmwifo sistemasTan. masve
mTlianad eqvemdebareboda masmedia, sameurneo organoebi, kulturul-saganma-
naTleblo da socialuri dawesebulebebi.
nomenklaturisTvis Seqmnili iyo sxvadasxva privilegia da `sikeTe~, miuw-
vdomeli rigiTi adamianebisTvis. aq iyo ufaso an SeRavaTiani sagzurebi sanato-
riumebSi, specsaavadmyofoebi da poliklinikebi, sadac ukeTesi momsaxureba iyo,
saxelmwifo agarakebi, deficituri moxmarebis sagnebiTa da sursaTiT momarage-
ba, keTilmowyobili binebiT uzrunvelyofa da a. S.

breJnevis dros nomenklaturis keTildReobam da garegnulma siZlierem
piks miaRwia, magram amave dros ukve Sesuli iyo dacemis stadiaSi. misi gaxrwnis
simptomebi TvalsaCino iyo: ideologiisadmi nihilisturi damokidebulebis
zrda, uwyebrivi anarqia, moraluri degradacia. nomenklatura ver axerxebda mim-
dinare procesebis realur Sefasebas. es ki niSnavda, rom mis mier daSvebuli rai-
me seriozuli Secdoma kraxis momaswavlebeli iqneboda. 1980-iani wlebis Suaxa-
nebSi nomenklaturis zedafenam gamosavali `sajaroobaSi~ dainaxa, sinamdvileSi
ki gza gauxsna sazogadoebaSi dagrovil ukmayofilebas.

nomenklaturis mmarTvelobis òqros xana~
breJnevis mmarTvelobis dros mniSvnelov-

nad gaizarda nomenklaturis raodenoba da
privilegiebi. 1925 w. partiis ck-is nomenkla-
turaSi daaxloebiT 6 aTasi Tanamdeboba Sedi-
oda, 1981 w. ki daaxloebiT 400 aTasi, rac sab-
WoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 0,1%-s Seadgenda.

39.3. `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia
1960-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi ukve cxadi iyo, rom ararealisturi iyo xruSCo-
vis mier 1961 wels miRebul skkp programaSi gamocxadebuli `komunisturi sazo-
gadoebis gaSlili mSeneblobis~ koncefcia, romelic 1980 wlisaTvis komunistu-
ri sazogadoebis ZiriTadad aSenebiT unda damTavrebuliyo. sabWoTa komunistur
nomenklaturas axali ideologiuri koncefcia esaWiroeboda, romelic met-nak-
lebad damajerebeli iqneboda sazogadoebisaTvis. aseTi gaxda `ganviTarebuli
socializmis~ koncefcia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia, romelic breJ-
nevis mmarTvelobis ideologiur safuZvlad iqca, SeimuSaves ara sabWoTa kavSir-
Si, aramed aRmosavleT evropis socialistur qveynebSi. es termini pirvelad gaC-
nda 1960 w. ivnisSi Cexoslovakiis kompartiis centraluri komitetis plenumze,
Semdeg ki miiRes germaniis demokratiuli respublikis, ungreTis, bulgareTis
mmarTvelma partiebma. axali ideologiuri koncefciis SemuSavebis centri gdr
gaxda. 1966 w. seqtemberSi am qveynis xelmZRvanelma v. ulbrixtma l. breJnevs ac-
noba, rom aRmosavleT germania socialisturi blokis pirveli qveyana iyo, rome-
lic `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ gaSlil mSeneblobaze gadavida. 1968 w. april-
Si gdr-Si miiRes `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ pirveli konstitucia. gdr-Si ga-
dasinjes k. marqsis koncefcia da socializmi damoukidebel socialur-ekonomi-
kur formaciad gamoacxades (marqsi mas komunisturi formaciis pirvel fazad
ganixilavda . 1967 wlis seqtemberSi v. ulbrixti breJnevs rekomendacias uwevda,
rom sabWoTa kavSirSi kidev erTxel ganexilaT socializmis maxasiaTeblebis sa-
kiTxi. ganviTarebuli socializmis koncefcia kremlSi moiwones da mis damuSave-
baSi cnobili sabWoTa sazogadoebaTmcodneebi CaerTvnen. 1966 wlis 21 dekembers
gazeTma `pravdam~ gamoaqveyna f. burlackis statia `ganviTarebuli socialistu-
ri sazogadoebis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb~. leninis ramdenime kontestidan mowyve-

ɋɢɧɢɰɵɧ Ɏ Ʌ Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ©ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦɚª ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 19641982 ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɇɨɜɚɹ ɫɟɪɢɹ ɋɟɪɢɹ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ 2022 Ɍ 22 ɜɵɩ 1 ɋ 2939

til gamonaTqvamze dayrdnobiT (sadac is axsenebda `ganviTarebul~, `gaSlil~ so-
cializms , keTdeboda daskvna, rom socializmis aSenebis Semdeg (rac 1930-iani
wlebis meore naxevarSi stalinma gamoacxada modioda `ganviTarebuli socia-
lizmi~, romelic xangrZlivi etapi iqneboda komunizmisken mimaval gzaze.
1967 wlis 3 noembers oqtombris revoluciis 50 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT
sazeimo moxsenebaSi breJnevma ganacxada, rom sabWoTa kavSirma aaSena ganviTare-
buli socialisturi sazogadoeba. komunizmis uSualo aSeneba gaurkveveli dro-
iT gadaido da daviwyebas mieca 1961 wels gakeTebuli dapireba, rom `sabWoTa ada-
mianebis axlandeli Taoba komunizmis dros icxovrebda~.
oficialurad ganviTarebuli socializmis koncefcia miiRo skkp ;;,9 yri-
lobam (1971 wlis marti — aprili . yrilobaze ganviTarebuli socializmis kon-
cefcia marqsizm-leninizmis ganviTarebis ùmaRles etapad~ gamoacxades. yrilo-
baze miznad daisaxes sazogadoebrivi warmoebis efeqturobis zrda da samecnie-
ro-teqnikuri revoluciis miRwevebis SeerTeba socializmis upiratesobebTan;
socialisturi erebis ayvaveba da daaxloeba; sazogadoebis ufro meti socialu-
ri erTgvarovnebis miRweva `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ pirobebSi. am miznebis
miRwevac SeuZlebeli iyo, magram xruSCovis periodTan SedarebiT sxvaoba Teori-
asa da realur socialur procesebs Soris ufro naklebad SesamCnevi iyo.
breJnevis `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia emyareboda misi mmar-
Tvelobis pirvel wlebSi miRweul ekonomikur zrdas, rasac `kosiginis reforme-
bi~ ganapirobebda. muSebisa da mosamsaxureebis xelfasi 97%-iT gaizarda xruSCo-
vis periodTan SedarebiT, daxmareba naklebad SeZlebuli fenebisTvis — TiTqmis
2,5-jer, omis veteranebs mniSvnelovani SeRavaTebi dauwesdaT.
`ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia, arsebiTad, Zireul revizias war-
moadgenda xruSCovis garemocvaSi arsebuli warmodgenisa, rom SesaZlebeli iyo
istoriulad Tvalsawier momavalSi komunizmis aSeneba erT calke aRebul qveya-
naSi. `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia metad mosaxerxebeli iyo — mas ko-
munizmis `mSenebloba~ praqtikuli amocanidan TeoriulSi gadahqonda. axali kon-
cefciis mixedviT, komunizmisken mimaval gzaze iyo ganviTarebis xangrZlivi eta-
pi, romlis drosac socializmi yovelmxriv ganviTardeboda — sawarmoo, socia-
lur-politikuri, zneobriv-samarTlebrivi, ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
ganviTarebuli socializmis koncefcia sabWoTa kavSirSi im dros arsebuli
reJimisa da misi saSinao politikis konservacias axdenda. aRniSnuli koncefcia
arsebuli reJimisaTvis mniSvnelovan rig debulebebs moicavda: a erTgvarovani
sazogadoebis Seqmnis Taobaze, romlis drosac gamoricxuli iqneboda `gansxvave-
buli azrovneba~; b erovnuli sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetis Sesaxeb, rac gamo-
ricxavda konfliqtebis arsebobas; g qveynis industrializaciis daCqarebas; d
kapitalizmsa da socializms Soris ideologiuri brZolis gamwvavebis debule-
bas. es da sxva debulebebi safuZvlad edeboda politikis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs.
ganviTarebuli socializmis koncefcias ukanasknelad mimarTa iuri andro-
povma 1983 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi. am droisaTvis adamianTa cxovreba sul
ufro naklebad hgavda `ganviTarebul socializmSi~ cxovrebas. regionebSi Semo-
Rebul iqna sursaTis sabaraTo ganawileba, cxovrebis done mcirdeboda. andro-
povma wamoayena ganviTarebuli socializmis `srulyofis~ koncefcia, daazusta,
rom ganviTarebuli socializmi iqneboda xangrZlivi periodi, sabWoTa kavSiri ki
mxolod mis sawyis periodSi imyofeboda. sul male, gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis pe-
riodSi, `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcia daviwyebas mieca.

sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelebidan
pirveli saaxalwlo satelevizio mimar-
TviT 1970 wlis 31 dekembers gamovida skkp
centraluri komitetis generaluri mdiva-
ni leonid breJnevi. momdevno wels — sabWo-
Ta kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis
Tavmjdomare nikolai podgorni, xolo ki-
dev erTi wlis Semdeg — ssr kavSiris minis-
trTa sabWos Tavmjdomare aleqsei kosigi-

ni. saaxalwlo mimarTva tradiciad iqca.

39.4. `mravalerovani sabWoTa xalxis~ koncefcia
`sabWoTa xalxi~, rogorc konceptualuri cneba, sakvanZo rols asrulebda

sabWoTa ideologiaSi, Tumca gaSlili `Teoriuli dasabuTeba~ didi xnis ganmav-
lobaSi ar hqonda. termini `sabWoTa xalxi~ gaCnda 1930-ian wlebSi da oficialu-
rad pirvelad Caiwera partiis wesdebaSi ;9,,, yrilobaze (1939 w.). 1930-1950-ian
wlebSi `sabWoTa xalxis~ Tezisi emyareboda i. stalinis eris Teorias. 1936 wlis
konstituciaSi `sabWoTa xalxi~ ar iyo dafiqsirebuli. gamocxadebuli iyo in-
ternacionalizmis principi, yvela ersa da rasas Tanabari uflebebi eniWebodaT
(muxli 123). ganmsazRvreli ideologia iyo `xalxTa megobroba~. 1930-iani wlebis
bolos iwereboda naSromebi `sabWoTa xalxebis Tanamegobrobaze~1 da `sabWoTa
socialistur mravalerovnul saxelmwifoze~.2
meore msoflio omis periodSi cneba `sabWoTa xalxi~ aqtiurad gamoiyenebo-
da. 1944 wels istorikosma m. neCkinam mouwoda, `sabWoTa xalxis~ Camoyalibeba
wamyvan sakvlev Temad eqciaT. omis Semdegac `sabWoTa xalxi~ aqtiurad moixsenie-
boda da mas epiTeti `didi~ daemata. magaliTad, d. Sepilovma dawera naSromi `di-
di sabWoTa xalxi~.3
1950-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mniSvne-

lovnad gaizarda beWduri produqcia, romlis
saxelwodebaSic figurirebda `sabWoTa xalxi~,
aseve aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda politikur pro-
pagandaSic. n. xruSCovis dros axali konstitu-
ciis proeqtis momzadebis dros (miRebuli ar
yofila) `sabWoTa xalxi~ gamoiyeneboda rogorc
ukve Semdgari cneba da xazi esmoda, rom sabWoTa
xalxi Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebda skkp xel-
mZRvanelobiT, romelic `mTeli sabWoTa xalxis
avangardi~, `sabWoTa saxelmwifos da sazogado-
ebis xelmZRvaneli da warmmarTveli Zala~ iyo.4
skkp axali programis momzadebis periodSic `sabWoTa xalxi~ aqtiuri `Teo-

riuli ganxilvis sagani iyo. gamoiTqva mosazrebac, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi ìWedeba

Ɍɪɚɣɧɢɧ ɂ Ȼɪɚɬɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɋɋɊ Ɇ 1938

Ɍɪɚɣɧɢɧ ɂ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɸ Ɇ 1940

ɒɟɩɢɥɨɜ Ⱦ Ɍ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1947

ɋɬɪɟɤɚɥɨɜ ɂ ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2018 ɋ 109

erTiani socialisturi eri~.1 am debulebis sapirispirod gamoiTqmoda mosazreba,
rom `sabWoTa xalxi~ ara eri, aramed àxali istoriuli erToba~ iyo, romlis Camo-
yalibebac mxolod socializmis dros iyo SesaZlebeli.2 adamianTa àxali isto-
riuli erTobis~ Camoyalibebis debuleba oficialur dokumentebSic mkvidrde-
boda. partiis axali programis ganxilvis dros, skkp ;;,, yrilobaze (1961 wlis
17-31 oqtomberi) n. xruSCovma aRniSna, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Camoyalibda sxva-
dasxva erovnebis adamianTa axali istoriuli erToba — sabWoTa xalxi. mas hqonda
saerTo socialisturi samSoblo — sabWoTa kavSiri, saerTo ekonomikuri baza —
socialisturi meurneoba, saerTo socialur-klasobrivi struqtura, saerTo
msoflmxedveloba — marqsizm-leninizmi, saerTo mizani — komunizmis aSeneba, mra-
vali saerTo niSani sulier sferosa da fsiqologiaSi. es debuleba ar Sesula
programis saboloo versiaSi. cnobilia, rom mis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad gamodioda
o. kuusineni, romelsac miaCnda, rom saqme exeboda ara erebis Serwymas, aramed maT
daaxloebas. misi TqmiT, erebis Serwymaze saubari faqtobrivad uaryofda xalxis
erovnul damoukideblobasa da TviTgamorkvevas da negatiurad iqneboda aRqmu-
li erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis mier,
komunizmis gaSlili mSeneblobis koncefciidan gamomdinareobda erebis
gaqrobisa Tu èrTiani komunisturi eris~ formirebis debuleba. erovnul res-
publikebSi es debuleba ukmayofilebas iwvevda. skkp-is ;;,,, yrilobaze (1966 mi-
Rebul rezoluciaSi uari iTqva am debulebazec da aRiniSna, rom sabWoTa xalxi,
rogorc àdamianTa axali istoriuli erToba~, mravalerovnulia, Tumca xeli ar
auRiaT rusifikaciis politikaze. èrTaSorisi urTierTobebis~ enad rusuli ga-
mocxadda.
1960-ian wlebSi mimdinareobda diskusia àxali istoriuli erTobis~ xasia-
Tis Sesaxeb. zogi mas erad miiCnevda, zogi èrTaSoris erTobad~, kamaTobdnen ima-
zec, — Camoyalibda Tu jer yalibdeba. sabolood, upiratesoba moipova Tvalsaz-
risma, rom mravalerovnuli xasiaTis erToba, amasTan, aris xalxi da ara eri. es
azri gatarebuli iyo v.leninis dabadebis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil TezisebSi.
skkp ;;,9 yrilobaze (1971 w. 30 marti- 9 aprili l. breJnevma kvlav daafiq-

sira, rom `Camoyalibda adamianTa axali istoriuli erToba — sabWoTa xalxi~.
Tumca, am debulebas breJnevi ar ukavSirebda raime cvlilebebs nacionalur mSe-
neblobaSi. misi strategiuli amocana iyo status-kvos SenarCuneba centrsa da
respublikebs Soris. `sabWoTa xalxis~ problematikis ganxilva garkveul sirTu-
leebsac qmnida: erTi mxriv, saubari midioda xalxebis daaxloebasa da respubli-
kebs Soris gansxvavebebis waSlaze, meore mxriv, respublikebi iZendnen sul ufro
met ekonomikur da kulturul damoukideblobas. aseT pirobebSi saubari `sabWo-

Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬ 1960 ʋ 6 ɋ 39

Ɏɨɤɢɧ $$ ©ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞª ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɇɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɟ 7KH 1HZ 3DVW
2022 ʋ 4 ɋ 202211 Ƚɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ Ɇ ɇ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬ
KWWSVF\EHUOHQLQNDUXDUWLFOHQVRYHWVNL\QDURGJRVXGDUVWYHQQRSROLWLFKHVNL\NRQVWUXNW

ɏɏ,, ɫɴɟɡɞ Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ Ɍ 1 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1962 ɋ 153

o kuusinenis mier momzadebul saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloSi `marqsizmleninizmis safuZvlebi~ so-
cialisturi erebis ganviTarebis mTavar tendenciad dasaxelebuli iyo ara erebis Serwyma aramed
daaxloeba keTdeboda prognozi rom erovnuli kulturebi da enebi kidev didxans iarsebebdnen
komunizmis gamarjvebis Semdegac Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɡɦɚɥɟɧɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1959 ɋ 749

Ɇɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ± ɧɨɜɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1966

Ʉ 100ɥɟɬɢɸ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ɂɥɶɢɱɚ Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ ɬɟɡɢɫɵ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1969 ɋ 32±33

ɏɏ,9 ɫɴɟɡɞ Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ 30 ɦɚɪɬɚ ± 9 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1971 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɱɟɬ
Ɍ 1 Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1971 ɋ 101

Ta xalxze~, rogorc xalxebis Serwymis gamoxatulebaze, erovnul respublikebSi
gaRizianebas iwvevda. oficialurad gamocxadda, rom nacionaluri sakiTxi sab-
WoTa kavSirSi sabolood aris gadawyvetili da erovnul sferoSi aranairi prob-
lema ar arsebobs. am debulebas sabWoTa propaganda usasrulod imeorebda, sanam
1980-iani wlebis bolos Tavi ar iCina seriozulma eTnikurma problemebma.

39.5. `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ konstituciis miReba (1977)
`ganviTarebuli socializmis konstitucia~ miiRes 1977 wlis 7 oqtombers,

rodesac axlovdeboda `didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis~ 50-e wlis-
Tavi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi konstituciis Secvlas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gegmavdnen.
meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg mzaddeboda gansaxilvelad konstitu-
ciis axali proeqti, romelsac unda Caenacvlebina 1936 wlis konstitucia, magram
maSin es ar gakeTebula.
1962 wels ssrk-is umaRlesma sabWom Seqmna sakonstitucio komisia, romel-
sac n. xruSCovi edga saTaveSi. misi gadayenebis Semdeg, rodesac uari iTqva komu-
nizmis gaSlili mSeneblobis ritorikaze, Seicvala proeqtze muSaobac. konsti-
tucia ukve eyrdnoboda `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ koncefcias
1977 wlis maisSi centraluri komitetis plenumma moiwona konstituciis
proeqti da sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvisTvis gamoitana. 7 oqtombers ssrk-is
umaRlesi sabWos riggareSe sesiaze axali konstitucia miiRes.
konstituciis mTavari siaxle iyo preambula, romelSic fiqsirdeboda, rom
aSenda `ganviTarebuli socializmi~ da `saerTo-saxalxo saxelmwifo~. amiT `sa-
xelmwifos kvdomis~ Tezisi, rac, marqsizmis Tanaxmad, socializmis mSeneblobas
unda mohyoloda, gaurkveveli vadiT dRis wesrigidan ixsneboda, prioritetul
amocanebad ki cxaddeboda kanonierebisa da marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba.

saxelmwifos umaRles miznad konstitucia
acxadebda ùklaso komunisturi sazogadoebis~
aSenebas, ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvlad cxadde-
boda warmoebis saSualebebze socialisturi sa-
kuTreba, politikuri sistemis safuZvlad — sab-
Woebi, socialur safuZvlad — muSaTa klasis, gle-
xobisa da inteligenciis kavSiri.

konstituciaSi gaCnda axali Tavi sagareo politikis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa kavSi-

ris sagareo politikis mTavar miznad cxaddeboda xelsayreli saerTaSoriso pi-
robebis Seqmna `ssr kavSirSi komunizmis asaSeneblad~. sagareo politikas safuZ-
vlad edeboda `socialisturi internacionalizmis~ principi, rac sxva socia-
listuri qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis SesaZleblobasac iZleoda.
pirvelad Caiwera konstituciaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli xelisuflebis
namdvili meqanizmi. konstituciis me-6 muxliT komunisturi partia cxaddeboda
`sabWoTa sazogadoebis xelmZRvanel da warmmarTvel Zalad~, `misi politikuri
sistemis, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis birTvad~. partiis rea-
luri rolis miTiTebam ganapiroba kompartiis mxridan sawarmoebisa da dawesebu-
lebebis kontrolis sruli monopolizeba. is saxelisuflebo vertikalSi mkveT-

rad zrdida partiuli aparatis mniSvnelobas, partiis wevroba aucilebeli xde-
boda nebismieri samsaxurebrivi karierisTvis.
amave dros, konstituciaSi bevri iyo naTqvami adamianis uflebebis dacvaze,
ùSualo demokratiis~ axali formebis — sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvisa da re-
ferendumis ganviTarebaze. moqalaqes ufleba hqonda, gaekritikebina saxelmwifo
da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis saqmianoba, gaesaCivrebina Tanamdebobis pire-
bis saqmianoba, oRond, ra Tqma unda, kvlav dasjadi iyo àntisabWoTa saqmianoba~,
rasac `kompetenturi organoebi~ gansazRvravdnen.
konstituciis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvis dros winadadebebi iyo wamoyenebu-
li, `gaeTanabrebinaT~ sabWoTa respublikebi da avtonomiuri respublikebi mo-
kavSire respublikebad eqciaT, anda saerTod gaeuqmebinaT yvela erovnuli res-
publika da gadasuliyvnen revoluciamdeli administraciul-teritoriuli da-
yofis principze. aseTi winadadebebi ar miiRes da SenarCunda arsebuli erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba. amave dros, sabWoTa kavSiri ganisazRvra rogorc èr-
Tiani sakavSiro mravalerovani saxelmwifo~ (69-e muxli , rac niSnavda centrali-
zaciis politikis Semdgom gaZlierebas. am tendencias formalurad ewinaaRmde-
geboda muxlebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac mokavSire respublikebi iyvnen suverenu-
lebi (75-e, me-80 muxlebi da hqondaT `sabWoTa kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlis
ufleba~ (71-e muxli , Tumca misi realizebis konstituciuri meqanizmi ar arse-
bobda.
sabWoTa kavSiris 1977 wlis konstituciam sabolood gaaforma breJnevis
konservatiuli saSinao da sagareo-politikuri kursi, daakanona partiis mkacri
ideologiuri kontroli sazogadoebaze, gaaRrmava feTqebadsaSiSi winaaRmdego-
bebi erovnul sakiTxSi.

Tavi ;/
`ganviTarebuli socializmis~ periodis ekonomikuri

politika
40.1. kosiginis reformebi
1950-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika weliwadSi saSua-

lod 10,5%-iT izrdeboda, magram 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es zrda mniSvnelov-
nad Semcirda. magaliTad, 1963 wels zrda 4%-s Seadgenda. miuxedavad xruSCovis
mier deklarirebuli lozungisa — `davewioT da gavuswroT amerikas~, sabWoTa
kavSiri kvlav mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aSS-s. sabWoTa kavSiris erovnuli
Semosavali aSS-is 53%-s Seadgenda, Sromis nayofiereba ki kidev ufro dabali iyo.
mosaxleobaSi izrdeboda mdgomareobiT ukmayofileba. 1964 wels warmoiSva pu-
ris deficiti, rasac qalaqebSi masobrivi ukmayofileba mohyva. sabWoTa kavSiri
pirvelad gaxda iZulebuli sazRvargareT Seesyida xorbali.
n. xruSCovis gadayenebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWos Tav-
mjdomared dainiSna aleqsei kosigini (1904-1980 , romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba
ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba. mas kargad esmoda, rom mxolod adminis-
traciuli reformebiT SeuZlebeli iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis negatiuri
tendenciebis daZleva. misi gegmis Tanaxmad, aucilebeli iyo, partiul-adminis-
traciul berketebs damateboda sabazro ekonomikis elementebi. amis Taobaze
1950-iani wlebis bolodan werda sabWoTa ekonomistebis nawili.
axali ekonomikuri kursi daisaxa 1965 wels gamarTul centraluri komite-
tis or plenumze — martsa (soflis meurneobaSi da seqtemberSi (mrewvelobis
sferoSi . es gadawyvetilebebi sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi Sevida kosiginis re-
formebis saxeliT, Tumca, dasavlur literaturaSi mas zogjer `libermanis~ re-
formebsac uwodeben. evsei libermani (1897-1981 iyo ekonomisti, romelmac re-
formis mecnieruli dasabuTeba moamzada. libermanma socialisturi mrewvelo-
bis sameurneo meqanizmis reformis winadadeba Camoayaliba skkp ck-Si wardgenil
moxsenebiT baraTSi da statiis saxiT gamoaqveyna 1962 wels gazeT `pravdaSi~. re-
formisaTvis garkveulwilad misabaZi nimuSi iyo nep-is dros arsebuli sistema,
im gansxvavebiT, rom ar arsebobda kerZo sawarmoebi. reforma warmoadgenda in-
tensiur ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadasvlis mcdelobas.
soflis meurneobaSi reforma miznad isaxavda mwarmoeblis dainteresebas
Sromis SedegebiT. xorblis aucilebeli Sesyidvis gegma Semcirda da ucvlelad
gamocxadda momdevno 10 wlisaTvis. Sesasyidi fasebi soflis meurneobis produq-
ciaze 1,5±2-jer gaizarda. zegegmiTi Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi Sesasyidi fasebi 50%-
iT izrdeboda. Semcirda fasebi soflis meurneobis teqnikasa da saTadarago na-
wilebze. kolmeurneobebsa da sabWoTa meurneobebs Camoaweres saxelmwifos wina-
Se dagrovili valebi.
1965 wlis reforma eWvqveS ar ayenebda direqtiul ekonomikas, magram afar-

©ɉɥɚɧ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɩɪɟɦɢɹª ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ ©ɉɪɚɜɞɚ~, 9 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1962 ɝ

kosiginis reformis Sesaxeb ix Ɇɢɬɪɨɯɢɧ ɇȺ Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ 19651989
ɝɨɞɚɯ Ɇ 2023 ɬ1

Toebda sawarmoebis damoukideblobas. mrewvelobis sferoSi sawarmoebi wvril-
mani kontrolisagan gaTavisufldnen. xelfasi ganisazRvreboda warmoebis ren-
tabelurobiT, mogebiT, gegmebis gadaWarbebiT SesrulebiT. direqtorebs garkve-
uli Tavisufleba miecaT personalis SerCevaSi, xelfasis gansazRvraSi, sawarmo-
ebs erTmaneTTan damoukideblad SeeZloT molaparakeba. axali pirobebiT muSao-
bis sistemaze mrewveloba TandaTanobiT gadahyavdaT. 1967 wlisaTvis axali wese-
biT muSaobda 7 aTasi sawarmo iq dasaqmebuli 10 milionze meti adamianiT.
me-8 xuTwleds (1966-1970 , romlis drosac daiwyo ekonomikuri reforma,
sabWoTa periodSi òqros xuTwleds~ uwodebdnen am periodSi mopovebuli STam-
beWdavi warmatebebis gamo. samrewvelo warmoeba 1,5-jer, saqonelbrunva — 1,8-jer,
saSualo xelfasi 2,5-jer gaizarda. 1966-1975 wlebSi Seqmnili ekonomikuri po-
tenciali imdenive iyo, rac Seiqmna wina naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1922 wels
sabWoTa kavSiris wili msoflio samrewvelo warmoebaSi 1% iyo, 1975 wels ki
12,6%-s Seadgenda.

aleqsei kosigini (1904-1980 daibada muSis ojaxSi, 1919-
1921 wlebSi msaxurobda wiTel armiaSi, 1935 w. daamTavra le-
ningradis safeiqro instituti. 1939 w. sak. kp (b ;9,,, yri-
lobaze airCies partiis centraluri komitetis wevrad.
1940 w. dainiSna ssrk safeiqro mrewvelobis saxalxo komis-
rad. 1941-1945 wlebSi sxvadasxva maRal Tanamdebobaze muSa-
obda frontis momaragebis sferoSi. 1948 w. airCies sak kp(b
centraluri komitetis politbiuros wevrad. 1940-1953
wlebSi iyo ssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile.
xruSCovis mmarTvelobis dros mTavrobaSi ekava sxvadasxva
maRali Tanamdeboba. breJnevis mmarTvelobis dros, 1964-
1980 wlebSi, 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo ssrk ministrTa sab-
Wos Tavmjdomare. mis saxels ukavSirdeba 1965 w. dawyebuli
ekonomikuri reformebi. kosiginma Tavisi wvlili Seitana
1966 w. indoeT-pakistanis konfliqtis mowesrigebaSi, 1968 w.
kosigini CexoslovakiaSi intervenciis winaaRmdegi iyo. 1969
w. sabWoTa kavSir-CineTis urTierTobis daregulirebis miz-
niT pekinSi is moulodnelad Cafrinda, rodesac xo Si minis
dakrZalvidan brundeboda. amboben, rom breJnevi am vizitis
Sesaxeb informirebuli ar iyo.
1979 w. kosigini politbiuros erTaderTi wevri iyo, rome-
lic avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanas ewinaaRmdegeboda.
1976 wlidan kosigini avadmyofobda. 1980 wlis oqtomberSi
mianiSnes, rom Tanamdeboba unda daetovebina. 1980 w. 18 de-
kembers gardaicvala. misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb sabWourma
mediam mogvianebiT gaavrcela cnoba, radganac dakavebuli
iyo `Zvirfasi leonid ilias Zis~ dabadebis 74-e wlisTavis
aRniSvniT. kosigini dakrZalulia kremlis kedelTan.
saintereso faqtebi: 1967 w. piradi gadawyvetilebiT via-
Ceslav molotovs pensia 125-dan 250 maneTamde gauzarda.
1969 w. Tavis axlo megobarTan fineTis prezident urxo ke-
konenTan erTad fexiT gadavida kavkasiis qedze.

40.2. kosiginis reformebis moulodneli Sedegebi
kosiginis reformebma, warmatebebTan erTad, aCvena gatarebuli zomebis

SezRuduloba da ufro Rrma cvlilebebis saWiroeba rogorc mrewvelobaSi, ise
soflis meurneobaSi. am cvlilebebis arsi mbrZaneblur-gamanawilebeli sistemis
sruli demontaJi unda yofiliyo, es ki `sabWouri socializmisa~ da nomenklatu-
ris batonobis safuZvlebs aryevda.
mrewvelobaSi reformebis Sedegad gaCnda umuSevrobis safrTxe. magaliTad,
1967 wels tulis olqSi SCekinis qimiur kombinatSi dawyebuli reformis Sedegad
1969 wlis dasawyisisaTvis momuSaveTa raodenoba 800 adamianiT Semcirda, amis
xarjze ki gaizarda xelfasi, produqciis warmoeba gaizarda 73,3%-iT, Sromisna-
yofiereba — 87%-iT. kombinatis mogebis safuZvelze qalaqSi Sendeboda sacxov-
rebeli binebi, kulturul-sayofacxovrebo nagebobebi. am sawarmos gamocdile-
bis farTod danergva masobrivi umuSevrobis gaCenis safrTxes Seicavda.
`socialistur~ warmodgenebSi ver Tavsdeboda akCis eqsperimentic — yazaxe-
Tis yamiri miwebis raionSi. ekonomist i.xudenkos ufleba mieca, Tavad moexdina
samuSaoebis organizeba mcire momuSave jgufebis meSveobiT, romelTac sruli
sameurneo damoukidebloba eZleodaT, maTi muSaoba saboloo Sedegis mixedviT
(marcvleulis raodenoba da xarisxi anazRaurdeboda da, amasTan, ar izRudebo-
da xelfasis odenoba. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mogeba erT momuSaveze 7-jer
gaizarda, marcvleulis TviTRirebuleba 4-jer Semcirda, amdenjerve gaizarda
xelfasi. es sistema saSualebas iZleoda, mkveTrad gazrdiliyo sasoflo-sameur-
neo produqciis warmoeba da aseve mkveTrad Semcirebuliyo dasaqmebulTa ric-
xvi. Tumca eqsperimenti damTavrda xudenkos dapatimrebiT, mas bralad dasdes
`msxvili masStabiT saxelmwifo qonebis dataceba~, miesaja 6 wliT patimroba da
1974 wels gardaicvala, ori wlis patimrobis Semdeg.

breJnevisa da kosiginis urTierToba
xruSCovis gadayenebis dros (1964 kosigini da
breJnevi èrTi woniTi kategoriis~ figurebi iy-
vnen. uflebamosileba maT Soris Semdegnairad gai-
yo: yvela partiuli sakiTxi breJnevs exeboda, yve-
la danarCeni — kosigins. ministrTa sabWos axali
Tavmjdomare sagareo politikis sakiTxebsac uZ-
Rveboda da mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso avtori-
tetic moipova. breJnevi ufrTxoda kosigins, eSi-

noda, rom masac SeTqmulebas mouwyobdnen da iseve

CamoaSorebdnen xelisuflebas, rogorc es xruS-
Covs gaukeTes; amitom eWvis TvaliT uyurebda Zli-
er da gavlenian kolegebs, pirvel rigSi ki, kosi-
gins. breJnevi, sagareo saqmeTa ministris gromikos
mxardaWeriT, TandaTanobiT cdilobda sagareo po-
litikisgan kosiginis CamoSorebas. breJnevi da misi
garemocva eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen kosiginis eko-
nomikur reformasac.
1980 wlis oqtomberSi, rodesac kosigini xeli-
suflebas Camoaciles, man gadadgomis win weriliT
mimarTa politbiuros, — Tqvenc ara xarT axalgaz-
rdebi da kadrebis ganaxlebaa saWiroo.

40.3. direqtiuli ekonomikis gamarjveba
breJnevis garemocvam ekonomikis reformirebis kursze TandaTan uari Tqva

da sabolood gaimarjva direqtiulma ekonomikam. kosiginis reformebis `mox-
rCobis~ ramdenime mizezi saxeldeba:
- politbiuros konservatiuli nawilis winaaRmdegoba (gansakuTrebiT aR-
niSnaven im faqts, rom reformis mimarT negatiuri pozicia ekava sabWoTa kavSi-
ris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomares nikolai podgornis ;
- Sidapolitikuri kursis gamkacreba 1968 wlis `praRis gazafxulis~ gavleniT.
kosiginis reformebis msgavs sistemas, romelic sameurneo angariSs hgavda, 1968
wlis gazafxulze CexoslovakiaSi dubCekic nergavda, magram ekonomikur gardaq-
mnebs CexoslovakiaSi mTeli politikuri sistemis erozia mohyva. aman gvarianad Sea-
Sina breJnevis garemocva, rac CexoslovakiaSi samxedro intervenciiT damTavrda;
- negatiur rols asrulebda Sidaaparatuli metoqeoba aleqsei kosiginsa da
mis moadgiles nikolai tixonovs Soris (1905-1997 ;
- reformas ewinaaRmdegeboda Tavdacvis ministri marSali d. ustinovi, ro-
melic moiTxovda samxedro xarjebis ganuwyvetel zrdas, rasac kosigini da sa-
gegmo komitetis Tavmjdomare n. baibakovi ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
- reformis ganviTarebaze negatiurad aisaxa Semosavlebis mkveTri zrda
navTobis eqsportisagan. erTi mxriv, axali navTobsabadoebis aTvisebis Sedegad
1969 wlidan mkveTrad gaizarda navTobis eqsporti, meore mxriv, 1973 wlis sanav-
Tobo krizisma ramdenjerme gazarda navTobze fasi (bareli navTobis fasi 3-idan
12 dolaramde gaizarda , 1980 wels ki bareli navTobis fasi 40 dolaramde gai-
zarda. 1966-1981 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi imdeni saTbobi moipoves, ramdenic
1918-1965 wlebSi.
sameurneo angariSi da dogmatikosi marqsistisaTvis sarisko sabazro eqspe-
rimentebis saWiroeba aRar arsebobda. navTobis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosav-
lebi sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis konservatiul nawils saSualebas aZlevda, See-
niRbaT sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri problemebi, sursaTi da moxmarebis sagnebi
navTobdolarebiT SeeZinaT dasavleTSi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kosiginis mier dawyebuli reformebi SeCerda,
sabWoTa ekonomika daubrunda mkacr direqtiul dagegmvas. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
a. kosigins 1971 wels Cexoslovakiis mTavrobis meTaurisTvis, lubomir Strouga-
lisTvis uTqvams, rom `reformebi im adamianebis xelSi aRmoCnda, romelTac maTi
ganxorcieleba saerTod ar surT~.
sabWoTa ekonomika, miuxedavad reformebisa da cvlilebebisa, arsebiTad,
darCa iseTad, rogoric iyo stalinis dros. sabazro tipis ekonomikisgan gansxva-
vebiT, sabWoTa tipis ekonomikas ganviTareba SeeZlo mxolod qveynis politikuri
xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze. aseTi ekonomikis gadayvanis
mcdelobebi TviTregulirebaze, TviTkontrolze, TviTganviTarebaze ganwiru-
li iyo marcxisTvis.
sabWoTa ekonomikaSi ar arsebobda spontanuri dinamizmis ganmapirobebeli
mTavari faqtori — mwarmoeblebs Soris mogebisa da konkurenciis motivebi sa-
momxmareblo bazrebis mosapoveblad. kosiginis reformebi ar cvlida gegmis ra-
odenobriv maCveneblebs TvisebriviT.

