kavkasiis universiteti

CAUCASUS UNIVERSITY

axali epoqis dasawyisi -

saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika
(1918-1921)

BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA -

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF
GEORGIA (1918-1921)

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia miZRvnili saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis daarsebis 100 wlisTavisadmi

The International Scientific Conference is held to commemorate the 100th

anniversary of establishment of the Democratic Republic of Georgia 

Sromebis krebuli
PROCEEDINGS

1-2 ivnisi, 2018

June 1-2, 2018
mTavari redaqtori: roin metreveli
akademikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis vice-prezidenti

Editor in chief: Roin Metreveli

Academician, Vice-President of the Georgian National Academy of
Sciences

saredaqcio kolegia:
maia gonaSvili, sergo vardosaniZe, irakli iremaZe, nino popiaSvili,
goCa saiTiZe, klara (inga) qaraia, kaxa Sengelia, laSa CxartiSvili,
Teimuraz xuciSvili, oTar janeliZe

Editorial Board:
Maya Gonashvili, Sergo Vardosanidze, Irakli Iremadze, Nino Popiashvili, Gocha
Saitidze, Klara (Inga) Karaia, Kakha Shengelia, Lasha Chkhartishvili, Teimuraz
Khutsishvili, Otar Janelidze

redaqtorebi: guranda WeliZe, xaTuna basilaSvili, qeTevan inwkirveli

Editors: Guranda Tchelidze, Khatuna Basilashvili, Ketevan Intskirveli

saredaqcio kolegia madlobas moaxsenebs kavkasiis universitetis admi­

nistracias konferenciis CatarebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.
avtorTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar emTxveodes sare­
daqcio kolegiis Sexedulebebs.
gamoqveynebuli masalis sizusteze pasuxismgebelia avtori.

The editorial board wishes to expresses its sincere gratitude to Caucasus University for
its support in holding the Conference.
The views expressed in the journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect the view of the editorial board.
The authors are responsible for accuracy of their writings and references indicated.

damkabadonebeli: giorgi bagrationi

Layout: Giorgi Bagrationi

© kavkasiis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2018

© Caucasus University Publishers, 2018

ISBN: 978-9941-9470-7-0
 sarCevi

kaxa Sengelia
winaTqma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
roin metreveli
redaqtorisagan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

istoria

paata nacvliSvili
`saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~ _ terminis istoria.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
kaxa Sengelia, guranda WeliZe
1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelo piter skineris wignSi
`saqarTvelo: miwa kavkasionis qvemoT~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
oTar janeliZe
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis
deklaraciebi da qarTuli politikuri speqtri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
dodo WumburiZe
akaki Cxenkelis roli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRdgenis saqmeSi..................................................................................................41
maia maWavariani
pirveli msoflio omi da zavi 1918 wlis
qarTuli presis furclebze.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
tariel futkaraZe
saqarTvelos menSevikuri da bolSevikuri mTavrobebi
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi avtonomiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
eka kvaWantiraZe
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi somexTa
erovnuli sabWos saqmianobis istoriisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
nodar CxaiZe, qeTevan sixaruliZe
Coxatauris 1919 wlis ajanyeba saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
lela saraliZe
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
sagareo uwyebis istoriidan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
maka qamuSaZe
qarTul-berZnuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebi 1918-1921 wlebSi. . . . . . 104

_3_
Teimuraz xuciSvili
saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis sadavo teritoriebi
dasavleTisa da ruseTis dapirispirebis konteqstSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
goCa saiTiZe
saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis istoriidan (1918-1921 ww.). . . . . . . . . . 123
roin yavreliSvili, Taqi salahSor hasan qohali
ramdenime Turquli dokumenti kavkasiisa da
qarTuli legionis Sesaxeb.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
niko qelbaqiani
iranis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika:
sabWoTa intervencia iransa da amierkavkasiaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
zurab bragvaZe
pirveli respublikis brZolebi damoukideblobisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
cisana bibileiSvili
saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi qeTevan davriSevis SemoqmedebaSi. . . . . . . . . . 172
ediSer jafariZe
mixeil musxeliSvili _ qarTveli emigranti mecnieri
evrointegraciis saTaveebTan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
maia patariZe, roland spanderaSvili
saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis ucnobi fuladi niSnebi
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis da xelnawerTa erovnuli
centris fondebidan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
naTia kenWiaSvili
politikuri ritorika 1918-1921 wlebis qarTuli
politikuri diskursis mixedviT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
sergo vardosaniZe
sekularizmis eklesiuri da saero gageba saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Tengiz verulava
jandacvis sistema saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-1921). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Valery Modebadze
Conflicts between Russia and Georgia in 1918-1921.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

_4_
 samarTali
irakli iremaZe
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi: saarCevno sistema,
politikuri subieqtebi, saarCevno kampania da Sedegebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
giorgi lacabiZe
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo pirveli
respublikis saqarTveloSi (1918-1921 ww.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
marina kobaxiZe
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da
misi istoriuli da samarTlebrivi zegavlena dRevandeli
saxelmwifos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo
respublikis ganviTarebasa da Camoyalibebaze.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
TaTia nikvaSvili, cira jananaSvili
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi da politikuri
Tanacxovreba saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

ekonomika
medea zurabiSvili
finansuri samyaro da saqarTvelos centraluri bankis
reformebi 1919-1921 wlebSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Tamar kvantaliani
ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTvelos pirvel
demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

ganaTleba
maia axvlediani, lela eZgveraZe
erTi saganmanaTleblo kera XX saukunis
10-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
imer basilaZe, nato qobulaZe
dimitri uznaZe _ saqarTveloSi saskolo sistemis
reformatori (1910-1921). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
mariam manjgalaZe, qeTevan inwkirveli
ganaTlebis sistema da enobrivi politika saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921ww.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
ia Radua
skolebis `gaerovnebis~ politika pirveli respublikis dros. . . . . . . . . . . . 312

_5_
nino popiaSvili
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika (1918-1921) da
erovnuli umciresobebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
aluda gogliCiZe
1918-1921 wlebis damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistemis reformirebis gamocdileba da postkoloniuri qveynis
gamowvevebi _ istoriuli gakveTili Tanamedroveobis WrilSi. . . . . . . . . . 329

kultura
nugeSa gagniZe
grigol robaqiZis 1917-18 wlebis publicistika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
xaTuna WaniSvili
1918 wlis gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynebuli ramdenime
publikaciis filosofiuri gaazrebisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
mariam marjaniSvili
damoukideblobis dRe emigrantTa cnobierebaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
inga (klara) qaraia
samuzeumo sferos ganviTareba saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.).. . . . . . . . . 367
salome WanturiZe
Salva qiqoZis Canaxatebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) Jurnalebidan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
giorgi meurmiSvili, darejan abulaZe, eka maziaSvili
evgeni lansere-damoukidebeli saqarTvelos kulturis saTaveebTan. . . . 386
giorgi CarTolani
qarTuli dramatuli studiis roli profesiuli
qarTuli Teatris formirebis procesSi 1918-20 wlebSi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
marine vasaZe
saTeatro Janrebi, formebi da ena meoce saukunis
20-iani wlebis qarTul da evropul TeatrSi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
laSa CxartiSvili
politikuri da SemoqmedebiTi qaosi qarTuli Teatris
scenaze saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921). . . . . . . . . . . 414
Anar Yerkebay
The Georgian Theater of the Independence Period: A View from the Side. . . . . . . . . . 422

_6_
 winaTqma

1918 wels, erTi saukunis win safuZveli Caeyara Tanamedrove saqarTve­

los evropul fundaments, saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas. daarse­
bis dRidanve qveynis ganviTarebis umTavres prioritetad ganisazRvra
demokratiuli Rirebulebebisadmi erTguleba da evropuli momavali. Cven­
ma winaprebma swored maSin daiwyes dagegmva da praqtikuli ganxorcieleba
iseTi sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa konstituciis miReba, demokratiuli arCev­
nebis Catareba, saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi qalebis aqtiuri monawileobis
uzrunvelyofa, SromiTi uflebebis dacva da kidev bevri sxva. gacilebiT
ufro adre, 100 wlis win Caeyara myari safuZveli evropis qveynebis daint­
eresebas saqarTveloTi da Cveni samSoblos evropasTan integraciis aqtiur
procesebs. roca Tvali gadavavle Cvens istoriul mexsierebas, davinaxe,
rom imdroindeli aqtualuri sakiTxebi dResac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas,
piriqiT, sul ufro meti simwvaviT iCens Tavs Tanamedrove evropuli saqa­
rTvelos mSeneblobis procesSi.
istoriuli gamocdileba kidev ufro metad gvkarnaxobs Cveni qveynis
warsulidan pozitiuri marcvlebis dRevandelobaSi gadmotanas da pirve­
li respublikis gamocdilebis gaziarebas, saqarTvelos istoriis am umniS­
vnelovanesi periodis gacocxlebas _ roca saqarTvelo qmnida Tavis wil
evropasa da demokratias.
2018 wlis 1-2 ivniss Catarda saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia,
romelic mieZRvna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis gamocxadebis
100 wlisTavs da, amavdroulad, kavkasiis universitetis daarsebis 20 wlis
iubiles. Cveni universitetis profesorebma, magistrantebma da doqto­
rantebma, maTTan erTad saqarTvelos, safrangeTis, TurqeTisa da yazax­
eTis sxvadasxva universitetisa Tu organizaciebis mkvlevrebma imsjeles
1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis nacnobi Tu jer
kidev ucnobi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb istoriis, samarTlis, ekonomikis, ganaT­
lebisa da kulturis mimarTulebiT. Rrmad var darwmunebuli imaSi, rom
kavkasiis universitetSi gacocxlebuli istoria bevr saintereso faqtsa
da movlenas mohfens naTels. TiToeuli avtori pasuxismgebelia naSromeb­
Si gamoTqmul mosazrebebsa da daskvnebze. vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare
krebuliT axali furceli daiwyeba Cveni qveynis istoriuli warsulis kv­
levasa da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mSeneblobaSi.

kaxa Sengelia
kavkasiis universitetis prezidenti

_7_
 redaqtorisagan

kavkasiis universitets oci weli Seusrulda. es dro SeiZleba istori­

isTvis Zalze mcire _ erTi amosunTqva iyos, Tumca realobam gvaCvena, rom,
mondomebis SemTxvevaSi, am periodSic bevris gakeTeba SeiZleba. amis naTe­
li, metad TvalsaCino magaliTia swored kavkasiis universiteti, romelic
sauniversiteto koleqtivis _ profesor-maswavlebelTa da administraci­
uli personalis (gansakuTrebiT gamovyof universitetis prezidents,
profesor kaxa Sengelias) Tavdadebuli, mizanmimarTuli Sromis Sedegad,
qveynis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mowinave centrad iqca. universitets aqvs
SesaniSnavi Senoba _ Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWurvili auditoriebiT, kaTe­
drebiT, laboratoriebiT. rac mTavaria, universitets hyavs maRali donis
profesura _ pedagogebi, romlebic konkurentunariani kadrebis momza­
debis garants warmoadgenen.
metad mniSvnelovani iyo axlaxan, universitetSi Catarebuli saerTaSo­
riso samecniero konferencia, romelic mieZRvna saqarTvelos damou­
kideblobis aRdgenis 100 wlisTavs. farTo iyo konferenciis monawileTa
Semadgenloba. garda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva universitetisa da samecnie­
ro-kvleviTi centrebis warmomadgenlebisa, konferenciis muSaobaSi monaw­
ileobdnen ucxoelebic. arsebiTi iyo safrangeTis qarTuli politikuri
emigraciis warmomadgenlebis moxsenebebi.
1918-21 wlebi saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis arsebobis droa. swored
am periodis saqarTvelos istoriis problemebs Seexo ZiriTadi moxsenebebi.
winamdebare krebulSi Sevida moxsenebaTa safuZvelze Seqmnili statiebi
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze dasmuli, am periodis sxvadasxva
kardinaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb. es iyo problemebi, romlebic Tan sdevda
saqarTveloSi pirveli respublikis daarsebas (1918 wlis 26 maisi), damou­
kideblobis deklaraciis gamocxadebas, saxelmwifoebrivi struqturis Se­
qmna-srulyofas, germaniasTan samokavSireo xelSekrulebis gaformebas,
sazavo xelSekrulebas osmaleTTan, qarTveli eris _ mTeli demokratiuli
Zalebis mTavrobis garSemo konsolidacias, urTierTobas azerbaijanTan
da somxeTTan da sxv.
unda aRiniSnos, rom moxsenebebi gamoirCeoda aqtualobiT, problemebis
mniSvnelobiTa da Sefasebis siaxliT.
winamdebare samecniero statiebis krebuli, vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovani
iqneba dasmuli problemebis gamowvlilviT garkvevisaTvis. SeiZleba mas
gaecnos farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoeba. madlierebiT unda movixsenioT
kavkasiis universitetis xelmZRvaneloba konferenciis maRal samecniero
da organizaciul doneze CatarebisTvis. Tavis mxriv, krebulSi Sesuli na­
kvlevi masala mniSvnelovani wvlilia Cvens istoriografiaSi.

roin metreveli
akademikosi
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli
akademiis vice-prezidenti

_8_
 istoria

paata nacvliSvili
socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
grigol robaqiZis universitetis qarTuli emigraciis istoriisa
da geografiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis direqtori

`saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~ - terminis istoria

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis 100 wlisTavi, romelsac ase masStab­

urad vzeimobT saqarTveloSi, da ara marto saqarTveloSi, dastur Rirs­
SesaniSnavi TariRia.
am TariRis aRsaniSnavad saiubileo wlis dasawyisidan mravali RonisZie­
ba daigegma da maRalprofesionaluri dizainiT mSvenivrad SefuTuli ga­
moqveynda kidev samTavrobo saitze http://events.gov.ge/, romelic, sxvaTa So­
ris, feisbuqSic aris ganTavsebuli.
saitis kontentze arafers vityviT, verc dagegmil Tu ukve gamarTul
RonisZiebaTa av-kargze mogaxsenebT rames, mxolod terminologiur uzus­
tobaze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
`100 weli saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis daarsebidan~ _
aseTia samTavrobo saitis saxelwodeba Tu slogani, romelmac, faqtobrivad
ukve logodqceulma, saqarTvelos mTeli mediasivrce moicva _ internet­
idan da televiziidan dawyebuli, presiTa Tu banerebiT damTavrebuli.
magram `saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika~ ar aris swori
forma!
an `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika~ unda vweroT, an `saqarTve­
los pirveli respublika~. isini paraleluri da, SeiZleba iTqvas, sinoni­
muri formebia. saqarTvelos meore demokratiuli respublika ar arsebob­
da da ori msazRvrelis _ `pirvelisa~ da `demokratiulis~ erTdroulad
gamoyeneba `saqarTvelos respublikasTan~ mimarTebiT, ara gramatikuli,
aramed Sinaarsobrivi Secdomaa.
samTavrobo saitidan es Secdoma, rogorc Cans, Tavidan sazogadoebriv
mauwyebelze gadavida da mere misi meSveobiT kidev ufro farTod gavrcel­
da. amgvari araswori forma gvxvdeba, magaliTad, mSvenier satelevizio
klipebSi, romlebic karga xania gadis eTerSi. amgvari araswori formebi
gvxvdeba, sxvaganac, magaliTad, _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saminitros
saitze, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis saitze, iliaunis saitze, agreTve _
TbilisSi sazogadoebrivi transportis gaCerebebze damontaJebul laiT­
boqsebsa Tu banerebze.

_9_
 Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom gvxvdeba swori formebic _ `saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublika~ an `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~. magaliT­
ad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da saqarT­
velos saxelmwifo arqivis saitebi. sxvaTa Soris, gamonaklisis saxiT swori
forma dafiqsirebulia im samTavrobo saitzec, romelzec mogaxsenebdiT.
didad sasixaruloa, rom gamonaklisTa Sorisaa da swori formiT aris am
saitze anonsirebuli kavkasiis universitetSi Catarebuli konferencia.
Zneli saTqmelia, risi bralia amgvari Secdoma, enisa da istoriis ucod­
inrobis, upasuxismgeblobisa Tu naCqareobis, magram faqtia, rom axla amas
aRaraferi eSveleba _ es yvelaferi ukve istoriis nawilia, xolo Cven imad
gavamaxvileT am Secdomebze yuradReba, rom saqme uSualod exeba swored
im termins, romelic Cveni moxsenebis sagani gaxlavT.
Cveni mizania, naTeli movfinoT istorias da warmomavlobas terminisa
_ `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~. aq Segnebulad ar vwerT, _ `Sevis­
wavloT da naTeli movfinoT~, CvenTvis aq Sesaswavli araferia. ubralod,
gvinda zogierTi dRemde ucnobi Tu naklebad cnobili faqti sacnauri
gavxadoT farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.
xolo moxseneba Tavisi arsiT sakmaod uCveuloa. danamdvilebiT Zneli
saTqmelia, ra aris igi _ mecnieruli gamokvleva, istoriuli eqskursi,
retrospeqtuli mimoxilva Tu emociuri memuarebi. is albaT erTdroulad
aris erTic, meorec, mesamec, meoTxec da, SesaZloa, kidev raRac sxvac.

***
termini `pirveli respublika~ saqarTvelos demokratiul respub­
likasTan mimarTebiT axalia, gviandeli. igi arsad aris naxsenebi saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebel dokumentebSi, saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis konstituciaSi, imdroindel presaSi, demokra­
tiul respublikis politikur moRvaweTa memuarebsa Tu werilebSi, qar­
Tul emigrantul gamocemebSi... igi mxolod bolo 30 weliwadia, rac ga­
moCnda da gavrcelda presasa Tu samecniero literaturaSi.
Cven SevecadeT Segvedgina am terminis saTaurebSi gamoyenebis erTg­
vari qronologiuri nusxa, romelic sruli, ra Tqma unda, ar aris, magram
garkveulwilad asaxavs terminis gavrcelebis sixSires, arealsa da dinamikas.
calke gvaqvs amowerili wignebi da calke sagazeTo Tu saJurnali pub­
likaciebi, risTvisac gamoviyeneT saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli bib­
lioTekis eleqtronuli katalogi.
pirveli wigni, romlis saTaurSic dafiqsirda termini `pirveli res­
publika~, gaxlavT maia gogiberiZis naSromi `federalistTa partiis so­
cial-ekonomikuri programa da politikuri moRvaweoba saqarTvelos pir­
vel respublikaSi~, romelic 1999 wels gamosca gamomcemloba `mematianem~.
amas mohyva kidev 10 wigni, romelTa saTaurebSi es terminia gamoyenebuli:
2000. roland kalandaZe, `demokratia, rogorc saqarTvelos pirveli re­
spublikis ideologia~ (aq es termini albaT xsna iyo avtorisaTvis, radgan
_ 10 _
saTaurSi sityva `demokratiis~ orgzis xseneba garkveul uxerxulobas Se­
qmnida), Tb., `mecniereba~;
2001. aleqsandre bendianiSvili, `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika
(1918-1921 ww.), Tb., `mematiane~;
2013. `damoukideblobis 1028 dRe: saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis
yoveldRiuri matiane (1918-1921)~, Tb., Tbilisis universitetis gamomcem­
loba;
2013. aleqsandre dauSvili, `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika da ruse­
Tis bolSevikuri presa~, Tb., `universali~;
2015. SoTa vadaWkoria, `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika da osmaleTis
eqspansiuri politika~, Tb., `georgika~;
2015. oTar janeliZe, `noe ramiSvili _ saqarTvelos pirveli respublik­
is pirveli premieri~, Tb., `petiti~;
2015. `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~ (saqarTvelos erovnuli arqi­
vis masalebi/albomi), Tb.;
2016. dimitri SveliZe, `pirveli respublika~, Tb., `bakur sulakauris
gamomcemloba~;
2017. dimitri silaqaZe, `saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis armiisa da
saxalxo gvardiis SeiaraReba~, Tb., `sezani~;
2017. `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~ (saqarTvelos erovnuli arqi­
vis masalebi/albomi, meore gamocema), Tb.;
ase rom, eleqtronul katalogSi sul 11 wigni iZebneba, romelTa sa­
TaurSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasTan mimarTebaSi gamoy­
enebulia termini `pirveli respublika~. SedarebisTvis davZenT, rom amave
katalogSi Setanilia 19 wigni (maT Soris _ erTi rusul enaze), romelTa
saTaurSi gvxvdeba termini `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika~.
erTi wignis saTaurSi erTdroulad gamoyenebulia orive termini:
2003. giorgi SaraZe, `saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika
da sagareo politika~, Tb. sawarmoo gaerTianeba `mecniereba~.
ase rom, bolodroindeli Secdomebi Tu uzustobani, romlebiTac daviwyeT
Cveni moxseneba, SeiZleba sulac aqedan iRebdes saTaves. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
orive terminis erTdrouli gamoyenebis magaliTi manamde versad moviZieT.
rac Seexeba sagazeTo publikaciebs, sul pirvelze mogvianebiT mogax­
senebT, xolo 1990 wlidan dRemde 8 publikacia iZebneba, romelTa saTaur­
Si CvenTvis saintereso terminia gamoyenebuli:
1990. guram yoranaSvili, `pirveli respublika, pirveli prezidenti: noe
Jordanias politikuri Tvalsawieris Sesaxeb~, gaz. `respublika~, 20 noemberi;
2003. nania saluqvaZe, `rogor daeca pirveli respublika~, gaz. `rezo­
nansi~, 17 Tebervali;
2009. qristine faRava-bulezi, `wvlili pirveli respublikis istoria­
Si~, gaz. `Tbilisis universiteti~, 17-23 dekemberi;
2013. sazafxulo skola `saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respub­
lika~, gaz. `24 saaTi~, 19 ivlisi;
_ 11 _
 2015. `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~. gaz. `saqarTvelos respub­
lika~, 14 oqtomberi;
2016. ia abulaSvili, `pirveli respublika _ rogor exmareboda germania
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis miRebaSi~, gaz. `rezonansi~, 18 ivnisi;
2017. oTar janeliZe, `sami albomi saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis
Sesaxeb~, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 2 maisi;
2018. `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika-100~, gaz. `axali ganaTleba~,
5-18 aprili;
garda amisa, 2008 wels `24 saaTis~ CanarT Weekend-s hqonda rubrika `90
weli saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis daarsebidan~, romliTac im wlis
maisSi (# 77 da # 78) gamoqveynda oTar janeliZis werilebis cikli saqarT­
velos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb.
Cven vsaubrobT terminis saTaurebSi gamoyenebaze, Torem romel teqst­
Si rodis da ramdenjer aris gamoyenebuli termini `saqarTvelos respub­
lika~, amis aRnusxva yovlad SeuZlebelia.
erovnuli biblioTekis eleqtronul katalogSi am terminis gamoyenebis
yvelaze adrindel SemTxvevad miTiTebulia gazeT `samSoblos~ 1989 wlis
26 maisis nomeri, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamomavali pirveli
gazeTi aRmoCnda, 1920 wlis Semdeg, sadac saqarTvelos demokratiuli re­
spublikis droSa da gerbi daibeWda.
gazeTis pirvel gverdze sadResaswaulo anSlagTan (`26 maisi saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis dRea!~), damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ferad
droSasTan, Sav-TeTr gerbTan Tu saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublik­
is himnis notebTan Tu teqstTan erTad, dabeWdilia cnobili istorikose­
bis uSang sidamoniZisa da guram yoranaSvilis monaTxrobi saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis Sesaxeb saerTo saTauriT: `pirveli respublika~.
sainteresoa, rom pirveli avtori, vinc es axali termini Tavisi naSromis
saTaurad gamoiyena (1990 wlis noemberSi), swored erT-erTi am mecnierTa­
gani, guram yoranaSvili gaxldaT.
eWvi ar aris, termins `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~ safrangeTis
xuTi respublikis analogia daedo safuZvlad da ara, vTqvaT, koreis eqvsi
respublikisa, imis miuxedavad, rom gazeT `samSobloSi~ am terminis gamoCe­
namde cota xniT adre, 1989 wlis 25 Tebervals koreis avtoritaruli mexu­
Te respublikis liderma Con duxvanma Zalaufleba pirdapiri arCevnebis
gziT arCeul prezidents ro deus gadaabara, riTac dasabami mieca koreis
meeqvse respublikas. Tumca mTlad pirdapiri analogia samarTliani arc
safrangeTTan iqneba, respublikebis numeracias konstituciis redaqciebi
rom udevs safuZvlad, radgan saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucias faq­
tobrivad ar umuSavia okupaciis gamo da pirveli respublika am konsti­
tuciis miRebidan oriode kviraSi dasamarda.
`pirveli respublika~ gazeT `samSoblos~ 1989 wlis 26 maisis nomris pir­
vel gverdzea dabeWdili da mowinave werilis forma aqvs. istorikosTa te­
qstebs win saredaqcio lidi uZRvis, romlis teqstic aq mTlianad mogvyavs:
_ 12 _
 `saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, romelic arsebobis
68 weliwads iTvlis, meore respublikaa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. pirveli
respublika _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika _ 1918 wlis 26 maiss
Seiqmna da sam weliwads iarseba. am dRes aRdga saqarTvelos erovnuli
saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi qveyanas
dakarguli hqonda. wels farTod aRvniSnavT 26 maiss _ saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifoebriobis aRdgenis dRes.
Cven vTxoveT cnobil istorikosebs uSangi sidamoniZes da guram yor-
anaSvils, im nomris mowinaved, romelic 26 maiss eZRvneba da romelSic
zogierTi istoriuli masalaa warmodgenili, gamoeTqvaT azri 26 maisis
erovnul, politikur da istoriul mniSvnelobaze.~
swored am teqstidan iRebs saTaves termini `pirveli respublika~ saqa­
rTvelos demokratiul respublikasTan mimarTebaSi.
es sulac ar yofila SemTxveviTi da `samSoblos~ redaqtoris mier kar­
gad gaazrebuli saredaqcio politikis da Tanmimdevruli moqalaqeobrivi
poziciis erTi mkafio gamovlineba iyo.
im periodis gazeT `samSoblos~ sabWoTa presisaTvis uCveulo siTama­
me da erovnuli problematikis gaaqtiureba axasiaTebda, rac ybadaRebu­
li `glasnostisa~ da erovnuli suliskveTebis sayovelTao aRmavlobis
fonzec ki aSkarad gamoarCevda mas qarTul presaSi. saqarTvelos demokra­
tiuli respublikis saxelmwifo simbolikis garda, 1989 wels gazeT `samSo­
bloSi~ daibeWda saqarTvelos 1918 wlis damoukideblobis aqti, saqarTve­
los erovnuli sabWos pirveli sxdomis stenograma, noe Jordanias sityva
damfuZnebeli krebis sazeimo sxdomaze, ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis
xelSekruleba; ruseTis me-11 armiis sardlis, general hakeris moxseneba,
saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia, aSS kongresis warmomadgenelTa pala­
tis specialuri komitetis sagangebo moxseneba `saqarTvelos okupacia da
gasabWoeba komunistebis mier~ da saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis isto­
riasTan dakavSirebuli manamde ucnobi sxva araerTi masala.
xolo misi redaqtorisaTvis `samSoblo~ ar yofila pirveli gazeTi, sa­
dac man mraval siaxlis danergvasTan erTad saqarTvelos pirveli respub­
likis manamde dafaruli istoriis popularizacia daiwyo.
1989 wlis 26 maisi imave wlis 9 aprilis sisxliT mopovebuli sityvis Ta­
visuflebis pirobebSi aRiniSna, magram erTi wliT adre warmoudgeneli iyo
26 maisis da saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis Sesaxeb romelime
gazeTs xma amoeRo.
qarTuli presis da ara marto presis istoriisaTvis albaT sainteresoa, rom
pirveli qarTuli gazeTi, romelmac sabWoTa pirobebSi saqarTvelos damou­
kideblobis dRe aRniSna, gazeTi `axalgazrda komunisti~ gaxldaT, romlis re­
daqtori swored am da amgvari publikaciebis gamo ramdenime TveSi CamoaSores
respublikis meore wamyvan gazeTs da SedarebiT `mSvid~, Seudareblad naklebi
tiraJisa da, amdenad, naklebi gavlenis mqone gazeT `samSobloSi~ gadaiyvanes.