Ȼɭɪɥɚɰɤɢɣ Ɏ.Ɇ ȼɨɠɞɢ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤɢ ɨ ɏɪɭɳɟɜɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɩɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ ɧɢɯ« Ɇ ɉɨɥɢɬɢɡɞɚɬ 1990 ɫ 300

ȼ ɂ Ⱥɧɞɪɢɹɧɨɜ Ʉɨɫɵɝɢɧ ² Ɇ Ɇɨɥɨɞɚɹ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ 2003

sawarmoebis udidesi umravlesoba (maT Soris samxedro daniSnulebis muSaob-
da inerciiT, awarmoebdnen produqcias, romlis didi nawili moZvelebuli iyo da
masze moTxovnileba ar arsebobda. magaliTad, sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikis mwarmo-
ebeli sawarmoebi didi raodenobiT awarmoebdnen traqtorebsa da kombainebs, magram
maTi didi nawili iyo moZvelebuli da dabali xarisxis, Tumca mis mwarmoebel sawar-
moebs es arafrad adardebdaT da isinic gegmebs warmatebiT asrulebdnen.
sabWoTa ekonomika, gegmebis garda, sul ufro metad eqvemdebareboda sabWo-
uri `socialuri saxelmwifos~ logikas, anu socialuri garantiebisa da sayovel-
Tao dasaqmebis politikas. Sromis ufleba sabWoTa kavSirSi garantirebuli iyo
konstituciiT, xolo profkavSirebi da kanonmdebloba icavda momuSaveTa ufle-
bebs. sabWoTa zedafenas eSinoda umuSevrobis warmoSobisa, socialuri da ideo-
logiuri mosazrebebiT. 1970-ian da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi es gaxda sabWoTa
ekonomikis damuxruWebis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi. sabWoTa kavSirs, ubralod,
ar SeeZlo, politikuri da ideologiuri mosazrebebiT, wasuliyo kapitalistu-
ri qveynebis gziT, sadac xdeboda momuSaveTa raodenobis Semcireba warmoebis av-
tomatizaciisa da robotizaciis Sedegad.
sruli dasaqmebis sabWour ekonomikas mosdevda gaTanabrebiTi anazRaureba
momuSaveTa udidesi umravlesobis Sromis sul ufro naklebi efeqturobis piro-
bebSi. stalinuri sistema, Sromis iZulebis garda, iTvaliswinebda maRalanazRau-
rebadi èlitis~ arsebobasac. xruSCovi miuReblad miiCnevda uTanasworobas
Sromis anazRaurebaSi. xruSCovis dros iwyeba xelfasis minimaluri zRvris zrda
da, meore mxriv, specialistebisa da sainJinro-teqnikuri muSakebis xelfasis Se-
darebiTi Semcireba. 1970-ian wlebSi sxvaoba maRalkvalificiur muSakebsa da gam-
cden, arakvalificiur muSakTa xelfasebs Soris minimumamde Semcirda.
daron ajemoRlum da jeims robinsonma wignSi `ratom aris zogi qveyana mdi-
dari, zogi ki Raribi~ gaaanalizes kosiginis reformebi da mividnen daskvnamde,
rom reformebi Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo marcxisTvis. pirveli mizezi is iyo, rom
fasebi gegmur ekonomikaSi sustad iyo dakavSirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
realur RirebulebasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebeli iyo Sefasebuliyo ino-
vaciebis Rirebuleba. meore mizezi is iyo, rom sapremio fondi dakavSirebuli
iyo xelfasis fondis saerTo moculobasTan, amitom sawarmoebs ar undodaT sa-
xelfaso fondis Semcireba. es ki imas niSnavda, rom ar gaaCndaT stimuli Sromis
meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciisaTvis, rasac garduvalad mosdevs personalis
Semcireba. avtorebis daskvniT, sabWoTa politikuri sistemis pirobebSi princi-
pulad SeuZlebeli iyo mdgradi ganviTareba.
1970-1980-ian wlebSi sabWoTa ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempis Semcireba aix-
sneba rigi faqtorebiT, romlebic gavlenas axdendnen ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
tempsa da xarisxze:
- amoiwura zrdis eqstensiuri faqtorebi, pirvel rigSi, mobiluri samuSao
Zalis rezervebis amowurvis gamo;
- teqnikuri uZraoba, rac gamowveuli iyo TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis sti-
mulis ararsebobiT da momsaxurebis sferos mouqneli gegmuri xasiaTiT;
- aucilebeli iyo araefeqturi sawarmoebis pirdapiri da iribi dotacia;
- 1970-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli socialuri programebi (samuSao drois
Semcireba, mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda ;
- didi danaxarjebi cimbirisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis sameurneo ganviTa-
rebaze, rasac moklevadian periodSi mosalodneli mogeba ar moutania;
- didi samxedro xarjebi;

- mesame samyaros qveynebisaTvis (afrika, axlo aRmosavleTi da a. S. micemu-
li kreditebi, romlis aucileblobasac msoflioSi gavlenisaTvis brZola gana-
pirobebda.
reformebis SeCerebis Sedegad oficialuri monacemebiTac mcirdeboda
erovnuli Semosavlis zrda: 1976-1980 wlebSi es iyo 4,3%, 1981-1985 wlebSi — 3,2%,
xolo 1986-1989 wlebSi — 2,7%.
ucvleli darCa sabWoTa dagegmvis meTodologia, romelsac balansebis Sed-
gena edo safuZvlad. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi `gosplani~ (saxelmwifo sagegmo
komiteti adgenda 2 aTas balanss, romelTac 50 aTasi pozicia hqonda. am droisaT-
vis sabWoTa kavSirSi iwarmoeboda ukve 12 milioni dasaxelebis produqcia. Senar-
Cunebuli iyo dagegmvis maCveneblebis Zlier centralizebuli sistema: maCveneb-
lebis raodenoba 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi meryeobda 2,7 miliardidan 3,6 mili-
ardamde, maTgan 2,7 ± 3,5 milions `gosplani~ yovelwliurad amtkicebda. dagegmvis
qronikulad konservatiuli sistemis tipuri niSani iyo teqnikuri progresis Sene-
leba: 1989 wels gegmis mixedviT, mowyobilobaTa gamoyenebis saSualo vada 13 weli
unda yofiliyo, sinamdvileSi ki orjer mets, 26 wels Seadgenda. hipercentralize-
buli dagegmva stimuli ki ara, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis muxruWi iyo.
1960-1970-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri ganviTareba sami SesaZ-
lo scenariT SeiZleba warmarTuliyo: pirvels SeiZleba poststalinuri kursi
ewodos, rodesac SenarCundeboda TviTkmari, Caketili mbrZanebluri ekonomi-
ka; meore iyo kosiginis reformebis kursi, romelic Sereuli ekonomikis Seqmnas
isaxavda miznad, — mbrZanebluri ekonomikis SeTavsebas sabazro ekonomikis ele-
mentebTan. misi realizebis mcdeloba, saboloo jamSi, marcxiT damTavrda. mesame
iyo breJnevis reJimis ùZraobis~ kursi, rodesac mbrZanebluri ekonomika kapi-
talisturi msoflio ekonomikis `sanedleulo danamatad~ gadaiqca.
kosigini da ufliswuli aleqsei

aleqsei kosiginis sicocxleSi misi `proleta-
ruli~ warmomavlobis Taobaze eWvi aravis Seu-
tania. gorbaCovis `gardaqmnis~ periodSi ki gaC-
nda versia, rom aleqsei nikolozis Ze kosiginis
namdvili gvari romanovia da sinamdvileSi uf-
liswuli aleqsei iyo, rom TiTqos am informaci-
am ɄȽȻ-s arqivebidan gamoJona. argumenti iyo ga-
regnuli msgavseba da dabadebis erTi da igive we-
li — 1904. `gaixsenes~ isic, rom stalini kosigins
`careviCs~ (ùfliswuls~ uwodebda xolme. ima-
sac ambobdnen, rom sxvanairad kosigini ver dar-
Ceboda xelisuflebaSi amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi.
aRniSnuli versia 2000-ian wlebSi kidev ufro
gaZlierda. moskoveli istorikosi sergei Jelen-
kovi amtkicebda, rom mefis ojaxi da ufliswuli
aleqsei araTu ar dauxvretiaT, aramed uflis-
wulma aleqseim kosiginis gvariT da stalinis
mfarvelobiT karierac ki gaikeTa. 2020 wels ru-
seTis sagamoZiebo komitetma daadastura, rom
ufliswul aleqseis adre napovni neSti namdvi-
lia da imperator nikoloz ,,-is ojaxis gadarCe-
naze saubari mxolod miTia.

ɍɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɲɚɧɫ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ" ɤ 50ɥɟɬɢɸ ɤɨɫɵɝɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ 1965 ɝ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ
ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɭɱ ɪɟɞ ɊɆ ɇɭɪɟɟɜɚ ² Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɄɇɈɊɍɋ 2017 ɫ1315

sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikis ganviTarebis alternatiuli modelebi
(1960-1970-iani wlebi

mbrZanebluri
Sereuli ekonomika
TviTkmari ekonomika rogorc
modelis `demokratiuli
mbrZanebluri kapitalisturi
daxasiaTeba sabazro
ekonomika msoflio ekonomikis
socializmi~
nawili
ekonomikuri ganvi- saxelmwifo dageg- momuSaveTa piradi bunebrivi renta, mi-
Tarebis resursebi mva da kontroli materialuri inte- Rebuli energore-
resebis gaaqtiureba sursebis (navTobis
da airis eqsportis
xarjze
aqtorebi, romlebic nomenklaturis kon- politikuri da same- politikuri da same-
mocemul models servatiuli nawili urneo elitis libe- urneo elitis ume-
uWerdnen mxars raluri nawili tesoba
ganviTarebis saSiSi socialuri daZabu- partiuli xelisuf- erovnuli ekonomi-
tendenciebi lobis zrda sazoga- lebis demontaJi kis damokidebule-
doebaSi bis zrda msoflio
bazarze. ùZraoba~

40.4. mzardi ekonomikuri problemebi 1970-iani wlebis bolos da
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
`gviani breJnevizmis~ periodSi — 1970-iani wlebis bolodan — sabWoTa kav-

SirSi sul ufro Zlierdeboda krizisuli niSnebi rogorc ekonomikaSi, ise poli-
tikaSi. xelisuflebaSi myof adamianTa mcire jgufs ki, realurad, qveynis mar-
Tvis Tavi aRar hqonda. asakSi Sesulebsa da mZime avadmyofebs problemebis rea-
luri aRqmac aRar SeeZloT, araTu adekvaturi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.

cvlilebebi SromiT bazarze
1970-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa SromiT bazarze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi
moxda — bazari gadaivso kvalificiuri Sromis da, aseve, aramwarmoebluri pro-
fesiebis warmomadgenlebiT. sabWoTa ekonomikas ukve aRar sWirdeboda amdeni in-
Jineri, eqimi, maswavlebeli, `kulturis muSaki~ da mosamsaxureTa sxvadasxva jgu-
fis warmomadgeneli. 1980 wlisTvis `mmarTvelobiTi personali~ 17 mln. adamians
aRwevda. amave dros, amoiwura soflad axalgazrdobis rezervi, romliTac Seiv-
seboda fizikuri Sromisa da àraprestiJuli~ profesiebi qarxnebSi, mSenebloba-
Si, msubuq mrewvelobasa da avtotransportSi.
aseT viTarebaSi qalaqi moskovi pirveli Seudga samuSao Zalis imports ara-
rusuli respublikebidan. ramdenime wlis muSaobis Semdeg `limitCikebi~ iReb-
dnen binas da moskovSi ewerebodnen. 1982 wlisaTvis marto ruseTis federaciaSi
samuSao Zalis naklebobam 1,8 mln. adamiani Seadgina. sabWoTa sameurneo struq-
turebma iafi samuSao Zalis Semoyvana vietnamidan da CrdiloeT koreidan daiw-
yes.

saqonlisa da sursaTis deficitis gamwvaveba
1970-ian wlebSi gamwvavda saqonlisa da sursaTis deficiti. deficiti sab-
Wouri tipis mbrZanebluri ekonomikis Sedegi iyo, pirvel rigSi, imitom, rom ar

arsebobda moqnili kavSiri mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Soris. saqonlis gaq-
robas ganapirobebda sazogadoebis msyidvelunarianobis gazrda. sruli dasaqme-
bis dros garantirebulma Semosavalma da individualurma sacxovrebelma bineb-
ma pirobebi Seqmnes `moxmarebis revoluciisTvis~. milionobiT ojaxs, romelTac
TavianTi binebi miiRes, komfortSi cxovreba surda. mravaljer gaizarda moT-
xovnileba avejze, macivrebze, xaliCebze, modur tansacmelze da a. S. moTxovna
miwodebas bevrad aWarbebda.
gansakuTrebiT mwvave iyo sursaTis deficiti. 1970-iani wlebis bolos mra-
val regionsa da qalaqSi gameorda 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisis viTareba, rodesac
maRaziebidan gaqra xorci, Zexvi, kvercxi, xili da bostneuli. es yvelaferi iyo
moskovis maRaziebSi, radganac dedaqalaqi gansakuTrebiT maragdeboda, amitom
150-200 km-ian radiusSi mdebare teritoriidan moskovSi Cadiodnen sursaTis Se-
saZenad.
saqonlisa da sursaTis deficiti mniSvnelovanwilad xelovnur xasiaTs ata-
rebda — gamowveuli iyo struqturuli disbalansiT finansebsa da ekonomikaSi,
pirvel rigSi, faruli inflaciiT. saxelmwifo inarCunebda dabal fasebs da ami-
saTvis warmoebis subsidirebas axdenda. magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis bolos kara-
qi da xorci naxevarze metad subsidirebuli iyo biujetidan. Cndeboda didi cdu-
neba, subsidirebuli saqoneli iafad ki ar gaeyidaT saxelmwifo maRaziebSi, ara-
med farulad, sabazro fasiT. saxelmwifo vaWrobaSi dasaqmebuli mravali piri
SeTavsebiT `Crdilovan~ ekonomikaSi aRmoCnda, warmoiSva mafiozuri struqtu-
rebi, romlebic aralegalur Semosavals inawilebdnen.
1970-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi Crdilovanma bazarma, faqtobrivad, gamo-
devna saxelmwifo-ganawilebiTi sistema. deficituri produqcia (breJnevis dros
aseTi TiTqmis yvelaferi iyo rCeboda sawyobebSi da iqidan farulad iyideboda.
gamosavali iyo produqtebze sabazro fasebis SemoReba (rogorc es gaakeTa
stalinma 1947 wels, sabaraTo sistemis gauqmebis win , magram sabWoTa liderebs
eSinodaT xalxis ukmayofilebis afeTqebisa. situaciidan gamosavlis saxiT defi-
citur produqtebs raRacebs amatebdnen, raodenobis gasazrdelad, magram amiT
xarisxs auaresebdnen. 1981 wels breJnevma gamoacxada `sasursaTo programa~,
romlis Sesrulebac ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomares, n. tixonovs Caabara. 1982
wlis 14 aprils tixonovma centralur komitets moaxsena, rom, kaloriulobis
TvalsazrisiT, xalxi normaze metad ikvebeba, xolo mosaxleobis 20% simsuqnisa-
gan itanjeba. es Tqva im dros, rodesac mosaxleobis umravlesoba sasursaTo ma-
Raziebis rigebSi itanjeboda.

biujeti katastrofis winaSe
xelfasebi, mzardi socialuri xarjebi pensiebze, daxmareba kolmeurneobe-
bisaTvis nTqavda sabWoTa biujetis mesameds. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan biu-
jetisTvis did Sav xvrelad iqca soflis meurneoba, saidanac stalini Tanxebs
iRebda. axla glexoba sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis `Zviri Sesanaxi~ gaxda. saxelmwi-
fom 16 miliardi rubliT gazarda Sesasyidi fasebi sursaTze da daxarja 40 mili-
ardi rubli mecxoveleobaze. 1983 wlisaTvis kolmeurneobebsa da sabWoTa meur-
neobebs saxelmwifos 100 miliardi rubli vali hqondaT, romlis gadaxdac ar Se-
eZloT.
biujetis 16% midioda samxedro xarjebsa da samxedro-samrewvelo kompleq-
sze. didi Tanxa midioda mokavSireebis Sesanaxadac. aseTi ki 69 qveyana iyo mTel
msoflioSi.

rezervi Semosavlis gasazrdelad uaRresad SezRuduli iyo. sabWoTa kav-
Sirs iaraRiT eqsportidan SeiZleboda mieRo Semosavali, magram es mokavSireebs
miewodebodaT kreditebis xarjze.
saxelmwifom mkveTrad gazarda fasebi `fufunebis sagnebze~, aseTad miiCni-
es avtomobilebi, oqro, bewveuli, xaliCebi, broli. mTavari rezervi alkoholi
iyo, romlis gayidvazec saxelmwifo monopolia arsebobda da fasebi izrdeboda.
1985 wels alkoholi, pirvel rigSi, arayi, uzrunvelyofda biujetis Semosavlis
mesameds.
sabWoTa kavSirs mniSvnelovani SeRavaTi moutana 1973 wels navTobze fasis
gaoTxmagebam arabeT-israelis omis Semdeg. navTobis gayidviT Semosavali 22-jer
gaizarda da 20 miliardi dolari Seadgina weliwadSi. 1979 wels navTobze fasebi
kidev erTxel gaizarda iranis revoluciisa da sparseTis yureSi arastabiluro-
bis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri pirvel adgilze gavida msoflioSi navTobis warmoebiT.
1984 wels sabWoTa kavSiris savaluto Semosavlebma 30-40 miliard dolars miaR-
wia weliwadSi. magram am droisaTvis maqsimalurad iyo aTvisebuli arsebuli nav-
Tobsabadoebi, pirvel rigSi dasavleT cimbirSi. garda amisa, navTobis warmoebis
TviTRirebuleba mkveTrad gaizarda. navTobsadenebis mSenebloba (1976-1981
wlebSi aSenda 50 aTasi km sigrZis aseve did kapitaldabandebebs moiTxovda.
seriozuli problema gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris damokidebuleba saerTaSori-
so vaWrobaze. sabWoTa ekonomikam dakarga stalinis dros arsebuli Caketili xa-
siaTi da msoflio bazarze momxdar ryevebze damokidebuli gaxda. aseTi damoki-
debulebis yvelaze Zlieri faqtori marcvleulisa da moxmarebis sagnebis SeZena
iyo. xorblis importis wili sabWoTa moxmarebaSi 1973 wels 13,2% iyo, 1981 wels
ki — 41,4%. 1982 wels sabWoTa kavSirma iyida TiTqmis 30 mln. tona xorbali, 1984
wels ki — ukve 46 mln. tona. amaze ixarjeboda navTobidan miRebuli Semosavali da
esec ar kmaroda. 1970-ian wlebSi amaze kidev daixarja 2 aTas tonaze meti oqro.
qveynis oqros maragi, miuxedavad mudmivi mopovebisa, samjer Semcirda da 1981
wels sul 452 tonas Seadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiri ukve aRar cxovrobda `Semosavle-
bis mixedviT~.

40.5. cvlilebebi sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTvelobaSi
centralizacia, biurokratizacia da mmarTveli fenis gaberva

marTvis ekonomikur meTodebze uaris Tqmis Sedegi iyo centralizacia, biu-
rokratizacia da mmarTvelobiTi aparatis uzomo gaberva. 1985 wlisaTvis mmar-
Tveli fenis saerTo ricxvi 18 milions uaxlovdeboda: anu yovel 6-7 momuSaveze
modioda erTi xelmZRvaneli. biurokratiis yvelaze mravalricxovani fena (11,5
mln. iyo sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis qveda aparatis TanamSromlebi. biurok-
ratiuli struqturebis Sesanaxavad yovelwliurad ixarjeboda saxelmwifo biu-
jetis 10%-amde.
biurokratiis namdvil bastionebad iqcnen saministroebi da uwyebebi. 1985
wlisaTvis saministroebisa da uwyebebis mmarTvelobiTi organoebis sakavSiro
aparati Seadgenda 107 aTas adamians, respublikuri aparati — 140 aTas adamians,
avtonomiuri respublikebis, samxareo da saolqo sammarTveloebis aparati Sead-
genda 280 aTas adamians.
1965 wlidan saministroebi TavianTi dargebis absoluturi monopolistebi
iyvnen. isini gankargavdnen mTel resursebs, uSualod xelmZRvanelobdnen sawar-

moebsa da organizaciebs mTel qveyanaSi. sawarmoo gigantebis mSeneblobam praq-
tikulad yvela dargSi gamoiwvia maTi xelmZRvanelebis gavlenis zrda.

komunisturi partiis mmarTveli aparatis zrda
komunisturi partiis rolis ganuxreli zrdis xazgasmas Tan axlda misi ric-
xobrivi zrda. 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi masSi iricxeboda 19 mln. adamiani. Sesa-
bamisad, farTovdeboda partiuli aparati.
1982 wlis partiuli struqtura moicavda mokavSire respublikebis 14 cen-
tralur komitets (ruseTis kompartia calke ar arsebobda , 6 samxareo komitets,
150 saolqo komitets, 2 qalaqkoms, romlebic saolqo komitets uTanabrdeboda
(moskovisa da kievis , 10 okrugis komitets, 872 saqalaqo komitets, 631 saqalaqo
raikoms, 2885 sasoflo raikoms, 419,7 aTas pirvelad partiul organizacias. amri-
gad, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi partiuli ierarqiis mxolod pirveli pirebi
(pirveladi partiuli organizaciebi rom ar CavTvaloT 4570 adamians Seadgenda.
partiuli karieris gakeTeba, adrindelisgan gansxvavebiT, ukve aRar ukav-
Sirdeboda partiuli kibis safexurebis aucilebel gavlas. 1970-iani wlebidan
qveynis umaRlesi elita Sevsebas iRebs ara qveda safexurebidan, aramed elituri
skolebis mier momzadebuli kadrebidan (aseTebi iyo: skkp-is centralur komi-
tetTan arsebuli sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa akademia, umaRlesi partiuli sko-
la, profkavSiruli moZraobis umaRlesi skola, komkavSiris umaRlesi skola,
diplomatiuri akademia, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis instituti . elitur sko-
lebSi, rogorc wesi, èlitarulTa~ Svilebi swavlobdnen.
breJnevis generaluri mdivnobis periodSi umaRlesi xelisuflebis mTavari
dasayrdeni skkp-is centraluri komiteti da misi aparati iyo. 1960-iani wlebis
meore naxevarSi ZiriTad gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen plenumebze, Semdeg ki gadaw-
yvetilebebis miReba sul ufro metad xdeboda centraluri komitetis ganyofi-
lebebSi.
centraluri komitetis aparatis pasuxismgebel pirTa saerTo ricxvi 1500-s
aRwevda. centraluri komitetis plenumebsa da partiul yrilobebs regularu-
lad iwvevdnen, magram sul ufro metad formalur xasiaTs iRebda maTi muSaoba,
mxolod ìwonebdnen~ aparatis mier momzadebul gadawyvetilebebs.
centraluri komitetis aparatis da Tavad centraluri komitetis Sevsebis
meqanizmi 1970-iani wlebis bolosTvis `srulyofilebamde~ iyo miyvanili. aparat-
Si garkveul proporcias icavdnen respublikuri partiuli organizaciebis, mxa-
reebisa da olqebis, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis, mecnierebisa da xelovne-
bis, samarTaldamcveli organoebis warmomadgenlebi. aseTi situacia xelsayreli
iyo regionebisa da dargebis lobirebisaTvis.

sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi mmarTveli fena, nomenklaturis privilegie-
bis zrda
sabWoTa kavSirSi xelisuflebis umaRles rgols Seadgenda daaxloebiT 1000
adamiani moskovSi da daaxloebiT 3 aTasi mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi. masSi Sediodnen
skkp-is centraluri komitetis aparatis xelmZRvanelebi, sabWoTa kavSiris minis-
trTa sabWo, umsxvilesi saministroebis (Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa, sagareo
xelmZRvanelebi, mokavSire respublikebis komunisturi partiebis, saolqo da
samxareo komitetebis mdivnebi, skkp-is centraluri komitetisa da centraluri
sakontrolo komisiis wevrebi da kandidatebi, romelTac amave dros sxvadasxva
maRali Tanamdeboba ekavaT qveynis masStabiT.

ùZraobis xana~ `ganviTarebul socializmSi~ nomenklaturis privilegiebis
ayvavebis xana iyo. nomenklaturas kvlav hqonda saxelmwifo agarakebi, specmoma-
rageba, specmkurnaloba, spectransporti da a.S., magram `saxelisuflo sakuTre-
bis~ yvela es atributi ar gadadioda pirad sakuTrebaSi da ar gadaecemoda mem-
kvidreobiT.
breJnevis dros nomenklaturam miiRo usafrTxoebis garantiebi, amitom am
fenam daiwyo aqtiuri zrunva sakuTari naTesavebisa da STamomavlobis uzrunve-
li cxovrebis misaRwevad. am fenis umetesoba ar cxovrobda `komunizmis mSeneb-
lis moraluri kodeqsiT~.
Cveulebrivi ambavi gaxda samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyeneba,
miswrafeba, naTesavebi moewyoT `karg~ adgilebze, elitur umaRles saswavlebel-
Si da a.S. amaSi magaliTis mimcemi iyvnen umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebi. breJnevis
vaJi dainiSna sagareo vaWrobis ministris 1-l moadgiled (1983 wels gaaTavisuf-
les Tanamdebobidan , breJnevis siZe gaxda Sinagan saqmeTa ministris moadgile,
andropovis vaJs 1979 wlidan warmatebuli kariera hqonda sagareo saqmeTa sami-
nistroSi, 1984 wels gaxda elCi saberZneTSi.
gviani `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ wlebSi yvelaze korumpirebuli iyo
Sua aziis respublikebi, sadac CinovnikebisTvis qrTamis micemis mTeli sistema
iyo. daiwyo partiuli da saxelmwifo aparatis Sezrda Crdilovan ekonomikasTan.
am ukanasknelis masStabebi swrafad izrdeboda. gviandeli periodis SefasebiT,
1970-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi Crdilovani ekonomikis xelSi iyo mSromelTa Semosav-
lebis erTi meSvidedi, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi — 18%, 1985 wels — 21%, 1989
wels — 25%.
es yvelaferi xdeboda fsevdokomunisturi propagandis fonze, ganuwyvet-
liv xdeboda komunisturi sazeimo TariRebis aRniSvna da dajildoebebi, lapara-
kobdnen `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ warmatebebze da a.S.

Tavi ;/,
sagareo politika: breJnevis doqtrina
;; saukunis 60-80-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis daxasia-

Tebisas mis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawilad miiCneven e.w. `breJnevis doqtri-
nas~, rac iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa kavSiris uflebas, Careuliyo sxva socialis-
turi qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi, Tuki safrTxe Seeqmneboda socialistur reJi-
mebs am qveynebSi. es iyo `SezRuduli suverenitetis doqtrina~, anu socializmis,
rogorc msoflio sistemis, interesebi ufro mniSvnelovnad cxaddeboda, vidre
romelime socialisturi qveynis suvereniteti.
termini `breJnevis doqtrina~ politikur leqsikonSi Semoitanes dasavle-
Telma politikosebma da sazogado moRvaweebma, rodesac axasiaTebdnen sabWoTa
kavSiris sagareo politikas 1960—1980-ian wlebSi. termini `breJnevis doqtrina~
sabWoTa kavSiris oficialur dokumentebSi arasodes gamouyenebiaT, Tumca arc
rodesme gauprotestebiaT, rodesac dasavleTeli politikosebi da eqspertebi
am termins iyenebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis daxasiaTebisas.
doqtrinis arsi isaa, rom sabWoTa kavSirs SeuZlia Caeros socialisturi
blokis SemadgenlobaSi myofi centralur-aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis saSinao
politikaSi imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyos socializmis interesebis dacva. am
principis Sesabamisad sabWoTa kavSiri xruSCovis mmarTvelobis periodSic moq-
medebda (magaliTad, ungreTi 1956 wels , magram sakiTxis `Teoriuli gaazreba~ da
`dasabuTeba~ sabWoTa ideologebma saWirod CaTvales 1968 wels Cexuri `gazafxu-
lis~ CaxSobis Semdeg.

41.1. praRis gazafxuli da sabWoTa intervencia
sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas saSiSad miaCnda `praRis gazafxuli~, ro-

melic gulisxmobda socializmis mSeneblobas àdamianuri saxiT~. socializmis
amgvari xedva angrevda marqsizm-leninizmis sabWour models, uaryofda komunis-
turi partiis xelmZRvanel rols sazogadoebaSi.
CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi reJimis liberalizacia ukavSirdeba aleqsan-
dre dubCekis saxels, romelic 1968 wlis 5 ianvars airCies Cexoslovakiis komu-
nisturi partiis pirvel mdivnad. mas mravali weli sabWoTa kavSirSi hqonda gata-
rebuli, breJnevi piradad icnobda da endoboda, Tumca dubCeki reformebis mom-
xre aRmoCnda. presam da televiziam CexoslovakiaSi miiRo SedarebiTi Tavisuf-
leba, Zalovani struqturebidan gaaTavisufla is pirebi, romlebic adre repre-
siebs axorcielebdnen. am cvlilebebiT dubCekma moipova inteligenciisa da stu-
dentebis mxardaWera.
mosalodneli iyo, rom stalinizmis kritikas gardauvlad mohyveboda urTi-
erTobis gadaxedva sabWoTa kavSirTan da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan, aseve
Cexoslovakiis gasvla varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciidan. es sakiTxebi ukve
ganixileboda Cexoslovakiis presaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas eSino-
da, rom `praRis gazafxuli~ gadaedeboda aRmosavleT evropis sxva socialistur
qveynebs, aseve baltiis respublikebs, ukrainas da belorusias.
gdr-is, poloneTisa da ungreTis (ulbrixti, gomulka, kadari komunisti

liderebi grZnobdnen safrTxes da saWirod miiCnevdnen samxedro intervencias.
sabWoTa kavSiris rigi moRvaweebi (podgorni, Selepini, andropovi, gromiko ukve
1968 wlis mart-aprilSi Tvlidnen, rom saWiro iyo samxedro SeWris momzadeba.
breJnevi da politbiuros umravlesoba meryeobda. Cexoslovakiis ambebs aRiqvam-
dnen, stalinuri ideologiis Sesabamisad, rogorc àntisabWoTa memarjvene-re-
vizionistuli Zalebis~ gamarjvebas, magram stalinuri meTodebiT moqmedebas
ufrTxodnen da dasavleTis reaqcia afiqrebdaT.
moskovidan afrTxilebdnen Cexoslovakiis xelisufalT, rom reformebi Se-
ewyvitaT. 29 ivnis — 3 agvistos Cexoslovakia-sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvarze breJne-
vi Sexvda dubCeks da ukanasknelad mosTxova reformebis Sewyveta. TiTqos SeTan-
xmdnen kidec, magram ukve 15 agvistos telefoniT saubris dros breJnevma dub-
Ceks brali dasdo, rom moatyua.
uSiSroebis (kgb ufrosi andropovi da sabWoTa kavSiris elCi Cexoslovakia-
Si Cervonenko werils werilze ugzavnidnen breJnevs, rom `Cexoslovakias~ kar-
gavdnen, Sedegad rumineTic gavidoda varSavis xelSekrulebidan, organizacia
saerTod daiSleboda da breJnevic, umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSi, dakargavda posts.
1968 wlis 21 agvistos Cexoslovakiis teritoriaze Sevida varSavis xelSek-
rulebis qveynebis: germaniis demokratiuli respublikis, poloneTis, sabWoTa
kavSirisa da ungreTis 24 divizia. ZiriTadi samxedro kontingenti sabWoTa kav-
Sirs ekuTvnoda (500 aTasamde jariskaci da 5 aTasamde tanki da javSniani manqana .
samxedro intervenciis mizani iyo sabWoTa kavSirisTvis arasasurveli xelisuf-
lebis Secvla CexoslovakiaSi. 1968 wlis 8 seqtembrisaTvis sabWoTa danakargma,
daxocilTa saxiT, 61 samxedro piri Seadgina, aqedan 11 oficeri iyo, daiWra 232
adamiani. mwyobridan gamovida 1 tanki, 1 vertmfreni, 1 TviTmfrinavi, 43 manqana da
javSantransportiori.
sabWoTa intervenciis Sedegad CexoslovakiaSi gaqra ruseTis mimarT arse-
buli simpaTia da gabatonda antirusuli ganwyoba. msoflios TvalSi sabWoTa kav-
Siri warmodga agresorad. gaqra komunizmisa da demokratiis SeTavsebis imedebi.
rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen dasavleT evropis komunisturi partiebi.
`praRis gazafxulis~ CaxSobam da dasavleTis aSkara uZlurebam, Tavidan ae-
cilebina Cexoslovakiis okupacia, breJnevs arnaxuli Tavdajereba SesZina. mas
moswonda, rom `mowinaaRmdege sisxlisRvris gareSe SeaSines~, arafrad agdebda
dasavleTis saprotesto reaqcias da Tvlida, rom èrTi-ori Tve gava da kvlav
mogvismenen~.
uxeSi Zalis demonstrirebam sabWoTa kavSirSi gaaZliera e. w, `konservato-
rebi~, romlebic stalinis meTodebisken ixrebodnen. ideologiur reaqcias war-
marTavda m. suslovi.

41.2. `breJnevis doqtrinis~ arsi
termini `breJnevis doqtrina~ dasavleTis politikur leqsikonSi gaCnda

leonid breJnevis gamosvlis Semdeg poloneTis gaerTianebuli muSaTa partiis
mexuTe yrilobaze 1968 wlis 12 noembers.
swored es midgoma iyo ideologiuri dasabuTeba 1968 wlis agvistoSi Cexos-
lovakiis saSinao saqmeebSi varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebis jarebis Carevisa
sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobiT. imdroindeli sabWouri ideologiis Tanax-
mad, es iyo `proletaruli internacionalizmis principis~ gamoyeneba da sabWoTa

kavSiri, ubralod, valdebuli iyo, `daxmareboda~ moZme ers `socializmis mona-
povrebis dacvaSi~.
sabWoTa banakis oficialuri ideologiis ± marqsizm-leninizmis safuZvel-
ze CexoslovakiaSi samxedro intervenciis Teoriuli dasabuTebis aucileblobas
moskovis imdroindeli mmarTveli reJimi saWirod miiCnevda. 1968 wlis 26 seqtem-
bers sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis mTavar organoSi, gazeT `pravdaSi~
daibeWda s. kovaliovis statia `suvereniteti da socialisturi qveynebis inter-
nacionaluri valdebulebebi~, romelsac dasavleTis sovetologebi miiCnevdnen
`SezRuduli suverenitetis doqtrinis~ ganmartebad.
aRniSnuli doqtrinis dasabuTeba ki, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze STambeWdavad
komunisturi partiis liderma leonid breJnevma ganaxorciela. ra Tqma unda, mis
mier poloneTis muSaTa partiis yrilobaze wakiTxuli sityva dawerili iyo im-
droindeli sabWoTa Teoretikosebis mier, romelTa Sorisac SeiZleba s. kovali-
ovic Sedioda.
breJnevma aRniSna, rom socializmis mSeneblobis zogadi kanonzomierebebi-
dan gadaxveva Seicavs kapitalisturi wyobilebis restavraciis safrTxes da ro-
desac socializmisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili Sinagani da gareSe Zalebi cdilo-
ben, romelime socialisturi qveynis ganviTareba warmarTon kapitalisturi wyo-
bilebis restavraciis gziT, es ukve ara mxolod am qveynis, aramed mTeli socia-
listuri sistemis problema xdeba. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba, gamoyenebul iqnes sam-
xedro daxmarebac socializmisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxis aRsakveTad.

poloneTis gaerTianebuli muSaTa partiis 9 yrilobaze socializmis dasacavad samxedro
daxmarebis gawevis aucilebloba Semdegnairad aris axsnili l. breJnevis gamosvlaSi:
`kargad aris cnobili, rom sabWoTa kavSirma bevri ram gaakeTa socialisturi qveynebis suve-
renitetis, damoukideblobis realuri ganmtkicebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia
yovelTvis iyo imis momxre, rom TiToeuli socialisturi qveyana gansazRvravdes socializmis
gziT Tavisi ganviTarebis konkretul formebs Tavisi erovnuli pirobebis specifikis sruli gaTva-
liswinebiT, magram cnobilia, amxanagebo, rom arsebobs socialisturi mSeneblobis saerTo kanon-
zomierebanic da am kanonzomierebebisagan gadaxvevas SeiZleba mohyves TviT socializmisagan ga-
daxveva. da roca socializmisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili Sinagani da gareSe Zalebi cdiloben, rome-
lime socialisturi qveynis ganviTareba warmarTon kapitalisturi weswyobilebis restavraciis
gziT, roca am qveyanaSi safrTxe eqmneba socializmis saqmes, safrTxe eqmneba mTeli socialisturi
Tanamegobrobis uSiSroebas, es ukve xdeba ara marto am qveynis xalxis problema, aramed yvela so-
cialisturi qveynis saerTo problemac, saerTo sazrunavi. (taSi
ra Tqma unda, iseTi aqcia, rogoric aris moZme qveynisadmi samxedro daxmareba socialisturi
wyobilebisaTvis Seqmnili safrTxis aRsakveTad, sagangebo, iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa, igi SeiZleba ga-
mowveuli iyos mxolod socializmis Sinagani da garegani mtrebis pirdapiri moqmedebiT, moqmede-
biT, romelic safrTxes uqmnis socializmis banakis saerTo interesebs.
gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom dRevandel pirobebSi socialisturi wyobilebis gamarjveba ama
Tu im qveyanaSi SegviZlia socializmis saboloo gamarjvebad miviCnioT, xolo kapitalizmis res-
tavracia SeiZleba gamoricxulad miviCnioT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu komunisturi partia, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneli Zala, mtkiced axorcielebs marqsistul-leninur politikas sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos ganviTarebaSi; mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu partia dauc-
xromlad ganamtkicebs qveynis Tavdacvas, misi revoluciuri monapovrebis dacvas, Tu TviTonac
fxizlad aris da xalxsac unergavs sifxizles klasobrivi mtris mimarT, Seurigeblobas burJuazi-
uli ideologiisadmi; mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wmidad icavs socialisturi internacionalizmis
princips, ganamtkicebs erTianobasa da Zmur solidarobas sxva socialistur qveynebTan. (xangrZli-
vi taSi. ...

iugoslaviis imdroindelma xelmZRvanelma ioseb broz titom axal sabWoTa doqtrinas uwoda ÄaR
mosavleT evropis qveynebis SezRuduli suverenitetis doqtrina~, `KWWSXFKHEQLNEHVSODWQRFRP
XFKHEQLNPHMGXQDURGQLHRWQRVKHQL\DGRNWULQDEUHMQHYDKWPO³

icodes yvelam, vinc iviwyebs istoriis gakveTilebs da visac unda, kvlav mohkidos xeli evro-
pis rukis gadakeTebas, rom poloneTis, germaniis demokratiuli respublikis, Cexoslovakiis, ise
rogorc varSavis xelSekrulebis monawile yoveli sxva qveynis sazRvrebi uryevi da xelSeuxebelia
(mquxare, xangrZlivi taSi. . am sazRvrebs icavs socialisturi Tanamegobrobis mTeli SeiaraRebuli
Zala. vurCevT, kargad daixsomos es yvelam, visac sxvisi sazRvrebis xelyofa sCvevia!~
l.i.breJnevi, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiisa da sabWoTa saxelmwifos sagareo poli-
tikis Sesaxeb, sityvebi da statiebi, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1974,144-146.
Ȼɪɟɠɧɟɜ Ʌ. ɂ., Ʌɟɧɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɭɪɫɨɦ, ɬ. ,,, Ɇ., 1970, 329-330.
41.3. mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba da socialisturi internacionalizmi
`breJnevis doqtrina~, romelic proletaruli internacionalizmis prin-

cips emyareboda, aRiarebda sabWoTa kavSiris uflebas, Careuliyo mokavSire sa-
xelmwifoebis saSinao saqmeebSi, maT Soris samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiTac.
1977 wlis 7 noembers breJnevis mmarTvelobis dros miRebul sabWoTa kavSi-
ris bolo konstituciaSi specialuri Tavi Seitanes sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo po-
litikis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSiri socializ-
mis msoflio sistemis nawilia, xolo proletaruli internacionalizmis princi-
pi gardaqmnili iyo socialisturi internacionalizmis principad. es kidev ufro
aadvilebda Zalis gamoyenebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi, radganac
mas ukve konstituciuri safuZvlebi hqonda. 1979 wels sabWoTa kavSirma jarebi
Seiyvana avRaneTSi, Tumca es ukanaskneli ar yofila socialisturi saxelmwifo.
sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikas breJnevis dros safuZvlad edo kidev
erTi principi — mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principi, romelic gulisxmobda dasav-
leTis samyarosTan samxedro konfrontaciis Tavidan acilebas atomuri iaraRis
arsebobis pirobebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principi
pirvel adgilze idga, radganac met-naklebad ukve gacnobierebuli iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris komunisturi xelmZRvanelobis mier birTvuli omis damRupveli Sedegebi.
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principi gulisxmobda sxva qveynebis saSinao saq-
meebSi Caurevlobas, saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobian mogvarebas; meore mxriv,
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis principi ewinaaRmdegeboda socialisturi internaci-
onalizmis princips, romelic garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas amarTlebda sxva
qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas. sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikaSi am ori
principis SeTavsebiT mkvidrdeboda Taviseburi winaaRmdegoba klasobriv da sa-
xelmwifoebriv midgomebs Soris.
g. ziuganovi akritikebs breJnevis droindel sabWoTa kavSiris geopoliti-
kur doqtrinas, razec damRupvel zegavlenas axdenda sazogadoebrivi da saxel-
mwifoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos ideologizeba. sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRva-
neloba daxmarebas uwevda `mesame samyaros~ yvela reJims, vinc ki ganacxadebda
`socialisturi orientaciis~ aRebis Taobaze. ziuganovis TqmiT, `breJnevis doq-
trina~ moklebuli iyo jansaR saxelmwifoebriv pragmatizms da amas gardauvlad
mosdevda kolosaluri xarjebi, amasTan, xSirad sruliad uazro. rigi qveynebisa
advilad gadadiodnen `socialisturi orientaciidan~ kapitalisturze, Tuki aSS
ufro met fuls SesTavazebda.
breJnevis doqtrinas upirispirdeboda dasavluri sagareo-politikuri
doqtrinebi, magaliTad, trumenis, eizenhaueris, niqsonis doqtrinebi. Teoriu-
lad es doqtrinebi emyareboda politikuri realizmis principebs, romelTac
aviTarebdnen cnobili amerikeli analitikosebi hans morgenTau da jorj kenani.

kenanma, magaliTad, SeimuSava komunizmis Sekavebis doqtrina, romelic rea-
lurad iqca komunizmis ukugdebis doqtrinad. politikuri realizmis aqtiuri
momxreebi iyvnen aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnebi — kisinjeri da kristoferi. isini
Tvlidnen, rom msoflio politikaSi mimdinareobs mudmivi brZola gavlenisaTvis
da saxelmwifo Tavis miznebs aRwevs an SeguebiT, anda Tavisi nebis sxvebisTvis
TavsmoxveviT.
1970-ian wlebSi moxda sabWoTa kavSirsa da dasavleTs Soris urTierTobis
`daTboba~. or qveyanas Soris daido mniSvnelovani xelSekrulebebi SeiaraRebis
zrdis SeCerebis mimarTulebiT — raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacvis SezRudvis,
strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis SezRudvis ori xelSekruleba. daZabulobis Se-
nelebis mwvervali iyo 1973 wels evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbi-
ri, romlis daskvniT aqts xeli moewera 1975 wels helsinkSi.

41.4. sabWoTa kavSiris afrikuli avantiurebi
1970-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan sabWoTa kavSiri sul ufro metad efloboda

mesame samyaroSi. ideologiuri postulatebi (ìnternacionaluri movaleoba~,
àntiimperialisturi brZola~ amkvidrebda varauds, rom sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZ-
lo aSS-is Seviwroeba da globalur Zalad gadaqceva. sabWoTa kavSiris amgvar mis-
wrafebebs xels uwyobda isic, rom aSS-Si vietnamis omSi damarcxebis Semdeg gai-
zarda izolacionisturi ganwyobileba da aSS-is kongresma akrZala Tanxebis ga-
moyofa mesame samyaros qveynebSi saomari moqmedebebis sawarmoeblad. kremlSi ki
es Seafases, rogorc ZalTa Tanafardobis Secvla `socializmis~ sasargeblod.
breJnevisa da misi TanaSemweebis yuradReba kvlav dasavleTisken iyo mimar-
Tuli, magram ɄȽȻ, rusi samxedroebi sul ufro metad iTxovdnen afrikaSi sabWoTa
`yofnis~ gaZlierebas. afrikaSi izrdeboda antidasavluri da memarcxene-radika-
luri Zalebi. 1970 wlidan ɄȽȻ-m miiRo afrikis samxreTSi operaciebis Catarebis
ufleba. aq sabWoTa kavSiris mTavar mokavSired gamodioda afrikuli nacionaluri
kongresi, romelic samxreT afrikaSi TeTrkanianTa batonobis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda.
1974 wels portugaliaSi revoluciis Semdeg misi afrikuli koloniebi — an-
gola da mozambiki `damoukidebeli ganviTarebis~ gzas daadgnen. sabWoTa kavSiri
manamdec uWerda mxars memarcxene-marqsistul organizacias — `saxalxo moZrao-
ba angolis ganTavisuflebisaTvis~, romelsac saTaveSi edga agustinio neto. aSS
aqezebda samxreT afrikas, rom mxari daeWiraT angolaSi im dajgufebebisaTvis,
romlebic netos organizacias SeebrZolebodnen.
breJnevi da gromiko Tavidan winaaRmdegi iyvnen angolis saqmeebSi aqtiuri
Carevisa, — eSinodaT, rom amas mohyveboda aSS-Tan dapirispireba da `daZabulobis
Senelebis~ SeCereba. magram Carevas mxars uWerdnen samxedroebi, ustinoviT saTa-
veSi, ɄȽȻ da centralur komitetSi afrikis eqspertebi. angolaSi aqtiuri Carevis
momxre, moskovisgan damoukideblad, iyo fidel kastro, romelsac didi xnis me-
gobroba akavSirebda netosTan.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas ori kurdRlis daWeris cduneba gauCnda: erTi ku-
basTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebisa da, meore, samxreT afrikaSi poziciebis gaZli-
erebisa. 1976 wlis gazafxulze kubis jarebma sabWoTa kavSiris mier miwodebuli
iaraRiT da mxardaWeriT gamarjveba moipoves samxreT afrikis respublikis jareb-
ze. pirvelad istoriaSi sabWoTa samxedroebma sxvisi xelebiT SeZles aSS-is sate-
litebis damarcxeba sabWoTa kavSiridan aTasobiT kilometrze. sabWoTa da kubel-

ma instruqtorebma banakebi moawyves angolasa da mozambikSi samxreTafrikeli
partizanebis mosamzadeblad da aparteiduli reJimis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
angolaSi gamarjvebam kremls ufro gauZliera Tvalsazrisi, rom vietnamSi
kraxis Semdeg (1975 wels komunisturma CrdiloeT vietnamma gaanadgura proame-
rikuli samxreT vietnamis reJimi da saigonic aiRo amerikelebi ukan ixevdnen me-
same samyaroSi da SesaZlebeli iyo iq komunistebis Setevaze gadasvla. garda ami-
sa, afrikaSi aSS-is mTavroba saxelgatexili iyo samxreT afrikis aparteiduli
reJimis mxardaWeris gamo.
afrikaSi warmateba garkveuli kompensacia iyo kremlisTvis axlo aRmosav-
leTSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg. 1974 wels egviptis liderma anvar sadaTma pro-
moskovuri kursi proamerikuliT Secvala. sabWoTa kavSirma uSedegod dakarga
mravali aTeuli miliardi dolaris daxmareba, rac egviptes gaewia 1955 wlidan.
breJnevi, ɄȽȻ da samxedroebi mZimed ganicdidnen am marcxs, magram mas droebiT
warumateblobad miiCnevdnen. eraySi, siriasa da iemenSi kremli agrZelebda radi-
kalur-nacionalisturi arabuli reJimebis mxardaWeras imis imediT, rom isini
`socializmisken~ midiodnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi iq marqsistul-leninuri Za-
lebic movidodnen xelisuflebaSi. somaliSi, sadac diqtatori siad bare iyo xe-
lisuflebis saTaveSi, sabWoTa kavSirs hqonda samxedro-sazRvao baza q. berbera-
Si da samxedro aerodromebi.
1977 wels sabWoTa samxedroebi, ɄȽȻ da kubelebi CarTulni aRmoCndnen kidev
erT regionul konfliqtSi afrikis teritoriaze. amjerad erTmaneTs daupiris-
pirdnen moskovis mokavSireebi: eTiopia da somali. eTiopiaSi xelisufleba xelSi
Caigdo maiorma mengistu haile mariamma, romelic eTiopiis `marqsistul revo-
luciur partias~ edga saTaveSi, man ganacxada, rom ixelmZRvanelebda `mecnieru-
li socializmis~ principebiT da gaaCaRa wiTeli terori. eTiopia nawilebad iS-
leboda. aSS-ma ekonomikuri daxmareba Seuwyvita, sabWoTa kavSiri ki èTiopiis
revoluciis~ mTavari sponsoris rolSi gamovida.
eTiopias Tavs daesxa mezobeli somali da cdilobda eTiopiis teritoriis
nawilis dapyrobas im motiviT, rom iq somalelebi cxovrobdnen. breJnevma eTio-
pias dauWira mxari. sahaero xidiT eTiopias miawodes, dasavluri gaTvliT, 600
tanki, 400 saartilerio qvemexi, 40 gamanadgurebeli mig-21, 26 vertmfreni da sxv.
gaigzavna 1500 sabWoTa samxedro instruqtori. eTiopiaSi sabWoTa aviaciis meSve-
obiT gadaisroles kubelTa samxedro kontingentic, romelic somalelebTan
brZolaSi Caeba. saomar operaciebs xelmZRvanelobda sabWoTa generali v. petro-
vi. sapasuxod 1977 wlis noemberSi somalim gawyvita xelSekruleba sabWoTa kav-
SirTan, gauuqma samxedro bazebi da mxardaWeris Zieba dasavleTSi daiwyo.
afrikuli avantiurebi sabWoTa kavSirs Zviri ujdeboda. angolas, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom sakuTari Semosavali hqonda, sabWoTa kavSiris 2 miliardi dolari
emarTa, eTiopiis samxedro daxmareba sabWoTa kavSirs 1 miliardi dolari dauj-
da, garda amisa, eTiopias misca 2,8 miliardi dolaris kreditebi.

41.5. sabWoTa eqspansia laTinur amerikaSi
sabWoTa kavSiris TanamSromlobas kubasTan mohyva am qveynisTvis daxmarebis

zrda, ramac weliwadSi 5 miliard dolars miaRwia. karibis krizisis (1962 Semdeg
kremlis liderebma uari Tqves laTinur amerikaSi memarcxene-radikaluri moZra-
obebis mxardaWeraze, radganac aSS-Tan Setakebis eSinodaT, magram 1970-iani wle-
bis meore naxevridan kubelebi Suamavlis rolSi gamodiodnen sabWoTa kavSirsa

da laTinuramerikel revolucionerebs Soris, maT aZlevdnen sabWoTa kavSiridan
miRebul iaraRsa da fuls.
1979 wlis ivlisSi nikaraguaSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida sandinos saxe-
lobis erovnuli ganTavisuflebis fronti, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen qarizmatu-
li liderebi — daniel da umberto ortegebi. Tavidan moskovSi eSinodaT, rom aSS
moawyobda ìmperialistur intervencias~, magram 1981 wels xelisuflebaSi mo-
sulma ronald reiganma intervenciis nacvlad daiwyo saidumlo omi sandinistebis
winaaRmdeg, mxars uWerda maT mowinaaRmdegeebs, romelTac bazebi hqondaT mezo-
bel hondurasSi. 1981 wlis noemberSi breJnevma daniel ortega kremlSi miiRo. ni-
karaguas gaewia pirdapiri samxedro daxmareba. kreditebis odenobam ki 1 miliard
dolars gadaaWarba. 1982—1984 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiri sul ufro metad efloboda
nikaraguaSi mimdinare omSi. es zrdida aSS-Si antisabWoTa ganwyobas, gansakuTre-
biT samxreTis StatebSi, sadac didi iyo laTinuri mosaxleobis ricxvi.
41.6. omi avRaneTSi
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis udidesi sagareo-politikuri Secdoma iyo omi av-

RaneTSi. manamde sabWoTa kavSiri afrikaSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziaSi ibrZoda
`sxvisi xelebiT~, mxolod iaraRis miwodebiT da specialistTa gagzavniT kmayo-
fildeboda. sabWoTa armiis SeWra ungreTsa da CexoslovakiaSi varSavis xelSek-
rulebis Sida saqme iyo. amitom avRaneTSi sabWoTa armiis SeWra bevrisTvis mou-
lodneli aRmoCnda.
1979 wlis 25 dekembers avRaneTis teritoriaze Seiyvanes sabWouri `SezRu-
duli samxedro kontingenti~. gadawyvetileba miiRes breJnevma da sabWoTa xel-
mZRvanelobaSi ramdenime pirovnebam. politbiuros 12 dekembris sxdomaze, sadac
miiRes es gadawyvetileba, breJnevi uaRresad cudad grZnobda Tavs. avRaneTSi
SeWris gegma ustinovsa da andropovs ekuTvnodaT. mTavrobis zogierTma wevrmac
ki amis Sesaxeb gazeTebidan gaigo.
avRaneTSi gaigzavna 75-aTasiani samxedro kontingenti. Tavdacvis ministri
ustinovi pirobas debda, rom samxedroebs avRaneTSi or-sam Tves mouxdebodaT
yofna, sinamdvileSi ki omi 8 wels gagrZelda. kremlSi fiqrobdnen, rom avRaneTSi
moskovze orientirebul reJims ganamtkicebdnen, sinamdvileSi ki 1980 wlis zaf-
xulisaTvis mTeli avRaneTi sabWoTa intervenciisadmi mtrulad iyo ganwyobili
da ajanyebam moicva.
aSS da dasavleT evropa sabWoTa agresiam gaaogna. prezidenti karteri da
misi TanaSemwe erovnuli usafrTxoebis dargSi zbignev bJezinski Tvlidnen, rom
moskovi cdilobda sparseTis yureze gasvlas, sadac navTobis mniSvnelovani sa-
badoebi iyo. aSS-is mTavrobam ekonomikuri sanqciebi dauwesa sabWoTa kavSirs, da-
savleTma boikoti gamoucxada 1980 wlis moskovis olimpiadas.
avRaneTSi SeWras sabWoTa kavSirSi protesti mxolod calkeuli pirebis mxri-
dan mohyva. maT Soris iyo akademikosi saxarovi. 1980 wlis 8 ianvars politbiurom da-
adgina, rom saxarovs CamorTmeoda akademikosis wodeba, yvela jildo da gadaasax-
les qalaq gorkiSi (niJni novgorodSi , romelic daxuruli iyo ucxoelebisTvis.
oficialuri monacemebiT, avRaneTSi mimdinare omis dros daiRupa daaxloebiT
14 aTasi sabWoTa jariskaci, daiWra 35 aTasi, daikarga an tyved Cavarda 300-ze meti
jariskaci. avRanelTa saerTo danakargebma Seadgina daaxloebiT 1 mln. adamiani.

avRaneTSi omma mniSvnelovnad Searyia sabWoTa kavSiris avtoriteti saerTa-
Soriso arenaze. mas mohyva aseve gamalebuli SeiaraRebis axali talRa, ramac sab-
WoTa kavSiris ekonomika uaRresad rTul pirobebSi Caayena.

41.7. breJnevis doqtrinis kraxi. 1980-1981 wlebis revolucia poloneTSi
1970-iani wlebis bolos mkveTrad gauaresda ekonomikuri mdgomareoba po-

loneTSi, romelic aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze didi sateli-
ti iyo. mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad poloneTis mTavrobam gazarda eqsporti,
pirvel rigSi, soflis meurneobis produqtebisa. aman Tavad poloneTSi sasursa-
To krizisi gamoiwvia, xorcze fasebis gazrdas ki 1980 wlis zafxulSi gaficvebis
talRa mohyva. gdanskSi gaficulTa lideri gemTmSenebeli qarxnis muSa lex va-
lensa gaxda. Seiqmna `solidarobis~ moZraoba, romelmac mTeli poloneTi moicva.
poloneTis ambebma SeaSfoTa aRmosavleT evropis reJimebi. socialisturi
qveynebis liderebi, maT Soris rumineTis lideri CauSesku, sabWoTa kavSiris xel-
mZRvanelobisgan moiTxovdnen poloneTSi SeWras da iq `wesrigis damyarebas~, mag-
ram moulodnelad suslovma, romelic poloneTis saqmes kurirebda, Tavidanve
ganacxada, rom sabWoTa kavSirs ar SeuZlia poloneTSi samxedro SeWraze wavides.
mas mxari dauWira andropovma, romelmac ganacxada: ùcxoeTSi intervenciis kvo-
ta amowurulia~. ɄȽȻ-s xelmZRvanelma icoda, rom breJnevs ar undoda `meore av-
RaneTis~ miReba. garda amisa, poloneTSi sabWoTa jaris Seyvanis SemTxvevaSi SeiZ-
leba dawyebuliyo ajanyeba.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis poziciaze gavlena moaxdina aRmosavleT evropa-
Si arsebulma ekonomikurma mdgomareobamac. 1970-ian wlebSi moskovi sul ufro
met ekonomikur resurss xarjavda regionSi gavlenis SesanarCuneblad, sabWoTa
kavSirs ki Tavad Seeqmna seriozuli ekonomikuri problemebi.
1980 wlis noemberSi breJnevma gdr-is, Cexoslovakiis, ungreTisa da bulga-
reTis liderebs acnoba, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebulia Seamciros iafi navTo-
bis miwodeba am qveynebisTvis, raTa is gayidos `kapitalistur bazrebze~ valutis
misaRebad, riTac poloneTis `saxalxo mTavrobas~ daexmareboda, magram sxva so-
cialisturi qveynebis xelmZRvanelebma ganacxades, rom es maT qveynebSic gamoiw-
vevda cxovrebis gaZvirebas da mRelvarebis dawyebas.
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas eSinoda, rom poloneTSi SeWris SemTxvevaSi da-
savleTi axal ekonomikur sanqciebs daawesebda, rac Tavad sabWoTa ekonomikis-
Tvis iqneboda mZime. 1980 wlis bolos romis papma ioane pavle ,,-m piradad mimarTa
breJnevs da gaafrTxila, rom Tavi Seekavebina poloneTSi samxedro SeWrisagan da
poloneTis SesaZlo okupacia Seadara 1939 wlis ribentrop-molotovis paqts.
kremlma, samxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdina-
re, uari Tqva poloneTSi samxedro intervenciaze, Tumca imedovnebda, rom po-
loneTis revolucias Tavad poloneTis ZalebiT CaaxSobda. 1981 wlis bolos ge-
neralma iaruzelskim poloneTSi SemoiRo samxedro wesebi, Tumca ganuwyvetliv
iTxovda sabWoTa kavSirisgan ekonomikur daxmarebas.
1980-1981 wlebis krizisma aCvena, rom komunisturi imperiis SemadgenlobaSi
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis SenarCunebis politikuri da ekonomikuri resur-
sebi amowuruli iyo.

nawili meTerTmete
gerontokratia qveynis saTaveSi
Tavi;/,,
iuri andropovis xanmokle mmarTveloba
42.1. vin iyo iuri andropovi
12 noembers, breJnevis gardacvalebidan ori dRis Semdeg, centraluri ko-

mitetis plenumma partiis generalur mdivnad airCia iuri andropovi. is am dros
68 wlis iyo. gardacvlili breJnevi Secvala faqtobrivad ukve mZimed avadmyofma
adamianma.
iuri andropovis biografiuli cnobebi mwiria. amboben, rom ɄȽȻ-s xelmZRva-
nelad yofnis dros Tavad izruna sakuTar biografiasTan dakavSirebuli garkve-
uli masalebis gasanadgureblad. amis mizezi, savaraudod, ebrauli warmomavlo-
bis damalva iyo, rac xels SeuSlida karieris gakeTebaSi.

iuri andropovi (1914-1984 daibada stavropolis
guberniis stanica nagutskaiaSi, SeZlebuli ebrae-
li iuveliris ojaxSi. iuri malavda Tavis eTnikur
warmomavlobas. erT-erT oficialur anketaSi wer-
da, rom misi mSoblebi doneli kazakebi iyvnen. sinam-
dvileSi deda — evgenia fainSteini da mama — velv
libermani ebraelebi iyvnen. mama 1921 wels gardaic-
vala da dedamisi berZen andropuloze gaTxovda.
iuri am gvaris rusul variants atarebda.
iuri andropovis partiuli kariera 1930-ian wlebSi daiwyo, `stalinuri

wmendis~ periodSi. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo andropovi ar yofila omis
veterani. meore msoflio omis dros is kareliaSi partizanuli moZraobis orga-
nizebiT iyo dakavebuli. 1951 wels gadaiyvanes centralur komitetSi samuSaod,
1953 wels — sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi. 1954 wels elCad dainiSna ungreTSi. an-
dropovis Sexedulebebi politikaze didwilad Camoyalibda 1956 wlis ungreTis
revoluciis gavleniT. man Tavis TvaliT naxa, Tu rogor uswordebodnen ajanye-
bulebi komunistebs da uSiSroebis TanamSromlebs. maSindeli SiSi mTeli cxov-
rebis manZilze gahyva. andropovi pirveli iyo, vinc Tqva, rom saWiro iyo budapeS-
tSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvana. manve SearCia ungreTis axali lideri — ianoS kadari.
1957 wels andropovi gadaiyvanes moskovSi, sadac saTaveSi Caudga skkp cen-
traluri komitetis socialistur qveynebTan urTierTobis ganyofilebas, rasac
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda. 1967 wlis ivnisidan andropovi dainiSna
ɄȽȻ-s Tavmjdomared. breJnevs sWirdeboda sando adamiani am Tanamdebobaze vla-
dimir semiCastnis nacvlad, romelic umaRles xelisuflebaze acxadebda preten-
zias. andropovs am droisaTvis breJnevi ukve darwmunebuli hyavda Tavis loia-
lobaSi.

1973 wels gaxda politbiuros wevri. suslovis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1982
wlis TebervalSi, gaxda partiis mTavari ideologi.
andropovi disidentebis winaaRmdeg mkacri zomebis momxre iyo. ɄȽȻ-s Tav-
mjdomareobis dros mTavar amocanad gansxvavebulad moazrovneTa winaaRmdeg
brZolas miiCnevda. mravali disidenti gagzavna fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoebSi im
motiviT, rom normaluri adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos sabWoTa xelisuflebis wina-
aRmdegi. iZulebiTi `mkurnaloba~ ki janmrTel adamianebs fizikurad da sulie-
rad aavadmyofebda. misi idea iyo èbrauli fesvebis~ mqone disidentebis sabWoTa
kavSiridan gasaxleba, man gagzavna akademikosi saxarovi gadasaxlebaSi — moskovi-
dan gorkiSi. misi iniciativiT, aleqsandre solJenicini gaaZeves sabWoTa kavSiri-
dan. amave dros, cdilobda inteleqtualebis `moTvinierebasac~ da zogs samuSa-
od iwvevda centraluri komitetis aparatSi. sagareo politikaSi, gromikos
msgavsad, stalinis imperiis SenarCunebisa da yvela kontinentze sabWoTa yofnis
momxre iyo.

politbiuros yvela wevrze dadioda xmebi
maTi ebrauli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, garda
andropovisa, laparakobdnen politbiuros
yvela wevris janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze,
garda andropovisa (sinamdvileSi andro-
povs 1960 wlidan Tirkmlebis seriozuli
problemebi hqonda . samagierod andropov-
ze dadioda xmebi, rom is Zalze ganaTlebu-
li, mcodne da jaziT gatacebuli iyo. sinam-
dvileSi es morigi tyuili iyo, radganac
aranairi ganaTleba andropovs ar hqonda.
ise, andropovi mTeli cxovreba leqsebs
werda, magram aravis aCvenebda.

42.2. andropovis brZola xelisuflebisaTvis
12 noembers, breJnevis gardacvalebidan ori dRis Semdeg, centraluri ko-

mitetis plenumma partiis generalur mdivnad airCia 68 wlis iuri andropovi. an-
dropovma, Tavisi xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad, breJnevis msgavsad, SeiTavsa
partiis centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnisa da sabWoTa kavSiris umaR-
lesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomaris postebi.
axali, 1983 weli sabWoTa adamianebs pirvelad miuloca sabWoTa kavSiris
umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomarem vasili kuznecovma. ise, saaxalwlo
milocviT gamosvlam andropovs aRar mouwia, saerTod, andropovi iSviaTad Cnde-
boda teleekranze, amis mizezi ki misi janmrTelobis mdgomareoba iyo. xelisuf-
lebaSi mosvlis dros andropovi iyo mZime avadmyofi, 1983 wlis damdegidan an-
dropovis Tirkmlebma saerTod Sewyvites funqcionireba, 1983 wlis oqtomberSi
ki warumatebeli operaciis Sedegad mijaWvuli aRmoCnda sawolze da Tirkmlis
dializis aparatze.

1980iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi v kuznecovma samjer Seasrula saxelmwifis nominaluri xel-
mZRvanelis movaleoba l breʷnevis gardacvalebis Semdeg am postze andropovis arCevamde andro-
povis gardacvalebis Semdeg konstantine Cernenkos arCevamde Cernenkos gardacvalebis Semdeg mi-
xeil gorbaCovis arCevamde

andropovis rigi biografebi aRniSnaven, rom andropovi qveynis mmarTveli
ver gaxdeboda, rom ara misi savaraudo konkurentebis gardacvaleba, Tanac eWvi
SeaqvT maTi daRupvis bunebrivobaSi. magaliTad, saeWvod miiCneven 1976 wels Tav-
dacvis ministris a. greCkos gardacvalebas; 1978 wels mokluli ipoves saxlSi po-
litbiuros wevri f. kulikovi; 1980 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa belorusiis
kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani p. maSerovi, Tanac daiRupa 10
dRiT adre skkp centraluri komitetis plenumamde, sadac unda gadawyvetiliyo
ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomared misi daniSvnis sakiTxi.
1982 wlis TebervalSi mixail suslovi gamokvlevaze dawva kremlis saavad-
myofoSi, sadac moulodnelad gardaicvala. 1982 wlis maisSi andropovi gadaiyva-
nes skkp centraluri komitetis mdivnis Tanamdebobaze, romelic adre suslovs
ekava. andropovis xelSi ideologiis sakiTxebi moeqca. arsebuli wesis mixedviT,
es meore adgili iyo generaluri mdivnis Semdeg.
andropovi agrovebda makomprometirebel masalebs Tavis mowinaaRmdegeeb-
ze. 1982 wlis ianvarSi man ramdenime adamiani daapatimra breJnevis qaliSvilis ga-
linas garemocvidan.
1982 wlis oqtombris bolos daiwyo mzadeba skkp ck noembris plenumisaTvis.
breJnevis uaxloesi garemocva Semdeg amtkicebda, rom breJnevi sapatio Tav-
mjdomared darCeboda da realuri xelisufleba gadavidoda ukrainis komparti-
is centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivnis v. SCerbickis xelSi. breJnevi moulod-
nelad gardaicvala, saswrafod mowveul centraluri komitetis plenums, ro-
melmac andropovi generalur mdivnad airCia, SCerbicki ver daeswro — is aSS-Si
vizitiT imyofeboda da droze ver dabrunda.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis droisaTvis andropovs faqtobrivad ar darCa po-
litikuri metoqe. misi mTavari mteri susti janmrTeloba aRmoCnda.

42.3. andropovis pirveli RonisZiebebi — `wesrigis damyarebis~ politika
andropoviT breJnevis Canacvlebas xalxi gulgrilad Sexvda, Tumca andro-

povs kargad esmoda qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebis simZime da erkveoda rigiTi ada-
mianebis molodinebSic. andropovis pirovnuli Tvisebebi — avtoritaruli mmar-
Tvelobis stili, ganaTlebuli partokratis reputacia, piradi moridebuloba —
pasuxobda ùbralo xalxis~ molodins, daemyarebina wesrigi qveyanaSi, aRmoef-
xvra privilegiebi, bolo moeRo meqrTameobisa da `Crdilovani~ ekonomikisTvis.
1982 wlis dekemberSi andropovma ganacxada, rom `yvelaferi, marTalia, dis-
ciplinaze ki ar daiyvaneboda~, magram swored discipliniT unda daewyoT. 1983
wlis dasawyisidan uSiSroebisa da miliciis TanamSromlebma daiwyes SromiTi
disciplinis damrRvevTa gamovlena. ewyoboda reidebi maRaziebSi, kinoTeatreb-
Si, abanoebSi da a.S. isjebodnen isini, vinc am dros samsaxurSi unda yofiliyo.
imavdroulad, daiwyo xmauriani brZola korufciasTan, araSromiT Semosav-
lebTan da spekulaciasTan. gansakuTrebiT masStaburi darRvevebi gamovlinda
vaWrobis sferoSi, sadac bevri Tanamdebobis piri daapatimres, maRaziebis zogi
direqtori daxvrites.
Seaviwroes `bambis mafia~ uzbekeTSi. uzbekeTis kompartiis pirvelma mdi-
vanma Sarif raSidovma Tavi moikla. am sakiTxze potenciurad aRsaZvreli saqmeebi
100 aTass aWarbebda da SeuZlebeli iyo yvela am saqmis sasamarTlomde mitana.

korufciis braldebiT daapatimres skkp-is krasnodaris saolqo komitetis
1-li mdivani s. medunovi, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri n. SColokovi, romelmac Tavi
moikla, da misi moadgile i. Curbanovi, romelic breJnevis siZe iyo. daapatimres
breJnevis qaliSvili — galina.
andropovis xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodSi moskovSi Secvales partiuli
xelmZRvanelebis 30%, ukrainaSi — 34%, yazaxeTSi — 32%. Tanamdebobidan gadaaye-
nes 18 sakavSiro ministri (ministrebis 20% , saolqo komitetebis 37 pirveli mdi-
vani (maTi ricxvis 22% . andropovi Tavidan icilebda `breJnevis xalxs~ da 1983
wlis SuaxanebSi misi mdgomareoba uaRresad myari iyo.
wesrigis damyarebis politikam garkveuli efeqti moitana. oficialuri mo-
nacemebiT, 1983 wels ekonomikis zrdam 4,2% Seadgina (1982 wels zrda 3,1% iyo ,
gaumjobesda sursaTiT momaragebac.
andropovma, ustinovsa da gromikoze dayrdnobiT, garkveulwilad, `gaaa-
xalgazrdava~ politbiuro da centraluri komitetis samdivno. mis mier dawinau-
rebuli adamianebi ar iyvnen korumpirebulebi.
andropovis gundSi gamoirCeodnen mixeil gorbaCovi, egor ligaCovi da ni-
kolai riJkovi. gorbaCovis dawinaureba jer kidev breJnevis dros daiwyo. 1978
wels is daniSnes soflis meurneobis dargSi centraluri komitetis mdivnad.