_ 13 _
 SemorCenilia `axalgazrda komunistisa~ da Semdeg `samSoblos~ re­
daqtoris samuSao Canawerebi, romlebSic avtors jer kidev manamde mouniS­
navs win wamosawevi sagazeTo Temebi, sanam mas `axalgazrda komunistis~ re­
daqtorad daniSnavdnen 1985 wlis martSi. aseT TemaTa Soris iyo 26 maisis,
rogorc saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRis aRniSvna. es maSin sruliad
warmoudgeneli iyo da veravin ifiqrebda, Tu am Canafiqrs odesme ganxorx­
orcieleba ewera.
pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi es marTlac SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, ma­
gram 1988 wels, pirveli respublikis gamocxadebis 70-e wlisTavze, 26
maisis aRniSvnac moxerxda. 20-iani wlebis dasawyisis Semdeg am TariRis
aRsaniSnavi werili sabWoTa sinamdvileSi pirvelad swored `axalgazrda
komunistSi~ gamoqveynda 1988 wlis 26 maiss. es iyo istoriis mecniereba­
Ta kandidatis avTandil menTeSaSvilis statia `70 wlis winaT...~, romelic
daibeWda rubrikiT `istoriis furclebi~ da qvesaTauriT `1918 wlis 26
maisi qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis dRea~. redaqtorma
bevri ibrZola saimisod, rom rubrikad Tu ara, qvesaTaurad mainc yofili­
yo fraza `26 maisi _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRea!~, magram amis
ufleba ar misces. Tumca is ki moxerxda, rom teqstSi 26 maisi naxsenebi
iyo, rogorc dResaswauli. dResaswaulisa ra giTxraT da, es im droisaTvis
namdvili saswauli iyo.
swored am publikaciis erTgvari gagrZeleba gaxldaT momdevno wels
gazeT `samSobloSi~ 26 maisis farTod aRniSvna da Semotana axali terminisa
`pirveli respublika~.
am terminis premieridan zustad 14 wlis Semdeg, 2003 wlis 26 maiss, ukve
mas mere, rac es termini sxvaganac gamoCnda, gazeT `ganaTlebul saqarT­
veloSi~, romelsac `samSoblos~ redaqtori paralelurad edga saTaveSi,
man Tavisi xelmoweriT gamoaqveyna mowinave werili saTauriT `52 maisi da
oTxi respublika~, sadac pirveli respublikis kvaldakval momdevno res­
publikebic `danomrilia~.
saqarTvelos respublikebis danomvrisas statiis avtori saqarTvelos
sabWoTa socialistur respublikas, romlis arseboba zustad 70 weliwads
gagrZelda, erT, meore respublikad Tvlis, Tumca erT xans saqarTvelo
amierkavkasiis federaciis wevri iyo da am saxiT Sedioda sabWoTa kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi, ris gamoc SeiZleboda is periodi calke gamoyofiliyo.
rac Seexeba konstitucias, am 70-wlian periodSi saqarTvelom konstituci­
is oTxi redaqcia miiRo _ 1922, 1927, 1937 da 1978 wlebSi.
saqarTvelos mesame respublikad avtors 1990-1991 wlebis saqarTvelos
respublika miaCnia, roca zviad gamsaxurdias uzenaesma sabWom bolo sabWo­
Ta konstituciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. meoTxe respublikad
ki igi 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis moqmedebis periods miiCnevs.
rogorc Cans, avtori respublikad ar Tvlis samxedro sabWos, droebiTi
mTavrobisa da saxelmwifo sabWos droindel ukonstituciobis samwlian
monakveTs, imis miuxedavad, rom 1992 wlis 21 Tebervals samxedro sabWom
_ 14 _
aRadgina 1921 wlis konstitucia, magram mas, iseve rogorc 71 wlis winaT,
faqtobrivad ar umuSavia, amjerad _ rogorc sruliad Seusabamos arsebul
viTarebasTan.
`ganaTlebuli saqarTvelos~ mowinaveSi vkiTxulobT:
`maxsovs cnobili istorikosis uSang sidamoniZis gaoceba, roca pirve-
lad vixmare es termini _ `pirveli respublika~. es iyo 1989 wlis 26 maiss,
gazeT `samSoblos~ me-14 nomerSi. man jer iucxova es ori sityva saqarT-
velos demokratiul respublikasTan mimarTebaSi, mere ki _ ratomac ara,
mSvenieri mignebaao, Tqva. rogor ar unda mixarodes, rom Cems mier Semot-
anili es definicia ase damkvidrda Cvens istoriografiasa Tu presaSi.
pirveli respublika _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, noe
Jordaniasa da menSevikebis respublika _ 1918 wlis 26 maisi Sedegi gaxldaT.
meore respublika _ saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika,
bolSevikebis respublika _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis faqtobrivi
dakargvis, wiTeli ruseTisagan qveynis okupaciisa da aneqsiis nayofi iyo.
mesame respublika _ zviad gamsaxurdias saqarTvelos respublika, pir-
veli respublikis samarTalmemkvidre _ meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi
jer dafarul da mere daufarav erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas
da saerTaSoriso viTarebis Secvlas mohyva Sedegad.
meoTxe respublika, Tumca 1995 wels miRebuli konstituciiT respub-
lika aRar hqvia, eduard SevardnaZis saqarTvelo gaxlavT, romelic saxel-
mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis TvalsazrisiT, pirveli da mesame respub-
likebis memkvidrea, mTavari moqmedi pir(eb)is TvalsazrisiT ki, _ meore
respublikis erTgvar restavracias warmoadgens.
Tumca pirvel, mesame da meoTxe respublikebs ori 26 maisi aerTianebs.
istoriam ise ineba, rom saqarTvelos oTxi respublika pirvel-mesamisa da
meore-meoTxis principiT dawyvilebuliyo. pirveli da mesame respublike-
bi mSvidobianad, deklaraciaTa safuZvelze damyarda, meore da meoTxe re-
spublikebi ki sisxlisRvris Sedegad Seiqmna~.
15 wlis winandel am sityvebs mxlod is SeiZleba davamatoT, rom amaso­
baSi saqarTvelom mexuTe respublika gaiara da meeqvse respublikis mi­
jnaze dgas.
mexuTe respublikad SeiZleba CaiTvalos periodi 2004 wlidan, egreT­
wodebuli `franguli~ modelis danergvidan dRemde, ufro sworad, _ 2017
wlis konstituciis srulad amoqmedebamde. Tumca am periodSi saqarTve­
los sakonstitucio modelma ramdenime principuli cvlileba ganicada _
supersaprezidento modelidan supersapremiero modelamde da ukan _ sapa­
rlamento modelisaken.
2017 wlis konstituciam ukiduresad daasusta xelisuflebis sxva Stoe­
bi da qveynis mmarTvelobis wminda saparlamento modeli Camoayaliba. misi
sabolood ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg saqarTvelo gadaaswrebs safrangeTs re­
spublikebis raodenobiT da samxreT koreas daeweva.
esec Seni meeqvse respublika!
_ 15 _
 Tumca am moxsenebis bolos kvlav unda davubrundeT pirvel respub­
likas, ufro sworad, _ am terminis istorias.
zemoT wignebis CamonaTvlisas vaxseneT SarSan gamocemuli albomi `saqa­
rTvelos pirveli respublika~. swored am alboms da kidev or sxva gamoce­
mas miuZRvna Tavisi sagazeTo gamosvla saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis
cnobilma mkvlevarma, profesorma oTar janeliZem. `sami albomi saqarT­
velos pirveli respublikis Sesaxeb~ _ ase hqvia mis recenzias, romelic
gazeT saqarTvelos respublikis 2017 wlis 2 maisis nomerSi gamoqveynda.
recenzias qvesaTauric aqvs:
`vin da rodis Semoitana saqarTveloSi termini `pirveli respublika~?
am kiTxvaze profesor oTar janeliZis pasuxze ukeTes daskvnas Cveni
moxsenebisTvis verc vinatrebdiT.
ai, ras wers igi Tavis recenziaSi:
`saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sinonimad CvenSi farTod
damkvidrda termini `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~. mas presasa Tu
radio-televiziebSi xSirad iyeneben Jurnalistebi, aseve, calkeul ga-
mosvlebsa Tu gancxadebebSi mimarTaven politikosebi da sxv. saxelwode-
bam TandaTan samecniero mimoqcevaSi gadainacvla da adgili istoriogra-
fiaSic daimkvidra. cxadia, amis sawinaaRmdego araferi SeiZleba gvqondes,
miuxedavad imisa, rom es cneba metad pirobiTia. Tumca aucilebelia aRin-
iSnos, rom termini xalxuri ar aris da mas Tavisi avtori (naTlia) hyavs.
amasTan, misi Semotana jer kidev im dros ganekuTvneba, rodesac saqarT-
velos samwliani monakveTis Sesaxeb araTu farTo sazogadoebam, special-
istebmac ki bevri araferi icodnen.
rogorc araerT sxva saqmeSi, aqac pirveloba cnobil qarTvel Jurna­
listsa da mkvlevars, profesor paata nacvliSvils ekuTvnis. man jer
kidev sabWoTa periodSi, 1989 wlis 26 maiss gazeT `samSobloSi~, romlis
redaqtoric TviTon iyo, dabeWda mowinave werili saTauriT `pirveli res-
publika~. istoria ar aris zusti mecniereba, magram sizuste arc mas awyens
da kargi iqneba mkiTxvelmac icodes saqmis namdvili viTareba~.
diax, profesor oTar janeliZis daxmarebiT saqmis namdvili viTareba
gairkva, Tumca ki es Cveni moxseneba marTla uCveulo ram gamovida.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

gaz. `axalgazrda komunisti~, # 63, 26 maisi, 1988

gaz. `samSoblo~, # 14, 26 maisi, 1989
gaz. `ganaTlebuli saqarTvelo~, # 1, 26 maisi, 2003
gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, # 89, 2 maisi, 2017

_ 16 _
 Paata Natsvlishvili
PhD in Social Sciences, Professor
Director, Institute of History & Geography of Georgian Emigration
Grigol Robakidze University

THE FIRST GEORGIAN REPUBLIC _ HISTORY OF THE TERM

Summary

Over the past 30 years, the term `First Georgian Republic~ has spread widely in
the Georgian media and scientific literature, as a synonym, the parallel form of the
Georgian Democratic Republic (1918-1921). For the first time, the term `First Republic~
in relation to the Georgian Democratic Republic was used in the Georgian newspaper
`Samshoblo~ on May 26, 1989 by its Editor-in-Chief in his editorial `The First Republic~.

_ 17 _
 kaxa Sengelia
istoriis akademiuri doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

guranda WeliZe
istoriis akademiuri doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelo piter skineris wignSi

`saqarTvelo: miwa kavkasionis qvemoT”

gardaqmnebiT aRsavse iyo gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi. `civi omis~ das­
rulebam da socialisturi banakis kolafsma warmoSva axali, suverenuli
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic msoflio istoriuli procesebis damoukidebel
aqtorebad iqcnen. maT Soris iyo saqarTvelo, romelic Tavisi geopoliti­
kuri mdebareobis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, kvlav gaxda interesis obi­
eqti msoflios wamyvan Zalebs Soris. mimdinare procesebis paralelurad
ufro meti adamiani dainteresda misi istoriuli warsuliTa da RirSesa­
niSnaobebiT. `rani varT da rani viyaviT~ _ albaT am kiTxvaze eZebda pa­
suxs amerikeli istorikosi piter skineri (Peter Skinner).1 mis mier 2014 wels
inglisur enaze gamocemuli wigni `saqarTvelo _ miwa kavkasionis qvemoT~
(Georgia. The Land Below the Caucasus) SesaniSnavi gza aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom mas
dasavleTis farTo sazogadoebisaTvis gaecno saqarTvelos istoria da wignis
saxelwodebaSive daenaxebina saqarTvelos uzarmazari politikuri mniSvne­
loba. rogorc wignis winasityvaobaSi Tavad avtori wers, `es wigni cdilobs
mkiTxvels pirdapir da misTvis gasageb enaze SesTavazos eris ilustrirebuli
istoria, imisa­Tvis, rom movuyveT maT vin ra gaakeTa, rodis da rogor~ (Skin-
ner, 2014, gv. ii).
rogor daiwyo wignis istoria? Jurnal qarTvelologis mexuTe nomer­
Si vkiTxulobT: `2013 wlis noemberSi Jurnal `qarTvelologis~ redaqcias
werili moswera amerikaSi mcxovrebma qarTvelma arqeologma levan kiknaZem,
gagvacno amerikeli istorikosi piter skineri, romlis ilustrirebuli
wigni saqarTvelos istoriaze mzaddeboda gamosacemad. Tan SemogvTavaza
gamosaqveyneblad piter skineris statia da gvauwya avtoris gulistkivili

1 piter skineri _ britanuli warmoSobis Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi, mecnieri da re­

daqtori; dainteresebulia saqarTvelos istoriiTa da kulturiT. msoflio sazogadoeba kar­
gad icnobs mis wigns `msoflio savaWro centri~, romelic 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teraqtidan
mokle xanSi gamoica da maSinve rva enaze iTargmna. piter skinerma 2007, 2008 da 2010 wlebSi
saqarTveloSi imogzaura da Rrmad dainteresda Cveni qveynis warsuliT. igi iyo qarTuli xe­
lovnebisa da kulturis centris 2008 da 2009 wlebis saerTaSoriso simpoziumebis inglisuren­
ovani gamocemis redaqtori. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb wignis gamocemis Semdeg, 2015 wels saqarTve­
los diasporis maSindelma ministrma batonma gela dumbaZem mas gadasca jildo saqarTvelos
popularizaciis saqmeSi gaweuli gansakuTrebuli wvlilisaTvis. igi amave dros arCeul iqna
saqarTvelos istoriis maswavlebelTa asociaciis sapatio wevrad.

_ 18 _
imis Taobaze, rom inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis Zalze cotaa cnobi­
li saqarTvelos istoriaze da arc saTanado literaturaa xelmisawvdomi.
me, Cemi mxriv, vauwye baton piters, rom CvenSi inglisur enaze ukanasknel
wlebSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani wigni gamoica da sazRvargareTelma qarT­
velologebmac sqeltaniani monografiebi gamoaqveynes inglisur da german­
ul enebze saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb. magram amave dros misi werilis
gamoqveyneba, saTanado eqspertizis Semdeg, aucileblad miviCnieT. statia­
Si Cans didi siyvaruli da aRfrTovaneba saqarTvelos mdidari kulturiT
da xangrZlivi gmiruli istoriiT. magram, amasTan erTad, gulistkivilic
imis Sesaxeb, rom inglisur enaze am qveynis Sesaxeb Zalian cota ibeWdeba da
rac dabeWdilia, araa xelmisawvdomi farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisTvis~
(http://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/ge/jurnal/8).
TiToeuli qarTvelisaTvis saamayo unda iyos piter skineris pozicia,
romelic Seexeba brwyinvale qristianul kulturasa da aq mcxovrebi xalx­
is maRal erudicias. metic, avtoris azriT, saqarTvelos istoria xSirad
warmodgenilia rogorc mxolod erTgvari qveteqsti sparseTis, Turqe­
Tisa da ruseTis istoriisa, maSin roca `saqarTvelos mdidari da gavle­
niani kulturis istoria TavisTavadia, ganumeorebeli, da ara mezobeli
qveynebisgan SeTvisebuli, aramed unikalurad qarTuli~ (http://kartvelologi.
tsu.ge/public/ge/jurnal/8).
piter skineris wignSi Cveni warsulis Sesaxeb Txroba iwyeba uZvelesi
droidan da sruldeba 1921 wliT. miuxedavad avtoris mier aRniSnuli in­
glisurenovani gamocemebis deficitisa, dRes misi wignic unda moviazroT
Cens xelT arsebuli, sakuTari xelweriT gamorCeuli inglisurenovani
sxva­dasxva gamocemis gverdiT, Tumca amjerad Cveni yuradReba ara maT Se­
faseba-Sedarebaze, aramed piter skineris zemoTxsenebul konkretuli naS­
romze SevaCereT.
wignSi `saqarTvelo. miwa kavkasionis qvemoT~ _ moTxrobilia saqarTve­
los istoria uZvelesi droidan dRemde. Sedgeba 6 nawilisagan da 21 Tav­
isagan. esenia:
1. antikuri saqarTvelo: berZnebi, romaelebi da qristianobis miReba;
2. arabTa dapyrobebidan oqros saukunemde;
3. dampyroblebi da okupantebi _ jalal ed-dini, monRolebi,
Temur-lengi;
4. saqarTvelos daSla da Turqebisa da sparselebis Careva;
5. damoukideblobis dakargva. saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis mier;
6. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 1918-1921 wlebSi: sabWoTa okupacia 1921
wels.
wigns Tan axlavs miTiTebebi, bibliografia. saerTo jamSi misi moculo­
ba 500 gverdia. ydaze gamosaxulia gergeTis sameba.
rogorc avtori ambobs, misi `naSromi ar aris originaluri akademiuri
naSromi; is mxolod ganixilavs saqarTvelos istorias ufro martiv kon­
teqstSi. misi wigni eyrdnoba daaxloebiT 300 sxva wigns (maT Soris 95%
_ 19 _
inglisurenovans). yoveli Cemi gamoyenebuli wyaro miuTiTebs originalze
da ganumartavs mkiTxvels, ra saidan movida. Tumca citirebuli masalebis
umetesoba pirvelad ixilavs dRis sinaTles araakademiuri wreebisTvis.
Cems wignSi miTiTebulia yvela gamoyenebuli wyaro, magram samwuxarod,
iqidan realurad Zalian cota mkiTxvels miuwvdeba xeli, universitetebis
biblioTekebSi daculi literaturis garda (http://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/
ge/arqive/8/5). aqve mivesalmebiT avtoris mier wignSive gakeTebul SeniSvnas,
rom SesaZlebelia miTiTebebSi daSvebuli iyos uneblie Secdomeba, ris ga­
mosworebasac is apirebs Semdgom gamocemebSi (Skinner, 2014, gv. ii).
piter skineri sainteresod gadmoscems saqarTvelos istoriis TiToeul
epizods, Tumca Cveni yuradReba amjerad mis mier danaxul, Cveni azriT,
marTlac rom unikalurad qarTul istoriaze, 1918-1921 wlebis saqarT­
veloze SevaCereT, romelic wignis meeqvse nawilSi me-20 Tavs moicavs _ gv.
451-471. miTiTebul 20 gverdze saqarTvelos es samwliani istoria warmod­
genilia 11 qveTavis saxiT.
1. Sesavali: Camoyalibebis faqtorebi;
2. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika: germaniis mxardaWera;
3. saqarTvelos mTavroba: problemebi da politika qveynis mSeneblobaSi;
4. ruseTisa da TurqeTis safrTxis pirispir;
5. saqarTvelo Tanxmdeba britaneTis samxedro misias;
6. diplomatiuri saqmianoba: parizis samSvidobo konferencia;
7. saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso aRirebis ZiebaSi;
8. saqarTvelo _ sabWoTa ruseTis samizne;
9. ruseT-saqarTvelos SeTanxmeba da Semdgomi Careva;
10. dasavleTis uari mxari dauWiros damoukidebel saqarTvelos;
11. ruseTis SemoWra saqarTveloSi, 1921.
wignSi piter skineri exeba 1918-1921 wlebis movlenebis yvela mxares
_ TurqeTs, ruseTsa da evropis saxelmwifoebs, brZolas denikinis TeTr
armiasTan, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi mimdinare procesebs, erovnuli um­
ciresobebis sakiTxebs, da saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis
mizniT bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs. Tumca CamoTvlili
qveTavebis saTaurebidan naTlad Cans, rom avtori ZiriTad yuradRebas
amaxvilebs sagreopolitikur viTarebasa da didi saxelmwifoebis inter­
esebsa da moqmedebaze saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi. Sesabamisad, mkiTxv­
elis yuradRebis fokusireba xdeba qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebze
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis konteqstSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, es arcaa ga­
sakviri, radgan Txrobis dasawyisSive avtori samarTlianad da obieqturad
aRniSnavs axali demokratiuli respublikis winaSe arsebul gamowvevebs _
safrTxes TurqeTisa da sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan, romelTa moqmedebac
gansazRvravda saqarTvelos mimarT imJamindeli da samomavlo politikis
raobas (Skinner, 2014, gv. 451). amasTan avtori sabWoTa ruseTis problemas
ganixilavs azerbaijansa da somxeTSi mimdinare procesebis konteqstSi.