1981 wlidan aryis 0,5-litriani boTli 5 maneTi
da 30 kapiki Rirda. andropovma gaaiafa arayi — ga-
moCnda naxevarlitriani boTli, romelic Rirda 4
maneTi da 70 kapiki, boTlis Rirebulebis CaTvliT.
mas xalxma àndropovis arayi~ Searqva. sami wlis
Semdeg, gorbaCovis antialkoholuri kampaniis
dros yvelaze iafi arayi ukve 9 maneTi da 10 kapiki

Rirda. saxeli ©ɜɨɞɤɚª ± `gaSifres~ kidec: ©ȼɨɬ Ɉɧɚ,
Ⱦɨɛɪɨɬɚ Ʉɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɩɨɜɚ~, anda ©ȼɨɬ ɨɧ ɞɨɛɪɵɣ
ɤɚɤɨɣ, Ⱥɧɞɪɨɩɨɜ~.
42.4. rogor apirebda andropovi ekonomikis `Svelas~
andropovi, romelic 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi ɄȽȻ-s Tavmjdomare iyo, sabWoTa

kavSirSi breJnevis Semdeg erTaderTi piri iyo, romelic realur informacias
flobda qveyanasa da msoflioSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. misTvis cnobili
iyo ekonomikasa da finansebSi arsebuli mZime viTareba. is did imeds amyarebda sa-
mecniero-teqnikuri progresis saxelmwifo stimulirebaze. politbiuros komisi-
as am sakiTxze saTaveSi edga jer heidar alievi, Semdeg ki mixeil gorbaCovi. andro-
povma pirvelad sajarod aRiara sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi arsebuli problemebi.
andropovis saxeliT gamoqveynda statia `karl marqsis moZRvreba da ssr
kavSirSi socialisturi mSeneblobis zogierTi sakiTxi~ (`komunisti~ 13, 1983 .
statiis Tanaxmad, gadaWarbebuli iyo Sexeduleba `komunizmis maRal fazasTan
miaxloebis~ Taobaze, aRiarebuli iyo `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ winaaRmde-
gobebi da sirTuleebi, `Cven ar vicnobT sazogadoebas, romelSic vcxovrobT~, —
aRniSnavda andropovi.

medunovi breʷnevis erTerTi uaxloesi adamiani iyo andropovis mmarTvelobis dros is erTerT
mTavar korufcionerad gamocxadda daaxloebiT aTi wlis Semdeg ki mas yvela braldeba moexsna

andropovi, Tavisive aRiarebiT, ver erkveoda ekonomikaSi. leninisa da sta-
linis dogmatebiT aRzrdils, andropovs ar SeeZlo, gaeazrebina ruseTSi komu-
nisturi sistemis krizisis istoriuli, socialuri da sulieri saTaveebi. andro-
povs sjeroda, rom ɄȽȻ-s da partiuli nomenklaturis `jansaR elementebze~ day-
rdnobiT SesaZlebeli iyo saxelmwifos gajansaReba da sazogadoebis mobilizeba
modernizaciis axali talRis gasatareblad.
andropovi eZebda sabWouri socializmis gaumjobesebis gzas. Tu kosiginis-
Tvis samagaliTo iyo iugoslaviis varianti, andropovi yuradRebiT ekideboda
ungreTis gamocdilebas. saboloo jamSi, socialisturi gegmuri warmoeba unda
SeTavseboda sabazro ekonomikis elementebs. Tumca sxvebi aRniSnaven, rom andro-
povs ekonomikis reformirebis aranairi gegma ar hqonda da mxolod disciplinis
gamtkicebasa da ìdeologiuri muSaobis prioritetul mniSvnelobaze~ lapara-
kobda.
andropovis ararealizebul gegmebs Soris saxeldeba sabWoTa kavSiris admi-
nistraciul-teritoriuli reformac, TiTqos sabWoTa kavSiris dayofa undoda
41 Statad Tu olqad...

42.5. saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamwvaveba
andropovis xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodze modis `civi omis~ axali tal-

Ra, romelic avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis SeyvaniT (1979 w. daiwyo. andropovi mTa-
var yuradRebas mainc aSS-Tan dapirispirebas aqcevda. mas eSinoda, rom reigans
SeiZleba omi daewyo da sabWoTa dazvervas avalebda, Tvali edevnebina, xom ar
gegmavdnen aSS-Si sabWoTa kavSirze moulodnel raketul-birTvul Tavdasxmas.
andropovsa da Tavdacvis ministr ustinovs sjerodaT, rom reiganisTvis mxolod
samxedro Zala unda daepirispirebinaT.

Jurnal `7LPH~-s 1982 wlis 22 noembris nomeri. Jurnalis
am nomerma 10 wlis amerikel gogonas samanta smits afiqre-
bina, werili miewera andropovisTvis. 1982 wlis dekember-
Si gagzavnil werilSi sabWoTa liders mouwoda, Seewyvita
SeiaraRebis zrdaSi Sejibri. samanta werda, rom mas bir-
Tvuli omis eSinoda da Tu andropovs omi ar undoda, mis-
Tvis epasuxa, rogor apirebda omis Tavidan acilebas.
andropovisgan samantam miiRo sapasuxo werili. sabWo-
Ta lideri swerda, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi omi aravis undo-
da da amaSi dasarwmuneblad samanta dapatiJa Camosuliyo.

1983 wlis 7 ivliss samanta mSoblebTan erTad sabWoTa kav-
SirSi Cavida da moinaxula moskovi, leningradi, pionerTa
banaki àrteki~ yirimSi. mis mogzaurobaze siuJetebi gadi-
oda sabWoTa da amerikul televiziebSi. amerikelebma sa-
mantas `mSvidobis patara elCi~ Searqves.
aSS-Si samanta cnobili gaxda. televiziiT mimdinare po-
litikas aSuqebda, serialSic iRebdnen. 1985 w. 25 agvistos
samanta mamasTan erTad aviakatastrofaSi daiRupa.
sinamdvileSi, saqme mSvidobisken sulac ar midioda. 1982 wlis 24 noembers

sabWoTa kavSiri gamovida evropaSi saSualo radiusis raketebis SezRudvis Tao-

baze mimdinare molaparakebebidan, 8 dekembers — strategiuli SeiaraRebis Tao-
baze mimdinare molaparakebebidan. generalur mdivnad gaxdomis Semdeg andro-
povma ganacxada, rom sabWoTa kavSirs samxedro pariteti unda hqonoda ara marto
aSS-sTan, aramed `potenciuri mowinaaRmdegeebis nebismier SesaZlo koalicias-
Tan~, anu arsebiTad mTel danarCen msofliosTan.
sapasuxod aSS prezidentma ronald reiganma wamoiwyo `strategiuli Tav-
dacviTi iniciativa~ — proeqti iTvaliswinebda miwaze da kosmosSi bazirebuli
sistemebis gaSlas balistikuri raketebisgan aSS-is dasacavad. dasavleTSi am
proeqts `varskvlavuri omebi~ uwodes. Tavis gamosvlebSi reigani sabWoTa kav-
Sirs `borotebis imperias~ uwodebda.
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-s Soris urTierTobebi ukiduresad daiZaba 1983
wlis 1 seqtembers sabWoTa samxedro TviTmfrinavis mier samxreT koreis samgzav-
ro TviTmfrinavis `boing-747~ Camogdebis Semdeg, romelic niu-iorki — seulis
reiss asrulebda, kurss ascda, sabWoTa sahaero sivrceSi Semofrinda da kurili-
is kunZulebis Tavze saxalinisken mifrinavda. daiRupa TviTmfrinavze myofi eki-
paJis 23 wevri da 246 mgzavri. Tavidan sabWoTa xelisufleba momxdars uaryofda,
Semdeg provokaciaze alaparakdnen da ganacxades, rom sabWoTa mfrinavs is ameri-
kuli sadazvervo TviTmfrinavi egona. es tragikuli incidenti safuZvlad daedo
ormxriv samxedro isterias. danaSaulis aRiarebisa da bodiSis moxdis nacvlad
ustinovsa da samxedroebs undodaT momxdaris miCqmalva. aSS prezidentma rei-
ganma TviTmfrinavis Camogdebas `kacobriobis winaSe Cadenili danaSauli~ uwoda.

1983 wlis ori seqtemberi. demonstrantebi va-
SingtonSi, TeTr saxlTan iuri andropovs
brals sdeben samxreTkoreuli TviTmfrina-
vis mgzavrebis mkvlelobaSi. daRupulTa So-
ris aRmoCnda amerikeli senatori lari mak-
donaldi.

andropovi am dros saavadmyofoSi iwva da daTanxmda gancxadebas, rom sab-

WoTa kavSirs TviTmfrinavi ar Camougdia. reigani wonasworobidan gamovida mom-
xdariT, mis administraciaSi ki am ambavSi dainaxes `borotebis imperiis~ mxilebis
SesaZlebloba. sabWoTa kavSirs adanaSaulebdnen cinizmSi, sisastikeSi, adamianis
sicocxlis arafrad CagdebaSi. sabWoTa kavSirma mxolod ramdenime kviris Semdeg
aRiara koreuli `boingis~ Camogdebis faqti, magram amas àmerikul provokaciad~
miiCnevdnen.
1983-1985 wlebSi Tavis apogeas miaRwia avRaneTSi mimdinare omma.
sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi, pirvelad mravali wlis Semdeg, gavrcelda xmebi mo-
salodneli didi omis Sesaxeb. 1983 wlis oqtomberSi aSS SeiWra kunZul grenada-
ze (karibis zRva da daamxo marqsistuli reJimi, romelsac mxars uWerdnen kuba
da sabWoTa kavSiri.
1983 wlis noemberSi, miuxedavad didi protestisa, dasavleT germaniaSi da-
iwyo amerikuli raketebis ganlageba, romlebic damiznebuli iyo sabWoTa sameTa-
uro punqtebze da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis centrebze. natos qveynebi Tavi-
anTi samxedro manevrebis dros amuSavebdnen sabWoTa SeiaraRebul Zalebze Sete-
vas. andropovma, ustinovma (Tavdacvis ministri da gromikom (sagareo saqmeTa mi-
nistri gadawyvites `karis gajaxuneba~. sabWoTa kavSirma Sewyvita molaparakebe-

bi evropaSi birTvuli SeiaraRebis SezRudvis Taobaze. male sabWoTa kavSirma
aseve SeaCera molaparakebebi stategiul SeteviT iaraRTan dakavSirebiT.
saavadmyofoSi myofma andropovma mkvaxe pasuxi gasca kanadis premier-mi-
nistr pier triudos Txovnas, — humanurobis saxeliT sasjeli Seemsubuqebina 13
wlis patimrobamisjil disident anatoli SaranskisaTvis. andropovma sapasuxod
miawerina, — sabWoTa sazogadoeba Tavisi bunebiT humanuria da humanurobis dam-
tkicebas ar saWiroebso.
42.6. andropovis gardacvaleba
1983 wlis 1 seqtembers andropovma ukanasknelad Caatara politbiuros

sxdoma kremlSi da gaemgzavra yirimSi dasasveneblad. ramdenime dRis Semdeg cu-
dad gaxda da moskovSi, saavadmyofoSi gadaiyvanes. saavadmyofodan is aRar gamo-
sula. mas mkurnalobda 20 akademikosi da profesori mTeli sabWoTa kavSiridan.
eqimTa konsiliumebs ɄȽȻ-s TanamSromlebi eswrebodnen da gamoTqmuli mosazre-
bebis stenografirebas axdendnen. 1983 wlis 7 noembris zeimis dros mavzoleumis
tribunaze pirvelad ar idga partiis generaluri mdivani.
1984 wlis 9 Tebervals 16:50 saaTze iuri andropovi, romelsac Tirkmlebis
ganukurnebeli avadmyofoba sWirda, gardaicvala. ukve erTi saaTis Semdeg kon-
stantine Cernenko politbiuros sxdomas atarebda. mxolod 12 Tebervals gamoc-
xadda, rom andropovs dakrZalavdnen 14 Tebervals. andropovi dakrZales wiTel
moedanze, kremlis kedelTan. dakrZalvis ceremonialze Casul ucxoel liderebs
Soris iyvnen didi britaneTis premier-ministri margaret tetCeri (romelic breJ-
nevis dakrZalvas ar daswrebia da aSS-is vice-prezidenti jorj buSi-ufrosi.

andropovi gardaicvala saraevoSi zam-
Tris olimpiadis dawyebis meore dRes, ra-
mac sportis moyvarulTa SeSfoTeba gamo-
iwvia. sabWouri tradiciis Tanaxmad, li-
derze glovis dReebSi gasarTobi RonisZi-
ebebi televiziiT aRar gadaicemoda. mag-
ram olimpiadis Cveneba gagrZelda dageg-
mil reJimSi, oRond diqtorebi emociebis
gamoxatvaSi TavSekavebulebi iyvnen.
andropovis dakrZalvis dros TvalSisa-
cemi iyo jildoebis simcire breJnevTan Se-
darebiT: 1 socialisturi Sromis gmiris, 4
leninis ordeni da kidev 17 sabWoTa ordeni
da medali, aseve 14 ucxouri ordeni da me-
dali.
andropovis dakrZalvaze ar dauSves mi-
si ufrosi vaJis vladimiris (1940-1975 me-
uRle maria. Tavis vaJTan andropovs urTi-
erToba ar hqonda da mis dasaflavebas ar
daswrebia. andropovis dakrZalvis dros
ucnauri iyo isic, rom mTavrobis wevrebis
panaSvidze misvlis dros darbazidan gah-
yavdaT naTesavebi da mere isev abruneb-

dnen, amasTan ise, rom mTavrobis wevrebs
ver SeemCniaT: naTesavebi erTi karidan gah-
yavdaT, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ki
meore karidan SehyavdaT.
andropovma ver moaswro Tavisi `kursis~ realizeba, — rkinis xeliT daemya-

rebina wesrigi qveyanaSi. andropovma sabWoTa kavSiri cud mdgomareobaSi Caibara
da igive mdgomareobaSi datova — ekonomika seriozuli problemebis winaSe idga,
sagareo politikaSi ki sabWoTa kavSiri omis zRvarze imyofeboda mZlavr dasav-
lur koaliciasTan.
iuri andropovis mmarTveloba 15 Tves gagrZelda (aqedan bolo 5 Tve — saa-
vadmyofoSi . Tanamedrove rusul sazogadoebaSi gaCnda orgvari miTebi andro-
povis Taobaze, erTi mxriv, laparakoben imis Taobaze, rom andropovs kidev ram-
denime weli rom ecocxla, is sabWoTa den siaopini gaxdeboda, — ganaxorcielebda
sabWoTa kavSiris teqnologiur modernizacias, daamyarebda wesrigs, aRmofxvri-
da korufcias nomenklaturaSi. erTi sityviT, gadaarCenda sabWoTa kavSirs daS-
lisgan. meore mxriv, swored andropovSi xedaven sabWoTa kavSiris damangrevels.
andropovs, romelic 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi saTaveSi edga ɄȽȻ-s da kargad icoda,
Tu rogor uaresdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris mdgomareoba, gangaSi ar autexia da rea-
lurad araferi uRonia mis Sesacvlelad. andropovi iyo avRaneTSi sabWoTa jare-
bis Seyvanis erT-erTi iniciatori. man Tavisi uwyebidan politbiuros miawoda in-
formacia, TiTqos amerikelebi avRaneTSic apirebdnen raketebis ganlagebas. an-
dropovs miiCneven mixeil gorbaCovis dawinaurebis xelSemwyobad, romlis mier
dawyebul `gardaqmnas~ sabWoTa kavSiris katastrofis mizezad Tvlian.

Tavi;/,,,
konstantine Cernenkos kidev ufro xanmokle mmarTve-

loba
1984 wlis 13 Tebervals, iuri andropovis gardacvalebis Semdeg, skkp cen-

traluri komitetis generaluri mdivani 73 wlis konstantine Cernenko gaxda.
asakTan erTad, yvela xedavda axali generaluri mdivnis janmrTelobis mZime
mdgomareobas, amitom qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareTac Cernenkos `garda-
maval figurad~ ganixilavdnen. marTlac, misi mmarTveloba andropovis 15-Tvian
mmarTvelobaze ufro xanmokle aRmoCnda da 13 Tve gagrZelda, ufro zustad, we-
liwadi da 25 dRe.
samecniero literaturasa da publicistikaSi gansxvavebulia Cernenkos
mmarTvelobis Sefaseba. zogis azriT, Cernenkos, Tavisi mmarTvelobis xanmokle
periodidan gamomdinare, ubralod, ar hqonda qveynis ganviTarebis sakuTari
kursis SemuSavebis SesaZlebloba, zogi Cernenkos mmarTvelobas miiCnevs `gviani
breJnevizmis~ xanmokle `renesansad~, sxvebi mas andropovis dros aRebuli kur-
sis gamgrZeleblad miiCneven, nawili ki Cernenkos gorbaCovis `gardaqmnis~ kur-
sis saTaveSi mdgomadac Tvlian da laparakoben `Cernenko-gorbaCovis kurszec~.

1984 wels, rodesac Cernenko skkp-is centraluri ko-
mitetis generalur mdivnad airCies, is uimedo avadmyofi
iyo, gaWirvebiT laparakobda da moZraobda.
ès ra qeni, kostia, ratom daTanxmdi?~ — wamoiZaxa
Turme Cernenkos meuRlem ana lubimovam, rodesac misi ge-
neralur mdivnad arCevis Sesaxeb gaigo. k. Cernenkom mok-
led upasuxa: `sxva gamosavali ar iyo~.
Cernenkos gardacvalebis Semdeg gaCnda anegdoti:
àRmoCenilia mendeleevis cxrilis axali elementi — po-
litbiuroleumi, naxevrad daSlis naxevarwliani perio-
diT~.

43.1. vin iyo konstantine Cernenko
konstantine Cernenko (1911-1985 krasnoiarskis mxareSi, rusi glexis ojaxSi

daibada. daamTavra samwliani sasoflo skola. 1931 wels Sevida komunistur par-
tiaSi da komunisturi propagandis organoebSi muSaobda. 1941-1943 wlebSi Cer-
nenko iyo krasnoiarskis samxareo komitetis mdivani. frontze ar wasula. 1943-
1945 wlebSi Cernenko moskovSi, umaRles partiul skolaSi swavlobda. momdevno
sami weli iyo penzis olqSi samxareo komitetis mdivani ideologiis dargSi. Sem-
deg upirebdnen moskovSi gadayvanas, magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, xeli SeuSala
arasaTanado `moralurma saxem~. moskovSi miiRes vinme nina kuSneris werili, ro-

ɉɨɥɵɧɨɜ Ɇ Ɏ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɍɫɬɢɧɨɜɢɱ ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɞɟɪ Ʉɉɋɋ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ 19841985 ɝɨɞɵ Ɇ
Ɏ ɉɨɥɵɧɨɜ ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ± 2020 ± ʋ 11 ± ɋ 448 465

Ⱥ ȼ ɒɭɛɢɧ Ⱦɢɫɫɢɞɟɧɬɵ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɵ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ± Ɇ ȼɟɱɟ 2008 ɫ87

melic acxadebda, rom iyo Cernenkos mier mitovebuli coli da werda kidev or
qalze, romelTac igive bedi ewiaT. meqalTaneobaSi mxilebuli Cernenko moskovis
magivrad kiSiniovSi gadaiyvanes partiul samuSaoze.
1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi swored moldovaSi gaicno leonid breJnevi, ro-
melic kompartiis pirveli mdivani iyo. Cernenko 1956 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda
moldaveTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis propagandisa da agitaciis gan-
yofilebas. breJnevis meSveobiT Cernenkom gaikeTa unikaluri politikuri karie-
ra.
1956 wlidan Cernenko ukve skkp centraluri komitetis aparatSi gadaiyva-
nes. 1960 wlis maisidan 1965 wlis ivlisamde Cernenko iyo ssr kavSiris umaRlesi
sabWos prezidiumis samdivnos xelmZRvaneli.
43.2. breJnevis `ruxi kardinali~
rodesac breJnevi komunistur partias Caudga saTaveSi, Cernenko daniSna

skkp centraluri komitetis saerTo ganyofilebis gamged. am Tanamdebobaze Cer-
nenkom 17 weli, 1982 wlis noembramde imuSava. am postze man SeiZina `breJnevis pi-
radi mdivnis~ reputacia. mas `breJnevis rux kardinalsac~ uwodebdnen. 1978 wli-
dan Cernenko skkp centraluri komitetis politbiuros wevri gaxda.
`saerTo ganyofilebis~ xelSi mniSvnelovani uflebamosileba iyo Tavmoy-
rili. is gankargavda generaluri mdivnisTvis gankuTvnil fostas, amzadebda pa-
suxebis Tavdapirvel monaxazs. Cernenko yvelafris saqmis kursSi iyo, rac parti-
is umaRles eSelonSi xdeboda. Cernenko breJnevis Crdili gaxda, masTan yvelaze
daaxloebuli mrCeveli. breJnevi CernenkoSi xedavda davalebaTa erTgul Sem-
srulebels da misgan raime safrTxes ar moeloda. breJnevis mmarTvelobis uka-
nasknel wlebSi xumroba gaCnda: `breJnevi gardaicvala. sinamdvileSi breJnevi
didi xania gardaicvala, magram Cernenkos misTvis ar uTqvams amis Sesaxeb~. breJ-
nevis sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi masTan Sexvedra mxolod Cernenkos meSveobiT
SeiZleboda.
1982 wlis noemberSi, rodesac breJnevi andropovma Caanacvla, misi erT-er-
Ti pirveli gadawyvetileba saerTo ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobidan generalu-
ri mdivnis postze Tavisi konkurentis Cernenkos Camocileba iyo.
43.3. gerontokratiis ukanaskneli gamarjveba
andropovis sikvdilma kidev erTxel warmoaCina politikuri reJimis gax-

rwnis mTeli siRrme. kremlis zedafenaSi kvlav gaCaRda brZola xelisuflebis-
Tvis. politbiuros uxucesebi, romlebic Tavis droze stalinis mier iyvnen dawi-
naurebulebi da asakiT 70-s gadascildnen, kvlav xelisuflebas ebRauWebodnen
da xeli SeuSales SedarebiT axalgazrda lideris dawinaurebas.
centraluri komitetis samdivno mxars uWerda generalur mdivnad centra-
luri komitetis meore mdivnis, mixeil gorbaCovis arCevas, magram amis winaaRmde-
gi iyo politbiuroSi myofi breJnevis garemocvis ramdenime gavleniani piri, n.
tixonoviT saTaveSi. ustinovi da gromikoc miiCnevdnen, rom Cernenkos generalu-
ri mdivnobis pirobebSi isini ùfro mSvidad~ iqnebodnen. miuxedavad generalur
mdivnad Cernenkos arCevisa, samdivnos faqtobriv liderad darCa gorbaCovi, ro-
melic Cernenkos aryofnis SemTxvevaSi warmarTavda politbiuros sxdomas. Cer-

nenko, rodesac centraluri komitetis generalur mdivnad da umaRlesi sabWos
prezidiumis Tavmjdomared airCies, 73 wlis iyo.
43.4. saSinao politika Cernenkos mmarTvelobis dros

uari Tqva Tu ara Cernenkom andropovis saSinaro politikaze
zogi Tvlis, rom Cernenkos xelisuflebaSi mosvla maSinve aRiniSna andro-
povis politikaze uaris TqmiT. disciplinisTvis mimdinare brZola Sewyda, ko-
rufciaSi mamxilebeli Zafebi mmarTvelobis saSualo rgolis doneze SeCerda.
partiuli da saxelmwifo elitis warmomadgenlebi kvlav èWvmiutanlebi~ iyvnen.
Tumca, sxvebis azriT, Cernenkom gaagrZela andropovis kursi rogorc korufci-
is winaaRmdeg brZolis, ise SromiTi disciplinis ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT.
Cernenkom ar daindo eliseevis maRaziis direqtori iuri sokolovi, romelic
daxvrites, galina breJnevas yofili qmari iuri Curbanovi, romelic korufciis
braldebiT gaasamarTles.
skkp programis axali redaqciis SemuSaveba

k. Cernenkos mmarTvelobis periodSi grZeldeboda muSaoba skkp programis
axal redaqciaze. es amocana skkp ;;9, yrilobaze daisva 1981 wlis 26 Tebervals
da momdevno yrilobisaTvis unda momzadebuliyo. amasobaSi jer breJnevi, Semdeg
ki andropovi gardaicvala. am amocanis Sesruleba k. Cernenkom gadaibara. Teore-
tikosi Cernenko ar iyo da arc hqonda amis pretenzia, eyrdnoboda centralur
komitetTan Camoyalibebul `TeoretikosTa~ gunds. mTavari sadiskusio sagani
gaxda skkp-is axali programis SemuSaveba da `sazogadoebis ganviTarebis stadie-
bis~ gansazRvra.
1984 w. 25 aprils Cernenko mokle moxsenebiT gamovida, romelSic Camoyali-
bebuli iyo partiis programasTan dakavSirebiT im dros arsebuli ZiriTadi xed-
vebi. grZeldeboda andropovis dros Camoyalibebuli xedva, rom sabWoTa kavSiri
`ganviTarebuli socializmis~ mxolod sawyis periodSi imyofeboda da es iqnebo-
da istoriuli ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodi. mTavar amocanad cxaddeboda
`ganviTarebuli socializmis srulyofa~. aqcenti gadatanil iqna `ganviTarebad
socializmze~. programaSi naxsenebi iqneboda `sruli komunizmis sikeTeebi~, mag-
ram aqcenti unda gakeTebuliyo sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar realur problemebze,
gamoricxuli unda yofiliyo `dausabuTebeli dapirebebi da prognozebi~. parti-
is programaSi kvlav saubari unda yofiliyo partiis xelmZRvaneli rolis zrda-
ze, erebis daaxloebaze, `kapitalizmis istoriul ganwirulobaze~ da a. S.
stalinuri nostalgia
politbiuros ùxucesebi~ saSinao sferoSi ar malavdnen nostalgias stali-
nis droze da lanZRavdnen xruSCovs stalinis kritikisTvis. politbiurom er-
Tsulovnad dauWira mxari viaCeslav molotovis partiaSi aRdgenas. dmitri us-
tinovi moiTxovda, partiaSi malenkovi da kaganoviCic aRedginaT. ustinovis
TqmiT, àrcerT mters ar moutania imdeni ubedureba, ramdenic xruSCovma moita-
na Cveni partiisa da saxelmwifos warsulis mimarT Tavisi politikiT da aseve
stalinis mimarT~. magram v. Cebrikovma Seaxsena politbiuros wevrebs dasaxvret-

Ʉ ɍ ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨȼɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Ʉɉɋɋ
KWWSVJHQVHNUXSXEOLFDWLRQVVSHHFKHV291KWPO

Ta siebze arsebuli am adamianebis xelmowerebis Sesaxeb da aRniSna, rom miiReb-
dnen uamrav saprotesto werils.

partiuli bileTis dabrunebis dros

molotovma Cernenkos hkiTxa: `ratom
gamricxes partiidan?~. Cernenkom dip-
lomatiuri pasuxi gasca: `viaCeslav mi-
xeilis Zev, me ar gamiricxixarT partii-
dan~. 93 wlis bolSevikma ki miugo: ès
ar aris partiis xelmZRvanelis pasuxi~.
dasavluri media momxdars aqtiurad
gamoexmaura. erT-erTma frangulma ga-
zeTma karikatura gamoaqveyna warwe-
Cernenkos (1984 da molotovis (1954 riT: `Cernenko memkvidres imzadebs~
portretebi Jurnal `7LPH~-s ydaze molotovi Cernenkoze 21 wliT uf-
rosi iyo, magram masze didxans icxovra
da 96 wlis asakSi gardaicvala.

CrdiloeTis mdinareebis Semobrunebis gegma

k. Cernenkom miznad daisaxa CrdiloeTis mdinareebis samxreTisken Semobru-
nebis gegmis ganxorcieleba, romelic breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi iyo mi-
Rebuli. proeqti miiRes skkp ;;9 yrilobaze 1976 wels. ori wlis Semdeg gamovida
centraluri komitetisa da ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba saproeqto samuSaoe-
bis dawyebis Sesaxeb. skkp centraluri komitetis 1984 wlis 23 oqtombris ple-
numze k. Cernenkom sabolood gadawyvita am proeqtis realizeba.
dasavleT cimbiris mdinareebis (obisa da irtiSis, SesaZloa eniseis auzidan
wylis nawili unda miewodebinaT yazaxeTis, tajikeTis, uzbekeTisa da Turqmene-
TisTvis, naTesebis mosarwyavad da daSrobis gzaze mdgari aralis zRvis gadasar-
Cenad. pirvel etapze 25 kuburi kilometri weliwadSi, meore etapze — 60 kuburi
kilometri, Soreul perspeqtivaSi ki — 75-100 kuburi kilometri. proeqtis gan-
xorcieleba unda dawyebuliyo 1985 wels, magram qveynis saTaveSi myofi lideris
Secvlam koreqtivebi Seitana am gegmebSi. proeqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro
Tanxebi ar Canda, garda amisa, inteligenciis wreebSi sul ufro Zlierdeboda
protesti ekologiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare.

`cimbiris mdinareebis Semobrunebis~
proeqti
proeqtis Rirebuleba, winaswari Se-
fasebiT, Seadgenda Zalze did Tanxas —
32,8 miliard maneTs. proeqtis gansa-
xorcieleblad unda aSenebuliyo 2500
km sigrZis arxi.

CrdiloeTis mdinareebidan samxreTisaken wylis gadasrolis idea 1868 wlidan arsebobda da am
ideis avtori kieveli inʷineri iakob demCenko iyo maSin aseTi ram ganuxorcieleblad miiCnies am
ideas 1920ian wlebSi daubrundnen xolo 1948 wels akademikosma vladimir obruCevma stalinsac
miswera magram am ukanasknels didi yuradReba ar gamouCenia aRniSnuli ideisadmi

1986 wlis 14 agvistos skkp centraluri komitetisa da ministrTa sabWos ga-
dawyvetilebiT Sewyda muSaoba CrdiloeTis mdinareebis nakadis samxreTisken
gadmosrolis proeqtze.
saskolo reforma
Cernenkos mmarTvelobis dros gatarda saskolo ganaTlebis reforma
(12.04.1984 wels miRebuli dadgenilebiT . saSualo skola 11-wliani gaxda da gai-
yo sam safexurad: dawyebiTi (1-4 klasebi , saSualo (5-9 klasebi da saSualo zo-
gadsaganmanaTlebo (10-11 klasebi . 8-11-klasebs ufleba eZleodaT, TavianTi
surviliT gaRrmavebiT SeeswavlaT garkveuli sagnebi, aseve SromiTi swavleba 10
± 11 klasebSi unda SeerTeboda sxvadasxva sawarmoo profesiis swavlebas. refor-
mis Sedegad axalgazrdobis sayovelTao saSualo ganaTlebas ramdenime weliwad-
Si unda damateboda sayovelTao profesiuli ganaTleba, Tumca am ukanasknelis
ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda. skolis direqtorebs uWirdaT qarxnebis moZieba,
sadac moswavleebi sawarmoo praqtikas gaivlidnen.
1984 wels dawesda axali sazeimo dRe — `codnis dRe~ (1 seqtemberi .
brZola rok-musikosebis winaaRmdeg

1983 wlis ivnisSi Cernenko gamovida saprogramo moxsenebiT `partiis ideo-
logiuri da masobriv-politikuri muSaobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi~. am moxsenebaSi
Cernenkom gaakritika da saTave daudo farTomasStabian brZolas TviTmoqmedi
saestrado jgufebis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT rok-musikis. Cernenkos gancxa-
debiT, am simRerebis teqstebi `saeWvo Rirebulebis~ iyo da ìdeuri ziani~ moh-
qondaT. TviTmoqmedi jgufebis mier koncertebis Catareba gauTanabres ukanono
samewarmeo saqmianobas, romelic kompania `goskoncertis~ monopolias arRvevda.
Cernenkos `gardaqmna~ da `daCqareba~

k. Cernenkom Tavis gamosvlebSi pirvelad gamoiyena terminebi `gardaqmna~ da
`daCqareba~. ra Tqma unda, am terminebs ar hqondaT jer is specifikuri Sinaarsi,
rac maT miiRes m. gorbaCovis dros.

43.5. sagareo politika Cernenkos mmarTvelobis dros
Cernenkos sagareo politikis 6 punqti

1984 wlis 2 marts moskovSi amomrCevlebTan Sexvedris dros konstantine
Cernenkom Camoayaliba Tavisi sagareo politikis ZiriTadi miznebi (`Cernenkos
eqvsi punqti~ : 1. birTvuli omis Tavidan acileba sagareo politikis mTavar miz-
nad gamocxadda. ar iqnes daSvebuli birTvuli konfliqtis safrTxis Semcveli
situaciis Seqmna; 2. birTvuli omis (globaluris Tu SezRudulis propagandaze
uaris Tqma; 3. valdebulebis aReba, rom pirveli ar gamoiyenebs birTvul iaraRs;
4. birTvuli iaraRi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba gamoyenebuli arabirTvuli
qveynebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa teritoriazec aseTi iaraRi ar aris ganlagebuli.
birTvuli iaraRisgan Tavisufali zonebis pativiscema da aseTi axali zonebis
Seqmnis waxaliseba; 5. nebismieri formiT birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis dauSveb-
loba; ar gadaeces aravis birTvul iaraRze kontroli raime formiT; ar ganaTav-
son es iaraRi im qveynebis teritoriaze, sadac is ar aris; birTvul SeiaraRebaSi
Sejibri ar iqnes gatanili axal sferoebSi, maT Soris kosmosSi; 6. Tanabari usaf-

rTxoebis principis safuZvelze miRweul iqnes birTvuli SeiaraRebis Semcireba
mis srul likvidaciamde.
am programaSi bevri ram, cxadia, gadmotanili iyo breJnevisa da andropovis
gancxadebebidan da, kremlis winamorbedi liderebis msgavsad, erTi mxriv, ar Cqa-
robda realuri nabijebis gadadgmas daZabulobis Senelebis mimarTulebiT, meo-
re mxriv, cdilobda Tavi aeridebina daZabulobis gamwvavebisTvis.
daZabuli urTierToba dasavleTTan

konstantine Cernenkos xanmokle mmarTvelobis dros grZeldeboda daZabu-
li urTierTobebi aSS-Tan. am periodSi ar Semdgara arcerTi Sexvedra umaRles
doneze sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is xelmZRvanelebs Soris, xeli ar mouweriaT
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aSS-s Soris arcerT saxelmwifoTSoris SeTanxmebaze.
grZeldeboda omi avRaneTSi, amasTan, 1984 weli aRmoCnda erT-erTi yvelaze
sisxlismRvreli, radganac avRanelma `duSmanebma~ miiRes raketebi `stingeri~ da
`bloupati~.
Tavdacvis ministri d. ustinovi kvlav uryevi avtoriteti iyo usafrTxoe-
bis sakiTxebSi da kvlav miiCnevda, rom aSS-sa da dasavleTis qveynebis mimarT
`mtkice~ politika unda gatarebuliyo, magram manve gadaayena generaluri Stabis
xelmZRvaneli marSali nikolai ogarkovi (1917-1994 , mis mier gakeTebuli gancxa-
debis gamo. ogarkovma ganacxada, rom samxedro xarjebis mkveTri zrdisa da mo-
dernizaciis gareSe sabWoTa kavSiri ver SeZlebs aSS-Tan samxedro paritetis Se-
narCunebas.
aSS-Tan samxedro Sejibris perspeqtivebze politbiuros moxucebic fiq-
robdnen. apirebdnen specialuri `Tavdacvis fondis~ Seqmnas da samuSao kviris
gaxangrZlivebas, magram isic esmodaT, rom sazogadoebas 1950-iani wlebis dasaw-
yisSi ver daabrunebdnen.
daZabulobis Senelebisken gadaidga nabijebi: 1984 wlis 23 noembers gamoc-
xadda, rom 1985 wlis ianvarSi ganaxldeboda Jenevis molaparakebebi strategiu-
li SeiaraRebis Taobaze.
1984 wlis 15 dekembers skkp ck politbiuros wevri mixeil gorbaCovi lon-
dons ewvia, sadac ganacxada sabWoTa kavSiris survilis Sesaxeb, gaemarTa molapa-
rakebebi birTvuli SeiaraRebis mniSvnelovani Semcirebis Sesaxeb. maSin margaret
tetCerma ganacxada: `me momwons gorbaCovi. Cven SevZlebT masTan saqmis daWeras~.
mTlianobaSi, Cernenkos mmarTvelobis dros saerTaSoriso daZabuloba ar
Semcirebula, Tumca arc raime gansakuTrebuli konfliqti yofila.
urTierTobis gaumjobeseba CineTTan

k. Cernenkos sagareo politikis erT-erT miRwevad miiCneva urTierTobis
daTboba CineTis saxalxo respublikasTan. 1984 w. 28 dekembers sabWoTa kavSirsa
da CineTs Soris daido SeTanxmeba ekonomikuri da teqnikuri TanamSromlobis Se-
saxeb. mxareebi acxadebdnen, rom pativs scemdnen erTmaneTis suverenitets, Tan-
xmdebodnen TanamSromlobis dros urTierTCaurevlobis, Tanasworobisa da or-
mxrivi sargeblianobis principebze. garda amisa, sabWoTa mxare interesdeboda
den siaopinis reformebiT.

ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ɍɫɬɢɧɨɜɢɱɚ ɑɟɪɧɟɧɤɨ 19841985
KWWSZZZRER]QLNUX"S 51185

n ogarkovma 1983 w satelevizio gamosvliT angariSi warmoadgina samxreTkoreuli TviTmfrinavis
Camogdebis gamo 1984 w seqtemberSi gadaayenes generaluri Stabis xelmZRvanelis postidan Tanam-
debobrivi daqveiTebiT daniSnes dasavleTis mimarTulebis jarebis mTavarsardlad

1984 wlis olimpiadis boikoti
Cernenkos mmarTvelobis periodis erT-erT sagareo-politikur nabijad un-
da miviCnioT ;;,,, zafxulis olimpiuri TamaSebis boikoti los-anJelesSi (aSS,
1984 wlis 28 ivlisi — 12 agvisto . SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo `simetriuli pasu-
xi~ 1980 wels moskovis olimpiadis boikotze, romlis organizatorad aSS-is pre-
zidenti jimi karteri gamovida. boikotis mizezad 1979 wlis bolos avRaneTSi
sabWoTa jarebis SeWra gamocxadda. maSin amerikul boikots 36 qveyana SeuerTda.
sabWoTa liderebs l. breJnevsa da i. andropovs araferi uTqvamT aSS-Si dagegmi-
li olimpiadis boikotTan dakavSirebiT. amis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miReba k.
Cernenkos mouxda.
los-anJelesSi gamarTuli olimpiadis sabWour boikotTan dakavSirebiT
ramdenime mizezi saxeldeba: garda `samagieros gadaxdisa~, asaxeleben uaRresad
daZabul saerTaSoriso mdgomareobas 1983 wlis seqtemberSi samxreTkoreuli
`boingis~ Camogdebis Sedegad; olimpiur TamaSebSi amerikelebTan SesaZlo damar-
cxebis SiSs, rom sabWoTa gundi pirvel adgilze ver gavidoda; rTul pirobebs,
rac, savaraudod, olimpiadaze sabWoTa delegacias Seeqmneboda. ase iyo Tu ise,
1984 wlis 5 maiss k. Cernenkom xeli moawera politbiuros dadgenilebas zafxulis
olimpiur TamaSebSi monawileobis armiRebis Sesaxeb. 8 maiss es gadawyvetileba
oficialurad gaaforma sabWoTa kavSiris olimpiurma komitetma. boikotis mize-
zad dasaxelda is garemoeba, rom amerikelebi ar uzrunvelyofdnen sabWoTa
sportsmenebis usafrTxoebas, ar Seqmnidnen maTTvis normalur pirobebs, ver uz-
runvelyofdnen maTi adamianuri uflebebisa da Rirsebis dacvas.
sabWoTa kavSirma aiZula Tavisi mokavSireebi — socialisturi Tu `socia-
listuri aRmSeneblobis~ gzaze mdgari 14 qveyana — SeerTebodnen olimpiadis bo-
ikots. boikotiT dazaralebuli sportsmenebisTvis Taviseburi `kompensaciis~
saxiT agvistoSi 9 socialistur qveyanaSi Catarda `megobroba-1984~, romelSic
monawileoba miiRes 50 qveynis sportsmenebma, maT Soris iyvnen im qveynebis warmo-
madgenlebma, romlebmac boikoti gamoucxades an monawileoba miiRes los-anJe-
lesis olimpiadaSi.
43.6. Cernenkos mmarTveloba da gerontokratiis kraxi
1970-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi xelisufleba gadagvar-

da namdvil gerontokratiad. politbiuros (21-22 wevri da wevrobis kandidati
da centraluri komitetis mdivnebis (10-11 adamiani wevrebis asaki 1971—1981
wlebSi 60-idan 68 wlamde gaizarda. es niSnavda, rom maT mTeli sicocxlis ganmav-
lobaSi hqondaT dakavebuli Tanamdeboba. adamianebi, romlebic didi xnis ganmav-
lobaSi arian qveynis saTaveSi, obieqturad veRar afaseben qveyanaSi mimdinare po-
litikur da socialur procesebs.

boikots SeuerTdnen avRaneTi bulgareTi kuba Cexoslovakia eTiopia gdr CrdiloeT korea
laosi monRoleTi poloneTi zemo volta vietnami iemenis demokratiuli respublika boikots
socialisturi qveynebidan ar SeuerTdnen rumineTi iugoslavia da CineTi romelmac 32wliani in-
tervalis Semdeg pirvelad miiRo monawileoba kidev orma qveyanam iranma da albaneTma boikoti ga-
moucxades rogorc 1980 wlis ise 1984 wlis zafxulis olimpiur TamaSebs losanʷelesis olimpia-
daSi monawileoba miiRes 140 qveynis sportsmenebma

gerontokratia í administraciuli mmarTveloba romlis drosac aparati konservirdeba mmar-
Tveli kadrebi ar icvlebian aseTi kursis gagrZelebas mosdevs saxelmwifos dacema da CamorCena

gadaberebuli politbiuros Semyure xal-
xi abreviaturas πππο Semdegnairad Sifravda:
«πöχσôσ πσóýϊ πöσχýϊ οωñφëφíðöτòτυ». (`yvela-
ze xnieri xelmZRvanelebis qveyana~

`koleqtiuri xelmZRvaneloba~ did yuradRebas aqcevda am xelmZRvaneloba-

Si Semavali adamianebis janmrTelobas. 1983 wlis 24 marts miiRes specialuri
dadgenileba, romelic zRudavda 65 wels gadacilebuli politbiuros wevrebisa
da kandidatebis samuSao dros. gaizarda Svebulebis xangrZlivoba, kviraSi erTi
dRe ki saxlis pirobebSi SeiZleboda emuSavaT. breJnevs Tavisi mmarTvelobis bo-
lo 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonda kviraSi 3 gamosasvleli dRe. eqimebi misTvis mo-
iTxovdnen kviraSi kidev erT uqme dRes(! . am mizeziT politbiuros sxdoma, sadac
umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebebs iRebdnen, grZeldeboda ara umetes 15±20
wuTs.
`gviani breJnevis~ dros dawesebuli SezRudvebi SenarCunda 1985 wlamde. iu-
ri andropovi 1983 wels aRniSnavda: `SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad SevxedoT polit-
biuros asakobriv Semadgenlobas. aqaa koncentrirebuli Cveni partiis politi-
kuri gamocdileba da amitom adamianebis naCqarevi, moufiqrebeli Secvla yovel-
Tvis ar waadgeba saqmes~. cvlilebebs marTlac ar Cqarobdnen.
`Zveli gvardiis~ warmomadgenlebi politbiuroSi erTmaneTs xalisiT ajil-
doebdnen premiebiT, ordenebiTa da medlebiT. 1981 wels breJnevi rekordsmeni
gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris òqros varskvlavis~ flobaSi (oTxgzis , genera-
luri mdivnis mogonebebis sami broSura (`yamiri~, `mcire miwa~, àRorZineba~ ,
romlebic profesionalma Jurnalistebma moamzades, aRiniSna literaturaSi le-
ninuri premiis miniWebiT (1979 .
Tavisi memkvidris gansazRvrisas breJnevi k. Cernenkosken ixreboda. sare-
zervo figurad ukrainis kompartiis pirveli mdivani v. SCerbicki ganixileboda.
arsebobs informacia, rom sikvdilamde cota xniT adre breJnevs undoda, cen-
traluri komitetis uaxloes plenumze rekomendacia gaewia SCerbickisaTvis, ra-
Ta is aerCiaT mis adgilze, partiis generalur mdivnad, TviTon ki apirebda gada-
suliyo partiis centraluri komitetis Tavmjdomaris postze.

gerontokratiis mmarTveloba didxans aRar gagrZelebula. 1985 wlis 10
marts gardaicvala Cernenko. amiT damTavrda xuTwliani periodi, romlis ganmav-
lobaSic gardaicvala breJnevis politbiuros didi nawili. amiT damTavrda ge-
rontokratiis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi. moxuci liderebi zedized ixoce-
bodnen da uaRresad dasces sabWoTa kavSiris prestiJi, vidre es iyo xruSCovis
mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi.
gerontokratiis mmarTvelobis bolo periods zogjer ironiulad uwode-
ben `didebuli dakrZalvebis xuTwleds~, `katafalkebis Sejibrs~, `xuTwleds sam
kuboSi~ da a. S. 1980-1985 wlebSi gardaicvala skkp centraluri komitetis sami
generaluri mdivani: breJnevi (1982 , andropovi (1984 , Cernenko (1985 ; skkp cen-
traluri komitetis politbiuros oTxi wevri: kosigini (1980 , suslovi (1982 ,
pelSe (1983 da ustinovi (1984 ; politbiuros wevrobis sami kandidati: maSerovi
(1980 , kiseliovi (1983 da raSidovi (1983 . rogorc Semdeg aRmoCnda, es ar iyo
mxolod skkp liderebis dasaflaveba, es iyo sabWoTa kavSiris dasaflavebis da-
sawyisi.

1985 wlis TebervalSi Catarda rsfsr umaRlesi sabWos arCevne-
bi. Cernenko am dros saavadmyofoSi iwva. mis garemocvas esmoda,
rom Cernenko ukanasknel dReebs iTvlida, xalxSi ki xma gavrcel-
da — Cernenko gardaicvalao. amitom skkp moskovis saolqo komi-
tetis mdivnis viqtor griSinis iniciativiT da gorbaCovis Tan-
xmobiT, saavadmyofos palataSi moawyes saarCevno ubnis dekora-
cia da televiziiT aCvenes CernenkosTvis deputatis mowmobis
gadacema. scena savalalo aRmoCnda, — qveynis lideri Zlivs sun-
Tqavda da sxvis dauxmareblad fexze dgomac ar SeeZlo. erTi

Tvis Semdeg Cernenko gardaicvala.
Cernenkos dasaflavebam swrafad da formalurad Caiara. Cernenko ukanas-

kneli sabWoTa lideri aRmoCnda, romelic kremlis kedelTan daasaflaves.

nawili meTormete
`gardaqmna~ da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla
Tavi ;/,9
mixeil gorbaCovi: gardaqmnis politika
1985 wlis 11 marts msofliom gaigo skkp centraluri komitetis generalu-

ri mdivnis konstantine Cernenkos gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. imave dRes Sedga cen-
traluri komitetis riggareSe plenumi, romelmac generalur mdivnad airCia po-
litbiuros yvelaze axalgazrda wevri, 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi.
mixeil gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis periodi (1985 w. martidan 1991 w. dekembris
bolomde istoriaSi Sevida `gardaqmnis~ (`perestroikis~ saxelwodebiT. am Seda-
rebiT xanmokle periodSi oTxi etapi gamoiyofa, romlebic Tvisobrivad gansxvav-
debian erTmaneTisgan. am periodizacias safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebis refor-
mirebis gzebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi da politikur ZalTa Tanafardoba, romle-
bic mzad iyvnen daecvaT TavianTi pozicia.

etapi daxasiaTeba
pirveli etapi mimdinareobda lozungiT `sabWoTa sazogadoebis socialur-
1985 w. aprili — ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba~. sabWoTa sazogadoebis re-
1986 formireba xorcieldeboda Zveli, upiratesad administraciu-
li midgomebiT. am dros uwodebdnen àvtoritarul gardaqmnas~.
meore etapi daiwyo politikuri, ideologiuri, ekonomikuri urTierTo-
1987 w. ± 1990 w. bebis sistemis Secvla. mTavari berketis saxiT, romlis meSveobi-
gazafxuli Tac ivaraudeboda sazogadoebis Secvla, ganixileboda demokra-
tizacia da politikuri sistemis reforma. magram am etapze
mkveTrad gauaresda socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da
gamwvavda erTaSorisi urTierTobebi.
mesame etapi ukavSirdeba respublikebis suverenizacias da sazogadoebri-
1990 w. zafxuli vi cxovrebis qaotizacias. 1990 w. SuaxanebisTvis Seiqmna Tanmim-
- devruli sabazro reformebis programebi, magram maTi realize-
1991 w. agvisto ba ukve SeuZlebeli iyo imis gamo, rom daiwyo brZola, erTi
mxriv sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebis organoebsa da, meore
mxriv, mokavSire respublikebs Soris (respublikebi ibrZodnen
`suverenitetisTvis~, rac esmodaT rogorc respublikebis uf-
ro meti damoukidebloba sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi . dapiris-
pireba `sakavSiro~, anu rusul da respublikur politikur eli-
tebs Soris SeuZlebels xdida mimdinare procesebis marTvas.
1991 w. gazafxuli — zafxuli iyo xelisuflebis umwvavesi krizi-
sis periodi, romelic damTavrda 1991 w. 19-21 agvistos gadatri-
alebis mcdelobiT.

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɏɏ ± ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɏɏ, ɜɟɤɚ ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ ɅȼɆɢɥɨɜɚ Ɇ2007 ɫɬɪ760761

meoTxe etapi mimdinareobda sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo-politikuri
1991 w. agvis- struqturebis demontaJi (gardaqmna da likvidacia .
tos bolo —
1991 w. dekem-
bris bolo

universitetamde mamasTan erTad muSaobda kom-
bainerad mSobliur sofelSi.
gorbaCovi 1950-1955 wlebSi swavlobda mosko-
vis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiul fakultet-
ze, sadac fakultetis komkavSiris mdivanic iyo.
gorbaCovma kariera mSobliur stavropolis
mxareSi gaikeTa. is jer iyo stavropolis mxaris kom-
kavSiris pirveli mdivani, xolo 1970 wlidan — skkp
stavropolis samxareo komitetis pirveli mdivani.
1977 w. noembridan gorbaCovi ukve moskovSia — is gax-
da skkp centraluri komitetis mdivani da kurirebda
misTvis kargad nacnob soflis meurneobas.

44.1. ra memkvidreoba ergo gorbaCovs
gorbaCovi ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneli gaxda. is iyo `socia-

lizmis msoflio banakis~ lideric, romelic msoflios 30 qveyanas aerTianebda.
mas ekava xmeleTis 31% da iq cxovrobda dedamiwis mosaxleobis 34%. magram am ba-
nakis Semdgomi gafarToeba Caeflo mravalricxovan omebSi, rac mimdinareobda
angolaSi, mozambikSi, eTiopiaSi, nikaraguasa da salvadorSi da, rac mTavaria, av-
RaneTSi. 1983 w. 18 oqtombers aSS-ma sazRvao qveiTi jari gadasxa grenadaSi da iq
komunisturi placdarmi mospo. marqsizmis doqtrinis sawinaaRmdegod `socia-
lizmis Zlevamosili msvleloba msoflioSi~ Seuqcevadi ar iyo. `msoflio socia-
listuri respublikis~ leninuri miraJi ifanteboda.
axali generaluri mdivnis xelSi iyo udidesi samxedro Zala — sabWoTa armi-
as gaaCnda 62 aTasi tanki, 2354 strategiuli birTvuli raketa (aSS da mis mokavSi-
reebs 1803 aseTi raketa gaaCndaT , 228 atomuri wyalqveSa navi (ufro meti, vidre
msoflios danarCen qveynebs erTad aRebuls . sabWoTa kavSiris xelT arsebuli
birTvuli muxtebi 1,5 milionjer meti iyo xirosimaSi Camogdebuli bombis sim-
Zlavreze. Tumca am Zalis sawinaaRmdegod aSS-Si reiganma daiwyo `varskvlavuri
omebis~ SesaZleblobebis Seswavla — es iyo raketsawinaaRmdego Tavdacva kosmo-
suri bazirebis elementebiT. misi Seqmna mTlianobaSi saeWvo iyo, magram fsiqo-
logiuri efeqti moitana, — gvarianad SeaSfoTa sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba.
gorbaCovs memkvidreobiT ergo ekonomika, romelic agebuli iyo erTiani
samxedro-samrewvelo sawarmos saxiT, magram ekonomikisadmi mbrZaneblur-admi-
nistraciuli midgoma garkveulwilad qmediTi iyo industrializaciis adrindel
etapebze, magram ukve aRar gamoadgeboda rTul da ganviTarebul ekonomikas.
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomika ar iZleoda stimulebs arc teqnikuri
progresisTvis, arc SromiT da materialur resursebs zogavda da arc adamiane-
bis moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebda. 1970-iani wlebis Suaxanebidan ganviTarebis
tempi mcirdeboda, xolo kapitalis udides dabandebas, gansakuTrebiT soflis
meurneobaSi, Sedegi ar mohqonda.

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ekonomikis am sistemur problemebs male koniunqturuli problemebic dae-
mata. msoflio bazarze navTobis fasebis mkveTr vardnas mohyva navTobis eqspor-
tidan Semosavlebis Semcireba. swored am fuliT xdeboda mowyobilobebis, xor-
blis, masobrivi moxmarebis saqonlis SeZena da `sabWoTa xalxis keTildReobis~
uzrunvelyofa. xalxis organizebuli da aqtiuri ukmayofilebisa ki yvelaze me-
tad eSinoda komunistur reJims, gansakuTrebiT poloneTis ambebis Semdeg.
axal generalur mdivans memkvidreobiT ergo 70-wliani totalitaruli ba-
tonobis Sedegad dangreuli da zneobrivad degradirebuli sazogadoeba. stali-
nuri teroris ararsebobis pirobebSi SeuzRudavi xelisufleba meqrTameobisa da
klanurobis pirobebSi aRmoCnda. komunisturi frazeologia didi xania gadaqce-
uli iyo pirobiTobad. sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi gabatonebuli iyo apaTia,
upasuxismgebloba da pasiuroba. yvela cdilobda sakuTari TavisTvis miexeda da
socialisturi saxelmwifosTvis moepara is, rac `cudad ido~. maTze ukve aRar
Wrida komunisturi lozungebi da maT sicrued miiCnevda.

44.2. gardaqmnis dasawyisi: sakadro cvlilebebi
gorbaCovi saswrafod Seudga sakadro cvlilebebs. postebidan moxsnes

cvlilebebis Ria mowinaaRmdegeebi da gorbaCovis mtrebi: heidar alievi, v. griSi-
ni, d. kunaevi, g. romanovi, v.SCerbicki. ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare tixonovis
nacvlad gaxda nikolai riJkovi.
andrei gromiko, romelmac wamoayena gorbaCovis kandidatura generaluri
mdivnis postze, TavisiT gadadga sagareo saqmeTa ministris postidan da gadavi-
da ufro `mSvid~ postze — gaxda umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomare.
skkp centraluri komitetis propagandis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelad dai-
niSna aleqsandre iakovlevi, romelsac gorbaCovi kargad icnobda da romelic
Semdeg gardaqmnis mTavari ideologi gaxda.
skkp moskovis saqalaqo komitetis mdivnad dainiSna boris elcini, romelic
manamde sverdlovskis saolqo komitets edga saTaveSi. elcinma erTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi Secvala moskovis TiTqmis mTeli partiuli xelmZRvaneloba. elcini Sem-
deg gorbaCovis mTavari mowinaaRmdege gaxda.
Tavad gorbaCovma Tavisi mmarTvelobis pirveli weliwad-naxevris ganmav-
lobaSi Secvala politbiuros wevrebis 70%, saolqo komitetebis mdivnebis 60%,
centraluri komitetis wevrebis 40%.

44.3. gardaqmnis mcdeloba administraciuli meTodebiT
gorbaCovsa da mis Tanamoazreebs esmodaT, rom `ganviTarebulma socializ-

mma~ qveyana CixSi Seiyvana, magram rogor unda daeRwiaT misTvis Tavi, naTeli ar
iyo. gorbaCovs, iseve, rogorc mis Tanamoazreebs, mxolod komunisturi adminis-
trirebis gamocdileba gaaCndaT, Tavad gorbaCovs ki sjeroda, rom komunisturi
tipis socializmi ukeTesi iyo yvela sxva saxis sazogadoebaze. amitom gamosava-
lic `socializmis srulyofis~ farglebSi esaxeboda.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan erTi Tvis Semdeg, 1985 w. aprilSi gorbaCovma Caa-
tara skkp centraluri komitetis plenumi da amocanad daisaxa teqnikuri da so-
cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqareba. am amocanis gadawyveta scades Cve-

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uli gziT, ise, rom ar gamodiodnen sistemis farglebidan. daCqarebiT unda ganvi-
Tarebuliyo manqanaTmSenebloba, anu mZime mrewveloba. amisaTvis gamoiyo uzar-
mazari Tanxa — 200 miliardi rubli da dasavleTSi yidulobdnen mowyobilobebs,
lamis mTel qarxnebs, amasTan ar icvleboda arc warmoebis organizacia da arc
stimulebis sistema.
axali mSeneblobidan aqcenti gadaitanes dausrulebeli mSeneblobebis dam-
Tavrebaze. manqanaTmSeneblobaSi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi unda mieRwiaT
msoflio donisaTvis. manamde arcerT partiul dokumentsa da gancxadebaSi ar
yofila dasaxelebuli, rom àmerikisTvis unda gaeswroT~ xuTi wlis ganmavloba-
Si. sabWoTa ekonomikas amis gakeTeba ar SeeZlo da arc gamouRia arsebiTi efeqti,
miuxedavad uzarmazari Tanxebis daxarjvisa.

44.4. reformebis terminologia: `gardaqmna~ , `daCqareba~ da `sajarooba~
1985 w. aprilis plenumze gorbaCovma aRiara seriozuli ekonomikuri prob-

lemebis arseboba, romelic breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi damkvidrda. male
breJnevis mmarTvelobis periods gorbaCovma ùZraobis xana~ uwoda, magram amave
dros xazi gausva, rom sabWouri socializmis safuZvlebi xalasia da eWvis Setana
ar SeiZleba. gorbaCovis TqmiT, problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `socializmis
potenciuri SesaZleblobebi arasakmarisad iyo gamoyenebuli~.
amocanad iqna dasaxuli `meti socializmis~ Seqmna, misi ganviTarebis daCqa-
reba. `gardaqmna~ da `daCqareba~ — es sityvebi sakvanZo gaxda gorbaCovis mier ar-
Ceul reformatorul strategiaSi.
1986 wlidan sabWoTa liderebis politikur leqsikonSi kidev erTi sakvanZo
sityva gaxda `sajarooba~. Tavidan am terminis qveS esmodaT saxelmwifo da par-
tiuli organoebis Riaoba kritikisaTvis ubralo mSromelTa mxridan. mogviane-
biT, 1987-1988 wlebSi `sajaroobis~ cnebis Sinaarsi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda.
ukve saqme exeboda cenzuris gauqmebas, sityvis Tavisuflebis daSvebas da infor-
maciis Tavisufal gacvlas. ;;9,, yrilobis Semdeg `sajarooba~ gardaqmnis erT-
erTi mTavari lozungi gaxda. sajarooba niSnavda im naklovanebebis gamovlenas,
rac xels uSlida gardaqmnasa da daCqarebas.
sajarooba 1987 wels yvelasTvis TvalsaCino gaxda. daiwyo iseTi mxatvruli
nawarmoebebis gamoqveyneba, romlebic adre akrZaluli iyo, moewyo adre gadaRe-
buli da faqtobrivad akrZaluli filmebis Cveneba (pirveli aseTi filmi iyo Ten-
giz abulaZis `monanieba~ . specsacavebidan biblioTekebis Ria fondebSi daabru-
nes sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier sxvadasxva dros akrZaluli literatura, 1987
wels gaCnda pirveli arasaxelmwifoebrivi televiziebi. 1987 wlis 28 seqtembers
Seiqmna skkp centraluri komitetis politbiuros komisia, romelsac unda Sees-
wavla 1930-1940-iani wlebisa da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisis represiebTan dakavSi-
rebuli masalebi. 1988-1991 wlebSi am komisiis muSaobis Sedegad reabilitirebul
iqna 1 milionze meti ukanonod gasamarTlebuli sabWoTa moqalaqe. 1988 wlis 30
noembers sabWoTa kavSirma mTlianad Sewyvita ucxouri radiosadgurebis CaxSo-
ba. 1990 wlis 12 ivniss miiRes kanoni `presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSu-
alebebis Sesaxeb~, romelmac gamoacxada cenzuris gauqmeba da masobrivi infor-
maciis saSualebaTa Tavisufleba.

termini Ägardaqmna³ ©ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚª partiul leqsikonSi axali ar iyo da mas sakmaod xSirad stali-
nic iyenebda magaliTad partiis ;9, yrilobaze stalini ambobda rom dRis wesrigSi idga Äsaxalxo
meurneobis mTeli teqnikuri bazis gardaqmnis amocana~.

44.5. gorbaCovis administraciuli meTodebis praqtikuli uSedegoba
gorbaCovis mier Tavis mmarTvelobis pirvel xanebSi ganxorcielebuli zo-

mebi Taviseburi Sexameba iyo xruSCovis 1960-iani wlebis voluntaristuli nabi-
jebis da, kidev ufro metad, andropovis `wesrigis damyarebisken~ mimarTuli na-
bijebisa.
voluntaristuli iyo, magaliTad, saskolo reforma, romlis erT-erT amo-
canad iyo dasaxuli moswavleTa sayovelTao kompiuteruli swavleba. igulisxme-
boda, rom skoladamTavrebulebi dasavleTSi arsebul `cisfer sayeloebs~ — ma-
Ralkvalificiur muSebs gautoldebodnen da mtkice sakadro bazas Seqmnidnen
samecniero-teqnikuri progresisTvis, magram mxedvelobidan gamorCaT is, rom
sabWoTa ekonomikas ar SeeZlo amisaTvis saWiro kompiuterebis mcire nawilis
warmoebac ki. iluziuri aRmoCnda kompiuterebis danergvis mcdeloba mmarTve-
lobiT procesSi.
andropovis stilSi iyo kanoni saxelmwifo miRebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedvi-
Tac samrewvelo sawarmoebSi iqmneboda specialuri komisiebi produqciis xaris-
xis kontrolisaTvis. reformam gazarda administraciuli aparati, magram pozi-
tiuri praqtikuli Sedegebi ar moutania.
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli zomebidan yvelaze cnobili gaxda centra-
luri komitetis dadgenileba loTobasTan da alkoholizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb.
problema marTlac metad mwvave iyo. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTSi
alkoholiki iyo yoveli me-3 mamakaci da yoveli me-8 qali. loToba Cveulebrivi
ram iyo axalgazrdobaSi, ufrosklaselebis CaTvliT. Tavad gorbaCovi alkohols
ar Rebulobda. masTan brZola ki mxolod partiuli meTodebiT SeeZlo — akrZal-
viT.
antialkoholuri kampania energiulad warimarTa. ukve 1986 w. bolos alko-
holis warmoeba ganaxevrda. loTobdnen ZiriTadad aryiT, magram gaCexes venaxebi
yirimSi, moldovasa da samxreT kavkasiaSi. magram am reformamac moulodneli Se-
degebi moitana. alkoholis moxmareba ar Semcirebula, magram saxelmwifo pro-
duqciis nacvlad iyenebdnen TviTnakeT sasmels. maRaziebSi daiwyo Saqris qroni-
kuli deficiti — swored Saqridan xdidnen ZiriTadad arays. mZime dartyma miadga
saxelmwifo xazinas: antialkoholuri kampaniis dros sabiujeto Semosavlebi al-
koholis gayidvidan 37 miliardi rubliT Semcirda sami wlis ganmavlobaSi da
pirvelad sabWoTa saxelmwifos istoriaSi mwvave sabiujeto deficiti mohyva.

44.6. skkp ;;9,, yrilobis ararealisturi dapirebebi
mixeil gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis pirveli etapis `strategiuli gaTvlebis~

mwvervali iyo skkp ;;9,, yriloba (1986 wlis 25 Tebervali — 6 marti . yrilobas
gaxsnisas 4993 delegati eswreboda. yrilobaze Camovida 113 qveynidan komunis-
turi da memarcxene partiebis 152 delegacia.
yrilobaze breJnevis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebs gorbaCovma ùZraobis peri-
odi~ uwoda, aRniSnuli termini swored am droidan gaCnda. magram es exeboda eko-

ufro xSirad ÄuZraobis xana~ ewodeba periods breʷnevis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1960iani
wlebis Suaxanebidan Ägardaqmnis~ dawyebamde 1980iani wlebis Suaxanebamde romelsac axasiaTeb-
da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempis Semcirebis mdgradi tendencia amave dros ar yofila raime se-
riozuli ryeva qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi iyo garkveuli socialuri stabiluroba da wina pe-
riodTan SedarebiT maRali cxovrebis done

nomikas da ar gaukritikebiaT Tavad breJnevi da misi garemocva. gorbaCovma maRa-
li Sefaseba misca breJnevs, andropovsa da Cernenkos. yrilobaze gorbaCovma ga-
nacxada, rom stalinma gaanadgura leninuri gvardia da daamaxinja leninis idee-
bi, amitom saWiroa komunizmis saTaveebTan dabruneba. man mouwoda àdamianuri
faqtoris gaaqtiurebisaken~ da saWirod miiCnia kvlav aeTvisebinaT axali ekono-
mikuri politikis gamocdileba. àxali ekonomikuri politikis aRorZinebas~ —
socializmisa da bazris SeTavsebas gorbaCovs urCevda akademikosi abalkini, ro-
melic misi mTavari ekonomikuri mrCeveli iyo.
mixeil gorbaCovis moxsenebis mniSvnelovani nawili eZRvneboda `sazogadoe-
bis Semdgom demokratizacias~ da `xalxis socialisturi TviTmmarTvelobis gaR-
rmavebas~. aseTi demokratizaciis mTavari berketi unda gamxdariyo `sajaroobis~
politika.
;;9,, yrilobam utopizmisTvis gaakritika xruSCovis mier miRebuli parti-
is programa (am programis mixedviT, 1980 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirSi komunizmi
unda aSenebuliyo , magram Tavad am yrilobis gadawyvetilebebic imave suliskve-
Tebisa iyo. yrilobis Sedegebs gazeTma `pravdam~ miuZRvna statia: `Cveni mizania
komunizmi!~
generaluri mdivnis mixeil gorbaCovis moxsenebaSi pirvelad iTqva, rom ko-
munizmi Soreul perspeqtivas warmoadgenda. es xedva dafiqsirda yrilobis mier
1 marts erTsulovnad miRebuli partiis programis axal redaqciaSi, sadac aRar
iyo saubari `komunizmis mSeneblobis~ Sesaxeb, samagierod, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
`sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis sruli gamoyeneba~, `sawarmoebis gadasvla
srul sameurneo angariSze~ da a. S. Tumca programam mTlianobaSi SeinarCuna
utopiuri xasiaTi. programis Tanaxmad, `Tanamedrove epoqis Sinaarss~ warmoad-
genda kapitalizmidan socializmsa da komunizmze gadasvla, ganxiluli iyo `so-
cializmis srulyofisa da komunizmze gadasvlis~ amocanebi, komunisturi partia
kvlav cxaddeboda sabWoTa sazogadoebis xelmZRvanel Zalad. komunisturi par-
tiis rolis gasaZliereblad partiis wesdebaSi Seitanes cvlilebebi — partiaSi
axali wevrebi mxolod Ria partiul krebebze unda mieRoT da gaeTvaliswinebinaT
upartioTa azri. partiis wevrs amieridan Tavis yvela moqmedebaze pasuxi unda
ego pirveladi partiuli organizaciis winaSe.
yrilobis mTavari politikuri gzavnili `daCqareba~ iyo da am suliskveTe-
biT iyo gamsWvaluli ssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris nikolai riJkovis mox-
seneba axali xuTwledisa (1986-1990 da Semdgomi periodis xedvebis Sesaxeb. yri-
lobaze gamoacxades, rom 2000 wlisaTvis gaorkecdeboda sabWoTa kavSiris ekono-
mikuri potenciali, imave vadaSi 2,5-jer unda gazrdiliyo Sromis nayofiereba da
yovel sabWoTa ojaxs calke bina unda hqonoda. yrilobam moiwona aseve kanoni
SromiTi koleqtivebis Sesaxeb. direqtori unda aerCia sawarmos sabWos, Tavad sa-
warmoebi ki sameurneo angariSze unda gadasuliyvnen.
sajaroobis garda, Tavis moxsenebaSi gorbaCovma daadastura qveynis `soci-
alur-ekonomikuri daCqarebis~ kursi, yuradReba gaamaxvila soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebasa da `xalxis keTildReobis~ amaRlebaze. 1990 wlisaTvis mosaxleo-
bis Semosavali 1,6-1,8-jer unda gazrdiliyo. 2000 wels ki yovel sabWoTa ojaxs

yrilobis msvlelobis dros sityva ÄdaCqareba~ 361jer axsenes maT Soris gorbaCovis moxsenebaSi
44jer sityva Ägardaqmna~ ± 159jer gorbaCovis moxsenebaSi 27jer xolo sityva Äsajarooba~
mxolod 30jer gorbaCovis moxsenebaSi 9jer KWWSVWKHLQVUXKLVWRU\239883

daCqarebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba pirvelad gakeTda skkp centraluri komitetis 1985 wlis 23 aprilis
plenumze

unda hqonoda calke bina an saxli. Sromis nayofiereba sabWoTa kavSirSi 2000 wli-
saTvis 2,3-jer-2,5-jer unda gazrdiliyo, ZiriTadad warmoebis intensifikaciisa
da avtomatizaciis xarjze.
aqcenti `daCqarebaze~ ar iTvaliswinebda ekonomikaSi arsebul problemebs
da kvlav uaxlovdeboda xruSCoviseul ganwyobas — `davewioT da gavuswroT ame-
rikas~. gorbaCovsa da mis mrCevlebs am droisaTvis sakmaod sustad warmoedginaT
sabWoTa kavSiris realuri adgili msoflioSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tval-
sazrisiT da saTanado angariSs ver uwevdnen qveynis teqnologiur CamorCenas.
gorbaCovi Tavis moxsenebaSi amtkicebda, rom mecnierul-teqnikuri da ekonomi-
kuri potencialiT sabWoTa kavSiri mniSvnelovnad miuaxlovda aSS-s da zogierTi
mniSvnelovani produqciis gamoSvebiT gadaaswro kidec. sinamdvileSi, 1980-iani
wlebis SuaxanebSi sabWoTa kavSiri mTliani Sida produqtis realuri moculobiT
aSS-s 5-6-jer CamorCeboda, amave dros or zesaxelmwifos erTnairi samxedro xar-
jebi hqondaT, rac mZime tvirTad awveboda gacilebiT ufro sust sabWoTa ekono-
mikas da ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris `civ omSi~ damarcxeba.
moxsenebis sagareopolitikur nawilSi gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom sabWoTa
kavSiri mzad iyo jari gaeyvana avRaneTidan, aseve daadastura birTvuli da Cveu-
lebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis kursi, ganacxada, rom kapitalizmsa da socia-
lizms Soris Sejibri unda mimdinareobdes mxolod `mSvidobiani Sejibrebisa da
mSvidobiani metoqeobis formiT~.
skkp ;;9,, yrilobis mier arCeuli centraluri komiteti Sedgeboda gorba-
Covis momxreebisa da breJnevis droindeli `Zveli gvardiisagan~, aq iyvnen war-
modgenili boris ponomariovi, mixail solomencevi, nikolai tixonovi, heidar
alievi da sxvebi. 1985-1988 wlebSi gorbaCovma moaxerxa daemTavrebina jer kidev
andropovis dros dawyebuli sakadro wmenda. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi centralu-
ri komitetis Semadgenloba 85%-iT ganaxlda. am mxriv gadaaWarba 1934-1939 wle-
bis stalinur `ganaxlebas~, rac 77%-s Seadgenda. sakadro gadaadgilebebis apo-
Teozi iyo 1988 wels ;,; partiuli konferencia, rodesac politbiuros Semad-
genlobidan gamoiyvanes xelisuflebaSi SemorCenili `kremlis moxucebi~, maT So-
ris gromiko, solomencevi, dolgixi.