_ 20 _
obieqturia batoni skineri im mxrivac, rom xazgasmiT aRniSnavs evropis
qveynebis mTavar sazrunavs gavlenis sferoebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ar Cans avtoris pozitiuri damokidebuleba germaniis
xelisuflebis saqarTvelosadmi arsebuli interesebis mimarT, rasac mow­
mobs misi mosazreba, rom `germania Seejaxa TurqeTs, mis mokavSires omSi da
gaxda saqarTvelos, misi yofili mowinaaRmdegis garantori. es iyo qmede­
ba, romelic emsaxureboda germaniis politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebis
ganxorcielebas da ara Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis principebis aRi­
arebas (Skinner, 2014, gv. 453). did saxelmwifoTa Soris igi moixseniebs bri­
taneTs, mis mier germaniis Canacvelebasa da saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofas TurqeTis SesaZlo Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg, Tumca baqosa
da baTumis olqSi britaneTis qmedebas `okupacias~ uwodebs (Skinner, 2014,
gv. 454). aSkarad da Riad saubrobs britaneTis interesebze. saqarTvelos
mTavrobaSi arsebul azrTa sxvadasxvaobaze germaniasTan da britaneTTan
kavSiris sasargeblod.
piter skineri xazgasmiT aRniSnavs saqarTvelos axali mTavrobis sur­
vils, rom mTavari iyo ara marto germaniisa da britaneTis mxardaWeris
mopo­veba, aramed saqarTvelos suverenitetis aRiareba da mxardaWera sxva
erebis mxridan (Skinner, 2014, gv. 454). am TvalsazrisiT, Cveni rogorc mkiTx­
velebisa da istorikosebis yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda parizis samSvi­
dobo konferencia _ mTavari da mniSvnelovani etapi saxelmwifoTSorisi
urTierTobebis daregulirebis saqmeSi I msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg.
es iyo konferencia, romelsac axladgamocxadebuli respublikis mTavro­
ba saerTaSoriso aRiarebis imedebs ukavSirebda, amasTan maT molodins
zrdida aSS prezidentis vudro uilsonis `14 punqti~, romelSic saubari
iyo erTa TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb; aseve erTa ligis Seqmna mSvidobisa da
samarTlianobis uzrunvelsayofad. piter skineri erTa TviTgamorkvevaze
aqcents akeTebs prezidentis mier araTavisufali miwebis dasaxelebiT, ma­
gram pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom maT Soris saqarTvelo naxsenebi ar yofila
(Skinner, 2014, gv. 460). amiT avtori SesaZlebelia amwvavebs kidec mkiTxvelis
ganwyobas parizis sazavo konferenciis Sedegebis mimarT saqarTvelosTan
dakavSirebiT. amasTan, igi xazs usvams evropis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis san­
doobis dabal xarisxs saqarTvelosTan da somxeTTan mimarTebaSi. avtoris
yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila evropis saxelmwifoebis mxridan ara marto
sabWoTa ruseTis uaryofis, aramed mefis ruseTis aRdgenisa da mis far­
glebSi saqarTvelos dabrunebis survilic (Skinner, 2014, gv. 461).
sainteresoa batoni skineris damokidebuleba uSualod ruseTis qmede­
bebTan dakavSirebiT. igi mkafiod da naTlad acnobs mkiTxvels saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis ganwyobas ruseTis mier SeTava­
zebuli TanamSrolobis Sesaxeb, rasac asaxelebs kidec sabWoTa veraguli
reagirebis mizezad. ruseTis mTavrobis moTxovna `saqarTvelos terito­
riaze mTavrobis mier antisabWoTa saqmianobis Sewyvetis sapasuxod, ruse­
Ti gamoxatavda saqarTvelos de_iure aRiarebis mzaobas~ (Skinner, 2014, gv.
_ 21 _
466). miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi moTxovna arRvevda suverenitets, aRi­
arebis piroba seriozuli cduneba aRmoCnda, ramac saqarTvelo_ruseTis
molaparakebis procesi ganaaxla. Tumca avtori amavdroulad warmoaCens
antibolSevikuri ganwyobis zrdasac. saerTo jamSi, sabWoTa ruseTis qmede­
bebSi samiznesTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebisT gamoyofs sergo orjoni­
kiZis, ioseb stalinisa da sergei kirovis figuras. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
wignis es nawili gaJRenTilia avtoriseuli gansakuTrebulad winaaRmdego­
brivi ganwyobiT stalinis mimarT, rasac, Cveni azriT, aZlierebs stalinis
pirovnebis Sesaxeb erTi saintereso wyaros gamoyeneba (Skinner, 2014, gv.
470). Tumca aqve davZenT, rom stalinTan erTad aranaklebi roli iTamaSes
saqarTvelos gasabWoebis sakiTxSi leninma, kirovma da trockim.
antibolSevikurTan erTad, avtori uyuradRebod ar tovebs baTumSi mim­
dinare movlenebis fonze gaZlierebul antiinglisur ganwyobas, rasac Tan
erTvoda dasavleTis uari mxari daeWira damoukidebeli saqarTvelosaTvis
(Skinner, 2014, gv. 458). miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis qveynebTan molapara­
kebis procesSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma rig warmatebas
miaRwies finansuri da savaWro SeTanxmebis xelmoweris, italiuri samTo
kompaniis tyvarCelis qvanaxSiris SaxtebSi daSvebisa da saqarTvelodan sa­
frangeTSi safeiqro warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro abreSumis Wiis
eqsportis Sesaxeb (Skinner, 2014, gv. 468). aRniSnuli informacia, vfiqrobT,
saintereso unda iyos ara marto 100 wlis winandeli istoriis gasacocx­
leblad, aramed dRevandel dRes Cveni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
strategiis Sesaqmnelad, radgan TanamSromlobas zemoTxsenebul sferoeb­
Si SesaZlebelia seriozuli gagrZeleba mohyves, miT umetes maSin, roca
dRes ase uWirs tyibulisa da tyvarCelis maRaroebs. ase rom, erTis mxriv
istoriis amsaxveli masala, SesaZlebelia dRes sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
dasavluri investiciebis mozidvasa da qarTuli produqciis sazRvrebs ga­
reT eqsportirebaSi dagvexmaros.
ruseTis, TurqeTisa da evropis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis fonze
batoni skineri SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs qveynis SigniT mimdin­
are movlenebs, Tumca saubrobs axladgamocxadebuli respublikis mTavro­
bis formirebisa da maT mier gatarebuli sxvadasxva RonisZiebis Sesaxeb.
ministrTa kabinetis SemadgenlobaSi igi moixseniebs 9 ministrs, amasTan
saxelwodebebi warmodgenilia uzustobiT (Skinner, 2014, gv. 468). magaliTad:
soflis meureobis nacvlad unda iyos miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis minis­
tri, vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis ministri _ finansTa da vaWroba_mrewvelo­
bis ministris saxliT unda iyos moxseniebuli. amasTanave Tu daveyrdno­
biT bolo monacemebs demokratiuli respublikis Sesaxeb, moxseniebulia
mxolod 7 ministri (https://on.ge). ase rom, es sakiTxi seriozul gadaxedvas
saWiroebs.
SedarebiT mwiria avtoris Txroba am mimarTulebiT, Tumca igi exeba im
periodSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi ganxorcielebul RonisZebebs. yuradReba

_ 22 _
maxvildeba saqarTvelos jer kidev SezRudul infrastruqturaze, qveynis
mosaxleobis kategoriebze, im dros arsebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis
deficitze; samewarmeo saqmianobis Senelebaze. aseTi rTuli viTarebis
fonze _ saqarTvelos samxreT_dasavleT teritoriebis dakargva, saqarT­
velos qalaqebsa da soflebSi sacxovreblisa Tu sursaTis, wesrigisa da
kanonmorCilebis problemebi _ piter skineri ufro met aqcents akeTebs
mTavrobis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegebze, aRniSnavs ra mTavro­
bis wevrTa ideologiuri mrwamsis Sesaxeb _ saubrobs burJuaziis inter­
esebis uaryofasa da glexebisa da muSa_xelis waxalisebaze. avtori aSuqebs
movlenebs TbilisSi, upirveles yovlisa, damfuZnebeli krebis, rogorc
Tavad ambobs `srulfasovani parlamentis arCevnebis~ Sesaxeb (Skinner, 2014,
gv. 461). igi xazs usvams arCevnebSi monawileobis liberalur uflebasa da
faruli wesiT kenWisyras, arCevnebSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas nebi­
smieri partiisa da jgufisaTvis. masve Semoaqvs xmis micemis aRmniSvneli
termini `Franchise~ (Skinner, 2014, gv. 461). es ukanaskneli CvenSi ufro me­
tad gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri SinaarsiT, Tumca amjerad avtori mas gansx­
vavebul datvirTvas aZlevs. vfiqrobT, misi naSromi am TvalsazrisiTacaa
saintereso, radgan dainteresebul mkiTxvelsa Tu mkvlevarebs inglisur
enaze politikuri da ekonomikuri leqsikis gamdidrebis SesaZleblobas
aZlevs. piter skineri wignSi calke gamoyofs arCevnebis Sedegebs, Tumca aq
SeiniSneba mTeli rigi uzustobebi. pirvel rigSi es exeba arCevnebis saer­
To Sedegis maCvenebels _ 550,477 xmis nacvlad avtori 505,477-s miuTiTebs
(Skinner, 2014, gv. 462). ufro meti albaTobaa imisa, rom es koreqturu­
li Secdoma iyos. srulyofilad ar aris miTiTebuli arCevnebSi monawile
yvela politikuri subieqti, rac Cvens qveyanaSi demokratiis maCveneblad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos da misi codna dasavleli mkiTxvelisaTvis saintereso
aspeqts warmoadgendes. aseve piter skineri mxolod social-demokratebiT,
erovnul demokratebiTa da socialist_revolucionerebiT ifargleba, ma­
Sin roca damfuZebel krebaSi kidev sxva politikuri partiebic ikavebdnen
adgils. amasTan sasurveli iyo avtors damfuZebeli krebis Sesaxeb aReniS­
na isic, rom arCevnebSi monawileobdnen qalebi da maT Soris 5 qalbatoni
iqna arCeuli damfuZnebeli krebis deputatad, rac im periodSi sruliad
ucxo movlenaa wamyvani dasavluri saxelmwifoebisTvisac ki. amis das­
turia skineris mier aRniSnuli ucxoeli politikosebis _ ramsei makdon­
aldis, karl kauckis, pier renodelis, emil van der valdes vizitis Sesa­
xeb saqarTveloSi. isini mxars uWerdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobas,
ixiblebodnen aq mimdinare reformebiT, aSkarad gamoxatavdnen pozitiur
damokidebulebas qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebTan mimarTebaSi (Skinner,
2014, gv. 469).
eris mSeneblobisaTvis gatarebuli politikis konteqstSi avtori ga­
nixilavs miwis politikas, samrewvelo kanonmdeblobasa da Sromis kodeqss,
romlis Sesaxeb is aRniSnavda: `axali kodeqsi cvlida cxovrebas. Tu qarTu­
li kanonmdeblobas evropuli demokratiebis kanonmdeblobebs SevadarebT,
_ 23 _
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo moiazreba ganaTlebuli SromiTi praq­
tikis mqone lider qveyanaTa Soris~ (Skinner, 2014, gv. 457). avtoris mier
maSin arsebuli realobis aseTi Sefaseba marTlac rom mravlismomcemia
ucxoeli mkiTxvelisaTvis, romlisTvisac kidev ufro naTeli xdeba maSinac
da dResac saqarTvelos mier demokratiuli sazogadoebis Senebis survili.
rac Seexeba ganaTlebasa da kulturas, piter skineri saubrobs mxolod
umaRlesi ganaTlebis _ universitetis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. oriode si­
tyviT aRniSnavs sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg dasavluri gage­
bis akademiuri Tavisuflebis SezRudis Sesaxeb, Tumca mkiTxvels amcnobs
qarTveli mecnierebis mier gamovlenili SemoqmedebiTi potencialisa da
maTi miRwevebis mniSvnelobis Taobaze (Skinner, 2014, gv. 457).
wignSi ganxiluli zemoT aRniSnuli qveTavebidan Cans, rom avtori oTx
qveTavs uTmobs swored rom ruseTis mier saqarTvelos gasabWoebis sakiTx­
ebs. sabWoTa politikas saqarTveloSi is ZalmomreobiT politikas uwodebs.
misi Sinaarsis gadmocemisas is iyenebs termins `Faustrecht~ (Skinner, 2014, gv.
471), romelic iTargmneba rogorc `muStis samarTali~. aRsaniSnavia, rom
es termini CvenTvis nacnob qarTulenovan da inglisurenovan gamocemebSi
ar gvxvdeba. amdenad, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia misi ufro metad dakonk­
reteba da samenciero mimoqcevaSi Semotana. aRniSnuli termini zustad
asaxavs sabWoTa xelisuflebis qmedebas, radgan misi Sinaarsi mdgomarebs
SemdegSi: situacia, sadac yvela cdilobs, rom misTvis samarTlianad miC­
neuls ZalmomreobiTi meTodebiT miaRwios; es sityva werilobiT wyaroebSi
pirvelad XV saukuneSi dasturdeba da Tavdapirvelad orTabrZolis mniS­
vnelobiT gvxvdeboda. XVI saukunidan sityvam sxva mniSvnelobac SeiZina,
kerZod, ufro Zlieris ufleba an samarTlis aRdgena samarTlebirivi sa­
fuZvlis gareSe. sxva wyaroebi misi ufro mokle da lakonuri ganmartebiT
Semofarglebian da mas muStis samarTals uwodeben. vfiqrobT, sabWoTa
xelisuflebis Sinaarsis gadmosacemd termini `muStis samarTali~ ufro
metad unda iqnas Cven mier gamoyenebuli.2
terminebTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas Semdegic _ wigns Tan axlavs in­
deqsaciis gverdebi, sadac gvxvdeba saqarTvelos demoratiuli resublikis
abreviatura inglisur enaze _ GDR, rac Georgia Democratic Republic niSnavs
(Skinner, 2014, gv. 492). es Zalian saintereso detalia, radgan msgavsi abre­
viatura Cvens istoriul mexsierebaSi ukavSirdeba germaniis demokratiul
respublikas. amieridan SesaZlebelia skineriseuli abreviaturis gamoyene­
baze fiqri saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasTan mimarTebaSi.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom britanel general milns piter skineri moixse­
niebs rogorc C-in-C (Skinner, 2014, gv. 467). es ukanaskneli abreviaturaa
Commanders in Chief, rac mTavarsardals, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRles
meTaurs niSnavs. mTavrsardlis aRsaniSavad inglisur enaze aRniSnuli ter­

2 Faustrecht _ terminis Targmanisa da mniSvnelobis moZiebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT kavkasiis

universitetis germanuli enis departamentis direqtors, filologiis doqtors qalbaton
qeTevan nikolaZes.

_ 24 _
minis codna istorikosebisaTvis mniSvnelovania dRevandel dRes, radgan
ufro xSirad gviwevs profesiuli saqminaobis dakavSireba inglisurnovan
samyarosTan.
rac Seexeba wignis gaformebas: wigns Tan axlavs 140 feradi da Sav-Te­
Tri ilustracia, romlebic moZiebulia ara marto saqarTvelos sacavebSi,
arames ermitaJSi, palermos municipalitetis muzeumSi. vfiqrobT, rom es
kidev erTi safuZvelia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb xelovnebis Zeglebis kvlevis­
aTvis. Tumca ilustraciebis nawili avtors mopovebulia aqvs internetis
meSveobiT (Skinner, 2014, gv. ii). swored es ukanaskneli amSvenebs CvenTvis
saintereso periods, da am mxriv raime siaxles ver vxedavT. es ilustra­
ciebia _ general krezenStainis, social-demokrati liderebis 1918 wliT
daTariRebuli foto, Tbilisis universitetis, lord kerzonis, oliver
uordropis, giorgi kvinitaZis fotoebi.
da bolos, wigns Tan axlavs 20 feradi ruka (Skinner, 2014, gv. vii). calkeuli
periodebis amsaxveli kartografiuli masala absoluturad gansxvavebuli
midgomiTaa Seqmnili istoriis maswavlebelTa asociaciis vice_prezidentis,
istorikos-kartograf qalbaton manana SeyilaZis3 mier, romelmac wignis
ocive TavisaTvis specialurad moamzada oci istoriuli ruka. man da piter
skinerma rva Tvis ganmavlobaSi intensiurad imuSaves onlain-reJimSi. ba­
toni skineris mier saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalebis kar­
gad da safuZvlianad codnas misi da qalbatoni mananas gacnobis istoriac
mowmobs. qalbatoni manana man nodar asaTianisa da oTar janeliZis saqarT­
velos istoriis inglisurnovani naSromis meSveobiT aRmoaCina. wignisaT­
vis specialurad Seqmnil rukebTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom wignis
avtoris moTxovniT, rukebi dadebulia Tanamedrove reliefur safuZvel­
ze. batoni skineris moTxovna iyo aseve saqarTvelo rukaze gamoCeniliyo
ara lokaluri masStabiT, aramed regionuli mniSvnelobiT. TiTqmis yvela
ruka mocemulia Sav zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris. aseTi midgoma pirdapir
pasuxobs wignis saTaurs. skineris azriT, aseT SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvels eZle­
oda SesaZlebloba zustad gaego geografiulad da politikurad ra tipis
qveyanasTan hqonda saqme. sainte­resoa, rom bevri ruka wignSi mocemuli sax­
iT pirvelad Semodis qarTuli istoriul geografiaSi. Sedga iseTi rukebi,
romelsac aqamde analogi ar hqonia _ magaliTad qarTuli eklesia-monas­
trebi, romelsac iqve aqvs qronologiuri saZiebeli. 1918_1921 wlebis
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb rukac specialurad am wignisaTvis Seiqmna. marTalia
rukis saxelwodebaa `saqar­ Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupacia
sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1921 wels~, magram am rukaze asaxulia 1918 wlidan
moyolebuli movlenebi. rukaze datanilia saqarTvelos istoriuli da Ta­
namedrove sazRvrebi. isini gansxvavebuli feriTaa warmodgenili. rukis
legendaze miTiTebulia kidec _ `saqarTvelos teritoriuli moTxovnebi
erTa ligaSi 1919 wels~. adre arsebuli rukebisagan gansxvavebiT, sabWoTa

3 sakiTxis sakvlevad Sedga interviu qalbaton manana SeyilaZesTan 2018 wlis 16 ianvars.

_ 25 _
armiis nawilebis gadaadgilebis marSrutTan miTiTebulia maTi moqmedebis
dawyebis TariRebi. rogorc brZolis veli, calkea aRniSnuli tabaxmela.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavro­
bis emigrireba ucxoeTSi moxda baTumidan, SesaZlebelia ucxo mkiTxvels
gauCndes mosazreba mTavrobis rezidenciis baTumSi mdebareobis Sesaxeb.
aqedan gamomdinare kartografma mizanSewonilad CaTvala aRniSnul rukaze
eCvenebina mTavrobis emigrirebis gza xmeleTze _ Tbilisidan baTumamde,
Semdeg ukve baTumidan trapzonamde da stambulisaken (Skinner, 2014, gv. 450).
zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos
istoriiT dainteresebul ucxoel mkiTxvels gauCnda kidev erTi kargad
sakiTxavi wigni, romelSic aSkarad igrZnoba, rom saqarTvelo iyo evropa,
rom saqarTvelo dasavluri samyaros nawilia. rac Seexeba qarTvel mkiTx­
vels, aq misTvis sainteresoa avtoriseuli xedva da pozicia, miT umetes,
roca is distanciidan gicnobs da gafasebs. Cveni azriT, swored am dis­
tanciurobis Sedegia is xarvezebi, romelic Tan axlavs ganxilul naSroms.
sasurveli iyo avtors 1918-1921 wlebis istoriis momzadebis procesSi gae­
Tvaliswinebina Semdegi sakiTxebi:
1. 1918_1921 wlebis mTavrobis wevrebsa Tu sazogado moRvaweebs pi­
ter skineri moixseniebs mxolod gvarebiT, zogan iniacialiTa da gvariT.
sasurvelia avtors hqondes erTiani da Tanmimdevruli midgoma. amasTanave
igi umeteswilad ar uTiTebs calkeuli pirebis statuss, rac vfiqrobT,
dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis damatebiT kiTxvis niSnebs aCens.
2. sasurveli iyo avtors mieTiTebina yvela is qveyana, romlebmac aR­
iares saqarTvelos damoukidebloba am samwlian periodSi.
3. avtori arafers ambobs eqvTime TayaiSvilis Sesaxeb, romelic am pe­
riodis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi moRvawea da migvaCnia, rom 1918_1921
wlebis istoriis misi saxelis gareSe gaSuqeba ar iqneba srulyofili da
srulfasovani.
rasakvirvelia, Cven mier warmodgenili ramdenime xarvezis miuxedavad,
wigni ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas da SesaniSnavi SenaZenia istoriografi­
isaTvis. miT umetes gasaTvaliswinebelia avtoriseuli xedva, rom is ar
aris sferos specialisti da wigni yvela pirobas ver daakmayofilebs (http://
kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/ge/arqive/8/5), Tumca mas Semoaqvs seriozuli intriga
qarTveli mkvlevrebisaTvis, rom ufro metad vizrunoT Cveni qveynis is­
toriis farTo auditoriisaTvis warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT. es asecaa, miT
umetes, rom samomavlod wigni kargadaa Sesaswavli masSi asaxuli yvela
epoqiT. gansazRvrul unda iqnas ramdenad sworadaa gadmocemuli avtoris
mier gamoyenebul CvenTvis axal inglisurenovan wyaroebSi aqamde kargad
nacnobi movlenebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia misi rekomendaciac faqtebiT ga­
jerebul saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebiT (http://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/
ge/arqive/8/5). am ukanasknelma, aseve erT konkretul avtorTan da epizod­
Tan muSaobam kidev ufro metad dagvarwmuna mentaluri istoriis Seqmnis
aucileblobaSi. ase rom, jeri istorikosebsa da maT naSromebzea.
_ 26 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

naTmelaZe, n. (red.). (2012). saqarTvelos istoria XIX-XX saukuneebSi. tomi

IV. Tbilisi
Skinner, P. (2013). Georgia. The Land Below The Caucasus. New-York-London-Tbilisi
https://on.ge _ ukanasknelad gadamowmebulia 31.05.2018
http://kartvelologi.tsu.ge/public/ge/arqive/8/5 _ ukanasknelad gadamowmebulia
31.05.2018

Kakha Shengelia
PhD in History, Professor
Caucasus University

Guranda Tchelidze
PhD in History, Professor
Caucasus University

THE YEARS OF 1918-1921 IN A BOOK BY PETER SKINNER `GEORGIA _ THE

LAND BELOW THE CAUCASUS”

Summary

The paper deals with the history of Georgia of 1918-1921 as described in the book
by an American Historian Peter Skinner `Georgia _ The Land Below the Caucasus”;
namely, with the principle issues describing the domestic-political environment of Geor-
gia, foreign political relations and cultural aspects; the paper also gives an overview
of the sources used, the terms and some cultural features. The paper highlights the
aspects that need to be focused on when investigating the period of 1918-1921 and
stresses significance of the work as it allows foreign readers to get acquainted with the
history of the country. The paper further emphasizes the need of publishing a more
comprehensive work on the history of Georgia.