44.7. Cernobilis katastrofa
cxovreba reformistuli Canafiqrebis sawinaaRmdegod viTardeboda da met-

yvelebda imaze, rom amowuruli iyo komunisturi saxelmwifo-mobilizaciuri mo-
dernizaciis SesaZleblobebi. sabWoTa socializmis krizisi ki ar sustdeboda,
aramed Zlierdeboda. misi TvalsaCino da tragikuli gamovlineba iyo katastro-
fa Cernobilis atomur eleqtrosadgurze.
1986 w. 25-26 aprilis RamiT Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguris (q. pripi-
atis axlos, ukrainaSi me-4 blokze (yvelaze axalze, romelic 1984 wels Cadga
mwyobrSi moxda didi birTvuli avaria, romelic radiaciis gamofrqveviT utol-
deboda 1945 w. xirosimasa da nagasakSi Camogdebul 500 atomur bombs. atmosfero-
Si gamoifrqva daaxloebiT 190 tona radioaqtiuri nivTiereba da 8 tona radioaq-
tiuri sawvavi. xanZari sadgurze TiTqmis ori kvira grZeldeboda. xanZars eb-
rZodnen samxedroebisa da mTel kavSirSi mobilizebuli `likvidatorebis~ meSve-
obiT. radiaciuli dasxiveba miiRo daaxloebiT 7 milionma adamianma, ramdenime
aTasma ki — sicocxlisTvis saSiSi doza.

Tavidan scades katastrofis damalva. mxolod 28 aprils gaavrceles mokle
informacia momxdari avariis Sesaxeb, Tumca masStabebi damales da arc samaiso
sazeimo RonisZiebebi gauuqmebiaT (mogvianebiT aRniSnavdnen, rom es panikis Tavi-
dan asacileblad gakeTda . kievSi 1 maisis demonstracia Catarda radioaqtiuri
wvimis qveS, ise rom adamianebma amis Sesaxeb ar icodnen. partiuli Cinovnikebi
TavianT ojaxebs saswrafod agzavnidnen Sors, usafrTxo zonebSi, xalxs da msof-
lios ki umtkicebdnen, rom gansakuTrebuli araferi momxdara.
Tumca katastrofis damalva SeuZlebeli iyo. radioaqtiurobis mkveTri
zrdis Sesaxeb pirvelad SvedeTma ganacxada. am qveyanaSi katastrofis likvidaci-
aSi 84,5 aTasi adamiani CarTes. maTi naxevari dasxivebis Sedegad ;;, saukunis da-
sawyisisTvis an gardacvlili iyo, anda invalidi gaxda.
3 ivliss politbiuros sxdomaze gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom saWiro iyo gae-
sajaroebinaT sruli informacia momxdaris Sesaxeb. pirvelad 70 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi moixsna akrZalva da aRar imaleboda sabWoTa kavSirSi momxdari katastrofe-
bi da stiqiuri ubedurebebi, aseve meqrTameoba, qurdoba, narkomania, Sidsi da a.S.
sabWoTa presis saxe swrafad icvleboda.
atomuri eleqtrosadguris garSemo 30-kilometriani zonidan mTeli mosax-
leoba — daaxloebiT 115 aTasi adamiani evakuirebul iqna. avariis Sedegebis sa-
likvidacio samuSaoebi ZiriTadad 1986-1987 wlebSi Catarda da masSi monawileo-
ba miiRo daaxloebiT 240 aTasma adamianma.

rogorc aRiniSneba sapirvelmaiso demonstracia kievSi gorbaCovis pirdapiri miTiTebiT Catarda

Tavi ;/9
gardaqmna: Sidapolitikuri demokratizaciisa da

ekonomikuri liberalizaciis dasawyisi

45.1. reformebis axali strategia — socializmis demokratiuli mode-
lis Seqmnis lozungi
gorbaCovis 1985-1986 wlebis reformebi faqtobrivad warumatebeli aRmoC-

nda. arsebuli komunisturi sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri sistema uaryofda ro-
gorc muSaTa TviTmmarTvelobas, ise sabazro ekonomikis elementebs. reformebi
waawyda komunisturi xelmZRvanelobis Zlier winaRmdegobasac. isini grZnobdnen,
rom dawyebul reformebs arsebuli wyobilebis ngreva mohyveboda.
gorbaCovs, romelic mihyveboda politikuri procesis gaazrebis komunis-
tebisTvis Cveul formebs, sjeroda socializmis progresuloba da upiratesoba.
1986 wlis bolos da 1987 wlis dasawyisSi gorbaCovis gundi im daskvnamde mivida,
rom administraciuli zomebiT qveyanaSi situaciis Secvla SeuZlebeli iyo. gor-
baCovs reformebisken ubiZga aseve 1986 wels sabWoTa ekonomikaze momxdarma orma
mZime dartymam: navTobze fasebis Semcirebam da CernobilSi momxdarma katastro-
fam.
wamoyenebul iqna lozungebi `deformaciebidan~ socializmis gaTavisufle-
bis, `leninur normebTan~, òqtombris idealebTan~, àdamianuri saxis socializ-
mTan~ dabrunebis Sesaxeb. mTavar politikur mowinaaRmdeged gorbaCovi miiCnev-
da politbiuros wevris egor ligaCovis garSemo Sekrebil Zalebs. maTTan Seda-
rebiT gorbaCovi da misi momxreebi umciresobaSi iyvnen. centralur komitetSi
`konservatiuli umravlesobis~ dasaZlevad gorbaCovma gadawyvita sazogadoe-
bisTvis miemarTa da daewyo politikuri demokratizacia. amiT 1987 wlidan saTa-
ve daedo gardaqmnis meore etaps (1987 w. ianvari — 1989 w. ivnisi .
1987 wlis ianvarSi skkp centraluri komitetis plenumze gorbaCovma warad-
gina reformebis axali strategia da koncefcia. Tuki adre ivaraudeboda, rom 70
wlis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli socializmi Tavisi arsiT jansaRi iyo da saWi-
ro iyi misi ganviTarebis `daCqareba~, axla socializmis arsebul models `mbrZa-
neblur-administraciuls~ uwodebdnen da akritikebdnen. gorbaCovis gancxade-
biT, 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi Camoyalibda `damuxruWebis me-
qanizmi~, romelic aferxebda socializmis upiratesobebis gamovlinebas. damux-
ruWebis fesvebad miiCnies: socialisturi demokratiis institutebis funqcioni-
rebaSi seriozuli naklovanebebis arseboba, moZvelebuli politikuri da Teori-
uli orientirebi, marTvis konservatiuli meqanizmi.
gorbaCovis winadadebiT, `daCqarebis~ koncefcias daemata axali strategi-
uli xazi — `gardaqmna~. misi arsi uZraobis procesebis `damuxruWebis meqanizmis~
damsxvreva iyo. socializmis seriozuli mankieri mxareebis dasaZlevad saWirod
miiCnies socializmis demokratiuli modelis Seqmna. axali principi gamocxadda
lozungiT `meti demokratia!~. miznad iqna dasaxuli xalxis TviTmmarTvelobis
ganviTareba, sabWoebis realuri xelisuflebiT aRWurva, arCevnebis alternati-
ul safuZvelze Catareba. am amocanebis gadasawyvetad 10-12 weli ivaraudeboda.

gorbaCovis CanafiqriT, socializmisa da demokratiis SeerTeba komunistur par-
tiaSi myofi `konservatorebis~ damarcxebis safuZveli gaxdeboda.
1987 wlis ianvris plenumis Semdeg:
- sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi gamocxadda sajaroobis politika — Serbilda
cenzura masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi, moixsna akrZalvebi adre miCumaTe-
bul Temebze, romlebic sajarod ar ganixileboda (pirvel rigSi, stalinuri rep-
resiebi, narkomania, yofiTi Zaladoba, seqsi, prostitucia da a. S. ;
- ekonomikaSi dakanonda kerZo mewarmeoba kooperativebis formiT (Tumca
jer sityvebs `mewarmeoba~ da `kerZo sakuTreba~ xmamaRla aravin ambobda , koope-
rativebi ganixileboda, rogorc bazris elementebi arsebul socialistur mo-
delSi , aqtiurad iwyeba erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna ucxour kompaniebTan;
- saerTaSoriso politikaSi umTavresi doqtrina xdeba àxali azrovneba~,
rac gulisxmobda diplomatiaSi klasobriv midgomaze uaris Tqmas da urTierTo-
bis gaumjobesebas dasavleTTan.

45.2. ;,; partiuli konferencia da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Seq-
mnis mcdeloba
1988 w. ivnisSi Catarda skkp ;,; partiuli konferencia, romelic mniSvne-

lovani etapi aRmoCnda gardaqmnis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi. samandato komisiis
informaciiT, delegatebis naxevars Seadgendnen 40-idan 50 wlamde komunistebi,
romlebic partiaSi 1964 wlis Semdeg Sevidnen. aRiniSna, rom pirvelad 1920-iani
wlebis Semdeg delegatebs saSualeba miecaT, gamoeTqvaT sakuTari azri, gaekri-
tikebinaT partiuli xelmZRvaneloba, amasTan konferenciis sxdomebis transli-
reba sakavSiro televiziiT xdeboda.
konferenciaze gamosvlisas m. gorbaCovma gamoacxada politikuri xelisuf-
lebis reformis aucilebloba, romlis arsic partiuli organoebis sabWoTa or-
ganoebisgan gamijvna iyo. konferenciaze pirvelad iqna gacxadebuli samarTleb-
rivi saxelmwifos Seqmnis kursi, Tumca is unda yofiliyo `socialisturi~. es iyo
leninizmisgan mesame Zireuli gadaxveva (pirveli iyo `klasobriv~ sagareo poli-
tikaze uaris Tqma, meore — politikur saqmianobaSi xalxis uSualod CarTva . sa-
xelmwifo amieridan unda damyareboda ara mmarTveli fenis, komunisturi nomen-
klaturis politikur nebas, aramed kanonsa da samarTals. es savsebiT logikuri
iyo. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos gareSe demokratia SeuZlebelia. ganacxadis mi-
xedviT, samarTali amieridan unda ganesazRvra Tavisuflad arCeul parlaments
da ara xelisuflebis uzurpator bolSevikur partias.
skkp ;,; partiulma konferenciam partiis programidan (1961 wels n. xruS-
Covma rom miiRo amoiRo komunizmis aSenebis gegma, romelic 1980 wlisTvis ukve
realizebuli unda yofiliyo, da komunizmis aSeneba zogadi ganacxadis saxiT da-
tova. samagierod, gaCnda lozungebi sajaroobis, demokratiisa da saxalxo meur-
neobis teqnikuri gadaiaraRebis Sesaxeb.
m. gorbaCovis mier demokratizaciis mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli pirveli re-
forma àlternatiuli arCevnebi~ iyo. ;,; partiul konferenciaze gadawyda,
rom alternatiuli arCevnebi safuZvlad daedeboda yvela donis sabWoebis arCe-
vas, amasTan kandidatad wamoyenebis SesaZlebloba yvela msurvels unda miscemo-
da. Tavad sabWoebi unda gardaqmniliyo parlamentarizmis kanonebis Sesabamisad

da maT saxelmwifo funqciebi unda gadascemodaT. pirvelad 1917-1918 wlebis Sem-
deg saxelmwifo xelisufleba bolSevikuris nacvlad `sabWoTa~ xdeboda.
erTi SexedviT, sityvaTSeTanxmeba àlternatiuli arCevnebi~ uazroba iyo, —
arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs alternatiulobas, magram sabWoTa kavSirSi ba-
tonobda arCevnebi alternativis gareSe, komunisturi ideologia ki amas demok-
ratiis mwvervalad saxavda. alternatiuli arCevnebis SemoRebisas gorbaCovi ver
warmoidgenda, rom Sedegad politikur revolucias miiRebda, romelic daan-
grevda ara mxolod administraciul-biurokratiul sistemas, aramed mTlianad
komunistur reJims, komunistur partiasa da sabWoTa kavSirs.
Tumca, alternatiuli arCevnebis daSvebis, komunisturi partiisa da saxel-
mwifos gamijvnis deklarirebasTan erTad, miRebul iqna zomebi saxelmwifoSi ko-
munisturi partiis rolis SesanarCuneblad. adre umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xeli-
suflebis organo iyo sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWo, romelsac sabWoTa kavSi-
ris mosaxleoba irCevda teritoriuli da erovnul-teritoriuli olqebis mi-
xedviT. ;,; partiuli konferenciis gadawyvetilebiT, umaRlesi sabWo unda aer-
Cia sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa yrilobas, romlis deputatebis ori me-
samedic unda aerCia sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobas, darCenili 750 deputati ki
unda aerCia `sazogadoebriv organizaciebs~, maTi didi nawili ki komunistur
partiaze modioda. es reforma sakanonmdeblo wesiT 1988 wlis bolos gaformda.
partiulma konferenciam aseve miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom partiuli komi-
tetis xelmZRvanels unda SeeTavsebina Sesabamisi donis sabWos Tavmjdomaris
posti. Tuki sabWos arCevnebSi arsebuli raikomis mdivani ver gaimarjvebda, maSin
mdivnis posts sabWos Tavmjdomared arCeuli piri daikavebda. am siaxliT imedov-
nebdnen, rom xelmZRvanel partiul Tanamdebobebze moiyvandnen energiul da
praqtikul adamianebs, romelTac adgilobrivi problemebis gadawyvetis unari
eqnebodaT.
axali midgomis Sesabamisad dainiSna sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa
pirveli yrilobis arCevnebi. is gamocxadda sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles sakanon-
mdeblo organod, romelsac alternatiuli arCevnebiT 5 weliwadSi erTxel ir-
Cevdnen. partiulma konferenciam mxari dauWira xelisuflebis danawilebas, sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoebas, aseve respublikaTa uflebebis gafarToebas sabWoTa
kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi. komunisturi partiuli konferenciis mier gauqmda yve-
la arasamarTlebrivi meTodi, romelTa meSveobiTac komunisturi zedafena mar-
Tavda qveyanas.

45.3. politpatimarTa ganTavisufleba
politpatimrebis arsebobis uaryofa yovelTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sabWo-

Ta sistemisaTvis. es `tradicia~ Tavidan mixeil gorbaCovmac gaagrZela. 1986
wlis 8 Tebervals man frangul gazeT L’Humanité-sTan interviuSi ganacxada, rom
sabWoTa kavSirSi `politpatimrebi ar arian~ da `SexedulebebisTvis aravis asa-
marTleben~, magram erTi welic ar iyo gasuli, rom gorbaCovs mouxda àrarsebu-
li~ sindisis patimrebis gaTavisuflebis dawyeba.
1986 wlis 4 agvistos Cistopolis cixeSi disidentma mweralma anatoli mar-
Cenkom uvado SimSiloba daiwyo yvela politpatimris gaTavisuflebis moTxov-
niT. 117-dRiani SimSilobis Semdeg, 1986 wlis 8 dekembers marCenko gardaicvala.
mis sikvdils didi gamoxmaureba mohyva disidentTa wreebsa da ucxour presaSi.
erT-erTi versiiT, swored am reaqciis gamo mouxda politbiuros politpatimre-

bis sakiTxis aRiareba da Seecada mis gadawyvetas. amisaTvis specialuri komisia
Seiqmna da mkafiod iTqva misi Seqmnis mizezzec, — politikuri saqmeebi `warsulSi
uxerxulobebs qmnidnen~ da `daZabulobas iwvevdnen sxva qveynebTan urTierToba-
Si~.
1986 w. SemodgomisTvis 477 adamiani iyo dapatimrebuli muxli 70-iT (ànti-
sabWoTa propaganda~ da muxli `190 prim~-iT (`cilismwamebluri gancxadebebi~
da kidev daaxloebiT 500 dapatimrebuli iyo sxvadasxva muxliT (maT Soris reli-
giuri aqtivistebi . sxva monacemebiT, politpatimarTa saerTo raodenoba 2 aTass
aRwevda. politpatimarTa 90% mamakaci iyo, upiratesad axalgazrdebi da ganaT-
lebulebi. erovnebis mixedviT politpatimrebSi cota iyvnen Suaazielebi, arap-
roporciulad bevri — baltiis respublikebidan da ebraelebi.
1986 w. 16 dekembers gorbaCovma gorkSi (niJni novgorodSi gadasaxlebul
andrei saxarovs daureka da uTxra, rom SeeZlo moskovSi dabruneba. saxarovma mas
Seaxsena sxva `sindisis patimrebis~ Sesaxeb. gorbaCovma upasuxa, rom bevri gaaTa-
visufles, darCenilebs ki pirobebi gauumjobeses. 1986 wlis 23 dekembers saxaro-
vis gadasaxleba marTlac dasrulda, magram sxva sindisis patimrebis sakiTxi ga-
dasawyveti iyo. principuli politikuri gadawyvetileba politbiurom 1986 wlis
31 dekembers gamarTul sxdomaze miiRo. aRiniSna, rom sindisis patimarTa gaTavi-
sufleba `politikurad momgebiani~ iqneboda da xazs gausvamda sabWoTa xelisuf-
lebis humanurobas. gaTavisuflebis gzad arCeul iqna Sewyaleba, amasTan, patim-
rebs unda gaekeTebinaT gancxadeba, rom SemdgomSi mtrul saqmianobaze uars am-
bobdnen.
1987 w. Tebervlidan daiwyes sindisis patimrebis mcire jgufebad gaTavi-
sufleba, Tumca es procesi gaWianurda. politpatimarTa arcTu mcire nawili
uars ambobda loialobis Taobaze gancxadebis gakeTebaze, Tumca, sabolood, maT
amis gareSec aTavisuflebdnen. mTlianobaSi, sindisis patimrebis gaTavisufleba
xuT weliwads gagrZelda.
1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatebis pirvel yrilobaze sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsidan amoiRes 70-e da 190-e `prim~ muxlebi. dasjadi darCa
mxolod `sabWoTa saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wyobis Zaladobrivi damxoba an
Secvla~.

45.4. socializmis sabazro ekonomikasTan SeerTebis mcdeloba
1985-1987 wlebSi gorbaCovis mier gatarebul zomebs ar mohyolia socia-

lur-ekonomikuri situaciis Zireuli gaumjobeseba. `garRveva~ arc mrewveloba-
Si momxdara da arc soflis meurneobaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris mdgomareobas kidev
ufro arTulebda ramdenime faqtori:
9 Tavi iCina sabWoTa ekonomikis sanedleulo xasiaTma. 1986 wels amerikuli
`stingeris~ tipis raketebis miwodebis sanacvlod saudis arabeTma samjer
gazarda navTobis mopoveba, rasac navTobis fasis mkveTri vardna mohyva.
bareli navTobis fasi 30 dolaridan 12 dolaramde Semcirda. aman sabWoTa

Ⱥ Ɇɚɤɚɪɨɜ ©Ɂɚ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɫɭɞɹɬ~ ± ©Ɇɟɦɨɪɢɚɥ~ _ ʋ4 434 130217 ±
KWWSVQHZWLPHVUXDUWLFOHVGHWDLO116760

sabWoTa kavSirSi antisabWoTa agitaciasa da propagandisTvis muxli 70 gaasamarTles 1983 w 44
adamiani 1984 ± 25 1985 ± 16 1986 11 sabWoTa wyobilebis ciliswamebisTvis muxli 1901 1983 w 119
adamiani 1984 67 1985 ± 57 1986 ± 47 KWWSHGJOH]LQOLYHMRXUQDOFRP838471KWPO

Ʉɚɤ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ƚɨɪɛɚɱɟɜ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɥ ɩɨɥɢɬɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ KWWSHGJOH]LQOLYHMRXUQDOFRP838471KWPO

kavSiris yovelwliuri savaluto Semosavlebi 13 miliardi dolariT Seam-
cira.
9 sabWoTa kavSiris biujets mZime tvirTad awveboda avRaneTis omi (1984-1985
wlebSi es omi sabWoTa kavSirs daaxloebiT 4,202,3 milioni rubli daujda ;
9 mniSvnelovani Tanxebi dasWirda Cernobilis katastrofis Sedegebis lik-
vidacias;
9 biujets mZime dartyma miayena antialkoholurma kampaniam. 1985 wels aqe-
dan biujetma ver miiRo 60 miliardi rubli, 1986 wels — 38 miliardi, 1987
wels — 35 miliardi, 1988 wels — 40 miliardi.
Sedegad sabWoTa kavSiris biujeti deficituri gaxda. 1985 wels sabiujeto
xarjebma Semosavals 7,8 miliardi dolariT gadaaWarba, 1986 wels — 14,3 miliardi
dolariT, xolo 1987 wels — 13,8 miliardi dolariT. sabiujeto `xvrelebis~ da-
saZlevad sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda, gaeyida Tavisi oqros maragis nawili
da aeRo evropuli kreditebi.
imis gamo, rom qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyveta ver
xerxdeboda Zveli administraciuli meTodebis meSveobiT, sabWoTa xelmZRvane-
loba iZulebuli gaxda, Seecvala Tavisi ekonomikuri politika. 1987 wlis ivnisSi
skkp centraluri komitetis plenumze miiRes ekonomikuri programa, romelic Se-
muSavebuli iyo akademikosebis l. abalkinis, a. aganbegianis da sxvaTa mier. prog-
rama miznad isaxavda gegmuri ekonomikis regulirebis ekonomikur formebze ga-
dasvlas. es niSnavda sawarmoebisTvis farTo uflebebis micemas (sruli sameur-
neo angariSi , individualuri SromiTi saqmianobis daSvebasa da sasoflo-same-
urneo sawarmoebis mravali formis (kolmeurneoba, sabWoTa meurneoba, ijara,
fermeruli meurneoba waxalisebas.
gorbaCovisa da misi momxreebis azriT, mxolod ekonomikurad Tavisufali
subieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo politikurad damoukidebeli, amitom 1987-1988
wlebSi cdilobdnen socializmi SeerTebinaT ara marto demokratiasTan, aramed
bazarTan. sabazro reformebi ekonomikis liberalizacias niSnavda da sakmaod
mravalferovani iyo, magram maT ver SeZles Svidi aTwleulis manZilze Seqmnili
mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikis safuZvlebis Seryeva. am ekonomikas
iZulebiTi nacionalizacia da koleqtivizacia edo safuZvlad. am xnis ganmavlo-
baSi Tavad adamianebi gadaeCvivnen damoukidebel da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT
muSaobas. es adamianebi SeeCvivnen, rom yvelaferi saxelmwifosi da kolmeurneo-
bis iyo, anu aravisi ar iyo. amitom kanonebi individualuri SromiTi saqmianobis,
ijaris, kooperaciis Sesaxeb did Sedegebs ar iZleoda da ekonomikaSi krizisul
movlenebze gavlenas ar axdenda.
sabazro reformebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo kanoni saxelmwifo sawar-
mos (gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, romelic 1988 w. 1 ianvridan Sevida ZalaSi. saxelmwifo
sawarmoebs meti Tavisufleba eZleodaT. zegegmiTi produqcia maT Tavad SeiZle-
ba gaeyidaT da fasic Tavad ganesazRvraT, sawarmoebs SeeZloT ganesazRvraT mo-
muSaveTa raodenoba da maTi xelfasi, xolo koleqtivs SeeZlo administraciis
arCeva. varaudobdnen, rom 1988 wels am kanonis mixedviT imuSavebda sawarmoebis
50%, 1989 w. ki — yvela sawarmo, magram maleve gairkva, rom kanoni ver muSaobda,
ubralod, qveyanaSi ar iyo pirobebi kanonSi Cadebuli uflebebis realizebisaT-
vis, Tavad ver iSovidnen nedleuls da ar iyo nametad warmoebuli produqciis

ɉɢɯɨɹ ɊȽ ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɥɫɹ ɋɋɋɊ" Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜ ɏɏ ɜ Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ 2ɯ ɬɬ ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ ɪɟɞ Ƚɇ
ɋɟɜɨɫɬɶɹɧɨɜɚ Ɍ1 Ɇ 2002 ɋ 133134

realizebis SesaZlebloba. sawarmoebi kvlav cdilobdnen, rac SeiZleba meti sa-
xelmwifo SekveTa mieRoT, radganac am SemTxvevaSi sawarmo saxelmwifosgan Rebu-
lobda nedleuls, da aseve cdilobdnen gamoeSvaT ZviradRirebuli saqoneli. ia-
fi saqoneli daxlebidan gaqra, mogebas sawarmoebi mxolod xelfasis gasazrde-
lad iyenebdnen.
mravlad Seiqmna kooperativebi, romlebic saxelmwifo sawarmoSi farTs
ijariT iRebdnen. kooperativebSi didi wili direqtorebs hqondaT. maTi saqmia-
nobis safuZveli ki iafi saxelmwifo nedleulis gamoyeneba da warmoebuli pro-
duqciis Zvirad gayidva iyo. ijaris efeqturoba mcire aRmoCnda. 1991 wlisaTvis
ijariT gacemuli iyo miwis mxolod 2% da saqonlis 3%, arsebobda mxolod 50
aTasi fermeruli meurneoba, romelTa wili soflis meurneobis produqciis war-
moebaSi mxolod 1% iyo.
ver muSaobda kanonis muxli sawarmos gakotrebis da TanamSromelTa nawilis
ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. umuSevarTa fenis warmoqmnas xels uSlidnen profkav-
Sirebi da arc sazogadoeba uWerda mxars.
1989 wlisaTvis gardaqmnis Tavdapirveli ideebi faqtobrivad amoiwura.
ekonomikuri reformis warumatebloba aRrmavebda qronikul sasursaTo kriziss
da sasaqonlo SimSils. 1989 wels sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo vali 92 miliard
rublamde gaizarda, amas emateboda kreditebis davalianeba, ramac 1988 wels 40,8
miliardi dolari Seadgina. 1988 wels Sewyda sabWoTa ekonomikis zrda da gamoik-
veTa warmoebis Semcirebis tendencia: Semcirda navTobisa da qvanaxSiris mopove-
ba, liTonis gamodnoba, kvebis produqtebis warmoeba. 1989-1990 wlebSi mosaxleo-
bis xelSi iyo 100 miliardi rubli, romliTac moqalaqeebs 1101 yoveldRiuri
moxmarebis saqonlidan Tavisuflad SeiZleba SeeZinaT mxolod 56. pirvelad
omisSemdgom periodSi SemoRebul iqna talonebi.
m. gorbaCovi cdilobda krizisis Caqrobas da liderobis SenarCunebas Tavi-
si mTavari siaxliT — demokratizaciiT, magram demokratizacia swrafad ikrefda
Zalas da Rebulobda iseT formebs, rac gorbaCovis `gardaqmnis~ farglebs scil-
deboda. gorbaCovi Seecada Zalis gamoyenebiT SeeCerebina misTvis àrasasurve-
li~ procesebi. amis yvelaze mkafio gamovlineba iyo 1989 wlis 9 aprils mSvidobi-
ani mitingis darbeva TbilisSi da 1991 wlis ianvarSi damoukideblobis momxreTa
winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba litvaSi.

45.5. `sajaroobis~ Sedegebi
`sajarooba~ masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi swrafad gamovida `kriti-

kisa da TviTkritikis~ Tavdapirveli sazRvrebidan. 1987 wlis ianvarSi gorbaCov-
ma ganacxada: `sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi ar unda iyos kritikisTvis daxuruli zone-
bi~. presaSi, radiosa da televiziaSi daiwyo mwvave diskusiebi sxvadasxva sakiT-
xze. oqtombris revoluciis 70-e wlisTavis moaxloeba ki sababi gaxda warsulis
`TeTri laqebis~ waSlis, represiebisa da teroris gaxsenebisTvis. 1990 w. 12 ivniss
gauqmda partiuli cenzura da saxelmwifo monopolia masobrivi informaciis sa-
Sualebebze.
gamococxlda literatura da xelovneba. uaRresad popularuli gaxda mixe-
il Satrovis piesa `brestis zavi~, anatoli ribakovis romani àrbatis Svilebi~ da
gansakuTrebiT Tengiz abulaZis filmi `monanieba~. masStaburi xdeba stalinis pe-

ɒɭɛɢɧ Ⱥȼ Ɉɬ ©ɡɚɫɬɨɹ~ ɤɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ 19771985 ɝɝ Ɇ 2001 ɋ 623±624

riodis saSinelebaTa mxileba. Sedegad bevri mivida daskvnamde, rom saWiroa ara
komunisturi reJimis `gadakeTeba~ da misTvis àdamianuri saxis~ micemis mcdelo-
ba, rasac qadagebda gorbaCovi, aramed misi sruli likvidacia.
sajaroobas mohyva sxvadasxva gaerTianebis Seqmna. yvelaze cnobili gaxda
`saxalxo frontebi~, romlebic pirvelad baltiis respublikebSi Seiqmna da Sem-
deg sxva respublikebSic gavrcelda.

45.6. nina andreevas gamosvla
sajaroobasa da demokratizacias komunisturi partiuli biurokratiis

kontrSeteva mohyva. misi mwvervali 1988 wlis mart-aprilSi iyo. martSi gazeTma
`sovetskaia rosiam~ gamoaqveyna leningradis erT-erTi institutis maswavleb-
lis nina andreevas werili àr SemiZlia principebs vuRalato~. nina andreeva
gmobda gardaqmnas klasobrivi midgomis principze uaris Tqmis gamo, akritikebda
`socializmis gaumjobesebis~ politikas da es miaCnda ucxo ideologiis daner-
gvis mcdelobad. andreeva aseve icavda stalins da mis politikas.
andreevas statia daibeWda maSin, rodesac gorbaCovi sazRvargareT imyofe-
boda. `sovetskaia rosia~ skkp centraluri komitetis mTavari organo iyo. statia
mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi gadabeWda aTobiT partiulma gazeTma. gavrcelda versia,
rom zeda partiul eSelonSi egor ligaCovis xelmZRvanelobiT momzadda SeTqmu-
leba gorbaCovis winaaRmdeg.
gardaqmnis momxreebi SokSi iyvnen, veravin gabeda andreevas statiis winaaR-
mdeg Riad galaSqreba. `dumili~ sami kvira grZeldeboda. 1988 wlis 23 da 24 marts
skkp ck politbiurom ganixila nina andreevas werili, romelic mixeil gorbaCov-
ma mkacrad gaakritika. 5 aprils yvelaze mTavarma partiulma gazeTma `pravdam~
upasuxa nina andreevas statiiT: `gardaqmnis principebi: azrovnebisa da moqmede-
bis revoluciuroba~. statia xelmouwereli iyo da, Sesabamisad, gamoxatavda
skkp centraluri komitetis oficialur Tvalsazriss. masSi andreevas werili ga-
mocxadebuli iyo `gardaqmnis mowinaaRmdege Zalebis manifestad~. `pravdaSi~ ga-
moqveynebuli statiis stilis da paTosis mixedviT yvelasTvis cxadi iyo, rom mi-
si avtori gardaqmnis ideologi aleqsandre iakovlevi iyo. amis Semdeg weliwad-
naxevris ganmavlobaSi komunisturi partiis orTodoqsi wevrebi ver bedavdnen
gardaqmnis winaaRmdeg Riad gamosvlas.

Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɚ ɇ. Ⱥ. ɇɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ± ©ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹª 1988 ɝ 13 ɦɚɪɬɚ ɫ3

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ± ©ɉɪɚɜɞɚª 1988 ɝ 5 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ

nina andreeva (1938-2020 — specialobiT qimikosi, aswavlida
leningradis teqnologiur institutSi (1972-1988 . misi 1988 w.
13 marts gamoqveynebuli werili gamocxadda `gardaqmnis mowi-
naaRmdege Zalebis manifestad~. SemdgomSi mis gamosvlas `mini
putCic~ uwodes, nina andreevas Sesaxeb ki aRniSnavdnen, — `qali,
romelmac gardaqmna SeaCera~, `reaqciis simbolo~.
1991 w. gaxda `bolSevikebis sakavSiro komunisturi partiis~
lideri da generaluri mdivnis postze rCeboda gardacvalebam-
de. partia miznad isaxavs lenin-stalinis mier Semnili `revo-
luciuri bolSevizmis~ aRorZinebas.