_ 27 _
 oTar janeliZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis

deklaraciebi da qarTuli politikuri speqtri

demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli Cveulebrivi wesi da miRebuli

praqtikaa: axlad arCeuli mTavroba deklaraciiT warsdgeba parlamentis
winaSe da mas Tavis samoqmedo gegmas, programas, maTi ganxorcielebis gzeb­
sa da saSualebebs gaacnobs. saqarTvelos pirveli respublikac, romel­
ic imTaviTve amkvidrebda demokratiul principebsa da Rirebulebebs, am
mxriv gamonaklisi ar yofila. im arasruli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, rac es
qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebobda, qveynis umaRlesma sakanonmdeblo organom
orjer moismina da ganixila mTavrobis deklaracia, safuZvlianad imsjela
maTze da Sesabamisi dadgenilebebic miiRo.
pirveli amgvari faqti 1918 wlis ivniss, xolo meore 1919 wlis marts
ganekuTvneba. 1918 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba
koaliciuri, xolo 1919 wlisaTvis ukve erTpartiuli (social-demokrati­
uli) iyo. rac Seexeba opoziciur speqtrs, gansaxilvel periodSi igi didad
ar Secvlila da arsebiTad sami politikuri partiiT Semoifargla. eseni
iyvnen: saqarTvelos socialist-federalisturi partia, socialist-revo­
lucionerTa partia da saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnisa da misi kabinetis
formirebidan sul raRac ori kviris Semdeg, 1918 wlis 15 ivniss, noe ra­
miSvili, rogorc premieri, warsdga erovnuli sabWos winaSe da waikiTxa
mTavrobis deklaracia. deklaracia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daw­
yebuli saqmianobis angariSsa da muSaobis samomavlo programas Seicavda.
masSi gamokveTili iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikis
kardinaluri sakiTxebi, xazgasmuli iyo is tendenciebi, romelTa mixedvi­
Tac mTavroba saqmianobis gagrZelebas apirebda. Tematika dajgufebuli
iyo Semdegnairad: 1. sagareo politikuri gamowvevebi; 2. respublikis suv­
erenitetis dacva; 3. saxelmwifos zogierT kuTxeSi warmoSobili anarqiis
daZleva (upirvelesad mxedvelobaSi iyo duSeTis ajanyeba); 4. samxedro-Ta­
vdacviTi mSenebloba; 5. erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebi; 6. TviTmmarT­
velobis reforma; 7. sasamarTlo; 8 ganaTleba; 9. finansur-ekonomikuri
problematika; 10. agraruli reformis ganxorcieleba; 11. socialuri
problematika; da 12. damfuZnebeli krebis mowveva.
mTavrobas Tavis umTavres movaleobad miaCnda saqarTvelos gamoyvana
msoflio omis qartexilidan, gareSe safrTxis Tavidan acileba da mSvido­
bis uzrunvelyofa. garkveuli kompromisis xarjze mTavrobam SeZlo aR­
niSnuli, sasicocxlod aucilebeli problemis mogvareba.
_ 28 _
 deklaraciaSi aisaxa am kuTxiT ganxorcielebuli ori mniSvnelovani
movlena. 1. germaniasTan gaformebuli xelSekruleba da 2. osmaleTTan
dadebuli zavi.
aRiniSna, rom 1918 wlis 28 maiss, qalaq foTSi, germaniis saimperio
mTavrobis warmomadgenelTan dadebul iqna winaswari xelSekruleba.1
xelSekrulebiT, germaniam saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis
aRiareba da misi teritoriis xelSeuxeblobis dacva ikisra. deklaraci­
aSi xazgasmuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT, ger­
maniam gamogzavna Tavisi jari, romelic `imoqmedebs Cvens gankargule­
baTa Tanaxmad da mTavrobas xels Seuwyobs gareSe sazRvrebis dacvis
saqmeSi~.2
osmaleTTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb deklaraciaSi iTqva, rom 1918 wlis
4 ivniss, baTumSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaw­
eres sazavo xelSekrulebas3 da am gziT gadaidga pirveli nabiji mosazRvre
saxelmwifosTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobis dasamyareblad.
iTvaliswinebda ra am xelSekrulebis aucileblobiT ganpirobebul, ma­
gram qveynisaTvis saCoTiro Sinaarss, mTavroba aRiarebda: `4 ivnisis xe­
lSekrulebis zogierTi pirobebi qarTvel xalxis gulSi sruliad samar­
Tlian mwuxarebas gamoiwvevs~, Tumca iqve imeds gamoTqvamda, rom `norCi
respublikis energiul Semoqmedebis da diplomatiuri saqmianobis (Sede­
gad) momavalSi Cveni eris sasicocxlo interesebi dacul iqneba~.4
amgvari imedis safuZvels saqarTvelos mTavrobas germaniis dapireba
aZlevda, rom xsenebuli zavis pirobebi axlo momavalSi gadaisinjeboda. ga­
mocxadebulic iyo, rom qalaq konstantinopolSi Seikribeboda germaniisa
da misi mokavSire saxelmwifoebis konferencia. am konferenciaze miwveu­
li saqarTvelos delegacia, romelic mTavrobam oficialurad daamtkica,
ukve emzadeboda osmaleTSi gasamgzavreblad.5
deklaraciaSi xazgsamiT aRiniSna, rom mTavroba gaagrZelebs mSvidobi­
an, keTilmezoblur urTierTobebs kavkasiis respublikebTan da erebTan
da rom, diplomatiuri gzebiT uzrunvelyofs qarTveli eris sasicocxlo
interesebis dacvas.
am konteqstSi aucilebelia ganimartos, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba
erTguli darCa neitralitetis principisa, romelic pirvelad 1918 wlis
26 maiss miRebul damoukideblobis aqtSi gacxadda.
1 xelSekrulebis teqsti ix. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio arqivi, f.
1796, anaw. 1, saqm. 85, furc. 1-9; f. 1864, anaw. 1, saqm. 28, furc. 1-12
2 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 1836, anaw. 1, saqm. 64, furc.
1; aseve, gaz. `erToba~, 1918 w., 16 ivnisi
3 xelSekrulebis teqsti ix. Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и Грузии. Тифлис,
1919, 343-360
4 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 1836, anaw. 1, saqm. 64, furc.
1; aseve, gaz. `erToba~, 1918 w., 16 ivnisi
5 konferencia ar gamarTula. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis baTumis xelSekrulebam 1918 wlis oqtom­
berSi gaformebuli mudrosis zavis Sedegad Zala dakarga.

_ 29 _
 cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Camoyalibebisas
pirveli msoflio omi jer kidev dasrulebuli ar yofila. axlad warmo­
Sobilma saxelmwifom saWirod miiCnia, ganesazRvra qveynis damokidebuleba
am umniSvnelovanesi movlenisadmi, rac aisaxa kidec xsenebul dokumentSi.
saqarTvelom saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitraliteti gamoacxada.
iseT rTul geopolitikur regionSi, rogoric samxreT kavkasia iyo,
neitraliteti naklebad realuri Canda, magram misi sajaro deklarire­
ba mkafiod da naTlad cxadyofda qarTuli saxelmwifos samSvidobo mis­
wrafebas. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel politikosTa nawili, gan­
sakuTrebiT erovnul-demokratebi, neitralitets ar miiCnevdnen idealad
da igi mxolod `mimdinare politikis safuZvlad~ warmoedginaT.
gulubryviloba iqneba vifiqroT, rom neitralitetis gamocxadeba mTav­
robas qveynis suverenobis sakmaris garantad esaxeboda da ver acnobiereb­
da im riskebsa da safrTxeebs, rac axlad Seqmnil patara qarTul saxelmwi­
fos sxvadasxva mxridan emuqreboda.
sruliad sapirispiros mowmobs is faqti, rom aRmasrulebelma xelisu­
flebam demokratiuli respublikis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkiceba erT-
erT mTavar saxelmwifoebriv amocanad daisaxa.6 deklaraciaSi aRniSnuli
iyo: `mTavroba Tavis movaleobad racxs daicvas saqarTvelos respublikis
suvereniteti da demokratiuli wyobileba yovelnair gareSe da Sinaur sa­
frTxisagan~.
iqve miTiTebuli iyo, rom `saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis
gansamtkiceblad aucileblad saWiroa sakuTari, evropiulis wesiT gawvrT­
nili jaris Sedgena da amave dros mTelis xalxis mier samxedro xelovnebis
Seswavla, raTa saWiroebisas saxelmwifom SesZlos Tavisi sazRvrebis dacva
da suverenitetis uzrunvelyofa~.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba seriozul safrTxed
aRiqvamda im `arevdarevas, romelmac Tavi iCina saxelmwifos zogierT
kuTxeSi~. acxadebda, rom amiT xeli eSleboda `didi revoluciiT mopove­
bul socialur da politikur uflebaTa ganxorcielebas~ da pirobas iZle­
oda, mTeli Zal-RoniT aRmoefxvra am anarqiis niadagi.
deklaraciaSi yuradReba hqonda daTmobili eTnikur umciresobaTa
sakiTxs. ise rogorc 1918 wlis 26 maiss damtkicebul saqarTvelos saxelm­
wifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqtSi, gansaxilvel dokumentSic mkafiod iyo
naTqvami, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa moqalaqeebs
(rogorc maSin uwodebdnen _ `natex erebs~) `mieniWebaT iseTive politiku­
ri, moqalaqeobrivi da erovnul-kulturuli uflebebi, romliTac aRWur­
vili iqneba TviT qarTveli moqalaqeni~.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis deklaraciaSi gamokveTili iyo qveyanaSi
demokratiuli wyobilebis ganmtkicebis aucilebloba, gamoTqmuli iyo da­
pireba, rom axlo momavalSi srul demokratiul safuZvelze moiwvevdnen

6 janeliZe o., saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis pirveli premieri, Tb., 2015, gv. 48

_ 30 _
saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebas, daCqardeboda saerobo TviTmmarTve­
lobis SemoReba, ganisazRvreboda administraciisa da TviTmmarTvelobis
urTierToba, aseve gatardeboda sasamrTlo reforma. mTavroba pirobas
debda, rom gaagrZelebda skolis gaerovnulebas da droulad daasrulebda
savaldebulo ufaso pirvel dawyebiT swavla-ganaTlebaze gadasvlas.
deklaracia Seicavda mTavrobis xedvas qveynis finansur-ekonomikuri
stabilizaciis Sesaxebac, romelic ase iyo formulirebuli: `saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad ...saWirod migvaCnia finansiuri
meurneobis mowesrigeba, fulis sistemis SemuSaveba da sakuTari fulis
moWra, xolo, vidre es rTuli saqme moewyobodes, _ mTavroba zomebs miiRebs
Sinauri da sagareo sesxis asaRebad. mTavroba dauyovnebliv Seudgeba Se­
mosavlisa da qonebis mixedviT progresiuli gadasaxadis SemoRebas da ga­
dasaxadTa mTel sistemis gardaqmnas~.
agrarul sferoSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo dawyebuli miwis reformis
drouli ganxorcieleba da zrunva intensiur sasoflo meurneobis ganvi­
TarebisaTvis.
deklaraciis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas zomebi unda mieRo sawarmoo ZalTa
ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. qveynis bunebrivi resursebis xalxis sam­
saxurSi gamosayeneblad mTavrobas saWirod miaCnda `yovelgvri madneu­
lobis saxelmwifos sakuTrebad aRiareba~ da sazRvargareT nedleulis
gatanaze saxelmwifo kontrolis daweseba. am iniciativebisaTvis samarT­
lebrivi bazis mosamzadeblad ganzraxuli iyo erovnul sabWoSi Sesabamisi
kanonproeqtebis wardgena.
saqarTvelos mTavrobas uyuradRebod ar darCenia arc socialuri prob­
lematika. mas `didmniSvnelovan morig saqmed~ warmoedgina xalxis sursa­
TiT uzrunvelyofa da umuSevrobis Semcireba. gegmavda socialuri kanon­
mdeblobis ganviTarebasa da muSaTa klasis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mizniT,
mTavrobas ganzraxuli hqonda sarkinigzo qselis gazrda, tyeebis `wesieri
eqspluatacia~, sairigacio arxebis gayvana da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis ganmtkice­
bis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobad deklaraciaSi miCneuli iyo erovnul
sabWos winaSe pasuxismgebeli `erTi Zlieri mTavrobis~ arseboba. qveyanaSi
aRar unda darCeniliyo mTavrobis uflebiT aRWurvili romelime sxva or­
gano (igulisxmeboda muSaTa da glexTa sabWoebi).
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba hqonda
deklaraciaSi saqarTvelos suverenitetis SenarCuneba-ganviTarebis mkaf­
iod da naTlad gamoxatul survils, momavlis imedsa da rwmenas. amis aR­
niSvna miT ufro aucilebelia, rom damoukideblobis aRdgenis miuxedvad,
TviT dominanti politikuri Zalis _ saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli
muSaTa partiis elitaSi kvlav rCebodnen adamianebi, romlebsac eWvi epare­
bodaT qarTuli saxelmwifos dRegrZelobaSi da Tvali kvlav `demokrati­
ul~ ruseTze eWiraT.
_ 31 _
 saqarTvelos mTavrobis deklaracias Tu demokratiul RirebulebaTa
kuTxiT ganvixilavT, unda iTqvas, rom mas sruli gamWvirvaloba axasiaTeb­
da. deklaracia erTgvari paTosiT iyo Sedgenili, misi teqsti uxvadaa ga­
jerebuli im dros farTod gavrcelebuli revoluciuri frazeologiiT,
sagrZnobia social-demokratiuli partiuli stilic, magram xelisufle­
bas araferi daumalavs qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis _ arc miRwevebi, arc na­
klovanebebi, arc saxelmwifos winaSe mdgomi siZnele-gamowvevebi da arc
samomavlo gegmebi Tu amocanebi. amasTan, deklaraciaSi realisturad iyo
Sefasebuli `norCi respublikis~ SesZleblobebi, ar iyo dasaxuli ambiciu­
ri, imaze meti miznebi da amocanebi, risi ganxorcielebac swori saxelmwi­
foebrivi politikis gatarebiT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda.7
saqarTvelos mTavrobis deklaraciam erovnuli sabWos wevrTa cxoveli
interesi gamoiwvia. dokumentis gacnobas xangrZlivi politikuri debati
mohyva. misi monawileni, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis samoqmedo program­
is av-kargis ganxilvis paralelurad, cdilobden warmoeCinaT TavianTi
poziciebi da maT sisworeSi daerwmunebinaT rogorc mowinaaRmdege mxare,
ise farTo sazogadoebac. qarTul sinamdvileSi es am tipis pirveli sajaro
paeqroba iyo.
mTavrobis deklaraciis ganxilvas 1918 wlis 15 da 16 ivniss sami sxdoma
mieZRvna. iyo kritikuli Sefasebebic da mowonebis gamomxatveli gamosv­
lebic.
kamaTSi monawileoba miiRes federalistebma: samson fircxalavam, svimon
mdivanma, akaki papavam da samson dadianma, upartio konstantine afxazma,
radikal-demokratebma daviT Ciqovanma da aleqsandre axmetelma, eserma
ioseb gobeCiam da grigol naTaZem, erovnul-demokratebma: grigol veS­
apelma, geronti qiqoZem, revaz gabaSvilma, mixeil maCabelma, ioseb maWa­
varianma, Salva qarumiZem, social-demokratebma irakli wereTelma da noe
Jordaniam.
samson fircxalavam ganacxada, rom federalisturi partia mxars uWers
respublikis mTavrobas, moiwona warmodgenili deklaracia, Tumca gamoTq­
va ramdenime SeniSvnac 1. moiTxova, rom mTavrobas meti yuradReba daeT­
mo qveynis `samxedro Zlierebis ganmtkicebisaTvis~; 2. germaniasTan urT­
ierTobas unda mieces uflebrivi saxe. 3. mTavrobam unda gaiTvaliswinos,
rom Tu aqamde yvela partia da maT Soris social-demokratiac, partiul
muSaobas eweoda, _ dReidan saxelmwifos qmnis da rom is eweva saxelmwifo
moRvaweobas. mTavrobis politika unda iyos wminda erovnuli politika.
dasasruls dasZina: `mTavrobis programa bevrs rames aRniSnavs gasakeTeb­
els da naxevaric rom gaakeTos, _ esec daufasebeli iqneboda saqarTvelos
respublikis winaSe~.8
konstantine afxazma aRniSna, rom sustia mTavrobis kavSiri perife­

7 janeliZe o., saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis pirveli premieri, Tb., 2015, gv. 69
8 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w., 18 ivnisi

_ 32 _
riebTan da maT Soris ar aris gabmuli saTanado qseli. miuTiTa, rom
aucilebelia saxelmwifos gaaCndes biujeti da siZneleebis miuxedavad, igi
droulad unda Sedges. xazi gausva, rom agraruli reformis cxovrebaSi
gatarebamde, proeqti unda gadaixedos erovnul sabWoSi, meti yuradReba
unda mieqces saxelmwifo institutebis ganmtkicebas, moxeleTa kadrebis
profesionaluri niSniT SerCevasa da sxv.9
grigol veSapelma eWvi gamoxata, rom social-demokratebi SeZlebdnen
burJuaziuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobas. misi sityviT, `Cveni mTavrobis
pirvelSobili Secodeba is aris, rom socialisturi politikis da ekono­
mikis mociqulebma ikisres arasocialisturi saxelmwifos aSeneba~.
erovnul-demokratiuli partiisagan gamoyofili radikal-demokrati­
uli partiis saxeliT gamosulma daviT Ciqovanma sxva sakiTxebis gverdiT,
SeniSna, rom deklaraciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami eklesiis Sesaxeb da dasZi­
na: mTavrobas unda ganecxadebina, rom saTanado pirobebis mixedviT ekle­
sia unda CamoSordes saxelmwifos.10
erovnul-demokratebi ar dakmayofildnen mxolod erovnuli sabWos
sxdo­maze gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebiT da mTavrobis deklaracias TavianTi par­
tiuli gamocemis furclebidanac gamoexmaurnen. kerZod, gazeT `saqarTve­
loSi~ daibeWda vasil wereTlisa da rafiel ingilos kritikuli statiebi.11
eserTa fraqciis saxeliT mTavrobis deklaracia uaryofiTad Seafasa
ioseb gobeCiamac. man miuTiTa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobis
xarvezebze da gaakritika mTavroba qveynad arsebuli anarqiis gamo. glexTa
gamosvlebis mizezebad gobeCiam agraruli sakiTxis gadauwyvetelobasTan
erTad `administraciuli aparatis moSliloba da uvargisoba~ daasaxela.
kritikas Seicavda socialist-federalisturi partiis gazeTis `saxalxo
saqmis~ gamoxmaurebac mTavrobis deklaraciaze. gazeTi mianiSnebda saxelm­
wifo aparatis gaumarTaobaze, centrsa da provincias Soris saxelmwifoe­
brivi kavSiris sisusteze da sxv.
opozicioner deputatTa sityvebisa da SeniSvnebis gamo sabWos ganmarte­
ba misces mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem noe ramiSvilma, finansTa ministrma gi­
orgi Jurulma da miwaTmoqmedebis ministrma noe xomerikma.
deklaraciis ordRiani ganxilvis Semdeg saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom
kenWi uyara rezoluciis or variants. pirveli proeqti social-demokra­
tiulma fraqciam warmoadgina da aseTi Sinaarsis iyo: `moismina ra mTavro­
bis moxseneba misi samoqmedo gegmis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo
ucxadebs srul ndobas damoukidebel saqarTvelos demokratiul respub­
likis pirvel mTavrobas~.
meore, _ erovnul-demokratiuli fraqciis rezoluciis proeqti aRniS­
navda: `dRevandeli mTavrobis samxedro, agraruli da finansiuri politika

9 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w., 19 ivnisi

10 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w., 20 ivnisi
11 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w., 20, 21 ivnisi

_ 33 _
safrTxes umzadebs saxelmwifos. erovnuli sabWo saWirod sTvlis mTav­
robis organizacias saxelmwifoebriv da socialistur elmentebs Soris
paritetis principis mixedviT koaliciur plafrotmis niadagze.~
erovnul-demokratiulma partiam undobloba gamoucxada noe ramiSvi­
lis kabinets. amas maTi warmomadgenlis giorgi Jurulis ministrobidan ga­
dadgoma unda mohyoloda. Jurulma iTxova kidec ganTavisufleba, magram
sabolood igi mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi darCa da partiidan gavida.12
sabWos umravlesobam, erovnul-demokratebis gamoklebiT, daamtkica
rezoluciis pirveli proeqti da noe ramiSvilis mTavrobas sruli ndoba
gamoucxada.13
noe Jordanias sityviT: `saqarTvelos pirvel mTavrobis pirvel
deklaraciis ganxilvam namdvili parlamantaruli ganwyobileba Seqmna
erovnul sabWoSi~.14
social-demokratiuli perioduli presis Tanaxmad ki, `mTavrobis
deklaraciis ganxilvis dros saqarTvelos parlamentma namdvili sarkis
roli iTamaSa da yvela wreebis da partiebis gulisnadebi gamoaaSkarava~.
1918 wlis zafxulSi, gazeTi `erToba~ ase afasebda saqarTveloSi ar­
sebul sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas: `miuxedavad yovelgvari in­
trigisa, SigniT Tu gareT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika mainc
saukeTeso oazisia mTeli ruseTis da amierkavkasiis anarqiiT mocul us­
azRvro sivrceSi~.15 am sityvebSi araferi iyo gadaWarbebuli. mokle dro­
Si marTlac, safuZveli Caeyara qveynis aRmSeneblobas, moeswro araerTi
demokratiuli instituciis formireba, saTave daedo saxelmwifoebriv wes­
rigsa da sxva.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis meore deklaracia
ukve saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam moismina. es aucilebeli gaxda
imis gamo, rom farTo demokratiuli principiT arCeulma am umaRlesma
sakanonmdeblo organom, romelSic didi upiratesobiT social-demokrati­
ulma partiam gaimarjva, muSaobis dawyebisTanave Camoayaliba da daamtki­
ca respublikis axali, erTpartiuli (social-demokratiuli) mTavroba noe
Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis samoqmedo programa mTavrobis Tavmj­
domaris mindobilobiT sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni gegeWkorma dam­
fuZnebel krebas 1919 wlis 21 marts warudgina.
deklaracia acxadebda, rom axlad Semdgari mTavrobis mTavari mizani
iyo `revoliuciis monapovarTa ganmtkiceba da gafarToeba damoukideb­
el saqarTvelos respublikis farglebSi~. sagareo politikaze saubrisas,
dokumentSi imedi iyo gamoTqmuli, rom `msoflio samSvidobo kongresi~

12 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. centraluri saistorio arqivi, f. 1861, anaw. 3, saqm. 1, furc. 42
13 gaz. `erToba~, 1918 w., 18 ivnisi
14 gaz. `erToba~, 1918 w., 18 ivnisi
15 gaz. `erToba~, 1918 w., 21 ivlisi

_ 34 _
Tavis saboloo sityvas ityoda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
suverenitetis cnobis saqmeSi, rom didma britaneTma qveyanas ukve aRuTqva
damoukideblobis aRiareba. `saqarTvelos mTavroba mowadinebulia mokav­
SireTa danarCen saxelmwifoebTanac SeTanxmebis miRwevas da maTi daxmare­
biT saerTaSoriso ojaxSi sruluflebian wevraT Caricxvas~, _ xazs usvamda
deklaracia.
saSinao cxovrebis sakiTxebidan deklaraciaSi yuradReba maxvildebo­
da `marTva-gamgeobis gamartivebaze~, erobebis Camoyalibebaze im mazrebSi,
romlebSic jer kidev moklebulni iyvnen am instituts, TviTmmarTvelo­
bis organoebisaTvis adgilobriv doneze mmarTvelobis uflebis miniWe­
baze, sasamarTlo reformis dasrulebaze (mosamarTleTa da nafic msa­
julTa arCeviToba, senatis Camoyalibeba). mTavroba dapirebas iZleoda,
rom `gaanelebda~ sasursaTo da ekonomikur kriziss, Seamcirebda admin­
istraciisaTvis gamoyofil xarjebs, axlo momavalSi Seadgenda da daamt­
kicebda biujets, gamonaxavda Semosavlis damatebiT wyaroebs, `mSromel­
Ta interesebis uzrunvelyofiT~ daawesebda gadasaxadebis axal sistemas,
srulyofda socialur kanonmdeblobas, waaxalisebda kerZo iniciativebs,
gaaaqtiurebda brZolas spekulaciis winaaRmdeg, SemoiRebda ufaso, saval­
debulo da sayovelTao pirvel dawyebiT ganaTlebas, izrunebda xalxSi
`profesionalur-texnikur da sameurneo codnis~ gavrcelebisaTvis, ekle­
sias ganacalkevebda saxelmwifosagan da sxv.
deklaraciaSi TvalsaCino adgili ekava saqarTvelos ganapira kuTxeebis
problemas, kerZod, aRniSnuli iyo, rom mTavroba miznad isaxavs afxazeTsa
da samuslimano saqarTveloSi `Taviseburi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofas,
adgilobrivi ZalebiT Sinauri marTva-gamgeobis mowyobas da deda samSob­
losTan SegnebulaT dakavSirebas~.16
mTavrobis deklaraciis Sesaxeb TavianTi azri gamoTqves fraqciaTa war­
momadgenlebma. socialist-federalistTagan Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili gamov­
ida, eserTagan sityva warmoTqva leo Sengelaiam, xolo erovnul-demokrat­
Ta saxeliT spiridon kediam ilaparaka. opoziciurma politikurma partiebma
saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis dacvis mzadyofna gamox­
ates, magram imavdroulad mkacri kritikis qar-cecxlSi gaatares mTavrobis
gaweuli muSaoba da samomavlo moqmedebis gegmac.
Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvilma ganacxada: `Cven miuReblad migvaCnia gza, rom­
liTac mTavroba apirebs siaruls. …Cven vimyofebiT gardamaval xanaSi da
dResve unda Caeyaros mtkice saZirkveli momaval socialistur wyobilebas.
... Zirianad unda Seicvalos agraruli kanoni, romlis cxovrebaSi gatarebas
mTavroba apirebs. amis magivrad unda gatardes miwis socializacia. ...sof­
lis meurneobaSi, mrewveloba-aRebmicemobaSi mTavroba unda miiswrafodes,
sadac ki SesaZloa, koleqtivizaciisaken. ...cdilobdes ekonomikur cxovre­
bis umTavres dargTa sazogadoebriv organizaciaTa xelSi gadacemas~.

16 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 21 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 13

_ 35 _
 oratorma yuradReba gaamaxvila saxelmwifos xarjis masStaburobasa da
Semosavlis simcireze, muSaTa da saxelmwifo mosamsaxureTa mZime pirobeb­
ze mzardi inflaciis pirobebSi, manve moiTxova sruli amnistiis gamocxa­
deba yvela politikuri damnaSavisaTvis, xolo ubralo borotmoqmedTaT­
vis _ sasjelis Semsubuqeba.17
S. aleqsi-mesxiSvilma, fraqciis davalebiT, waikiTxa federalistTa
partiis deklaracia, romelSic xazgasmuli iyo: aucilebelia saxelmwifos
meti daaxloeba `socialistur demokratiasTan Cvens garSemo da evropaSi.
...didi yuradReba unda mieqces erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uzrun­
velyofas~.
socialist-federalistTa deklaracia iwunebda mmarTveli partiis
kurss, romelic mimarTuli iyo saqarTveloSi `martooden demokrati­
uli saxelmwifos~ damyarebisaken misTvis socialisturi xasiaTis miucem­
lad. sanacvlod ki acxadebda, rom qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvis
aucilebelia meurneobis gansazogadoeba, romelic unda moawyon koopera­
tivebma, saerobo da saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobam da mTelma saxelmwifom.
dasasruls, deklaracia miuTiTebda, rom federalisturi partiis
mimarTeba xelisuflebisadmi iqneboda kritikuli, `fxizeli da saqmiani~,
magram `respublikis dacvaSi, visganac unda moelodes mas safrTxe, so­
cialist-federalistTa partia yovelTvis mzad iqneba mxarSi amoudges
damfuZnebel krebas da TavdadebiT, sakuTari sisxliT daicavs saqarTve­
los Tavisuflebas~.18
mTavrobis deklaraciis ganxilva da Sefaseba socialist-federalistebs
amiT ar dausrulebiaT. am partiis oficiozma `saxalxo saqmem~ ramdenime
kritikuli werili gamoaqveyna da mmarTveli politikuri Zala sasursaTo
saqmeSi arsebul problemebSi daadanaSaula, miuTiTa, rom mTavroba mokle­
bulia saxelmwifoebriv Semoqmedebas da qveyanas safrTxeSi agdebs.19
`saxalxo saqmis~ meTaur werilSi ki, romelic uSualod mTavrobis
deklaracias mieZRvna, aRniSnulia: `menSevikuri mTavrobis es deklaracia
ara Tu dRemde gamocemul yvela deklaraciaze sustia, romelic ki saqa­
rTveloSi gamocemula, is iseTive liberaluri, zomieri, perspeqtivis da
demokratizmis grZnobas aris moklebuli, rogorc iyo guCkovebis da mili­
ukovebis20 deklaracia.~ SinaarsiT deklaracia socialisturi demokrati­

17 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 5
18 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv.
8-9
19 federalisturi partiis opozicionerobaSi eWvi SehqondaT erovnul-demokratebs. gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ publicistis sityviT: `federalistebma revoliuciis ori weli imas moandomes,
rom menSevikebTan erTiani fronti SeeqmnaT da mxned Sesdgomodnen burJuaziuli saxelmwifos
Senebas saqarTveloSi~. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1919 w., 22 marti.
20 a. guCkovi _ `17 oqtombris partiis~ (oqtiabristTa) lideri, ruseTis mesame saxelmwifo saTaT­
biros Tavmjdomare (1910-1911 ww.), droebiTi mTavrobis samxedro da sazRvao ministri (1917
w.); p. miliukovi _ konstituciur-demokratiuli (kadetTa) partiis lideri, sagareo saqmeTa
ministri ruseTis droebiT mTavrobaSi (1917 w.).

_ 36 _
is verc erT skolas, ver erT frTas ver daakmayofilebs. es deklaracia
aRtacebaSi moiyvans Cveni sazogadoebis liberalur wreebs, mrewvel-
vaWrebs, magram Sromis xalxs deklaracia arafers aZlevs arc politiku­
rad, arc ekonomikurad.21
mTavrobis deklaraciis Sesaxeb diskusiisas, socialist-revolucioner­
Ta partiis Tavmjdomare leo Sengelaiam mmarTveli Zalisa da mTavrobis
politikas oportunistuli uwoda. meryevi sagareo politikis Sedegad
miiCnia is garemoeba, rom damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi qarTulma saxelmwifom ver SeiZina verc erTi mokavSire,
rom mas TiTqmis yvela mezobel erTan omi da Setakeba mouxda, rom `Cven
ver davicaviT nacionalizmis poziciebi da davTmeT internacionalizmis
poziciebic. ...Cven TiTqos didi yuradReba mivaqcieT Tavdacvis saqmes, ma­
gram ver SevqmeniT verc xeiriani regularuli jari da verc namdvili sax­
alxo milicia!~22
socialist-revolucionerTa partia mmarTvel politikur Zalas or
skamze jdomaSi sdebda brals, acxadebda: `social-demokratiis mTeli
ubedureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is or skamze zis. muSaTa xmebiT gab­
atonebuls mas ver gaugia, rom erTsa da imave dros SeuZlebelia muSaTa
interesebis damcvelic iyo da burJuaziis saqmec akeTo. amitomac social_
demokratia mudam ryevaSia~.23
eserTa warmodgeniT, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba `unda iqnes or­
gano revoliuciis socialuri gaRrmavebisa~, xolo qveyanaSi arsebuli Zal­
Ta ganwyobileba da Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso situacia imis wina pirobad,
rom saqarTvelo gadaeqciaT `axal socialur cxovrebis oazisad~. l. Sen­
gelaias sityviT, `mxolod mTavroba WeSmariti socialisturi programi­
Ta da moqmedebiT, mTavroba ZiriTadi socialuri gardaqmnisa _ gauZRveba
Rirseulad revolucionur mSromel xalxs~. socialist-revolucionerTa
fraqcia mxolod aseT mTavrobas gamoucxadebs ndobas da mTeli Tavisi
Zal-RoniT mxars dauWers mas.24
gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT gamoirCeoda memarjvene opoziciis lideris,
spiridon kedias gamosvla. warmodgenili deklaraciis av-kargi man erTob
originaluri meTodiT ganixila: radgan aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi ar­
aviTari axali elementi ar Semosula, arc pirovnebis saxiT da arc rogorc
fsiqologiuri motivi, amitom `mTavrobis momavali politika iqneba gagr­
Zeleba misi warsuli politikisa~, _ ganacxada kediam da axlad formirebu­
li mTavrobis momavali saqmianoba misi warsuli moqmedebis analizs dau­
kavSira.

21 gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919 w., 23 marti

22 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 18
23 gaz. `Sroma~, 1919 w., 8 marti
24 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv.
19-20

_ 37 _
 s. kediam aRniSna saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze daSvebuli mTeli rigi
Secdomebi, saSinao Tu sagareo politikis xarvezebi da xazi gausva, rom
mTavroba fsiqologiurad moumzadebelia erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmni­
saTvis. s. kediam es garemoeba upirvelesad imiT axsna, rom social-demokra­
tiuli partia arasodes eswrafoda qveynis politikur Tavisuflebas da igi
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis saWesTan mxolod garemoebis
ZaliT aRmoCnda. misi sityviT, `mTavroba, romelsac saqarTvelos poli­
tikur saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobis Zieba Tavis dReSi ar hqonia da
romelmac mxolod garemoebis ZaldatanebiT Caibara ukve damoukidebel
saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeoba, cxadia, ...ver gamoiCenda im SemoqmedebiT
saxelmwifoebriv politikas, romliTac mxolod SeiZleboda ...Cveni qveynis
saxelmwifo Senobis ageba da gamagreba~.25
spiridon kediam mTavroba daadanaSaula imaSi, rom igi darCa inter­
nacionaluri solidarobis moimeded da Seaferxa `Cveni mdgomareobis
Sesaferi~ regularuli jaris Seqmna, rom sasamarTlo administraciis
gavlenis qveS imyofeba, arCeul mosamarTleTa Soris bevri Tanamdebobi­
saTvis sruliad gamousadegia da sxv. `usistemo da uloRiko~, _ ase daax­
asiaTa erovnul-demokratiuli partiis Tavmjdomarem saqarTvelos so­
cial-demokratiuli mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika da igi mmarTveli
politikuri Zalis `socialistur codosa da danaSauls~ daukavSira.
`mTavrobas ver gaubednia an ar surs icnos mesakuTris ufleba Tavis
sakuTrebaze, gzas uxSobs Tavisufal da kerZo iniciativas. xelisuflebis
usistemo da uloRiko ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad qveynis ekonomiku­
ri cxovreba ufskrulisaken mieqaneba. misi warsuli politikis gagrZeleba
Cvens qveyanas daRupavs da gaanadgurebs~, _ ganacxada s. kediam.
mTavrobas dRemde ver gaurkvevia saxelmwifoebrivi Semoqmedebis ori­
entacia _ kritikulad dasZenda sp. kedia _ meryeobs `mebrZol interna­
cionalur politikasa da namdvil erovnul saxelmwifoebriv politikas
Soris~, igi axorcielebs `revolucionur socializmis~ programas da mo­
qmedebs ara saxelmwifoebrivi sazomiTa da saWiroebiT, aramed partiuli
ideologiis TvalsazrisiT~.
sp. kedia xelisuflebas urCevda, daegmo `sarevolucio socializmis~
kursi, radikalurad gardaeqmna muSaoba da dadgomoda `nacad da saimedo
burJuaziul-demokratiul saxelmwifoebrivi Semoqmedebis gzas~.
gansaxilveli deklaraciis mZafri kritikisa da imis miuxedavad,
rom erovnul-demokratebma undobloba gamoucxades erTpartiul so­
cial-demokratiul mTavrobas da `principial da saqmian opozicias~
daadgnen, spiridon kediam dabejiTebiT ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos
erovnul-demokratiuli partia qveynis Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblo­
bis sakiTxSi `yvel mTavrobasTan iqneba yovel gasaWiris dros~.26

25 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 10
26 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 15

_ 38 _
 aranakleb kritikuli iyo erovnul-demokratiuli presa. gazeT `saqarT­
velos~ mowinavis Tanaxmad, mTavroba uxvia dapirebebSi, magram ver uTiTebs,
`ra gziT, ra saxsrebiT da saSualebiT~ apirebs maT Sesrulebas. `winaswar
Segneba, winaswar mzadeba, Tu Soreuli ara, maxlobel drois movlenaTa
mainc ganWvreta da maTi angariSis gaweva, _ aseTi Tvisebebi sruliad ar
axasiaTebs Cveni socialisturi mTavrobis moRvaweobas~.27
social-demokratiuli fraqciis saxeliT opozicur deputatTa kriti­
kul gamosvlebs pasuxi gasca da mTavrobis deklaracia daicva raJden ar­
seniZem. misi sityviT, `is movlena, rom saqarTvelos xalxma socialistebs
misca xma (gansakuTrebiT soc. demokratebs), mowmobs imas, rom gza so­
cial_demokratebis mier amorCeuli, aris swori. maSasadame, Cveni poli­
tikis RerZi unda darCes igive, rogoric iyo aqamde da rogorsac xma misca
xalxma. ...aq laparakoben mTavrobis Secdomebze, magram gana, rodesac ax­
als aSenebs vinme, mas Secdomebi ar mouva~?28 `vinc axal gzas ikafavs, mas
waborZikebis uflebac unda hqondes~.29
deklaraciaze msjelobis dasasruls, damfuZnebel krebas waredgina ori
rezolucia: 1. social-demokratiuli fraqciisa, aseTi SinaarsiT: `mois­
mina ra moxseneba mTavrobis Sedgenis Sesaxeb da misi samoqmedo programa,
damfuZnebeli kreba savsebiT iwonebs mas, amtkicebs mTavrobis Semadgen­
lobas da gadadis morig sakiTxze~. 2. socialist-federalisturi fraqci­
is rezolucia, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo: `damfuZnebelma krebam moismina
gancxadeba mTavrobis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb da agreTve misi deklaracia
da gadadis morig sakiTxzed~.30
erovnul-demokratebs mTavrobisa da misi deklaraciis damtkicebaSi
monawileoba ar miuRiaT. eserebma da federalistebma social-demokratebis
rezoluciisaTvis kenWisyrisas Tavi Seikaves, magram es rezolucia mainc
xmebis absoluturi umravlesobiT iqna miRebuli.
mTavrobis deklaraciebis ganxilva da opoziciuri partiebis mier maTi
Tavisufali Sefaseba mkafiod warmoaCens saqarTvelos pirveli respublik­
is demokratiul bunebas, cxadyofs qveyanaSi arsebul pluralistur gare­
mos; gviCvenebs, ramdenad cxovelmyofeli iyo politikuri procesi 1918-
1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi, rogor yalibdeboda xelisuflebis instituti
mravalpartiul sistemaSi, rogori iyo opoziciis monawileoba saxelmwifo
politikis formirebasa da ganxorcielebaSi.

27 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918 w., 25 marti

28 gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919 w., 25 marti
29 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 27
30 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba. 1919 wlis 22 martis sxdomis stenografiuli angariSi, gv. 28

_ 39 _
 Otar Janelidze
Doctor of History, Professor
Georgian National Museum

DECLARATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

OF GEORGIA AND THE GEORGIAN POLITICAL SPECTRUM
Summary

The highest legislative body of the Democratic Republic of Georgia heard and dis-
cussed the Government’s Declaration two times, held debates and reached an appro-
priate resolution. The declaration was first presented to the National Council on June
15, 1918 by the head of the Coalition Government Noe Ramiishvili; the second hearing
of a similar document presented to the Constituent Assembly of Georgia by one-party
Social-Democratic government was held on March 21, 1919.
In both instances the document led to heated political debates. The opposition
parties expressed their readiness for defending independence of Georgia but at the
same time severely criticized the government’s performance and its action plan. The
opposition parties were not content with criticism at the plenary meetings and respond-
ed to the government’s declarations in their party publications (the “Sakartvelo”, the
“Sakhalkho Sakme” and the “Shroma”).
The National-Democratic party distrusted Noe Ramishvili and his cabinet while the
others supported him. The National-Democrats dissociated from the approval of the
government and its declarations. The Essers and the Federalists abstained from voting.
Debates over the government’s declaration and free expression of opinion by the
opposition parties clearly indicates the democratic nature of the first Republic of
Georgia and the pluralist environment in the country; it shows how active the political
process was in 1918-1921, how the government institution was formed in multi-party
climate and what role the opposition played in the formation of the state.

_ 40 _
 dodo WumburiZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

akaki Cxenkelis roli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aRdgenis saqmeSi

1918 wlis gazafxulze osmaleTis jari saqarTveloSi SemoiWra. is ar

dasjerda brestis zaviT gaTvaliswinebul qarTul da somxur raionebs da
gacilebiT didi teritoriis okupacia moaxdina. trapizonis konferenciaze
amierkavkasiis mTavrobis delegaciam, romelsac qarTveli politikosi akaki
Cxenkeli meTaurobda, ver SeZlo sasurveli Sedegis miReba. verc baTumis kon­
ferenciam alagma osmal dampyrobelTa mada. konferenciis pirvelive sxdoma­
ze (11 maisi) gamovlinda uTanxmoebebi, rogorc amierkavkasiisa da osmaleTis,
ise osmaleTisa da germaniis delegaciebs Soris. germanelebs ar moewonaT
osmalTa gazrdili mada, rac maT amierkavkasiis mimarT gamoxates. amierkavka­
siis delegaciam moiTxova, rom molaparakebebi warmar­Tuliyo brestis zavis
safuZvelze, igive azris iyo germaniis mxa­rec. osmalTa delegaciis meTaur­
ma _ halil beim ganacxada, rom `amierkavkasiis mTavrobam CaSala trapizonis
konferencia, ris gamoc saqme xelaxal Setakebamde mivida, amitom Semdgomi
molaparakeba brest-litovskis zavis moTxovnebs ver daefuZnebao. sanacvlod
man akaki Cxenkels SesTavaza sazavo xelSekrulebis axali proeqti, romliTac
osmaleTis xelSi damatebiT unda gadasuliyo axalcixis, axalqalaqis, ale­
qsandropolisa da eCmiaZinis mazrebi. amiT 1828 wlis sazRvari aRdgeboda.
saqarTvelosTvis urTulesi istoriuli momenti dadga. unda mieRoT gad­
awyvetileba, riTac qveyana da xalxi saboloo daRupvisgan gadarCeboda.
qarTvelma politikosebma akaki Cxenkelis TaosnobiT Seqmnili situ­
aciidan erTaderTi gamosavali moZebnes: saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos aRdgena da germaniis mokavSireoba. urTules mdgomareobas
ganapirobebda: 1. saqarTvelos raionebSi osmalTa saokupacio jaris daun­
dobeli TareSi da osmalTa sardlobis saxifaTo ultimatumebi, rac sab­
olood asamarebda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ideas; 2. amierkavkasi­
is mTavrobaSi SeuTanxmebloba (somxebi antantas, azerbaijanlebi osmaleTs
emxrobodnen); 3. amierkavkasiis respublikis mTavrobis wevri qarTveli so­
cial-demokratebi prorusul poziciaze idgnen da Zneli iyo ase mokle
droSi maTi damoukideblobis mxareze gadmoyvana; am urTules momentSi
akaki Cxenkelma yvelaferi gaakeTa mdgomareobis gansamuxtavad da saqarT­
velos gadasarCenad; imedovnebda, rom germania amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTis
aseT gaZlierebas ar Seurigdeboda.