45.7. boris elcinis popularobis zrda
skkp centraluri komitetis 1987 w. oqtombris plenumze partiis xelmZRva-

nelobaSi daiwyo radikaluri fraqciis Camoyalibeba — skkp moskovis partiuli
organizaciis pirveli mdivani boris elcini gamovida qveyanaSi reformebis ara-
Tanmimdevruli da neli gatarebis kritikiT. elcini gorbaCovis dawinaurebuli
iyo — sverdlovskis saolqo komitetis mdivnis postidan gadaiyvana moskovSi da
maleve, 1985 w. 23 dekembers daniSna moskovis partiuli organizaciis xelmZRvane-
lad viqtor griSinis (1914-1992 nacvlad.
aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisTanave elcinma daiwyo moskovSi partiu-
li da saxelmwifo aparatis wmenda. sazogadoebis ganaxleba mas, pirvel rigSi, ko-
rufciis winaaRmdeg brZolad esaxeboda. moskovis 33 raikomis mdivnidan 23 Tanam-
debobidan gaaTavisufla, sxvadasxxva danaSaulisTvis daapatimres savaWro sfe-
ros 800-ze meti TanamSromeli, piradad amowmebda maRaziebsa da sawyobebs, dadi-
oda sazogadoebrivi transportiT.
elcinma farTo sazogadoebis yuradReba miiqcia skkp ;;9,, yrilobaze Tavi-
si gabeduli gamosvliT, rodesac dagmo partiuli organoebis Careva sameurneo
sakiTxebSi, Seexo nomenklaturis privilegiebs da moiTxova umaRlesi Tanamdebo-
bis pirebis pasuxismgeblobis gazrda. 1987 wlis 21 oqtombers skkp centraluri
komitetis plenumze elcinma mkveTrad gaakritika partiis xelmZRvaneloba — po-
litbiuros zogierTi wevris, kerZod egor ligaCovis muSaobis stili, gardaqmnis
neli tempi, mixeil gorbaCovis `pirovnebis kultis~ Camoyalibebac axsena. sapasu-
xod mkacrad gaakritikes, plenumma elcinis gamosvlas `politikurad mcdari~
uwoda. elcinma nawilobriv ukan daixia da zogierTi mis mier gakeTebuli Sefase-
bisTvis bodiSic moixada, magram ar apaties da 1987 wlis 11 noembers moskovis sa-
qalaqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis postidan gaaTavisufles, momdevno wlis 18
Tebervals ki skkp centraluri komitetis politbiuros wevrobis kandidatobi-
danac gaaTavisufles.
1988 wlis zafxulSi elcini kareliis partiuli organizaciidan airCies ;,;
sakavSiro konferenciis delegatad. 1 ivliss elcinma Tavis gamosvlaSi kvlav mo-
iTxova egor ligaCovis politbiurodan gamoyvana, gaakritika partiuli elitis
privilegiebi, amtkicebda, rom ùZraobaSi~ damnaSave iyo ara marto breJnevi, ara-
med mTeli politbiuro, rogorc `koleqtiuri organo~, aseve iTxova skkp ck oq-
tombris plenumis gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, romelmac misi gamosvla Secdomad
miiCnia. Tumca, elcinisa da komunisturi nomenklaturis gzebi ukve gayofili
iyo,

elcins SeeZlo xalxTan ubralo da gasagebi eniT laparaki da man swrafad
moipova didi popularoba. 1990 w. moskovSi xalxi gamodioda plakatebiT èlcini
da xalxi erTiania!~
elcinma SeZlo komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg mzardi saxalxo ukmayofi-
lebis talRas saTaveSi mohqceoda da lideroba SeenarCunebina maSin, rodesac
amave talRam waleka misi mTavari metoqe da gardaqmnis arqiteqtori mixeil gor-
baCovi.

boris elcini (1931-2007 daibada uralis olqSi,
gankulakebuli glexis ojaxSi. 1934-1936 wlebSi mama-
misi nikolai dapatimrebuli iyo antisabWoTa agita-
ciis braldebiT. 1949-1955 wlebSi swavlobda uralis
politeqnikur institutSi inJiner-mSeneblis specia-
lobiT, ramdenime weli muSaobda specialobis Sesaba-
misad. 1961 wels Sevida komunistur partiaSi. 1968 w.
gadaiyvanes partiul samuSaoze sverdlovskis saolqo
komitetSi, 1976 w. airCies skkp sverdlovskis saolqo
komitetis pirvel mdivnad. 1981 w. skkp ;;9, yriloba-
ze airCies skkp ck wevrad. 1985 w. dekemberSi dainiSna
skkp moskovis saqalaqo komitetis mdivnad. skkp ;;9,,
yrilobaze airCies skkp ck politbiuros wevrobis kan-
didatad da am Tanamdebobaze rCeboda 1988 wlis 18 Te-
bervlamde, rodesac is gaaTavisufles am Tanamdebo-
bidan.
elcini niWieri populisti aRmoCnda. 1987 wlis-
Tvis man dainaxa, rom partiuli nomenklatura xeli-
suflebas kargavda da xelisufleba imas darCeboda,
vinc revoluciuri xalxis simpaTias moipovebda.
xalxs ki, pirvel rigSi, undoda komunisturi tyuile-
bisa da qveynis simdidris usamarTlo ganawilebisTvis
bolos moReba. xalxs uaRresad aRizianebda nomenkla-
turis Ria da faruli privilegiebi.
1991 w. 12 ivniss elcini airCies rsfsr pirvel
prezidentad, 1996 w. zafxulSi elcini meore vadiT
gaxda prezidenti, Tumca 1999 w. 31 dekembers posti-
dan gadadga da prezidentis movaleobis droebiTi
Semsrulebeli gaxda mTavrobis Tavmjdomare vladi-
mir putini, romelic prezidenti gaxda 2000 w. martis
vadamdel saprezidento arCevnebze.
elcini gardaicvala 2007 wlis 23 aprils, dak-
rZales moskovSi novodeviCis sasaflaoze.

Tavi ;/9,
axali politikuri azrovneba sagareo politikaSi

46.1. axali sagareo-politikuri kursis dasabuTeba
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave mixeil gorbaCovi Sidapolitikuri gardaq-

mnis zomebis SemuSavebasTan erTad Seudga axali sagareo-politikuri kursis da-
sabuTebas. saqme exeboda sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politikis adrindeli ideo-
logiuri safuZvlebis revizias. misi arsi mdgomareobda arakomunistur qveyneb-
Tan srulmasStabiani mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis damyarebaSi, `civi omis~ gayinvi-
sa da damTavrebis miRwevaSic ki. gorbaCovs esmoda, rom masStaburi Sidapoliti-
kuri gardaqmnebi ganuxorcielebeli iyo udidesi saxsrebis gamoTavisuflebis
gareSe, rac samxedro sferoSi ixarjeboda. sabWoTa kavSirSi `meti socializmis~
Seqmna SeuZlebeli iyo gamalebuli SeiaraRebis Sewyvetis gareSe, miT umetes, rom
navTobze fasebis Semcirebam sabWoTa kavSiris savaluto Semosavlebi 23-iT Seam-
cira.
sabWoTa kavSirma gorbaCovamde 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi samxedro miznebisTvis
daxarja 700 miliardi rubli, omi avRaneTSi 60 miliardi daujda, xolo socia-
listuri qveynebis mxardaWeras weliwadSi 50 miliardi rubli sWirdeboda.
gorbaCovis sagareo-politikuri Canafiqris seriozulobaze metyvelebda
radikaluri sakadro cvlilebebi. sagareo saqmeTa ministri andrei gromiko,
romlis metsaxeli dasavleTSi iyo `mister ara~, Seicvala pragmatulad moazrov-
ne eduard SevardnaZiT, axali sagareo-politikuri kursis ideologiuri dasabu-
Teba ki daevala aleqsandre iakovlevs.
gorbaCovis sagareo politika uaRresad Tanmimdevruli iyo da mas didi po-
pularoba moutana msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis qveynebSi. bolSeviki
liderebidan gorbaCovi pirveli iyo, romelmac ara mxolod sityviT, aramed saq-
miTac uari Tqva msoflio socialisturi saxelmwifos fundamentur komunistur
principze, sagareo politikaSi agresiul leninur-stalinur memkvidreobaze.
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gorbaCovma calmxrivi moratoriumi gamoac-
xada miwisqveSa birTvul afeTqebaze (SenarCunda 1986 w. bolomde , xolo 1986 w. 15
ianvars iniciativiT gamovida, 2000 wlisaTvis mTel msoflioSi moespoT birTvu-
li SeiaraReba.
1985 w. noemberSi reiganTan pirveli Sexvedris dros gorbaCovma mzadyofna
gamoTqva, wasuliyo SeTanxmebebsa da radikalur daTmobebze. mas kargad esmoda,
rom gamalebuli SeiaraRebis gagrZeleba daangrevda sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomi-
kas.

;;9,, partiuli yrilobis dokumentebSi gamoCnda termini
àxali azrovneba~. is, pirvel rigSi, gamoiyeneboda sagareo po-
litikasTan dakavSirebiT da gulisxmobda stalinis droidan
momdinare `civ omSi~ dapirispirebis ideologiur memkvidreo-
bas. xruSCovis `mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ Tezisis gaRrmavebi-
sas gorbaCovi aRniSnavda, rom birTvul epoqaSi usafrTxoeba
ganuyofelia da mTlianad uaryofda stalin-Jdanovis Teziss
òri banakis~ dapirispirebis Sesaxeb.

axali politikuri azrovnebis ideebi gorbaCovamdec arsebobda. kacobrio-

bisTvis birTvuli iaraRis katastrofuli Sedegebis Sesaxeb 1950-iani wlebis Sua-
xanebSi ganacxades albert ainStainma da bertran raselma. 1957 w. saerTaSoriso
konferencia moiwvies rasel-ainStainis manifestis gansaxilvelad. amiT daiwyo
mecnierTa paguoSis moZraoba. misi ZiriTadi mizani iyo birTvuli omis Tavidan
acileba da gamalebuli SeiaraRebis SeCereba. gorbaCovma es ideebi isesxa, ganavi-
Tara da daasabuTa, amasTan, safuZvlad daudo sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo politi-
kas. amitom bevrisTvis àxali politikuri azrovnebis~ avtorad swored gorbaCo-
vi warmodgeboda.
terminma àxali azrovneba~ gaaRiziana bevri komunisturi partiis xel-
mZRvanelobaSi, magram gorbaCovs Ria opoziciaSi aravin Casdgomia. termins mainc
aRiqvamdnen `mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis~ propagandistul ritorikad da aravin
fiqrobda, rom àxali azrovnebis~ droSiT moxdeboda komunisturi ideologiis
demontaJi sabWoTa kavSirSi.
1987 w. 17 seqtembers gorbaCovma gazeT `pravdaSi~ moaTavsa Teoriuli sta-
tia, romelSic asabuTebda Tavis praqtikul moqmedebas: sagareo politikaSi
`klasobriv interesebze~ uaris Tqmas, `zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis~ pirve-
lobas, àxali azrovnebisken~ mowodebas. gorbaCovi mouwodebda, SeegnoT msof-
lios erTianoba, yvela qveynisa da xalxis urTierTkavSiri. aseTi sityvebi araso-
des warmoTqmula komunisti mmarTvelebis mxridan.
1987 w. gamovida gorbaCovis wigni `gardaqmna da axali azrovneba Cveni qvey-
nisa da mTeli msofliosaTvis~. gorbaCovi axal azrovnebas sTavazobda mTel
msoflios. am wignis gamosvlis Semdeg damkvidrda cneba àxali politikuri az-
rovneba~.
axali politikuri azrovnebis safuZvelze moxda sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo
politikis ideologiuri safuZvlebis revizia, mas safuZvlad ukve edeboda ori
debuleba:
1.zogadsakacobrio faseulobebis prioritetebi klasobrivze. klasobriv
konfrontacias, rac mTavari iyo marqsizmSi, gauCnda obieqturi sazRvari — yve-
lafris mospoba. sagareo politikas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda `zogadsakacob-
rio moralur-eTikuri normebi~.
2.sagareo politikis deideologizacia. Tumca, rogorc dRes aRniSnaven, sa-
gareo politikis deideologizacia SeuZlebelia. gorbaCovi axali politikuri
azrovnebiT sagareo politikisTvis axali ideologiuri safuZvlis Seqmnas cdi-
lobda.
zogadsakacobrio interesebis klasobrivze prioritetis dasabuTebisas
gorbaCovi leninTan apelirebda, Tumca lenini revolucioneri iyo da misTvis
klasobrivi brZola iyo mTavari, fiqrobda ara zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebze,

aramed msoflio revoluciaze. mas uari ar uTqvams klasobriv midgomaze, gorba-
Covma ki klasobrivi midgoma, ubralod, uaryo.
àxalma azrovnebam~ xeli Seuwyo dasavleTSi ndobis zrdas sabWoTa kavSiris
axali xelmZRvanelobisadmi. sabWoTa kavSirisTvis tradiciuli sagareo politi-
kis prioritetebis agresiul-ideologiur gansazRvras, rac emyareboda Seurige-
beli klasobrivi brZolis dogmas, daupirispirda zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebe-
bisa da interesebis primati. zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebidan umTavresad iqna
miCneuli (rac sruliad ucxo iyo komunisturi ideologiisaTvis da, miT umetes,
praqtikisaTvis Tavad adamianis sicocxle, TiToeuli adamianisa da mTlianad ka-
cobriobis bedniereba. amis gulisTvis qveynebma da xalxebma unda daZlion kla-
sobrivi, erovnuli da saxelmwifo uTanxmoebebi, unda gaerTiandnen iseTi globa-
luri problemebis gadasawyvetad, rogoricaa ganiaraReba, garemos dacva, SimSi-
lis daZleva, siRaribesTan, avadmyofobasTan da sxva ubedurebebTan brZola.
amerikelebis SefasebiT, maT gardaqmna ar sWirdebodaT. sabWoTa kavSiri
gardaqmniT midioda liberaluri faseulobebisaken, rac dasavleTSi isedac iyo.
saerTaSoriso arenaze ki dasavleTi sabWoTa kavSiris Sekavebas cdilobda da
swored gorbaCovs unda gaetarebina samSvidobo politika. dRes ruseTSi xazgas-
miT aRniSnaven: axali politikuri azrovneba ar miiRo dasavleTma, gorbaCovma ki
1988-1991 wlebSi idealisturi da utopiuri principebi daudo sabWoTa kavSiris
sagareo politikas safuZvlad.
axali politikuri azrovneba praqtikaSi sabWoTa kavSiris strategiul
ukandaxevas niSnavda. amerikeli politikosebisTvis es iyo `komunizmis ukandaxe-
va~.
1988 w. dekemberSi gorbaCovi gamovida gaeros generalur asambleaze da ga-
nacxada, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba gamar-
Tlebuli iqnes aranairi interesebiT. am gancxadebas gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-
biT Sexvdnen aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi — zogs isev eeWveboda, rom gorbaCovi
ar gayveboda mis mier deklarirebul principebs, Tuki vinme moindomebda komu-
nisturi blokidan gasvlas.

axali politikuri azrovneba niSnavda:
1. msoflios urTierTkavSiris da erTianobis aRiarebas, rac niSnavda, rom
saerTaSoriso problemebis Zalismieri gadawyveta SeuZlebeli iyo, konfliqtebi
mSvidobianad unda gadawyvetiliyo;
2. zogadsakacobrio interesebis upiratesobas klasobriv da erovnul inte-
resebze globaluri problemebis gadawyvetis dros;
3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis deideologizacias. mSvidobiani Tanaarse-
boba aRar ganixileboda klasobrivi brZolis specifikur formad. ideologiuri
sxvaoba TanamSromlobas ar unda aferxebdes;
4. yovel ers ufleba aqvs Tavad gadawyvitos sakuTari bedi. uari iTqva pro-
letarul da socialistur internacionalizmze;
5. `saerTo-evropuli saxlis~ debulebas.

46.2. àxali politikuri azrovneba~ moqmedebaSi
àxali politikuri azrovnebis~ praqtikul realizebaSi centraluri adgi-

li daikava sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS urTierTobam. xelisuflebaSi yofnis 6 wlis
manZilze gorbaCovsa da aSS prezidentebTan — jer reiganTan, Semdeg jorj buSi-
ufrosTan Sedga ramdenime oficialuri molaparakeba da Sexvedra, romlis dro-
sac miRweul iqna adre warmoudgeneli SeTanxmebebi.
ukve 1985 w. aprilSi gorbaCovma gamoacxada calmxrivi moratoriumi saSua-
lo radiusis sabWoTa raketebis (ɋɋ-20 evropaSi ganlagebaze. es gadawyvetileba
momzadebuli hqonda wina xelisuflebas, magram politikur nebas moiTxovda
cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. gauqmda axali saSualo radiusis sabWoTa raketis
(©ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶª gamocda da Semdgomi damuSaveba.
1985 w. noemberSi gorbaCovi reigans Sexvda JenevaSi, 1986 w. oqtomberSi — re-
ikiavikSi da 1987 w. dekemberSi — vaSingtonSi. isini SeTanxmdnen saSualo radiusis
raketebis ormxriv likvidaciaze. gadawyda saSualo (1000-dan 5500 km da naklebi
(500-dan 1000 km-mde radiusis raketebis likvidacia amerikuli `nulovani radiu-
sis~ safuZvelze. amerikelTa am gegmas gorbaCovamdeli sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebi
kategoriulad uaryofdnen. saboloo xelSekrulebas xeli moewera vaSingtonSi
1987 w. 8 dekembers da ZalaSi Sevida 1988 w. 1 ivliss. Sedegad aSS gaanadgura 247
`perSing-2~, sabWoTa kavSirma ki — `pioneris~ tipis 660 raketa.
1989 w. ianvarSi buSi gaxda aSS prezidenti. Tavidan is frTxilad uyurebda
gorbaCovis reformebs, Tumca aRmosavleT evropis swrafma demokratizaciam da-
arwmuna, rom gorbaCovi Zalis gamoyenebas ar apirebda.
1989 w. 2-3 dekembers gorbaCovi da buSi maltaze Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. gorba-
Covma daadastura, rom germaniis demokratiuli respublikis beds da òri germa-
niis~ momavali mowyobis sakiTxs gadawyvetda Tavad germaneli xalxi. buSma da gor-
baCovma moilaparakes, rom baltiis respublikebSi, sadac Zlierdeboda moZraoba
sabWoTa kavSiridan gamosayofad, ar daiRvreboda sisxli. buSi gansakuTrebiT da-
interesebuli iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSirs `revoluciis eqsporti~ Seewyvita laTi-
nur amerikaSi, kerZod, Seewyvita kastros reJimis daxmareba kubaSi. Tumca amaze ma-
Sin gorbaCovi ar daTanxmda. Sexvedris Semdeg prezidentma da generalurma mdivan-
ma presas ganucxades, rom `civi omi~ damarxes xmelTaSua zRvis wyalSi~.
1991 w. 31 ivliss gorbaCovma da aSS prezidentma buSma xeli moaweres SeTan-
xmebas strategiuli SeteviTi iaraRis 50%-iani Semcirebis Sesaxeb. xelSekruleba
iTvaliswinebda àdgilebze~ ormxriv kontrols strategiuli iaraRis likvida-
ciasa da warmoebaze. ganadgurda umTavresad moZvelebuli raketebi, uaxlesi
sabWoTa raketebi `topoli~ SenarCunda. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba daTanxmda ase-
ve mxedvelobaSi ar mieRoT aSS-is mokavSireebis — didi britaneTisa da safrange-
Tis birTvuli Zalebi. gamalebuli birTvuli SeiaraReba, romelic TiTqmis naxe-
vari saukune mimdinareobda, gorbaCovma mTlianad Sewyvita.

46.3. avRaneTSi omis damTavreba
gorbaCovs mZime memkvidreobad avRaneTSi omic ergo. 1985 wels, rodesac

gorbaCovi xelisuflebaSi movida, avRaneTSi yoveldRiurad 10 sabWoTa jariska-
ci iRupeboda. 1985 wels saomari moqmedebebi sul ufro mkacr xasiaTs iRebda. ax-
ladarCeuli generaluri mdivani ki Tavidan acxadebda, rom `Zmebs gaWirvebaSi
ver datovebda~. rigi mrCevlebi, pirvel rigSi, g. arbatovi, cdilobdnen, gorba-

Covi daerwmunebinaT avRaneTis omis uperspeqtivobaSi da mizansac miaRwies. 1985
w. 10 oqtombers avRaneTis xelmZRvaneli babrak karmali saidumlod gamoiZaxes
moskovSi da gorbaCovma is gaafrTxila, rom 1986 w. zafxulidan sabWoTa jarebi
datovebdnen avRaneTs. gorbaCovma karmals aseve urCia, rom uari eTqva socia-
lizmis mSeneblobaze, dayrdnoboda islams da tradiciul zneobriv Rirebule-
bebs, gaefarToebina reJimis socialuri baza da saerTo ena gamoenaxa mis winaaR-
mdeg mebrZoli razmebis xelmZRvanelebTanac. 1986 w. maisSi kamrali najibulaTi
Secvales. is ufro qmedunariani xelmZRvaneli iyo, magram yvelasTvis cxadi iyo,
rom avRaneTSi arsebuli prosabWoTa reJimi sabWoTa samxedro kontingentis ga-
reSe ver gadarCeboda.
1988 w. 14 aprils JenevaSi avRaneTis, pakistanis, aSS-isa da sabWoTa kavSiris
sagareo saqmeTa ministrebma xeli moaweres avRaneTidan sabWoTa jarebis gayva-
nas. 1988 w. maisidan dawyebuli, sabWoTa jari sam etapad, 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi unda
gasuliyo. avRaneTis armias gadaeca sabWoTa samxedro kontingentis mTeli in-
frastruqtura.
1989 w. ianvrisaTvis najibulas mTavroba avRaneTis teritoriis mxolod
18%-s akontrolebda. mis armiaSi 150 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri iyo, mis opozi-
cias ki 176 aTasi mebrZoli hyavda, aqedan 85 aTasi mudmivad ibrZoda. 1989 w. 15 Te-
bervals avRaneTis teritoria mTlianad datoves sabWoTa jarebma. ukanasknelma
avRaneTis teritoria datova me-40 armiis sardalma boris gromovma.
avRaneTSi omi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sabWoTa kavSirisTvis katastro-
fuli Sedegebis momtani iyo. samxedro TvalsazrisiT ki avRaneTSi sabWoTa kav-
Sirs gamarjveba ar SeeZlo, magram verc avRaneli mujaxedebi daamarcxebdnen ze-
saxelmwifos. sabWoTa armiam moklulTa saxiT dakarga 14.597 adamiani, daiWra
53.700. sul avRaneTSi saomar moqmedebebSi sxvadasxva dros monawileoba miiRo
620 aTasma adamianma.
sabWoTa jarebis gasvlis Semdeg najibulas reJimma kidev sam wels iarseba,
radganac iaraRs Rebulobda sabWoTa kavSirisgan da daemxo 1992 w. aprilSi, sab-
WoTa kavSiris daSlidan 4 Tvis Semdeg, radganac veRar Rebulobda daxmarebas.
1996 w. seqtemberSi Talibanma najibula CamoaxrCo, Tumca Sida omi avRaneTSi ar
damTavrebula.

`breJnevis doqtrina~ àxali politikuri azrovneba~
bipolarul msoflioSi ori sistemis uaris Tqma msoflios or banakad gayofis
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis SesaZleb- debulebaze; msoflios mTlianobisa da
loba. ganuyoflobis aRiareba.
samxedro paritetis miRweva. birTvu- ganiaraReba, politikuri miznebis miRwe-
li iaraRis sapasuxod gamoyenebis Se- va SeuZlebelia birTvuli iaraRis gamo-
saZlebloba. yenebiT.
Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba kon- uaris Tqma konfliqtebis Zaladobrivi
fliqtebis gadawyvetis dros. meTodebiT gadawyvetaze.
im qveynebis mxardaWera (finansuri proletaruli internacionalizmis prin-
da samxedro , romlebic socialis- cipis uaryofa.
turi ganviTarebis gzas daadgnen.

Tavi ;/9,,
sabWoTa kavSiris krizisi da daSla
47.1. mravalpartiulobis daSveba da ekonomikuri reformis dilema
1989 wlis meore naxevridan demokratiuli opoziciis mTavari moTxovna gax-

da sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis me-6 muxlis gauqmeba, romelic komunisturi
partiis totalur mmarTvelobas amkvidrebda. 1990 wlis 4 Tebervals moskovSi
gaimarTa 150-aTasiani, 25 Tebervals ki daaxloebiT 250-aTaskaciani mitingi. am
moTxovniT gamodioda komunistebis nawilic boris elcinis xelmZRvanelobiT.
maT Seqmnes `demokratiuli platforma~ komunistur partiaSi. gorbaCovi Tavi-
dan winaaRmdegi iyo, magram Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmebuliyo, Tan ime-
dovnebda, rom sanacvlod demokratebi mxars dauWerdnen mis arCevas sabWoTa kav-
Siris prezidentad.
1990 w. martSi sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatebis me-3 yrilobam didi
debatebis Semdeg mxari dauWira sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciidan me-6 muxlis
amoRebas. Sesabamis kanons xeli moewera 1990 w. 14 marts. am muxlis gauqmebam faq-
tobrivad welSi gatexa komunisturi diqtatura. oficialurad gza gaexsna mra-
valpartiulobas, gaCnda moTxovna erTmaneTisgan gamijnuliyo skkp centraluri
komitetis generaluri mdivnisa da saxelmwifo meTauris funqciebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentis posti konstituciaSi gorbaCovis iniciati-
viT Seitanes, magram gorbaCovs eSinoda sayovelTao saxalxo kenWisyrisa, amitom
sabWoTa kavSiris prezidenti sabWoebis sakavSiro yrilobaze unda aerCiaT. de-
mokratebis nawili elciniT saTaveSi, aseve konservatorebi gorbaCovis prezi-
dentad arCevis winaaRmdegi iyvnen. gorbaCovi mainc airCies, magram man deputate-
bis xmebis 60%-ze naklebi miiRo. prezidentad arCeviT gorbaCovma konstituciu-
rad Tavisi xelisufleba gaifarTova, magram misi popularoba kvlav ecemoda
qveynis ekonomikaSi krizisuli procesebis gamo.
1988-1990 wlebSi ruseTSi da sxva respublikebSic Camoyalibda mravali po-
litikuri partia. totalitarizmis wnexidan ganTavisuflebul sazogadoebaSi
partiebi sokoebiviT izrdebodnen, — dawyebuli monarqistulidan, damTavrebu-
li anarqo-komunistebiT.
rTuli viTareba iyo Tavad komunistur partiaSi. 1990 wlis ivlisSi Catarda
skkp ;;9,,, yriloba, romelic ukanaskneli aRmoCnda mis istoriaSi. yrilobaze
ver SeZles axali programis miReba. kompartiis konservatiulma frTam skkp far-
glebSi Seqmna rsfsr kompartia, Zireuli reformebis momxreebi ki partiidan mi-
diodnen. gardaqmnis dasawyisSi skkp rigebi izrdeboda da 21 milions miaRwia, ax-
la ki daaxloebiT 6 milionma adamianma datova partia.
skkp ;;9,,, yrilobaze gamosvlisas boris elcinma ganacxada, rom partiis
rigiTi wevrebis umravlesoba momavals partiis `demokratiul frTas~ ukavSi-
rebda da winadadeba wamoayena, skkp-sTvis saxeli gadaerqmiaT da daerqmiaT de-
mokratiuli socializmis partia, daeSvaT partiaSi fraqciebis arseboba da gae-
tarebinaT rigi reformebi, rasac demokratiuli platforma moiTxovda. yrilo-
bis umravlesobam es winadadebebi uaryo, ris Semdegac elcinma ganacxada komu-
nisturi partiidan gasvlis Sesaxeb da yriloba datova. mis magaliTs sxvebmac mi-

baZes, maT Soris moskovisa da peterburgis merebma — popovma da sobCakma; partii-
dan gasvlasTan erTad gadavidnen antikomunistur poziciaze.
miuxedavad ganxeTqilebisa, skkp ;;9,,, yrilobam gorbaCovisa da misi gavle-
niani momxreebis — iakovlevisa da SevardnaZis zewolis Sedegad miiRo komuniste-
bisTvis radikaluri gadawyvetilebebi partiisa da saxelmwifos erTmaneTisgan
gamijvnis Sesaxeb, kerZod, nomenklaturis sistemis gauqmebis Taobaze.
uaRresad mwvaved idga ekonomikuri reformis sakiTxi. aucilebeli iyo ga-
dasvla arsebuli saxelmwifo-administraciuli ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomika-
sa da kerZo sakuTrebaze. aseTi gadasvlis gamocdileba ar arsebobda. gorbaCovi
emxroboda sabazro ekonomikaze ètapobriv~ gadasvlas, es unda momxdariyo 6-8
wlis ganmavlobaSi, me-13 xuTwledis dros, romelic aRarc Semdgara. sabazro
ekonomikaze etapobriv gadasvlas bevri ewinaaRmdegeboda. 1988-1990 wlebis ga-
mocdileba aCvenebda, rom fasebis administraciuli dadgenis Tanaarseboba sa-
bazro principebTan mdgomareobas kidev ufro auaresebda.
`demokratiuli ruseTis~ ekonomistebi da politikosebi sabazro ekonomi-
kaze etapobriv gadasvlas ruseTisTvis saSiSad miiCnevdnen. amave dros, demokra-
tiuli banakis politikosebi 1989 wlidan mxars uWerdnen Zireuli reformebis
strategias èrT calke aRebul respublikaSi~, anu ruseTis federaciaSi; amitom
did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen ruseTis federaciis saxalxo deputatTa yrilobis
arCevnebs, ruseTis respublikis prezidentis postis SemoRebasa da am postze bo-
ris elcinis kandidaturis wamoyenebas.
47.2. `suverenitetebis aRlumi~. brZola gorbaCovsa da elcins Soris
demokratizaciisa da sajaroobis pirobebSi rigi mokavSire respublikebi —

baltiis respublikebi, saqarTvelo da moldova iTxovdnen damoukideblobis aR-
dgenas. sabWoTa kavSiris yvela konstituciaSi ewera mokavSire respublikebis
ufleba kavSiridan gasvlis Taobaze. sanam kompartiis monopolia arsebobda, es
ufleba fiqcia iyo, magram demokratizaciisa da mravalpartiulobis daSvebis pi-
robebSi mokavSire respublikebis sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvla realuri gaxda.
gorbaCovs ar undoda sabWoTa kavSiris daSla. is aSinebda respublikebs eko-
nomikuri dezintegraciis SemTxvevaSi mwvave ekonomikuri problemebis warmoSo-
biT, eTnokonfliqtebis gaCaRebiT. miiRes specialuri kanoni mokavSire respub-
likebis `sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis~ Taobaze. es kanoni iseT barierebs qmnida,
rom mas àrgasvlis~ kanoni uwodes. romelime respublikis sabWoTa kavSiridan ga-
sasvlelad referendumi unda Catarebuliyo mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, daeTvalaT,
vali xom ar hqonda respublikas sabWoTa kavSirisa, gadaewyvitaT SesaZlo teri-
toriuli sakiTxebi da a. S.
kremlma im respublikebs, romlebic damoukideblobas eswrafodnen, im res-
publikebSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebi daupirispira da sisxliani kon-
fliqtebic gaaCaRa (afxazebi da osebi saqarTveloSi, dnestrispireTi da gagau-
zebi moldovaSi, interfrontebi baltiis respublikebSi, somxeT-azerbaijanis
konfliqti mTiani yarabaRis gamo .
sabWoTa kavSirs mTavari dartyma ruseTis federaciis umaRlesma sabWom mi-
ayena mas Semdeg, rac boris elcini mis Tavmjdomared airCies. 1990 w. 12 ivniss mii-
Res deklaracia ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo suverenitetis Sesaxeb. amas
mohyva sxva respublikebis `suverenitetis aRlumi~ ± 20 ivniss suvereniteti ga-
moacxada uzbekeTma, 23 ivniss — moldovam, 16 ivliss — ukrainam, 27 ivliss — belo-

rusma. Tumca, suverenitetis gamocxadeba jer kidev ar niSnavda sabWoTa kavSiri-
dan gasvlas. Tumca daiwyo `kanonebis omi~, rodesac `sakavSiro kanonmdeblobas~
upirispirdeboda respublikuri kanonebi.

47.3. `ganaxlebuli sabWoTa kavSiris~ Seqmnis mcdeloba
1990 wlis bolodan gorbaCovi reformatorobas faqtobrivad SeeSva da sab-

WoTa wyobilebisa da sabWoTa kavSiris mTlianobis SenarCunebaze daiwyo zrunva.
gorbaCovi Tavis garSemo Zveli wyobilebis SenarCunebis momxreebs ikrebda. 1990
w. noemberSi man finansTa ministrad reformebis mowinaaRmdege vladimir pavlo-
vi daniSna. sagareo saqmeTa ministri eduard SevardnaZe ki demonstraciulad ga-
dadga, Tan ganacxada, rom modioda `diqtaturisa~ da `faSizmis safrTxe~.
1990 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatebis me-4 yrilobam
miiRo gadawyvetileba federaluri saxelmwifos da misi saxelwodebis — `sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris~ SenarCunebis Taobaze.
1991 wlis ianvarSi jari gaigzavna baltiis respublikebSi, raTa xelisufle-
bidan CamoecilebinaT saxalxo frontebis mTavrobebi. 1991 w 13 ianvris Rames ki
vilniusSi sabWoTa armiis nawilis monawileobiT scades respublikis mTavrobis
damxoba. es warumetebeli aRmoCnda, gorbaCovi ki saswrafod gaemijna Zalismier
aqcias. Tumca litvas ekonomikuri blokada gamoucxada da navTobproduqtebis
miwodeba Seuwyvita.
1991 wlis TebervalSi litvam damoukidebloba gamoacxada. meore qveyana,
vinc es nabiji gadadga, saqarTvelo iyo.
1991 wlis 17 marts gorbaCovma Caatara referen-

dumi `ganaxlebuli~ sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCune-
bis Taobaze.
baltiis respublikebma, saqarTvelom, somxeTma
da moldovam uari Tqves masSi monawileobaze.
danarCen respublikebSi referendumi Catarda
da umravlesobam mxari dauWira sabWoTa kavSi-
ris SenarCunebas.

ruseTis federaciaSi referendums sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis Taobaze

daemata kiTxva respublikis prezidentis postis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. 1991 w. martis
bolos rsfsr deputatTa riggareSe yrilobam elcini prezidentad airCia.
saqarTveloSi 1991 wlis 31 marts Catarda referendumi damoukideblobis
Taobaze da 1991 wlis 9 aprils damoukidebloba gamocxadda. damoukidebloba ga-
moacxada estoneTmac. gorbaCovma respublikebSi Catarebuli damoukideblobis
referendumebi ùkanonod~ gamoacxada.
1991 wlis aprilSi gorbaCovma `sakavSiro~ referendumze dayrdnobiT masSi
monawile 9 respublikasTan daiwyo molaparakeba axali samokavSireo xelSekru-
lebis SesamuSaveblad. ivlisis bolos molaparakebebi damTavrebulad gamoacxa-
da. gorbaCovi iZulebuli gaxda uari eTqva socialisturi arCevanisa da sabWoTa
wyobis xsenebaze. axal kavSirs unda darqmeoda `suverenul saxelmwifoTa kavSi-
ri~, Tumca xelSekrulebis xelmosawerad mzad iyvnen mxolod ruseTi, yazaxeTi
da uzbekeTi. meryeobdnen belorusi da tajikeTi. rac Seexeba ukrainas, Turqme-
neTs, azerbaijans da yirgizeTs, isini gadawyvetilebis miRebas mxolod 1991 wlis

Semodgomaze apirebdnen. xelSekrulebis sazeimo xelmowera igegmeboda 1991
wlis 20 agvistos, yirimidan gorbaCovis dabrunebis Semdeg, sadac is SvebulebaSi
imyofeboda.