_ 41 _
 13 maiss amierkavkasiis delegaciam Seadgina memorandumi, romliTac
moiTxova osmaleTis mier 11 maiss SemoTavazebuli `zavisa da megobrobis xe­
lSekrulebis~ dokumenti ganexila mokavSire oTxTa saxelmwifos yvela war­
momadgenels. amas osmalebi ar daeTanxmen. halil beim 14 maiss kidev ufro
mZime nota gadasca Cxenkelis delegacias: moiTxova aleqsandropol-julfis
rkinigzis gadacema, rasac asabuTebda CrdiloeT sparseTSi ingliselebTan
brZolis strategiuli aucileblobiT [Документы 1919 ].
aRSfoTebulma germaniis genStabis ufrosma generalma ludendorfma
daavala osmaleTis genStabis ufrosis moadgiles general fon seqts, rom
enver-faSas teritoriuli pretenziebi moeqcia brestis zavis farglebSi,
SeeCerebina osmalTa Semdgomi winsvla amierkavkasiaSi da aq gamoTavisufle­
buli maTi jarebi sparseTsa da mesopotamiaSi gadaesrola [Людендорф 1924].
osmaleTis dampyroblur madas verc germania ereoda, is saqarTvelos
daxmarebas cdilobda imiT, rom Sulenburgis rCeviT, saqarTveloSi mcx­
ovrebi germaneli kolonistebis da tyveebisagan unda Camoyalibebuliyo
razmebi, romlebic daicavdnen saqarTvelos sazRvrebs osmalTa Semoteve­
bisagan [vaCnaZe 1992].
Seqmnil viTarebaSi daxmareba rom ufro efeqturi yofiliyo, germaniis
warmomadgenlebma urCies akaki Cxenkels _ saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos
oficialurad eTxova mfarveloba germaniisaTvis. marTlac, 14 maiss saqa­
rTvelos erovnulma sabWom germanias sTxova daxmareba saerTaSoriso da
politikur-samarTlebriv sakiTxebSi, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis uzrun­
velyofa gareSe da Sinauri mtrebisagan [Пипия 1978].
am politikuri viTarebisa da mokavSireTa Soris uTanxmoebis fonze aka­
ki Cxenkelma namdvili diplomatiuri niWi gamoavlina, razec metyvelebs
noe Jordaniasdmi 15 maiss gagzavnili misi werilic. 1918 wlis 26 maisis
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti pirdapiri Sedegi iyo Cxenkelis pi­
radi iniciativisa da diplomatiur-politikuri brZolisa, rasac kargad
aCvenebs rogorc noe JordaniasTan, aseve, noe ramiSvilTan da sxva qarTvel
politikosebsa da samxedro meTaurebTan gagzavnili misi werilebi.
germania darwmunda, rom enveri da sxva osmalo politikosebi kavkasi­
aSi sakuTar interesebze ufro fiqrobdnen, vidre germaniis bedze, an in­
glisTan omze [Kühlmann, R. 1948].
kavkasieli mahmadianuri mosaxleobis antirusul gamosvlas gegmavda da
aqezebda avstria-ungreTis jarebis sardlobac.
osmalTa winaSe sami ZiriTadi gegma iyo: egviptis, balkaneTisa da kavka­
siis dapyrobisa. upiratesobas isini kavkasiis dapyrobas aniWebdnen, aqedan
surdaT gasvla Sua aziisken da iqauri mahmadianebis dapyroba. germanias ki,
upirvelesad, suecis arxis gawmenda da egviptidan ingliselebis gandevna
undoda.
am politikuri viTarebisa da mokavSireTa Soris uTanxmoebis fonze aka­
ki Cxenkelma namdvili diplomatiuri niWi gamoavlina, razec metyvelebs
noe Jordaniasdmi 15 maiss gagzavnili misi werilic.
_ 42 _
 werils hqonda minaweri: `am politikas savsebiT viziareb da veTanxmebi.
n. nikolaZe~ [scssa, fondi 1861, saqme 23].
am vrcel da istoriuli, diplomatiuri Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT mravalmx­
riv sayuradRebo dokumentidan SeiZleba gamovyoT ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, ra­
sac saqarTvelosTvis yofna-aryofnis periodSi svams erTi qarTveli kaci,
im partiis wevri, romlisTvisac manamde erovnuli sakiTxi sasxvaTaSoriso
iyo, axla ki erovnuli arsebobis sadave mis xelT aRmoCnda. werilSi Cans
Cxenkelis simamace, pragmatuloba, didi naxtomisken eris waqezebis unari,
is niuansebi, rasac is xedavda karsmomdgari safrTxeebis miRma.
1. 15 maisis diliT osmalebis nota saqarTvelos teritoriaze jarebis
gaSvebis Sesaxeb baTumis konferenciaze myofi amierkavkasiis saxelmwifo
delegaciis qarTveli wevrebisaTvis moulodneli ar iyo, es SeTavazeba-ul­
timatumi maT wina dRiT miiRes, magram uari Tqves formalurad, taqtikuri
mosazrebiT, raTa egrZnobinebinaT osmalebisa da germanelebisTvisac, rom
qarTvelebi ase advilad ar nebdebodnen.
2. osmaleTis mTavrobis amgvari agresiuli ultimatumi germaniis
saxeliT gaaprotesta germaniis misiis meTaurma fon losovmac, magram os­
malebs ukan ver daaxevina;
3. es yvelaferi formalur, garegnuli dekoris daniSnulebis iyo. sinamd­
vileSi ki, qarTvelebs araoficialurad unda miecaT osmalebisaTvis rkinig­
ziT jaris gatarebis ufleba, rom ar momxdariyo maTi Setakeba qarTvelebis
an somxebis nawilebTan (azerbaijani maT mxareze iyo), amitom osmaleTis
jars meTvalyured moyveboda ori germaneli oficeri jariskacebiT. es ger­
manelebi qarTvelebs dauyonebliv aleqsandropolSi unda gaegzavnaT, azer­
baijanuli mxaris warmomadgenels _ nazarbegovs calke unda SeTanxmebodnen,
rom osmalebisTvis araoficialurad SeewyoT xeli.
4. jarebis Cqara gasvla saqarTvelos teritoriidan sasargeblo iyo qa­
rTvelebisaTvis: isini naklebi darCebodnen saqarTveloSi, osmalebis sar­
dali vehib-faSa iZleoda sityvas, rom sxva jars ar moxsnida frontebidan.
5. samxedro saidumloeba mkacrad unda daculiyo, arc presas da arc
seimis deputatebs samxedro sakiTxebze xmamaRla ar unda esaubraT. Cxenke­
li gmobda gazeTebis agresiul tons osmalebis da miTumetes germanelebis
mimarT. is urCevda Jordanias, rom TbilisSi gamomaval qarTul da rusul
gazeTebSi _ `borba~, `izvestia~ da `erToba~ daesvaT mTavrobis kaci, vinc
amas gaakontrolebda.
6. Cxenkelma icoda, rom germaniasac Tavisi zraxvebi hqonda saqarTve­
losadmi, magram es naklebi boroteba iyo imasTan SedarebiT, rac qveyanas
ruseTisa da osmaleTisagan eloda. sagulisxmoa misi sityvebi: `borbas~
da `izvestias~ unda CaagonoT, rom germaniis imperializmi, romelzedac
ase Wyivian, ukeTesia ruseTis imperializmze, rom Cveni mdgomareoba gvai­
Zulebs pirvels SevurigdeT, vinaidan germaniam Tu gvixsna, mxolod Tav­
is imperialisturi madis dasasabuTeblad da ara rusi amxanagebis lamaz
TvalisaTvis~.
_ 43 _
 7. omi SeuZlebeli iyo saqarTvelosaTvis, mas ar unda Caedina is, rac
31 marts moxda _ somexi deputatebis da rusi samxedroebis waqezebiT omSi
Caeba osmalebTan da trapizonis konferenciis molaparakebebs xeli SeuSa­
la. amas Cxenkeli abralebda Jordania-ramiSvils da SiSobda, rom rusebsa
da gansakuTrebiT somxebs ar aeZulebina isev qarTvelebi omSi Cabmuli­
yvnen. Turqebis gasvla julfisaken winaaRmdegobis gareSe unda momxdriyo,
Tu presa, an rusis samxedro wreebi amas ar daeTanxmebodnen, qarTul mx­
ares sastikad unda daecva es mimarTuleba. Cxenkels efiqreboda Jordanias
principuloba da werda: `specifikuri Seni taqtika damRupvelia, ese igi
kompromisi, naxevari nabiji win, naxevari ukan. aman daRupa Cveni trapezun­
dis pozicia, erTi dRis magier erTi kvira vikamaTeT~.
8. qarTulma delegaciam ganucxada Turqebs da germanelebs, rom pir­
veli xelSekrulebis proeqti, rac ukve gadmogzavnili hqondaT Jordani­
asTan, Tuki is sisruleSi movidoda, maSin iqneboda subieqti saerTaSoriso
uflebisa, ese igi xelSekruleba mTliani amierkavkasiis respublikasTan
daideboda, rac Turqebs ar awyobda, radgan maT surdaT azerbaijanis
damoukidebloba, osmalur jarSi gawveva azerbaijanis axalgazrdobisa,
riTac am urTules Jams fronts gaaZlierebdnen. fon-losovi arwmuneb­
da qarTvelebs, rom brest-litovskis sazavo pirobebs daicavda berlinis
instruqciis ZaliT, emxroboda amierkavkasiis mTlianobas, cdilobda os­
malTa madis alagmvas, magram araferi gamodioda. muSaoba amierkavkasiis
saxeliT intensiurad warmoebda da Cxenkelis delegacias imedi rCeboda,
rom moaxdenda Tavis sasargeblod sazRvrebis ramdenadme Sesworebas.
9. Cxenkels ar ganuxilavs delegaciis somxur da azerbaijanul nawil­
Tan sakiTxi amierkavkasiis qveynebis damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, elodeboda
fon-losovis mcdelobis Sedegs, magram, rogorc qarTveli diplomati da
misi Tanmxlebi qarTveli delegatebi varaudobdnen, male germaniac dae­
Tanxmeboda osmaleTs, radgan inglisis Semotevebi gaZlierda da amisTvis
damatebiTi samxedro Zala iyo saWiro, mokavSireebi amas azerbaijanSi xe­
davdnen.
10. Cxenkelis daJinebuli moTxovniT, saswrafod unda gamocxadebuli­
yo saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda za­
vis Sekvra qarTvelebisTvis misaReb pirobebSi. somxebi, ra Tqma unda, ar
Seurigdebodnen Turqebis gegmas da oms gamarTavdnen, rogorc ambobdnen
xatisovi da kaCaznuni, _ maT Soreuli imedi mainc rCebodaT inglisisa.
Turqebi Tu nebiT ara, ZaliT gaivlidnen amierkavkasias, daipyrobdnen saqa­
rTvelos, Caayenebdnen jars simagreebSi da ingliselebs ar miuSvebdnen
manamde, sanam ar amoJletdnen qarTvelobas. Tu Jordania da erovnuli
sabWos sxva liderebi daadgebodnen 31 martis taqtikas da omSi CaerTve­
bodnen, saqarTvelo daiRupeboda.
11. Cxenkeli Txovda Jordanias, daerwmunebina somxebi, ar aeRoT iara­
Ri. maSin is SesZlebda germanelebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas da somxebis
daxsnas xocva-Jletisagan, radgan germanelebi maT afaseben vaWruli niWis
_ 44 _
gamo. maTi yofna saqarTvelosTan erT federaciaSi ar SeiZleboda, radgan
es arc osmalebs surdaT, arc azerbaijanlebs, amasTanave, somxebs terito­
riuli sazRvrebi ar hqondaT gamokveTili, rac konfliqtur situaciebs
uqmnida mezoblebTan, saqarTvelo ki am konfliqtebSi ver Caereoda.
12. saWiro iyo baTumSi molaparakebis Sewyveta, radgan Turqebis proeq­
ti miuRebeli iyo Tbilisis delegaciisaTvis;
13. Cxenkelis werili erovnuli sabWos prezidiumSi sruliad saidumlod
unda waekiTxaT, Cxenkeli SeuZleblad miiCnevda am saganze saolqo komitetSi
an fraqciaSi laparaks. is Tamam winadadebas aZlevda social-demokratebis
lidersa da erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomares: `Tqven valdebuli xarT qarT­
vel ers uxelmZRvaneloT, Tu ar SegiZliaT, ukeTesia gadadgoma, magram
am SemTxveaSi eri daiRupeba. Tqven unda iTamaSoT radikaluri burJuaziis
roli, sxva aravin aris TqvensaviT gavleniani. saWiroa am wuTSive gaTval­
iswineba yvela amisa, saWiroa gambedaoba, nu aqcevT erisa da saxelmwifos
saqmes partiis saqmed. partia, erovnuli grZnobiT ganmsWvaluli, SeZlebs
eris xsnas~.
14. afxazebs, gansakuTrebiT osmaleTSi mcxovreb mohajirebs, osmalebi
aqezebden damoukideblobisken da idga safrTxe maT mier afxazeTis ok­
upaciisa. baTumis konferenciaze ki, Cxenkelis TqmiT, soxumis olqze Tur­
qebis mxridan dava ar iyo, is miiRebda imave uflebas, rasac danarCeni
saqarTvelo;
15. gansakuTrebuli megobruli urTierToba unda SenarCunebuliyo
azerbaijanTan, damoukideblobis Semdeg is gaxdeboda saqarTvelos kidev
ufro didi megobari. unda daxmarebodnen baqos, romelic jer kidev amier­
kavkasiis farglebSi iyo.
Cxenkels miaCnda, rom es werili iyo misi erT-erTi gamamarTlebeli do­
kumenti, romelic unda darCenoda erovnul sabWos, rasac im SemTxvevaSi ga­
moiyenebda, Tu misi mimarTvis adresatebi ar daijerebdnen, ar Seasrulebd­
nen mis rekomendaciebs da saqarTvelos beds ukuRma waiyvandnen.
osmaleTis jarebi amierkavkasiis qarTuli delegaciis protests yurs
ar aTxovebdnen da agrZelebdnen winsvlas: maT 15 maissve aiRes aleqsan­
dropoli, Semdeg Tbilisisa da erevnis mimarTulebiT daiZrnen. 1918 wlis
17 maiss baTumis konferenciaze germaniis delegaciis meTauris _ fon
losovis mier warmoTqmuli sityva aseTi Sinaarsis iyo:
`pativi maqvs gacnoboT, rom me germaniis imperiis kanclerisgan miviRe
qvemoT motanili Semdegi instruqcia:
germanias ar SeuZlia amierkavkasiis respublikis damoukidebloba icnos
amJamad, manamde, vidre am saxelmwifos damoukideblobas ar icnobs ruse­
Ti. saimperatoro karis warmomadgenels ruseTSi graf mirbaxs gadacemuli
aqvs rwmuneba hkiTxos ruseTis mTavrobas, rogoria misi damokidebuleba am
sakiTxisadmi. amierkavkasiis xelisuflebis Txovnis Tanaxmad, germania mzad
aris ikisros Suamdgomloba am sakiTxze ruseTsa da amierkavkasiis saxelm­
wifos Soris SeTanxmebis misaRwevad. amasTan, Tqven valdebuli xarT acno­
_ 45 _
boT baton Cxenkels, rom amierkavkasiis cnoba germaniisagan sxva arcerT
pirobaze araa damokidebuli, garda damoukidebeli amierkavkasiis cnobisa
moskovis rusuli xelisuflebisagan.
ama wlis 8 ricxviT gamogzavnili gaidar-bei bamatovis weriliT mecno­
ba, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da daRestnis tuzemc xalxebsac gamouTqvamT
damoukideblobis survili. rogorc ki miviReb instruqcias saimperatoro
xelisuflebisagan, romelic CaTvlis am xalxebis damoukideblobis cnobas
SesaZleblad, darwmunebuli var, rom germaniis xelisufleba iseve aRi­
arebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTielebisa da daRestnelebis damoukideblobas,
rogorc amierkavkasiis saxelmwifosas~.
osmaluri jarebi safrTxes uqmnidnen saqarTvelos arsebobasac. amas
iuwyebodnen Cxenkelisadmi gamogzavnili qarTveli samxedroebisa da poli­
tikosTa depeSebic. 19 maisis ramiSvilis depeSa _ Cxenkelisadmi iuwyeboda:
`elizavetpolSi movida Seixi ul-nelami. mosaxleobam mas moTxova baTum­
Si wamovides da Turqebis delegacias moelaparakos. mas misces davaleba
moiTxovos Turquli armiis gagzavna guberniaSi wesrigis aRsadgenad. Cemi
mxridan amaze uaris Tqma gamoiwvevs mTeli musulmanuri fraqciis aRSfo­
Tebas. velodebi Tqvens miTiTebas. uaryofiTi pasuxi gamoiwvevs xelisu­
flebis kriziss. noe ramiSvili~ [scssa, fondi 1861, saqme 23].
19 maissve akaki Cxenkelis iniciativiT, amierkavkasiis delegaciam mimarTa fon
losovs, eSuamdgomla osmaleTis winaSe, raTa saomari operaciebi Sewyvetili­
yo, germaniis am moTxovnas osmalebi ar daTanxmdnen [Документы 1919].
20 maiss generali nazarbekovi amierkavkasiis sardlobas moaxsenebda: `mi­
uxedavad sazavo mdgomareobisa, Turqebi ganagrZoben samxedro moqmedebasa
da, kerZod, karaklisis frontze agrZeleben ra Setevas, dRes sofel avdibe­
didan garekes Cveni nawilebi. miRebulia cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom Turqebi
Tbilisis gzatkecilze da loris raionSi ajgufben did Zalebs. cnobilia
maTi ganzraxva _ gaagrZelon maTi Seteva karaklisze da Semdeg Tbilisze. es
saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, aleqsandropolisa da erevnis gzis dakaveba
mxolod dasawyisia Semdegi dapyrobisa~ [Документы 1919].
baTumSi, germanul-qarTuli Sexvedrebis dros, rasac Cxenkeli TiTqmis
delegaciis sxva warmonadgenlebisagan konspiraciulad marTavda, gadawyda
amierkavkasiis federaciis daSlisa da saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelm­
wifos aRdgenis sakiTxi [gociriZe, 2009].
22 maiss zurab avaliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT dasrulda damoukide­
blobis aqtis proeqtis Sedgena. baTumSi Casulma noe Jordaniam aqti
TbilisSi waiRo. mas unda SeeTanxmebina aqtis teqsti sxvadasxva partiul
da sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan da ise unda gamoecxadebina. am dReebs
dawvrilebiT igonebs zurab avaliSvili [avaliSvili, 2011].
24 maisis RamiT Cxenkelma depeSa gaugzavna general kvinitaZes: werda,
rom movlenebi ise viTardeboda, saswrafo iyo saqarTvelos damoukide­
blobis gamocxadeba. rogorc avaliSvili igonebs, es depeSa Tavisi xeliT
daSifra generalma odiSeliZem.
_ 46 _
 `wminda giorgis jvris kavaleri (iaponiis omisaTvis), yofili samxedro
gubernatori samaryandis olqisa, dasavleTis frontis ruseTis erT-erTi
laSqris ufrosi da sxvadasxva... sanamde midiT, generalo! is ki gaxarebulia~,
_ wers avaliSvili da am sityvebSi aqcevs im ironias, rac ar SeiZleboda
ar gaCeniliyo am dros moRvawe rusuli xelisuflebis uerTgulesi ada­
mianebis erovnul banakSi ase sixaruliT gadasvlis gamo [WumburiZe 2018].
xSirad saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mtrebi sinamdviles amaxinjebd­
nen imiT, rom amtkicebdnen, TiTqos damoukideblobis aqti mTlianad ger­
maniis iniciativiT momzadda, saqarTvelos maSindel liderebs (gulisx­
moben social-demokratebs) ar surdaT damoukidebeli saqarTveloo.
sinamdvileSi, 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqti iyo: 117 wlis manZilze qarTveli
eris daucxromeli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis Sedegi qarTu­
li saxelmwifos aRsadgenad da ruseTis koloniuri uRlis gadasagdebad:
es aqti moamzades qarTvelma politikosebma, sazogado moRvaweebma, pa­
triotebma, romelTa kuTvnileba marto erT partias da erT socialur
jgufs ar miewereba; Seqmnili politikuri viTareba mxolod maprovocire­
beli da damaCqarebeli iyo damoukideblobis ideis gansaxorcieleblad,
germania ki, qarTveli eris saerTo miznidan gamomdinare, politikurad
yvelaze xelsayreli mokavSire aRmoCnda; politikuri da praqtikuli xe­
lmZRvaneloba damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis saqmeSi
gaswia social-demokratma, saerTo-erovnuli interesebis gamtarebel­
ma pirovnebam _ akaki Cxenkelma, romelmac mTeli qarTuli sazogadoeba
gaaerTiana saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis ideis garSemo, daarwmuna
Tavisi partiis meryevi da prorusuli nawili am ideis ganxorcielebis
aucileblobaSi. istorias calkeuli Strixebi ki ara, aramed erovnuli
identobis SesanarCuneblad, humanizmisa da sikeTis gadasarCenad, saxel­
mwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis mudmivi brZolis erTi mTliani sura­
Ti qmnis. saqarTvelos istoriis am saerTo suraTSi XX saukunis gamoCe­
nili diplomatis, politikosis, sazogado moRvawisa da mamuliSvilis _
akaki Cxenkelis portreti STambeWdavad ixateba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Документы 1919: Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и

Грузии, с.269-273.
Kühlmann 1948: Kühlmann, R. v. Erinnerungen, Heidelberg: Verlag Lambert Schnei-
der 1948. 590 Seiten.
Людендорф 1924: Людендорф Э., Мои воспоминания о войне 1914-1918г.г.
т.2,М. 1924, с. 187.
vaCnaZe 1992: daviT vaCnaZe, samSoblos samsaxurSi, mogonebani: qarTul-ev­
ropuli institutis Jurnali `iveria~, 1992, #1, gv. 129.

_ 47 _
 Пипия 1978: Пипия Г.В. , Германская империалмзм в Закавказье в 1910-1918 г.
М.1978., gv. 103.
scssa, fondi 1861, saqme 23: scssa, fondi 1861, aRwera 2, saqme 23, furce­
li 5-8.
scssa, fondi 1831, saqme 46: scssa, fondi 1831, aRwera 2, saqme 46, furce­
li 8.
Документы 1919: Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и
Грузии, с.306.
Документы 1919: Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и
Грузии, с.302.
gociriZe, 2009: giorgi gociriZe, pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo,
gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 178;
avaliSvili, 2011: zurab avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-
1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, mogonebani, narkvevebi, gamomcem­
loba `mxedari~, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 74-79.
WumburiZe 2018: dodo WumburiZe, akaki Cxenkeli, saxelmwifo moRvawe,
diplomati, mamuliSvili, gamomc. `universal~, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 142.

Dodo Chumburidze
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Research-worker of Ivane Javakhishvili
Institute of History and Ethnology of Tbilisi State University

AKAKI CHKHENKELI’S ROLE IN THE RESTORATION

OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF GEORGIA
Summary

In the spring of 1918, the Ottoman army invaded Georgia. The Ottoman Empire
violated the terms and conditions of a peace treaty known as the Treaty of Brest and
occupied the territories beyond the Georgian and Armenian regions envisaged by the
Treaty. The delegation of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic to the
Trabzon and Batumi Peace Conferences, led by Akaki Chkhenkeli _ a statesman and
diplomat from Georgia, failed to achieve the desirable goal. Neither German military
commanders proved capable of containing the strife and quenching the thirst for con-
quer of their allied Ottoman Empire. The head of the Ottoman Delegation _ Khalil Bai
offered Akaki Chkhenkeli a new draft peace accord, under which the Ottoman Empire,
in addition to already occupied regions, would take possession of the regions of Akha-
ltsikhe, Akhalkalaki, Alexandropol and Etchmiadzin. That would mean the return to the
1828 border demarcation and Georgia losing additional territories. It was a decisive
moment in the history of Georgia. Georgia had to make a decision that would save the

_ 48 _
country and the people from being exterminated. A group of Georgian politicians led
by Akaki Chkhenkeli managed to find a single way out of the situation Georgia faced
at that time: the restoration of the independence of Georgia with the help of German
mediation. Germany promised Georgia to help it regain the territories lost under the
Treaty of Brest and to contain the aggression from the part of the Ottoman Empire. The
situation was exacerbated due to the difficulties associated with the disagreements and
discrepancies existing among the members of the Government of the Transcaucasian
Democratic Federative Republic (the Armenians supported the Triple Entente, whereas
the Azeri supported the Ottoman Empire) as well as the fact that the Georgian Social
Democrats _ the members of the Government of the Transcaucasian Democratic Fed-
erative Republic _ had adopted pro-Russian stance and it was anything but easy to
convince them of the significance of abandoning the orientation towards Russia and
remaining committed to the independence of the country, in such a short period of
time. Under these cumbersome circumstances, Akaki Chkhenkeli did his best to defuse
tension and save Georgia.
The Act of Independence adopted by Georgia on May 26, 1918 was the direct re-
sult of Akaki Chkhenkeli’s personal initiative and his diplomatic and political struggle,
which is best documented in his epistolary correspondence addressed to the prominent
figures such as: Noe Zhordania, Noe Ramishvili, General Giorgi Kvinitadze and other
political or military leaders. The article gives the review of the epistolary correspon-
dence and reveals the role Akaki Chkhenkeli played in uniting the entire Georgian
society around the idea of state independence and of how he managed to convince
the hesitant and pro-Russian members of his party of the necessity and significance of
implementing this idea.

_ 49 _
 maia maWavariani
profesori
saqarTvelos universiteti

pirveli msoflio omi da zavi 1918 wlis

qarTuli presis furclebze

qarTuli presis istoriis mkvlevarTa, sacenzuro komitetis da saarqi­

vo masalebis monacemebis Sejerebis da gaanalizebis Sedegad, 1918 wels
gamomavali Jurnal-gazeTebis saerTo raodenoba iyo 49 (28 gazeTi, 21 Jur­
nali) ( baqraZe. 1947. 54-60)
1918 wels TbilisSi 9, xolo quTaisSi 4 axali gazeTi gamovida miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom im periodSi saqarTveloSi ZiriTadi sagamomcemlo centrebi
iyo Tbilisi da quTaisi, aqtiurdeba regionaluri centrebi. kerZod, 1918
wels TiTo axali gazeTi gamovida foTSi, baTumSi, ozurgeTSi, berlinSi.
TbilisSi gamodioda Zveli _ 6 da axali _ 12 Jurnali, xolo quTaisSi ori
axali Jurnali. vinaidan JurnalebSi ar aris faqtobrivi monacemebi, ami­
tom gamoyenebulia mxolod sagazeTo masalebi.
ara marto msofliosTvis, aramed saqarTvelosTvisac, 1918 weli gar­
damtexi aRmoCnda. 1918 wlis qarTuli presis furclebi wlis pirvel nax­
evarSi daTmobili hqonda saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi mimdinare
mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis ganxilvas, xolo wlis meore naxevari
msoflio saerTaSoriso movlenebidan gamomdinare sagareo politikis (pir­
veli msoflio omis damTavreba, erTa ligis Seqmna, parizis sazavo konfer­
encia) mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gaanalizebas, romelTa Sedegebze didad
iyo damokidebuli axalgazrda damoukidebeli saxelmwifos momavali.
miuxedavad 1918 wels saqarTveloSi mimdinare didi politikuri Zvre­
bisa, Tu Cven 1918 wlis qarTul presas wina wlis (1917) presas SevadarebT,
1918 wels SeiniSneba ara Tu kleba (rac savsebiT logikuri iqneboda poli­
tikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare), aramed Jurnal-gazeTebis Tumca um­
niSvnelo, magram mainc ricxobrivi (2) mateba.
1918 wlis presa uTuod Tavisufali presaa. mTavrobis mxridan SezRud­
vebi an akrZalvebi TiTqmis ar iyo. wina wlebisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac
qarTuli presa sargeblobda Semdegi saagentoebis masalebiT: franguli
`havasi~, germanuli `volfi~, inglisuri `reiteri~, italiuri `stefano~ da
rusuli `peterburgis depeSaTa saagento~, 1918 wlis qarTuli presa Zir­
iTadad eyrdnoboda axalSeqmnil `saqarTvelos sainformacio saagento~-s
mier mowodebul masalebs. sagangebo viTarebidan gamomdinare, 1918 wlis
qarTuli gazeTebis ZiriTadi rubrika iyo `zavis garSemo~. Tumca pirvelad
Cndeba rubrikebi: `radio depeSebi~ (`saxalxo saqme~) da `pirdapiri mavTu­
liT~ (`socialist-revolucioneri~).
qarTuli presa arsebuli saerTaSoriso mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

_ 50 _
SesaZleblobis farglebSi cdilobs gaarkvios da mkiTxvels miawodos pir­
vel msoflio omSi monawile qveynebis damokidebuleba momaval zavTan
mimarTebaSi. periodul gamocemaTa simravlis miuxedavad, am sakiTxs Tavisi
furclebi dauTmo im periodSi gamomavalma xuTma gazeTma: `klde~, `saqa­
rTvelo~,`saxalxo saqme~, `Sroma~,`xalxis megobari~ ( baqraZe. 1947. 54-60).
amierkavkasiaSi politikuri weli socil-demokratebis politikis hege­
moniiT daiwyo da damTavrda maSin, `saxalxo saqmis~ sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
rodesac `social-demokratebis mier erovnuli sakiTxis mifuCeCeba Seu­
Zlebeli gaxda~ (`saxalxo saqme~, 1918, # 81). am xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavisi
xibli dakarga da TiTqos gaxunda socialisturi lozungebi, Zmobis erTo­
bis da revoluciis ideebi. `lamazi frazeologiiT xelovnurad dafaruli
ufskrulis winaSe erTbaSad dadga qarTveli eri~ (`saxalxo saqme~, 1918,
# 195). qveyanas Tavad unda gadaewyvita Tavisi bedi. `iluziis mitoveba
da sinamdvilis aRiareba gegmis uaryofas moiTxovs, xolo ra Zneli saqmea
social-demokratebisaTvis sayvareli azrebisa da frazebis uaryofa, yve­
lam icis.~ ironiulad SeniSnavda `saxalxo saqmis~ publicisti qr. raWvel­
iSvili statiaSi `mware gakveTilebi~ (`saxalxo saqme~, 1918. # 239) gazeTi
`saqarTvelo~ ki Semdegnairad mimarTavda mmarTvel partias: `Tu xelT gi­
WiravT saWe ama qveynisa, unda mkafiod migyavdeT igi dasaxuli miznisaken
da ara Zirs uTxrideT im saxelmwifoebriv ideas, romlis dadgmul taxtze
Tqvenve dagabrZanaT bedma~ (`saqarTvelo~.1918. # 84).
qarTuli presa cdilobs amoxsnas da mkiTxvels auxsnas pirveli msof­
lio omisa da zavis saidumloeba da am mxriv qarTul presas, rogorc ruse­
Tis imperiuli marwuxebisgan axalganTavisuflebuli damoukidebeli qvey­
nis presas, gansakuTrebiT ainteresebs misi didi mezoblis momavali zavTan
mimarTebaSi.
am sakiTxisadmi qarTuli partiuli presis damokidebuleba maTi parti­
uli interesebidan gamomdinare sxvadasxvagvari iyo. socialistTa azriT,
inglis-amerikis koaliciam daamarcxa TavianTi metoqe, magram gamarjvebul
imperializms sxva mteri moevlina, romelic cdilobs ara marto imperi­
alizmis Sesustebas, aramed emuqreba mis arsebobas. mokavSireebi gangeb
agvianeben zavis Camogdebas. radgan manamde surT revoluciuri cecxlis
Caqroba germaniasa da ruseTSi. `amerika, romelic TiTqos demokratiis
principebis dasacavad Caeria omSi da romelmac uilsonis piriT wamoay­
ena xalxTa ligis daarsebis moTxovna. dRes acxadebs, rom liga momavlis
saqmeao da jer aSS-s samxedro Zalebis gaZlierebaa saWiro. yvela es faqti
aSkarad gveubneba, rom imperializmi pirdapir oms ucxadebs revoluciur
moZraobas~ (`Sroma~, 1918, # 90).
msoflio reaqciis burjad dRes amerika gamodis. `amerikis msxvili fi­
nansistebi mTeli qveynis mbrZaneblobas lamoben da samxedro flotis ga­
Zlierebis im programas, romelic 3 wlis ukan SeimuSaves. amerikis gamar­
jvebul imperializms axali perspeqtivebi exateba. magram es ocneba utopia
iqneba Tu CanasaxSive ar Caklavdnen revolucias. es maT kargad esmiT, amito
_ 51 _
zomebic miiRes, da amitom germanias mosTxoves revluciuri demokrati­
is sruli ganiaraReba, rac germanias did zians moutans. igives akeTeben
ruseTSi. jarebi gadmosxes ukrainaSic da cdilobs Zveli ruseTis mTlia­
nobis aRdgenas~. avtoris azriT, ekonomiurad ruseTi saukeTeso bazaria
kapitalistebisaTvis. ruseTi Tu aRdgeba maT mier dasaxuli gegmiT, es
centralur evropaSi socialistur revoluciebs Seaferxebs. amitom avto­
ris daskvniT, `saerTaSoriso demokratiam mTeli Zalebi unda moikribos,
rom sabolood gaglijos monobis jaWvebi da Tavisi istoriuli misia pir­
naTlad Seasrulos~ ( `Sroma~, 1918, 87).
socialistebisgan gansxvavebiT erovnul-demokratTa azriT, Tu omi
germaniis damarcxebiT damTavrda _ es iqneba amerikuli samxedro da saxel­
mwifo organizaciebis gamarjveba. `amerikas surs kacobriobisaTvis unaxavi
zavi -_ iseTi zavi daamyaros, rom SemdegSi omebi aRar iyos. Tumca TviT
vilsonis sazavo pirobebi orWofulia da erTaderTi msajuli sadao kiTx­
vebisa albaT TviT avtori _ amerikis jari iqneba. magram orive mebrZols
_ feodal vilhelms da burJua uilsons erTi saerTo mteri yavT _ muJiki
lenini, romlis politikaa yvela im yaCaRi xalxis, romelsac araferi aba­
diaT. imedi aqvT SeZlebuli xalxis simdidris gayofisa da xelSi Cagdebisa.
redaqciis azriT, `ruseTis `revoluciis~ da anarqiis bedi eweva yvela im
saxelmwifos, romlebic oms ver SeZleben da zavs ki CamorCebian vilso­
nis warmosaxvisaTvis. da Tu amerikas leninis socializmi ar aSinebs, mas
leninze saSineli yarauli yavs. mezobel kunZulze yviTeli rasa _ iaponia
CineTi. romelic swored dRes ruseTSi leninis gvardiis rols TamaSobs.
Tu safrangeT-inglis-amerika da mTeli TeTri rasa ar dasTanxmda kompro­
misul zavs damarcxebul ruseTsa da sxva qveynebis xarjze da omi vilsonis
samoTxis mosvlamde ganagrZes leninianadac da iaponiadac is daemarTeba,
rac Tavis droze ruseTs daemarTa~ daaskvnis redaqcia ( `klde~, 1918, # 5).
istoriis Tanaxmad, mTeli 1918 wlis ganmavlobaSi leninis ruseTi uil­
sonis mTavar problemad darCa. problema ori saxis iyo: 1. uilsonma vera da
ver gadawyvita SeerTeboda Tu ara ingliss da safrangeTs sabWoTa ruseTis
winaaRmdeg maT intervenciaSi da 2. Tu rogor daemtkicebina msofliosTvis,
rom mxolod liberaluri amerika iyo msoflio xalxebis TviTgamorkvevis
WeSmariti qomagi da ara bolSevikuri ruseTi. uilsonis mokavSireebis
saidumlo imperialisturi xasiaTis xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebiT da erTa
TviTgamorkvevis Taviseuli principis gacxadebiT leninma uilsons xelidan
yvelaze ufro msuye liberaluri idea gamohglija ( qenqaZe. 2008. 104-105).
pirvelma msoflio omma da, rac mTavaria, damoukideblobis gamocxade­
bam qarTuli erovnuli azrovneba kidev ufro gaaaqtiura da igi samSoblos
samsaxurSi Caayena, raSic garkveuli damsaxureba presasac miuZRvis.
`vilsonis principebi patara saqarTvelosac garantias aZlevs damou­
kideblobisa da Tavisuflebis gamtkicebisaTvis~ (`saxalxo saqme~, 1918, #
372) _ ai qarTuli presis mTavari Tezisi.
redaqcia imedianad da ukve realurad Sehyurebs ra momaval zavs, miiC­
_ 52 _
nevs: `gulubryviloba iqneba Cvenis mxriT imis mtkiceba, rom aSS mxolod
humanuri mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobs zavis dros, evropa omma sisxlis­
gan dascala da daRala. im realur ZalTa ganwyobilebis gamo, romelic
dRes msoflioSi Seiqmna, aSS-s SeuZlia TiTqmis ubrZolvelad da uomrad
msoflios Tavisi pirobebi moaxvios. uilsonis 14 punqti bevrnairad Sei­
Zleba iyos gamoyenebuli. uilsonis programaze daTanxmeba TavisTavad niS­
navs amerikis hegemoniis aRiarebas~. kerZod redaqciisaTvis yvelaze ufro
didi mniSvneloba aqvs im muxls, sadac saubaria erTa TviTgamorkvevaze.
`es formula yovelTvis yofila da exlac aris, mxolod fraza, romelsac
yvelanairi Sinaarsi SeiZleba mieces. imisdamixedviT Tu ra ZalTa ganlage­
baa yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. uilsonis sazomiT saqarTvelos sruli
ufleba unda hqondes da aqvs damoukideblad arsebobisa. saerTaSoriso
mdgomareobidan Tu SevxedavT, Cvenc da evropamac angariSi unda gauwios
iseT faqtors, rogoric aris germaniis mfarveloba. germania movida Cven­
Tan rogorc stumari Cvenive TxovniT da evropac iZulebuli gaxdeba am
faqts angariSi gauwios~. gazeTis azriT, evropas ar SeuZlia arc germanias
da arc saqarTvelos minusad CauTvalos is, rom `SeerTebulisa da SeTanx­
mebulis ZalRoniT qveyana gadaarCinos bolSevikuri rRveva-rbevisa da os­
maleTis aoxrebisagan. qarTveli eri sabediswero momentis winaSe idga da
man uyoymanod airCia gza germaniasTan SeTanxmebisa _ qveynis gadasarCenad~.
saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis da arsebuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, re­
daqcia imeds itovebs, rom `rodesac saqarTvelo aucileblad warsdgeba
evropis winaSe rogorc damoukidebeli da suverenuli eri, romelsac Ta­
visuflebisTvis brZolis dros arc erTxel aravis ufleba ar SeuzRudavs
da arCeuli neitraliteti ar daurRvevia Tavisuflad SeuZlia uTxras ev­
ropas, rom me mxolod Cemi TavisuflebisaTvis vibrZodi. Tu erTa TviTga­
morkvevis princips raime gasavali eqneba, am principis mixedviT upirveles
yovlisa unda moewyos saqarTvelo~ (`saxalxo saqme~, 1918, # 367).
qarTuli presa sworad acnobierebs Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs momaval
saerTaSoriso zavs saqarTvelos politikuri momavlisaTvis da amis mizezebs
mkiTxvels acnobs. kerZod, saqarTvelosTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs zavis
Camogdebas da mSidobian cxovrebas. iuridiulad saqarTvelo neitraluri
qveyanaa, rac damoukideblobis pirvel dResve gamoacxada. `marTalia, Cven
pirdapir arcerT koalaciaSi ar viRebT monawileobas, magram Cveni susti
ekonomika, mrewveloba, da saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTareba moiTxovs rom Cven
garSemo qaosi ar iyos. amitom rac SeiZleba male zavi _ ai Cveni mizani,
vinaidan dRes Cveni damoukidebloba yvelas warmavali hgonia. gansakuTrebiT
im ucxoelebs, romlebic CvenSi dabanakebulan da wyals amRvreven. miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom Cveni damoukidebloba mravalma qveyanam aRiara saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba jerjerobiT sabolood kidev araa gamorkveu­
li. samSvidobo konferenciis Semdeg, roca Cveni saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba
gamoirkveva, Cvens Sinaur da gareSe mtrebs erTxel da samudamod lagami
amoedeba~. redaqcia sworad sazRvravs, `Cven Tavidanve vambobdiT, rom wels
_ 53 _
omi damTavrdeba. bolo cnobiT, germania da avstria-ungreTi daTanxmda
amerikis yvela moTxovnebs, amitom gatanjuli kacobriobisa da patara saqarT­
velosaTvis zavi axlovdeba~ daaskvnis redaqcia (`saxalxo saqme~, 1918, # 372).
presa aanalizebs ra saqarTvelos myife damoukideblobas, mTavrobas
meti sifxizlis da swrafi moqmedebisken mouwodebs. redaqciis azriT, an­
tantis blokis mTeli Zala mimarTulia iqiTken, rom germaniis izolacia
moaxdinon. amis safuZvels iZleva osmaleTis magaliTi, romelmac sepa­
ratuli zavi dado inglisTan da dardanelis gawmenda daiwyo minebisagan.
inglisis eskadris Semosvla Sav zRvaze sul sxva pirobebSi ayenebs saqa­
rTvelos. inglisisTvisac ar unda iyos sasargeblo da sasurveli saqarT­
velos politikuri sikvdili. radgan amierkavkasiaSi mxolod saqarTvelos
SeuZlia iyos iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic gamodgeba evropuli gzebisTvis
kavkasiaSi. `marTalia uilsonis notaSi araa naxsenebi Cveni qveyana, magram
ara imitom rom misi sakiTxi gadawyvetilia ruseTis sasargeblod, aramed
imitom, rom Cven ver SevZeliT an ukeT ver movaswariT, misi saerTaSoriso
sakiTxad gaxdoma. evropaSi gadadgmuli nabijebi imeds iZleva, rom saqa­
rTvelo aRar gaxdeba ruseTis provincia. amitom Cveni mTavrobis valia
momzadebuli Sexvdes yovelgvar kombinacias da moxerxebuli mesaWesaviT
aviciloT Cveni patara navi damsxvrevas. mTavaria inglisTan Cveni poli­
tika iyos qarTuli _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasargeblod mimarTuli.
Cvenc amisTvis bevri garemoeba gviwyobs xels, Tu droze movaswariT faris
xmareba~ _ daaskvnis redaqcia (`xalxis megobari~, 1918, # 298).
qarTuli presa sazogadoebas mTavrobis samoqmedo gegmebis Sesaxeb
Tavis mosazrebebs sTavazobs. `saerTaSoriso asparezze Cveni mosarCele
Zalam _ germaniam Zliereba dakarga. bunebrivia Cveni sagareo mdgomareo­
bac Seirya. dRes Cveni bedi imazea damokidebuli Tu ra pozicias daikaveben
SeTanxmebis saxelmwifoebi. CvenTan bevrs aSinebs is, rom antanta ruseTis
mokavSirea. am daskvniT TiTqos inglisi da aSS ruseTs daexmareba Cveni
Tavisuflebis damxobaSi. aseTi SiSi uadgiloa. ruseT-inglisis interese­
bi arc Tu ise SeTanxmebulia, rom es nabiji gadidgas. amitom am mxriv
didi muSaobaa saWiro. ar unda davkmayofildeT marto inglis-sagrangeTis
aq Camosul warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebebiT. energiuli muSaoba unda
gavaCaRoT parizsa, londonSi da niu-iorkSi. unda davixmaroT iqauri ga­
moCenili politikuri moRvaweebi da unda SevqmnaT CvenTvis sasargeblo
sazogadoebrivi azri~ _ miiCnevs redaqcia (`xalxis megobari~, 1918, # 298).
arsebuli saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis vrceli analizis safuZvelze ar.
jajanaSvilis werilSi gamoTqmulia SorsmWvreteluri politikuri prognozi,
rac qarTuli presis maRalkvalificiurobaze metyvelebs. avtoris SefasebiT,
rodesac saqarTvelos politikuri wreebi germanias ukavSirebdnen momavals,
Tavis imedebs interesTa im sxvadasxvaobaze amyarebdnen, romelic germaniasa
da osmaleTs Soris arsebobda. germanias ar undoda, rom saqarTvelo os­
maleTis saTareSod gadaqceuliyo. meores mxriv, germania dainteresebuli
iyo, rom ruseTis samxreTSi misi momavali aRorZinebis winaaRmdegobisaTvis
_ 54 _
kedeli aRmarTuliyo da am kedlad saqarTvelo unda qceuliyo. swored am or
cxadad Camoyalibebuli interesis wyalobiT, germania gamoeqomaga saqarTvelos
da xeli Seuwyo mis damoukideblobas. marTalia, dRes msoflio or did koali­
ciad aris dayofili, magram arcerTis SigniT ar arsebobs interesTa Tanxvedra
da rac ufro meti dro gaivlis da rac ufro CamoSordeba maT saerTo mtris
saSiSroeba, miT ufro cxadi gaxdeba koaliciis SigniT arsebuli uTanxmoeba da
interesTa dapirispireba. aSS-iaponiis interesTa Tanxved­ra ver moxdeba. xolo
Tu inglisma dainaxa, rom amerikis hegemonia zRvaze gaizarda, amerikis winaaRm­
deg inglisis mokavSired SeiZleba iaponia gaxdes, aSS-c kargad igrZnobs ingli­
si da masTan SeTanxmebuli iaponia Tu ra saSiSroeba iqneba misTvis da aucileb­
lad ecdeba maT axali Zala dauyenos win. da aseT Zalad avtoris azriT, swored
Zlieri ruseTi unda gadaiqces, romelsac amerika aRmarTavs inglissa da iaponi­
is winaaRmdeg. `miuxedavad didi zeimiT gamocxadebuli programisa, rom yovel
ers unda mieniWos TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, amerika mainc umjobesad cnobs mo­
maval konferenciaze dainaxos warmomadgenelni `mTeli ruseTisa~, rac ase unda
gavigoT: amerika ar scnobs ruseTis teritoriaze aRmocenebul saxelmwifoebs
da surs konferenciaze ixilos ara mTeli, aramed mTliani ruseTi, Tundac es
aSkarad ewinaaRmdegebodes amerikis mier wamoyenebul erTa TviTgamorkvevis
princips. magram ramdenadac daJinebiT moiTxovs aSS amas, miT ufro cxadi iqne­
ba inglisis samoqmedo xazi, romelmac erTi konkurenti germania ki CamoiSora,
magram aRar moisurvebs axali konkurentebs _ aSS-s da Zlier ruseTs. amitom
ruseTi inglisisTvis sainteresoa rogorc ekonomiuri eqspluataciis sivrce
da ara misi aRdgena imperiis sazRvrebSi. amitom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
sakiTxs inglis-amerika sxvadasxvanairad Sexedaven. amrigad, zogierTTa mosaz­
reba, rom saqarTvelo-germaniis megobroba inglisis mtruli ganwyobis sababad
iqceva, usafuZvloa. amitom Cven ar SegviZlia Cven momavals uimedod vucqiroT,
konferencia safuZvlianad Secvlis ZalTa ganwyobilebas, amitom saWiroa Sina­
gani organizaciis ganmtkiceba. da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna im drois­
aTvis, roca es sakiTxi saerTaSoriso konferenciaze daismeba~ (`saxalxo saqme~,
1918, # 373).
amrigad, 1918 wlis qarTuli presis masalebis detaluri analizi sa­
Sualebas iZleva daskvnisa:
pirvel msoflio omma da, rac mTavaria, damoukideblobis gamocxadebam,
qarTuli erovnuli azrovneba kidev ufro gaaaqtiura da igi samSoblos
samsaxurSi Caayena, raSic garkveuli damsaxureba presasac miuZRvis.
1918 wlis qarTuli periodika, SesaZleblobis farglebSi gvevlineba,
rogorc monawile, mowme, aqtiuri zedamxedveli da analitikosi mimdinare
saerTaSoriso movlenebisa.
qarTuli presa SesaZleblobis farglebSi cdilobs mkTxvels auxsnas pir­
vel msoflio omSi monawile qveynebis damokidebuleba zavTan mimarTebaSi.
qarTuli presa sworad acnobierebs Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs saer­
TaSoriso zavs saqarTvelos politikuri momavlisTvis da amis mizezebs
acnobs mkiTxvels.
_ 55 _
 qarTul presas, rogorc ruseTis imperiuli marwuxebisgan axalganTavi­
suflebuli damoukidebeli qveynis presas, gansakuTrebiT ainteresebs misi
didi mezoblis momavali zavTan mimarTebaSi.
qarTuli presa aanalizebs ra saqarTvelos myife damoukideblobas,
mTavrobas meti sifxizlisa da swrafi moqmedebisken mouwodebs da sazoga­
doebas mTavrobis samoqmedo gegmebis Sesaxeb Tavis mosazrebebs sTavazobs.
qarTvel publicistTa werilebSi gaSuqebulia, dakavSirebulia, gavle­
bulia paralelebi da gakeTebulia daskvnebi saqarTvelosTvis mtkivneul
sakiTxebze.
amdenad, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, kidev ufro metad aqtualuri da
sainteresoa, Tu rogor aisaxa 1918 wlis msoflio istoriuli movlene­
bi saerTaSoriso presis da saagentoebis masalebi qarTul gamocemebSi.
Tanamedrove etapze Temis aqtualuroba im faqtiTacaa ganpirobebuli,
rom is saerTaSoriso normebi, maTi miReba da dacva, romelic saukunis
dasawyisSi, jer mxolod fexs ikidebda, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi kvlav
problemur sakiTxad rCeba. dRevandel pirobebSi, demokratiuli sazoga­
doebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi principi mSvidobis SenarCuneba da yvela kon­
fliqtis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetaa. aqedan gamomdinare, naSromis mTavar
interess da sakvlev sakiTxs warmoadgens pirveli msoflio omis bolo wlis
saerTaSoriso movlenebis Sefaseba da analizi qarTuli presis masalebze
dayrdnobiT.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