47.4. komunisturi revanSis warumatebeli mcdeloba
yirimSi gamgzavrebis win gorbaCovi saidumlod Sexvda boris elcins da ya-

zaxeTis prezidents nursulTan nazarbaevs, SeTanxmdnen, rom 20 agvistos xelSek-
rulebis xelmoweris Semdeg xelisuflebas Camoacilebdnen komunist-konserva-
torebs — premier-ministr vladimir pavlovs, Tavdacvis ministrs dmitri iazovs,
ɄȽȻ-s ufross vladimir kriuCkovs. m. gorbaCovis kabinetSi mosasmeni aparatura
iyo damontaJebuli da saubris Sinaarsi v. kriuCkovisTvis cnobili gaxda.
5 agvistos gorbaCovi yirimSi gaemgzavra, orTodoqsi komunistebi ki gadat-
rialebis mzadebas Seudgnen. isini miznad isaxavdnen reformebis Sewyvetas, sab-
WoTa kavSirisa da kompartiis SenarCunebas, am yovelivesTan erTad ki — xelisuf-
lebaSi sakuTari yofnis gagrZelebas. 18 agvistos SeTqmulebis organizatorebi
yirimSi gorbaCovsac Sexvdnen. gorbaCovs eSinoda xelisuflebis dakargvis, sab-
WoTa kavSiris daSlisa da xelisuflebis elcinis xelSi gadasvlis. gorbaCovi ga-
datrialebis mcdelobas pirdapir ar daTanxmda, Tumca arc uari uTqvams. mrava-
li analitikosi Semdeg miiCnevda, rom SeTqmulebi moqmedebdnen gorbaCovis Tan-
xmobiT, romelic `wesrigis damyarebis~ gzad ukve mxolod diqtaturas xedavda,
magram ar undoda, gareuli yofiliyo SesaZlo sisxlisRvraSi. yirimSi Casul sam-
Tavrobo delegacias gorbaCovma uTxra: `modi, miviRoT sagangebo gadawyvetile-
bebi, sxva zomebi...~. premier-ministri pavlovi Semdeg igonebda, rom `gorbaCovma
airCia Tavisi qcevis Cveuli meTodi — Tqven gaakeTeT, me ki gverdiT gavdgebi da
movicdi~. amis Semdeg gorbaCovis uaxloesma garemocvam — sabWoTa kavSiris im-
droindelma xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita emoqmeda.
gadatrialeba, romelmac maSinve miiRo `putCis~ saxeli, 19 agvistos daiwyo
da sami dRe gagrZelda. 19 agvistos RamiT ɄȽȻ-m gorbaCovis izolireba moaxdina
forosSi, diliT ki `gkCp~-m moskovis centrSi jari Seiyvana. 19 agvistos televi-
zia yvela arxze gadascemda `gedebis tbas~, esec sabWoTa periodSi gamocdili me-
Todi iyo, — Cveulebriv klasikur musikas televiziiT gadascemdnen xolme maSin,
rodesac qveynis lideri kvdeboda. 19 agvistos diliT gamocxadda, rom gorba-
Covs `janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo~ aRar SeeZlo prezidentis movaleobis
Sesruleba da misi uflebamosileba gadadioda vice-prezident ianaevis xelSi.
`sabWoTa xalxisadmi mimarTvaSi~ `gkCp~-s liderebma ganacxades, rom gorbaCovis
mier dawyebuli reformebi `CixSi Sevida~. sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos Tav-
mjdomarem lukianovma ganacxada, rom samokavSireo xelSekruleba arsebuli sa-
xiT miuRebeli iyo da moiTxovda Semdgom damuSavebas. aikrZala demokratiuli
gazeTebis gamocema, kontroli damyarda televiziaze `Rrma da yovelmxrivi kri-
zisis, politikuri, erTaSorisi da samoqalaqo konfrontaciis, qaosisa da anarqi-
is Tavidan acilebis mizniT~, gamocxadda sagangebo mdgomareoba zogierT regi-
onSi da, pirvel rigSi, moskovSi. Seiqmna `sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo ko-
miteti (gkCp ~, romelsac xalxSi maSinve `xunta~ uwodes.
`sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo komitetSi~ Sediodnen vice-preziden-
ti genadi ianaevi, ministrTa kabinetis Tavmjdomare valentin pavlovi, Tavdacvis
ministri marSali dmitri iazovi, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri boris pugo, saxelmwi-
fo uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare vladimir kriuCkovi, aseve o. baklanovi,

romelic adre skkp centraluri komitetis mdivani iyo samxedro-samrewvelo
kompleqsis dargSi.
jarma ar icoda, Tu ratom gamoiyvanes quCaSi. sul male cxadi gaxda, rom ja-
ri xalxs ar esroda.
sagangebo komitetis wevrebi apirebdnen moewviaT sabWoTa kavSiris umaRle-
si sabWos sxdoma, romelsac unda daedasturebina sagangebo mdgomareobis Semo-
Reba, magram anatoli lukianovma uari Tqva, sxdoma 26 agvistomde moewvia. amis
Semdeg sagangebo komitetis wevrebi maTTvis moulodnelad aRmoCndnen SeTqmul-
Ta mdgomareobaSi.
winaaRmdegobis organizatori gaxda ruseTis federaciis prezidenti boris
elcini, romlis dapatimrebac ver gabedes gadatrialebis organizatorebma.
`TeTr saxlSi~ ar gamourTavT telefonebi da saerTaSoriso komunikaciis SesaZ-
lebloba. 19 agvistos diliT boris elcini, romelic qalaqgareT imyofeboda,
Tavis TanamSromlebTan erTad saswrafod dabrunda `TeTr saxlSi~ da 10:30-ze ga-
moaqveyna mimarTva `ruseTis moqalaqeebs~. elcinma `gkCp~-s gamosvlas uwoda àn-
tikonstituciuri gadatrialeba~ da ukanonod gamoacxada misi yvela gankargu-
leba rsfsr teritoriaze, aseve mouwoda samxedroebs, àr mieRoT monawileoba
reaqciul gadatrialebaSi~.
elcinma zomebi miiRo `TeTri saxlis~ dasacavad, romlis garSemoc ikribe-
bodnen moskovisa da axlo mdebare dasaxlebebis demokratiulad ganwyobili mac-
xovreblebi. maT `TeTri saxlis~ garSemo barikadebis mSenebloba daiwyes, risTvi-
sac iyenebdnen gadatrialebul avtobusebs, troleibusebs, samSeneblo masalebs
da sxva. samxedro TvalsazrisiT aseTi barikadebis daZleva problemas ar warmo-
adgenda, magram barikadebze ori dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda da Rameebs
aTenebda 100 aTasi uiaraRo adamiani. barikadebze aRmarTuli hqondaT ruseTis
samferovani droSebi, maSin rodesac `TeTr saxlze~ isev sabWoTa ruseTis droSa
iyo aRmarTuli. mxolod 22 agvistos dauSves rsfsr wiTeli droSa da mis nac-
vlad aRimarTa ruseTis nacionaluri droSa, romelic elcinma saxelmwifo sim-
bolod gamoacxada.
uiaraRo moqalaqeebis garda, elcinis gankargulebaSi aRmoCnda samxedro
nawilic. sahaero-sadesanto jarebis sardalma pavel graCovma elcinis dasaxma-
reblad jer kidev 17 agvistos qalaq tulidan gamoiZaxa sadesanto nawili gene-
ral aleqsandr lebedis xelmZRvanelobiT. 19 agvistos saRamos lebedis nawileb-
ma poziciebi daikaves `TeTri saxlis~ garSemo.
19 agvistos saRamos `gkCp~-s xelmZRvanelobam moawyo preskonferencia, ra-
mac sulac ar Seuwyo xeli gadatrialebis organizatorTa avtoritetis ganmtki-
cebas. preskonferenciis wevrebi aSkarad nerviulobdnen, `gkCp~-s xelmZRvanels
genadi ianaevs xelebi ukankalebda da amas yvela xedavda televiziiT. Jurnalis-
tebma dausves araerTi mwvave SekiTxva. konferenciis organizatorebma ver war-
moadgines samedicino cnoba, romelic daadasturebda gorbaCovis uunarobas, Se-
esrulebina Tavisi movaleoba janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo, e. i. ver daasa-
buTes TavianTi moqmedebis kanoniereba. pirvelive dRes cxadi gaxda, rom SeTqmu-
leba warmatebiT ar mimdinareobda.
`gkCp~-sTvis katastrofuli aRmoCnda mTavari sainformacio satelevizio
gadacema `vremia~. gadatrialebis organizatorebs undodaT eCvenebinaT, rom
`moskovSi araferi xdeboda~ da `yvelaferi mSvidad iyo~. moulodnelad amgvar

Senobebis kompleqsi `krasnaia presnias~ sanapiroze sadac ganTavsebuli iyo ruseTis umaRlesi
sabWo da mTavroba

siuJetebs mohyva kadrebi, sadac naCvenebi iyo `demokratiuli ruseTis~ msvle-
loba `TeTri saxlisken~, sadac tankze asuli elcini Tavis mimarTvas kiTxulob-
da. es kadrebi viTomda SemTxveviT moxvda gadacemaSi, magram sabWoTa kavSiris
mTel mosaxleobaze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina.
mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb ganuwyvetliv gadascemda informaciebs radio
èxo moskvi~ da dasavluri radiosadgurebi. 20 agvistos akrZaluli demokratiu-
li gazeTebi gaerTiandnen da daiwyes òbSCaia gazetas~ gamocema. gaCnda sainfor-
macio furclebic.
`gkCp~-s winaaRmdeg daiwyo saprotesto gamosvlebis talRa ruseTis fede-
raciis mraval qalaqSi. moskovis meri gavril popovi da moskovis meria mWidrod
TanamSromlobdnen elcinis mTavrobasTan. sankt-peterburgis merma anatoli
sobCakma mxari dauWira elcins, 19 da 20 agvistos moawyo elcinis mxardamWeri mi-
tingebi. sxva qalaqebSi mowyobili mitingebi da msvlelobebi mravalricxovani ar
yofila, magram arsad ar mouwyviaT `gkCp~-s mxardamWeri raime aqcia.
20 agvistos diliT rsfsr umaRlesma sabWom mimarTa moqalaqeebs. elcinis
msgavsad, `gkCp~-s moqmedeba Seafasa saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobad da mi-
si organizatorebi kanongareSed gamoacxada.
`sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo komitetma~ samjer miiRo gadawyveti-
leba `TeTri saxlis~ Sturmis Taobaze, ukanasknelad es unda gaekeTebina `kgb~-s
specrazm àlfas~, magram es ver moaxerxes. arc samxedro nawilebis xelmZRvane-
lebs da arc rigiT Semadgenlobas sisxlis Rvra ar undodaT. 20 agvistos RamiT
moskovSi Seyvanili jarebis nawili elcinis mxareze gadavida, nawilma ki momlo-
dine pozicia daikava. moskovis milicia da uSiSroebis organoebi faqtobrivad
`gkCp~-s miTiTebebis ignorirebas axdendnen. aseT viTarebaSi cxadi gaxda, rom Za-
lismieri meTodebis gamoyenebis Semdgom mcdelobebs farTomasStabiani sis-
xlisRvra mohyveboda, rac gadatrialebis organizatorebma veRar gabedes.
20-21 agvistos RamiT moxda incidenti, rasac msxverpli mohyva. erT-erT
javSantransportiors, romelic troleibusebisgan agebuli barikadis gadalax-
vas cdilobda, e. w. `molotovis koqteiliani~ boTliT cecxli gauCines. javSan-
transportiorma marTva dakarga da adgilze triali daiwyo, Sedegad daiRupa ba-
rikadze myofTagan sami: dmitri komari, vladimir usovi da ilia kriCevski. maT
Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodeba mieniWaT. momxdari ubedur SemTxvevad Se-
fasda da jaris demoralizeba mohyva. maT Sewyvites gadatrialebis organiza-
torTa brZanebebis Sesruleba.
21 agvistos diliT gaimarTa rsfsr umaRlesi sabWos sagangebo sxdoma, sa-
dac elcinma ganacxada, rom `gkCp~-s liderebis nawili yirimSi mifrinavda gorba-
CovTan `codvebis mosananieblad~.
21 agvistos diliT amboxebis organizatorebi marTlac gafrindnen yirimSi,
gorbaCovma isini ar miiRo, samagierod, moiwona elcinisa da ruseTis federaciis
umaRlesi sabWos moqmedeba. ruseTis xelisufalTa mier gagzavnili TviTmfrina-
viT gorbaCovi moskovSi dabrunda da sagangebo komitetis moqmedeba ukanonod
gamoacxada.
gorbaCovi aSkarad daTrgunuli dabrunda moskovSi, movlenaTa aseT ganvi-
Tarebas, savaraudod, ar moeloda. 22 agvistos gorbaCovma Caatara preskonfe-
rencia, sadac amtkicebda, rom aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda SeTqmulebis monawile-
ebTan, magram bevrisTvis ucnauri da damafiqrebeli aRmoCnda gorbaCovis sityve-
bi, rom mas yvelaferi ar uTqvams da arc arasodes ityoda amas.
23 agvistos RamiT gadatrialebis monawileebi elcinis brZanebiT daapatim-

res, Tumca gadatrialebasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime pirovneba gaurkvevel vi-
TarebaSi daiRupa. 23 agvistos Sinagan saqmeTa ministri boris pugo da misi meuR-
le saxlSi mokluli ipoves, TavSi tyvia hqondaT moxvedrili, revolveri ki
mkvlelma tumboze datova. 24 agvistos kremlSi Tavis kabinetSi CamomxrCvali na-
xes gorbaCovis mrCeveli, marSali sergei axromeevi. 26 agvistos gaurkvevel vi-
TarebaSi Tavisi saxlis aivnidan gadmovarda da daiRupa skkp centraluri komi-
tetis saqmeTa mmarTveli nikolai kruCini, romlis xelSic iyo komunisturi par-
tiis finansebi. ormoci dRis Semdeg aseve fanjridan gadmovarda da daiRupa kru-
Cinis winamorbedi aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze, 81 wlis g. pavlovi. kidev aTi dRis
Semdeg analogiurad daiRupa d. lisovoloki, skkp centraluri komitetis saer-
TaSoriso ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis moadgile. yvela momxdari SemTxveva
TviTmkvlelobad gamocxadda, Tumca bevrs miaCnda, rom saqme exeboda `partiis
fulisTvis~ brZolas, romelic mraval miliards Seadgenda da dasavleTis qvey-
nebSi iyo ganTavsebuli.
ram ganapiroba gadatrialebis mcdelobis swrafi damarcxeba? SeiZleba da-
vasaxeloT ramdenime mizezi:
pirveli: gadatrialebis organizatorebi ar iyvnen mzad radikaluri zome-
bisaTvis, masStaburi sisxlisRvrisTvis da winaaRmdegobas rom waawydnen, gaube-
davad moqmedebdnen;
meore: gadatrialebis organizatorebma saTanadod ver Seafases èlcinis
faqtori~, romelmac swrafad da gabedulad imoqmeda da gamovida winaaRmdegobis
organizatorad;
mesame: gadatrialebis organizatorebma realurad ver Seafases ruseTis
mosaxleobis SesaZlo reaqcia maT mier gamocxadebul `sagangebo mdgomareobaze~,
sazogadoebis politikurad aqtiurma nawilma ar miiRo SeTqmulTa gegmebi da aq-
tiurad dauWira mxari elcins. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod moskovSi gamoCnda.
meoTxe: gadatrialebis organizatorebma ver dainaxes momxdari cvlileba
sabWoTa `centrsa~ da mokavSire respublikebs Soris urTierTobaSi. respublike-
bis umravlesobas `gardaqmnis~ periodSi ukve miRweuli hqonda suverenulobis
iseTi donisTvis, rom moskovidan miRebul miTiTebebs ulaparakod aRar emorCi-
lebodnen. respublikebis umravlesobam `putCis~ organizatorebi an pirdapir
dagmo, anda momlodine pozicia daikava.
gadatrialebis mowyobisas misma organizatorebma ver gaiTvaliswines xal-
xis ganwyobaSi momxdari cvlilebebi, romlebic quCaSi gamovidnen, da verc res-
publikebis gaZliereba, romlebic aRar iyvnen centris morCilni.

1991 wlis 23 agvistos ruseTis federaciis
umaRlesi sabWos deputatebTan Sexvedraze gorba-
Covs mosTxoves dauyovnebliv xeli moewera brZanebi-
saTvis komunisturi partiis daSlis Sesaxeb, rogorc
`danaSaulebrivi organizaciisa~, partiis qoneba naci-
onalizebulad gamocxadda. skkp ck Senoba elcinis
momxreebma daluqes. sakavSiro struqturebi faqtob-
rivad elcinis kontrolis qveS moeqca.
prezident elcinis da rsfsr umaRlesi sabWos moTxovniT, gorbaCovma uari

Tqva kompartiis centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis movaleobis Sesru-
lebaze, riTac mxari dauWira elcinis brZanebulebas komunisturi partiis gauq-
mebis Sesaxeb. 19-milioniani partiis daSlas ar mohyolia arc erTi saprotesto

aqcia. sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia qmnida sabWoTa imperiis xerxemals
da am partiis gauqmebas garduvalad mohyveboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSla. likvi-
direbul iqna sakavSiro ministrTa kabineti da uSiSroebis saxelmwifo komiteti

47.5. beloveJis SeTanxmeba da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla
putCma daaCqara sabWoTa kavSiris daSla. misi marcxisTanave damoukideblo-

ba gamoacxada ukrainam, ramdenime dRis Semdeg — belorusiam, moldovam, azerbai-
janma, uzbekeTma, yirgizeTma, TurqmeneTma. yvelaze bolom damoukideblobis
deklaracia yazaxeTma miiRo.
26 agvistos gamoqveynda elcinis pres-mdivnis gancxadeba, ramac didi aR-
SfoTeba gamoiwvia ukrainasa da sxva respublikebSi. gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo,
rom respublikebs Soris sazRvrebi sabWoTa periodSi usamarTlod iyo dadgeni-
li da axal damoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan ruseTi arsebuli sazRvrebis Senar-
Cunebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi dasTanxmdeboda, Tuki am saxelmwifoebTan samo-
kavSireo xelSekruleba eqneboda damyarebuli.
1991 wlis 6 seqtembers gorbaCovma aRiara litvis, latviis da estoneTis da-
moukidebloba, igive gaakeTa ruseTis federaciamac.
1991 wlis seqtemberis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa sab-
Woebis 9 riggareSe yrilobaze miiRes gadawyvetileba muSaobis Sewyvetisa da Ta-
visi uflebamosilebis droebiT gadacemis Sesaxeb sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi
sabWosTvis, manamde, sanam xeli ar moewereboda axal samokavSireo xelSekrule-
bas.
amave dros Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen
sabWoTa kavSiris prezidenti da mokavSire respublikebis umaRlesi Tanamdebo-
bis pirebi. gauqmebuli sakavSiro saministroebis nacvlad Seiqmna respublikaT-
Sorisi ekonomikuri komiteti, Tumca realuri uflebamosileba mas ar hqonia.
mixeil gorbaCovi dasavleTis qveynebTan apelirebiT cdilobda sakavSiro
saxelmwifos SenarCunebas, — dasavleTs aSinebda SesaZlo mZime procesebiT, rac
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas SeiZleba mohyoloda.
1991 wlis 18 oqtombers 8 yofili sabWoTa respublikis xelmZRvanelebma
kremlSi xeli moaweres ekonomikur SeTanxmebas, Tumca es gorbaCovis ukanaskneli
warmateba aRmoCnda. yofili mokavSire respublikebis xelmZRvanelebi miiCnev-
dnen, rom damoukideblad ufro advilad gaatarebdnen saWiro reformebs. pir-
vel rigSi, aseT Tvalsazriss iziarebda b. elcini. ruseTi, am Tvalsazrisis Ta-
naxmad, mokavSire respublikebis `tvirTis~ gareSe ekonomikur warmatebas swra-
fad miaRwevda, yofili mokavSire respublikebi ki ruseTs `versad gaeqceodnen~.
ukrainis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare leonid kravCuki uars ambobda raime po-
litikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, sanam 1 dekembers ar Catardeboda referen-
dumi damoukideblobis Sesaxeb da saprezidento arCevnebi.
noembris Sua ricxvebamde respublikebis nawili ganixilavda samokavSireo
xelSekrulebis ramdenime variants: konfederaciis, `susti~ federaciis da suve-
renul saxelmwifoTa asociaciis. 1991 wlis 5 noembers SemuSavebul variantSi su-
verenul saxelmwifoTa kavSiri (ɋɋȽ ganisazRvreboda `konfederaciul demokra-
tiul saxelmwifod~, romelic uflebamosilebas ganaxorcielebda im farglebSi,
rasac nebayoflobiT gadascemdnen xelSekrulebis monawileebi. molaparakebis
monawileTa umravlesobam moiwona es varianti, magram 25 noembers b. elcinma uar-
yo gorbaCovis winadadeba samokavSireo xelSekrulebis parafirebis Sesaxeb, rad-

ganac masSi laparaki iyo ara konfederaciis, aramed samokavSireo xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb. garda amisa, ukrainaSi referendumis win dokumentis parafirebas azri ar
hqonda.
1991 wlis 1 dekembers ukrainaSi Catarebuli referendumis Sedegebma sabo-
lood mouRo bolo gorbaCovis gegmebs. referendumSi monawileoba miiRo amom-
rCevelTa 84%-ma da maTma 90,3%-ma ukrainis damoukideblobas dauWira mxari. 2
dekembers ruseTis federaciam aRiara ukrainis referendumis Sedegebi, kravCuk-
ma ki gamoacxada ukrainis gasvlis Sesaxeb 1922 wlis samokavSireo xelSekrulebi-
dan. aseT pirobebSi ruseTis federaciis, ukrainisa da belorusis xelmZRvane-
lebma gadawyvites, dabrunebodnen sammxriv an oTxmxriv (yazaxeTis monawileobis
SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis gaformebis sakiTxs.
1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTis federaciis prezidenti boris elcini, ukrai-
nis prezidenti leonid kravCuki da belorusiis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare
stanislav SuSkeviCi Seikribnen beloveJSi (`beloveJis tevrSi~ ise, rom arc ac-
nobes gorbaCovs da gamoacxades sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da damoukidebel sa-
xelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom axa-
li Tanamegobroba Ria iyo sxva qveynebisTvis, romlebic masSi Sesvlas moindomeb-
dnen. 10 dekembers damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdines ukrainisa da belorusis umaRlesma sabWoebma,
12 dekembers igive gaakeTa rsfsr umaRlesma sabWom (winaaRmdegi iyo 6 kaci . da-
moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT Seqmnis kategoriuli winaaR-
mdegi iyo mixeil gorbaCovi, magram mas aRar usmendnen. oTxi respublikis (esto-
neTis, litvis, latviis da saqarTvelos garda, danarCenma yofilma sabWoTa res-
publikebma gamoTqves survili, Sesuliyvnen dsT-Si.
21 dekembers alma-ataSi 11-ma yofilma sabWoTa respublikam gamoacxada da-
moukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. alma-ataSi miRebul
erT-erT gadawyvetilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tana-
megobrobis Seqmnis Semdeg sabWoTa socialistur respublikaTa kavSirma arsebo-
ba Sewyvita. es moxda sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis 69-e wlisTavis win.
1991 wlis 25 dekembers gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom nebayoflobiT ixsnida
sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentis uflebamosilebas. sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba Sew-
yvita.

bolosityvaoba
rogorc SesavalSi aRiniSna, sabWoTa kavSiri marqsistul-leninur ideolo-

giaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo iyo, ufro zustad Tu vityviT, sabWoTa kavSiris
komunisturi xelisufalni am ideologiis modificirebas axdendnen, mimdinare
politikuri interesebidan gamomdinare. amave dros, marqsis moZRvreba, mTlia-
nobaSi, utopiur xasiaTs atarebda. leninma 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucia da-
iwyo msoflio socialisturi revoluciis da komunisturi wyobilebis gamarjve-
bis saxeliT. es orive mizani iluzoruli aRmoCnda.
ar Sedga msoflio socialisturi revolucia, mas ar uSvela arc bolSevi-
kurma „wabiZgebis~ mcdelobebma. sabWoTa xelisuflebis „Zlevamosili msvlelo-
ba~ Semoifargla yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriiT, Tumca „arasrul~ saz-
RvrebSi. saerTaSoriso komunisturi moZraobis mTavar amocanad sabWoTa kavSi-
ris mxardaWera da gaZliereba gamocxadda.
Seicvala sabWoTa kavSiris xedvac. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic, leninis az-
riT, msoflio saxelmwifod unda gadaqceuliyo, ara „msoflio saxelmwifo~, ara-
med Zveli ruseTis imperiis modernizebuli varianti aRmoCnda. aRniSnul Sedegs
isic ganapirobebda, rom bolSevikebi, marqsizmis saxeliT, bevrs laparakobdnen
„didi saxelmwifos~ upiratesobaze, sityvierad aRiarebdnen „erTa TviTgamor-
kvevis uflebas~, magram ara mis WeSmarit realizebas. ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa kavSi-
ris teritoriuli mowyoba da oficialuri ideologia bevri ramiT gansxvavdebo-
da yofili ruseTis imperiisgan. sabWoTa kavSiri oficialurad „suverenuli sa-
xelmwifoebis~ gaerTianeba iyo, romelTac sabWoTa kavSiridan Tavisufali gas-
vlis ufleba hqondaT. ase ewera sabWoTa konstituciaSi, magram yvela es „suvere-
nuli sabWoTa respublika~ erTiani centralizebuli komunisturi partiis mier
imarTeboda.
stalinma sabWoTa kavSiri 1939-1940 wlebSi, nacistur germaniasTan SeTanxme-
bis safuZvelze, gaafarTova dasavleT ukrainisa da dasavleT belorusiis mier-
TebiT da axali sabWoTa respublikebis — estoneTis, latviis, litvis da molda-
veTis SeqmniT da maTi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi „nebayoflobiT~ miRebiT.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg sabWoTa gavlenis zona mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, mag-
ram stalins aRar ucdia sabWoTa kavSiris Semdgomi gafarToveba. sabWoTa kavSiri
darCa yofili ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi (fineTisa da poloneTis gamoklebiT).
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda komunisturi sazogadoebis aSenebac. stalinma ori
aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli socialuri inJineriiT (industria-
lizacia, koleqtivizacia, kulturuli revolucia) bolSevikebis mier dapirebu-
li socializmi aSenebulad gamoacxada. es iyo totalitaruli reJimi, romlis
arsis gaazrebac meore msoflio omis Semdeg moxda.
marqsistuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad, socializmis aSenebis Semdeg „dRis wes-
rigSi~ dgeboda komunizmis mSenebloba. nikita xruSCovma komunizmis ZiriTadad
asaSeneblad 20 weli miiCnia sakmarisad da, misi gaTvlebiT, 1980 wels sabWoTa kav-
SirSi ukve komunizmi unda yofiliyo. xruSCovi ukanaskneli sabWoTa lideri iyo,
romelsac komunizmis aSenebis sjeroda. xruSCovis xelisuflebidan Camocilebis
Semdeg daviwyebas mieca „komunizmis gaSlili mSenebloba~. leonid breJnevis
mmarTvelobis dros mTavar miRwevad „ganviTarebuli socializmis~ aSeneba ga-
mocxadda, romelic „xangrZlivi etapi~ iqneboda komunizmisken mimaval gzaze. iu-

ri andropovi ki moiTxovda im sazogadoebis dawvrilebiT Seswavlas, rac aSenda
sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis manZilze.
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri, komunizmis nacvlad, Sevida
krizisis periodSi. qveyanaSi Camoyalibebulma administraciul-mbrZaneblurma
sistemam amowura ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi. mixeil gorbaCovma gamosavali
„gardaqmnaSi~ dainaxa, magram maleve cxadi gaxda, rom sabWoTa sistema gardaqmnas
ar eqvemdebareboda. sistemis „demokratizacia~ da „sajarooba~ misi dangrevis
safuZveli gaxda.
sabWoTa kavSiri bevrisTvis moulodnelad da swrafad daiSala. aseve bevrs
egona, rom komunisturi reJimis damxobasTan erTad, dadgeboda demokratiuli
ganviTarebis xana, magram daiwyo „postsabWoTa periodi~, romelSic Zalze bevri
„sabWoTa~ agrZelebda arsebobas. komunisturi reJimis arsebobis Svidma aTeulma
welma didi ziani miayena sazogadoebas, moaxdina socialur-ekonomikuri da po-
litikuri procesebis deformacia, magram yvelaze didi ziani Tavad adamians mi-
adga, totalitarulma reJimma gamoiwvia sazogadoebis zneobrivi degradacia.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg dawyebuli „postsabWoTa periodi~ calke
Seswavlis sagania. misi erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani sazogadoebis nawilSi
arsebuli „sabWoTa nostalgia~ da ruseTidan momdinare sabWoTa kavSiris „aRdge-
nis~ mcdelobaa. cxadia, sabWoTa kavSirs im saxiT, ra saxiTac arsebobda, veravin
aRadgens da arc aravin apirebs. kremlSi arc marqsizm-leninizmi axsovT da arc
leninuri „erTad da Tanasworad~. saqme exeba teritorias, yofil sabWoTa kavSir-
Si Semavali qveynebis sxvadasxva formiT ruseTTan integracias.
„postsabWoTa sivrcis reintegraciis~ mcdelobebi sabWoTa kavSiris daS-
lisTanave daiwyo, maSinve Seiqmna „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba~,
Semdeg „evraziuli kavSiri~, „ruseT-belorusis erTiani saxelmwifo~, bolos ki
wina rigSi gamovida „istoriuli ruseTis~ aRdgenis idea, romlis saxeliTac pu-
tinma omi daiwyo ukrainasTan. am omis Sedegebze ki bevrad aris damokidebuli
„postsabWoTa sivrcis~ Semdgomi bedi.

malxaz macaberiZe
sabWoTa kavSiri
komunisturi totalitarizmis
aRzeveba da dacema
Tbilisi
2023
damkabadonebeli
nana dumbaZe
ydis dizaineri
irakli uSveriZe
gamomcemloba ùniversali~
Tbilisi, 0186, a. politkovskaias #4. : 5(99) 17 22 30; 5(99) 33 52 02
(PDLOXQLYHUVDO#\PDLOFRPJDPRPFHPOREDXQLYHUVDOL#JPDLOFRP

მალხაზ მაცაბერიძე - საბჭოთა კავშირი. ტოტალიტარული რეჟიმის აღზევება და დაცემა

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მალხაზ მაცაბერიძე - საბჭოთა კავშირი. ტოტალიტარული რეჟიმის აღზევება და დაცემა

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malxaz macaberiZe

Tavi ,. bolSevizmi rogorc ideologia da praqtika............................21

1.1. saxelmwifo socializmis idea.........................................................................21

Tavi ,,. bolSevikebi da `erovnuli sakiTxi~ .............................................29

2.1. erovnuli sakiTxis marqsistuli xedva ........................................................29

Tavi ,,,. sabWoTa kavSiri rogorc ideologiuri da

3.1. bolSevikebi `imperiul~ da `adgilobriv~ nacionalizms Soris ...........34

Tavi ,9. amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciis Seqmna............................51

4.1. raSi sWirdebodaT moskovel bolSevikebs amierkavkasiis

Tavi 9. msoflio revoluciis amao molodini..........................................66

5.1. msoflio revoluciis idea..............................................................................66

Tavi 9,. `samxedro komunizmis~ politika ..................................................80

6.1. `samxedro komunizmis~ politikis arsi..........................................................80

Tavi 9,,. axali ekonomikuri politika.........................................................91

7.1. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba 1921 wlis dasawyisisTvis ...........91

Tavi 9,,,. gasabWoebuli saqarTvelo `axali ekonomikuri

8.1. axali ekonomikuri politika rusuli SabloniT.......................................104

Tavi ,;. leninis avadmyofoba da sikvdili .............................................108

9.1. leninis avadmyofoba..........................................................................................108

Tavi ;. leninis `anderZi~ ..................................................................................114

10.1. ras ewodeba leninis `anderZi~ ......................................................................114

Tavi ;,. ideologiur-politikuri brZola 1920-ian wlebSi ...........122

11.1. Sidapartiuli brZolebi leninis mmarTvelobis dros .........................122

Tavi ;,,. ram ganapiroba stalinis gamarjveba ......................................139

12.1. 1920-iani wlebis Sidapartiuli brZolis zogadi daxasiaTeba............139

Tavi ;,,,. industrializacia ...........................................................................147

13.1. industrializaciis Taviseburebani sabWoTa kavSirSi .........................147

Tavi ;,9. soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia .....................................160

14.1. koleqtivizaciis mizezebi .............................................................................160

Tavi ;9. kulturuli revolucia...................................................................171

15.1. kulturuli revoluciis arsi......................................................................171

Tavi ;9,. sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba

16.1. 1920-1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa sagareo politikis zogadi

Tavi ;9,,. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri sistema

17.1. `mobilizaciuri tipis~ politikuri sistemis formireba ...................190

Tavi ;9,,,. masobrivi represiebi...................................................................198

18.1. represiebi 1920-iani wlebis bolos da 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi..198

19.1. konstituciis miReba .......................................................................................208

Tavi ;; sabWoTa kavSirisa da nacisturi germaniis

20.1. militaristul-faSisturi qveynebis agresiis gafarToeba ................212

Tavi ;;,. sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omis pirvel etapze

21.1. rodis CaerTo sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi.............................219

Tavi ;;,,. sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis dasawyisi.......................227

22.1.omis win ..................................................................................................................227

23.1. germanelTa Seteva 1942 wlis zafxulSi. stalingradis

Tavi ;;,9 Zireuli gardatexa sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis

24.1. germanelTa jarebis ganadgureba stalingradTan .................................240

Tavi ;;9 sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis damamTavrebeli

25.1. 1944 wlis SeteviTi operaciebi .....................................................................245

Tavi ;;9, sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri ganviTareba

26.1. sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika meore msoflio omis Semdeg .....................253

Tavi ;;9,,. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri ganviTareba

27.1. omis demokratiuli impulsi .........................................................................260

Tavi ;;9,,,. ideologia da kultura (1945-1953) ......................................268

28.1. `rkinis fardis~ aRdgena ................................................................................268

Tavi ;;,;. `civi omis~ saTaveebTan .............................................................273

29.1. ra iyo `civi omi~ ................................................................................................273

30.1. komunisturi reJimebis damkvidreba evropisa da aziis qveynebSi......282

Tavi ;;;,. `civi omi~ `cxeli omis~ zRvarze ............................................286

31.1. berlinis krizisi da germaniis orad gayofa ............................................286

Tavi ;;;,,. stalinis gardacvaleba da dakrZalva ..............................291

32.1. stalinis avadmyofoba da gardacvaleba ...................................................291

Tavi ;;;,,,. xelisuflebisaTvis brZola stalinis

Tavi ;; sabWoTa kavSirisa da nacisturi germaniis

Tavi ;;,9 Zireuli gardatexa sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis

Tavi ;;9 sabWoTa kavSir — germaniis omis damamTavrebeli

Tavi ;;9, sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri ganviTareba

Tavi ;;;9 xruSCovis socialur-ekonomikuri politika ...............323

Tavi ;;;9, politikuri cvlilebebi xruSCovis mmarTvelobis

Tavi ;;;9,, xruSCovis gadayeneba da breJnevis mmarTvelobis

Tavi ;;;9,,, breJnevi: koleqtiuri mmarTvelobidan

Tavi ;;;,; leonid breJnevis Sidapolitikuri kursi ...................359

Tavi ;/ `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ periodis ekonomikuri

Tavi ;/, sagareo politika: breJnevis doqtrina ...............................380

Tavi ;/,, iuri andropovis xanmokle mmarTveloba ...........................388

Tavi ;/,,, konstantine Cernenkos kidev ufro xanmokle

Tavi ;/,9 mixeil gorbaCovi: gardaqmnis politika..........................405

Tavi ;/9,axali politikuri azrovneba sagareo politikaSi ....422

Tavi ;/9,,sabWoTa kavSiris krizisi da daSla ...................................427

sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna, misi saSinao da sagareo politika marqsizmleniniz

saxelmwifo socializmi, rogorc ideologia, me19 saukuneSi Camoyalibda.

ruseTis socialdemokratiuli muSaTa partiis ,, yrilobaze, 1903 wels, so

bolSevikebsa da menSevikebs Soris ar arsebobda principuli gansxvaveba is

marqsistebis xedviT, sazogadoeba progresis gziT viTardeba da erTi for

marqsistuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg un

terori Tavidanve komunisturi reJimebis erTerTi fundamenturi ganzomi-

ruseTis imperiaSi, romelSic 200mde eri da erovneba cxovrobda da romel

oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg gaSlil samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikebma gaim

bolSevikikos lenini, msoflio socialis msoflio revoluciis gadava

vidre `avtonomizaciis~ proeqtze rkp (b) centraluri komiteti imsjeleb

rkp(b) xelmZRvanelobaSi bevrisTvis moulodnelad, v. leninma mkveTrad ga

socialistu x yvela respublika, rsfsr CaTvliT, qmnis

uaris Tqma rsfsrSi sxva `suverenuli~ res gakeTda formalurad. `Tanasworuf

socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris Senar ganmtkiceba gagebuli iyo rogorc uk

diplomatiuri aparatis SenarCuneba, radga saerTaSoriso arenaze sabWoTa res

sergo orjonikiZis samagaliTod dasja qar ar Sesrulebula