baqraZe g., `qarTuli periodikis bibliografia~ _ 1819-1946, Tsu, Tbilisi,

1947, gv. 54-60
saredaqcio statia, `zavis perspeqtivebi~, `klde~ _ # 5, 1918, 13 oqtomberi,
gv. 1
`rae~ fsevdonimi. `sadReiso~, `saqarTvelo~, # 84, 1918, 1 maisi, gv. 2
saredaqcio statia, `saxalxo saqme~, # 81, 1918, 21 Tebervali, gv. 1
saredaqcio statia, `saxalxo saqme~, # 195, 1918, 9 aprili, gv. 1
raWveliSvili qr., `mware gakveTilebi~, `saxalxo saqme~, # 239, 1918, 23
maisi, gv. 2
saredaqcio statia, `saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba da saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo
saqme~, # 367, 1918, 26 oqtomberi, gv. 2
saredaqcio statia, `zavis sakiTxi~, `saxalxo saqme~, # 372, 1918, 1 noem­
beri, gv. 1
jajanaSvil, ar., `interesTa winaaRmdegoba~, `saxalxo saqme~, # 373, 1918,
2 noemberi, gv. 2
qenqaZe k., `aSS-s sagareo politikuri istoria~, Tsu, Tbilisi, 2008, gv.
104-105
`kalmistari~ . fsevdonimi, `imperializmi da revolucia~. `Sroma~, # 90,
1918, 1 dekemberi, gv. 2
_ 56 _
`liliani~ . fsevdonimi (1918. 2 7 noemberi) `saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba~,
`Sroma~ # 87, gv. 1
saredaqcio statia. (1918. 5 noemberi) `axali xana da axali politika~.
`xalxis megobari~ # 298, gv.1
`g-ke~. fsevdonimi. (1918. 5 noemberi). `ra iqneba?~. ,`xalxis megobari~
# 298, gv. 2

Maia Machavariani
Professor
University of Georgia

PARIS TRUCE IN 1918 ON THE PAGES OF GEORGIAN NEWSPAPERS

Summary

By gathering and analyzing the data obtained from various sources: namely from
historical research, Censorship Committee and archived materials, we can maintain that
the total number of magazines and newspapers published in 1918 in Georgia was 49
(out of which 28 were newspapers and 21 magazines).
The main objective of the present research was to appraise the part of Georgian
press materials published in 1918 precisely describing the political, socio-economic
situation and the situation of the armed forces of Europe by the end of World War I
and its influence on international processes. Based on the above performed appraisal,
Georgian press and its influence on formation of the public opinion was analyzed.
The issue was given due consideration by almost all the major newspapers published
at that time; later Georgian newspapers `the Klde~, `the Saqartvelo~ `the Sakhalkho
Saqme~, `the Shroma~, and `Khalkhis Megobari~ started publishing comprehensive ar-
ticles by Georgian authors whose ideas were based on the materials and thinking of
foreign journalists. Analysis and evaluation of these materials allows highlighting the
role played by the Georgian press in the global processes and its impartiality.
Analysis of the researched material makes it clear that newspapers having different
political stance give fair evaluations of the ongoing processes and make forecasts, the
accuracy of which speaks for their professionalism, which is further proved by later
developments in history.
The Georgian press of that time pays special attention to the relationship of young,
independent Georgia with Europe, which is why it paid special attention to the first
steps taken towards establishing, further strengthening and reinforcing the relationship
of the two parties.
Georgian historiography has not fully studied publications of Georgian press of 1918
on Europe’s and Russia’s political orientation and attitude to the Truce. Therefore, the
present article is a modest endeavor of studying these drawbacks of Georgian histo-
riography.

_ 57 _
 tariel futkaraZe
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universitetis qarTvelologiis centris xelmZRvaneli

saqarTvelos menSevikuri da bolSevikuri mTavrobebi

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi avtonomiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb

samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, 1921

wlis 16 ivliss aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis Seqmnis safuZvelia saqarT-
velos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia; mag., saqarTve­
los istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT:
aWaris avtonomiis idea `popularuli iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis arsebobis periodSi (1918-1921 ww.). aWaris avtonomia saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi dadasturda saqarTvelos
1921 wlis konstituciiT, Tumca, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis gamo
igi praqtikulad ar ganxorcielda~ (saqarTvelos istoria 2003, gv. 114).
sxva avtorebis azriTac, aWaris avtonomiuri respublika Seiqmna saqarT­
velos pirveli respublikis xelisuflebisa da `samuslimano saqarTvelos
ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis~ mier 1919 wlis 31 agvistos organizebuli
yrilobis gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad1.
vfiqrob, amgvari midgoma gadasasinjia, ramdenadac, `samuslimano saqa­
rTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetisa~ da saqarTvelos menSevikuri
mTavrobis mizani iyo ara mxolod aWaris, aramed osmaleTis mier okupire­
buli mTeli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTeba saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikasTan. saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli xeli­
suflebis periodSi didi yuradReba eqceoda osmaleTis mier okupirebuli
istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriis SemoerTebas (da ara mxolod aWaris
SemoerTebas, rogorc es hgonia bevr Zvel Tu axal avtors; ix., mag.: ke­
dia 2001; n. verZaZe, 2002...). Jordania-ramiSvilis xelisuflebam am mimar­
TulebiT ori mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga; kerZod:
_ saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mxardaWeriT 1918 wlis 15 maiss saqa­
rTvelos dedaqalaqSi daarsda `samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisufle-
beli komiteti~;
_ saqarTvelos demokratiuli xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT 1919 wlis 31
agvistos baTumSi Catarda samuslimano saqarTvelos delegatTa yriloba,
romelmac moiTxova ara mxolod aWaris, aramed osmaleTis mier okupire­
buli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos _ baTumis mxaris, kerZod, baTumisa
da arTvinis olqebis, trapizonis, artaanisa da yarsis olqebis nawilis _
SeerTeba saqarTvelosTan farTo avtonomiis uflebiT. dadgenilebis Sesa­

1 ix., u. oqropiriZe 2011, gv. 221; n. daSniani 2013, gv. 185 da sxv.

_ 58 _
bamisad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciaSi Sevida
Semdegi Canaweri:
`Tavi 11. avtonomiuri mmarTveloba; muxli 107: `saqarTvelos respub­
likis ganuyofel nawilebs _ afxazeTs soxumis olqi, samuslimano saqarT-
velos (baTomis mxare) da zaqaTalis olqi, eniWebaT adgilobriv avtonomi­
uri mmarTveloba.
muxli 108. wina muxlSi moxsenebul avtonomiur mmarTvelobaTa debule­
bani SemuSavebel iqneba calke kanoniT~ (saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli /1918-1921/, 1990, gv. 476).
Sdr.: saqarTveloSi bolSevikurma saokupacio reJimma 1921 wlis 16 ivliss
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika Seqmna ruseT-osmaleTis 1921 welis 16 martis
antiqarTuli xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad da gacilebiT mcire teritoriaze.
warmodgenili statiis mizania saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobisa da
saqarTveloSi bolSevikuri saokupacio reJimis midgomebs Soris arsebuli
arsebiTi sxvaobebis warmoCena saarqivo masalebze dayrdnobiT.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba da `samuslimano

saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~. 1918 wlis aprilSi baTumSi
osmaleTis saokupacio jaris Sesvlis Semdeg samxreT-dasavleT saqarT­
velos dedasamSoblosTan (saqarTvelosTan) dabrunebis mosurne samus­
limano saqarTvelos mkvidrTa aqtiurma nawilma datova osmaleTis mier
xelaxla okupirebuli teritoria da Tbiliss Seafara Tavi. maT kargad
icodnen rogorc mSobliuri mxaris, aseve, zogadad, saqarTvelos isto­
ria; Sesabamisad, TavianTi qarTvelobis (/eTnikuri meobis) gadarCenis
perspeqtivas mxolod saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi xeda­
vdnen. osmalur okupacias gamoridebulma muslimanma qarTvelebma 1918
wlis 15 maiss saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos xelSewyobiT2 saqarTvelos
dedaqalaqSi daarses `samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli
komiteti~. Tavmjdomared airCies osmaleTSi tyved myofi memed abaSiZe;
wevrebad: h. abaSiZe (moadgile), s. diasamiZe (mdivani), x. TxilaiSvili,
k. ServaSiZe, z. abaSiZe, s. baJaniZe, q. noRaideli, i. qaTamaZe da sxv.
komitetma Tavisi politikuri mrwamsi Camoayaliba dokumentSi: `programa
da instruqcia samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti­
sa~, romelic 3 Tavisa da 79 muxlisagan Sedgeboda. programas Tavidan
bolomde laitmotivad gasdevda samuslimano saqarTvelos dedasamSob­
losTan SeerTebis idea3.
1920 wlis TebervalSi baTumSi stumrad myofi axmed jevadis4 cnobiT,
baTumSi arsebuli islamistebis (sedai mileTis) partia `samuslimano saqa­

2 am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa haidar abaSiZis werilebi.

3 dokumentisaTvis analizisa da Sesabamisi samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: u.
oqropiriZe 2011: 124.
4 1920 wels gamoqveynebul masalaSia axmed jevadi; dRes cnobilia, rogorc ahmed javadi _ javad
mamadali-oRlu axundzade (azerbaijaneli poeti).

_ 59 _
rTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel komitets~ `saqarTvelodan didZali fulis
miRebisaTvis amtyunebda”; axmed jevadi iqve wers: `memed-begis mbrZaneb­
lobaSi saqarTvelos ori avtomobili imyofeba~ (axmed jevadi 1920). misive
cnobiT, memed-beg abaSiZe qarTveli nacionalistia; mis mier dafuZnebul
`samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisulebel komitets~ miznad aqvs farTo
avtonomia saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, xolo mis mowinaaRmdege partias _
sedai mileTs anu islamistebis partias surs samuslimano saqarTvelos (ba­
Tumis, arTvinis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebi) avtonomia osmaleTis Semad­
genlobaSi (ahmed javadis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. m. CoxaraZe 2010).
logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi dafuZnebuli `samus­
limano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~, romelsac erovnuli
sabWosgan finansuri mxardaWera hqonda, erovnul sabWosTan konsulta­
ciebis Semdeg ayalibebda komitetis nabijebsa da mTavar mizans _ osmale­
Tis mier okupirebuli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos _ aWara-qobuleTis,
maWaxelas, livanas, WaneTis (lazeTis) didi nawilis, SavSeT-imerxevis, taos
didi nawilis _ SemoerTebas saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasTan.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba da `baTomis olqis mu-

sulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis~ yriloba. 1919 wlis dasawyisidanve
`samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti~ da saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis xelisufleba SeTanxmebulad moqmedebdnen
tao-klarjeTisa da aWaris xeobebidan `baTomis olqis musulman qarTvel­
Ta warmomadgenlebis~ yrilobis5 delegatTa Camosayvanad. isini TanamSrob­
lobdnen, aseve, 31 martis yrilobis dadgenilebebis momzadebis procesSi.
am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani faqtia is, rom 1919 wlis 31 agvistosa da 1
seqtembris yrilobas daeswrnen saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi:
sakonstitucio sabWos Tavmjdomare pavle sayvareliZe6 da cnobili qarTve­
li patriotebi: samson fircxalava, petre surgulaZe. arsebiTia isic, rom
pavle sayvareloZis arqivSi aRmoCnda am ordRiani yrilobis dadgenile­
bebis gansxvavebuli proeqtebi (ix. qvemoT).
31 agvistos yrilobas delegatebi eswrebodnen baTumisa da arTvinis
olqidan; aseve, didi albaTobiT, lazeTidan _ xofa-rizesa7 da artaanis

5 am yrilobis Catareba aucilebeli iyo imitom, rom saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis

aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso asparezze mimdinare molaparakebis dros gabaTile­
buliyo 1918 wels osmaleTis okupaciis pirobebSi Turqi moxeleebis mier samuslimano saqarT­
veloSi Catarebuli e.w. (gayalbebuli) plebiscitis Sedegebi.
6 1918 wlis 6 ivniss erovnulma sabWom sxdomaze daamtkica `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub­
likis sakonstitucio safuZvlebis Semdgeni komisia~. Tavdapirvelad am komisiis mdivani iyo
social-demokrati pavle sayvareliZe; Sdr.: komisiis Semadgenloba: noe Jordania, sergi ja­
fariZe, raJden arseniZe, pavle sayvareliZe, ivane CerqeziSvili, giorgi gvazava, grigol rcxi­
laZe, konstantine mayaSvili, samson dadiani. mogvianebiT pavle sayvareliZe dainiSna gazeT
`saqarTvelos respublikis~ redaqtorad, ris gamoc man datova komisiis mdivnis Tanamdeboba;
Semdeg pavle sayvareliZe gaxda sakonstitucio komisiis Tavmjdomare.
7 lazeTis (rizes CaTvliT) qarTvelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix.: abaSiZe 2002, gv. 11

_ 60 _
(ardaahanis) mxareebidanac8; Sesabamisad, yrilobis dokumentebSi gamoy­
enebuli dasaxeleba: `baTumis olqi~ uTod gulisxmobs `baTumis mxares~ (da
es dazustebulicaa 1921 wlis konstituciaSi!)9.
baTumis mxaris warmomadgenelTa yrilobam airCia samuslimano saqarTve­
los mejlisi (sabWo) memed abaSiZis TavmjdomareobiT da erTxmad daadgina
baTumisa da arTvinis olqebis (aWara, borCxa, arTvini, SavSeTi da taos
didi nawili) SemoerTeba danarCen saqarTvelosTan avtonomiis safuZvel­
ze; yrilobam Tavisi delegacia gaagzavna parizis sazavo konferenciaze.
mravlismetyveli faqtia isic, rom baTumSi miRebuli orive dadgenileba
saqarTvelos centralurma xelisuflebam daadastura 1 seqtembersve.
1919 wlis 31 agvistos yrilobis pirveli dadgenilebis sami varianti
arsebobs; amaTgan xelmouwereli ori varianti daculia TbilisSi, pavle
sayvareliZis arqivSi; mesame variants ki xeli moewera baTumSi yrilobis
delegatTa mier. xelmowerili varianti arsebiTad imeorebs TbilisSi dac­
uli proeqtebis debulebebs, magram maTgan gansxvavdeba avtonomiis moTx-
ovniT. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba
apirebda, avtonomiis dafiqsirebis gareSe SemoeerTebina osmaleTis mier
okupirebuli saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoria, magram xelisuflebis
zogi warmomadgenlis mier avtonomiis ideis gaJRerebis Semdeg, adgilo­
briv elitalur wreSi aqtualuri gaxda okupirebuli mxaris SemoerTeba
avtonomiis formatiT. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa pavle sayvareliZis
arqivSi daculi vrceli dokumenti, romelic warmoadgens 1919 wlis pir­
vel naxevarSi baTumSi, zogadad, samuslimano saqarTveloSi mimdinare pro­
cesebis detalur analizs. werili gagzavnilia baTumidan TbilisSi 1919
wlis 21 ivliss; adresatebi: saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTav­
robis Tavmjdomare; asli: sagareo saqmeT ministrs da damfuZnebeli krebis
social-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomares silibistro jiblaZes. sa­
beWd manqanaze akrebil teqsts xels awers k. gogolaZe (xelmowera ar aris
manqanaze nabeWdi).
werilidan aSkarad Cans, rom dokumenti momzadebulia saqarTvelos
demokratiuli mTavrobis mier baTumSi (samuslimano saqarTveloSi) sa­
gangebod wargzavnili piris mier (dokumenti daculia saqarTvelos parla­
mentis erovnul biblioTekaSi). davimowmebT vrcel fragments am saintere­
so da, Cemi azriT, metad kvalificiuri dokumentidan (saidanac isic Cans,
rom avtonomiis idea faqtobrivad xelovnurad iyo provocirebuli):
samuslimano saqarTveloSi bevri problemaa imitom, rom `am bolo drom­
de Cven samuslimano saqarTvelo savsebiT miviwyebuli gvqonda; Cvens mtrebs

8 pavle sayvareliZis arqivSi dacul erT dokumentSi (1919 wlis 21 ivlisi), romlis adresatebi
arian: saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos sagareo
saqmeTa ministri da damfuZnebeli krebis social-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomare sili­
bistro jiblaZe (dokumenti daculia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi), vrce­
li msjelobaa saqarTveloSi artaanis qarTvelobis integraciis pirobebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
9 rusulidan Targmnili geografiuli dasaxelebebis: baTumis mxarisa da baTumis olqis aRrevis
Sesaxeb ix.: t. futkaraZe 2018

_ 61 _
ki ar eZinaT. ruseTis mTavroba yovel nairad cdilobda, rom es xalxi Cven
ar dagvkavSireboda. ruseTis mTavroba unergavda maT Cvens siZulvils (xazi
Cemia _ t.f.), agonebda maT, rom isini namdvili Turqebia. Cven ki amis sawi­
naaRmdegoT TiTic ar gagvinZrevia~ (gv. 2)... axla erT metis met sayuradRe­
bo rameze, _ es gaxlavT kiTxva avtonomiisa da ara ubralo avtonomiisa,
aramed farTe avtonomiisa10. me piradad am lozungis gadasrola samus­
limano saqarTvelosaTvis metismet saxifaToT mimaCnia. mara pirvel na­
cionalur krebaze, romelsac baTumis olqis warmomadgenlebic daeswren,
akaki Cxenkelma11 Tqva: `Tavisufali samuslimano saqarTvelo Tavisufal
saqarTveloSi~ e. i. samuslimano saqarTvelos saqarTveloSi unda mieces
avtonomia~. mas Semdeg es lozungi moedo mTel baTumis olqs... Semdeg mTav-
robis Tavmjdomarem es dapireba oficialuri mimarTviT daadastura (xazi
Cemia _ t.f.). exla zogierTebisagan mesmis, rom es rogor SeiZlebao. gadaW­
riT unda mogaxsenoT, rom vinme pasuxismgebel pirs rom es wamoscdes, Cve­
ni saqme (saqarTvelos gaerTianeba _ t.f.) aq Cailuris wyals dalevs... noe
Jordanias sityva aq swamT, rogorc RvTis sityva da misi dapireba aucileb­
lad unda ganxorcieldes. vinc am dapirebas ewinaaRmdegeba, is daTvur
samsaxurs gviwevs... kargia Tu avi, es unda moxdes. me isic gadmomces, rom
TiTqo zogierTi pasuxis mgebel pirebi memed-beg abaSiZes ver endobian.
garwmunebT, rom es didaT Semcdari azria. diax, memed-begi sxva azris iyo.
is Cven aq wineT gvebrZoda. es me vici da vici aranakleb sxvebze. am sxvebze
ufro metic vici. mara CemTvis cxadia, rom es kaci araa Cveni moRalate. is
gulwrfelad, TavgamodebiT emsaxureba ideas: samuslimano saqarTvelo (da
ara mxolod aWara _ t.f.) unda Sevides saqarTvelos demokratiul respub­
likis farglebSi farTe avtonomiiT. am `farToze~ SeiZleba Semdeg masTan
SeTanxmeba. is Semdeg bevr rameze dagveTanxmeba, vfiqrob me. mara rogorc
pasuxis mgebeli piri, rogorc Tqven mier ndobiT aRWurvili da aq samuSaod
gamogzavnili (xazi Cemia _ t.f.), gTxovT merwmunoT, rom is gulwrfeli
Cveni momxrea da masze iWvis Setana didi danaSaulia sindisis winaSe~ (gv.
8-9).
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos avtonomi­
is Sesaxeb 1920 wels saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis petre geleiSvilic; misi
azriTac, avtonomiis Tema ar modis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxle-
obis wiaRidan; Tumca, aSkaraa, rom rusuli propagandiT mizanmimarTulad
daSinebul musliman qarTvelebs meti garantiebi esaWiroebodaT, damcav
meqanizmad ki avtonomias xedavdnen; dokumentSi vkiTxulobT:
10 aq da yvelgan daculia avtoris stili _ t.f.
11 akaki Cxenkeli 1912 wels airCies ruseTis imperiis IV mowvevis dumis deputatad baTumisa da
yarsis olqebidan da soxumis okrugidan. 1917 wels iyo ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis warmomad­
geneli amierkavkasiaSi. 1917-1918 wlebSi iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da misi aRmaskomis,
agreTve saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis (1919-1921) wevri saqarTvelos social-demokrati­
uli partiidan. amierkavkasiis komisariatis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri 1917-1918 wlebSi. 1918
wlis aprilSi iyo amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis mTavrobis meTauri.
1918 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri. 1921 wlis ianvr­
Si dainiSna safrangeTSi saqarTvelos despanad. gardaicvala emigraciaSi.

_ 62 _
 `rasac aq (baTumis mxareSi _ t.f.) yovelgan da yvelasagan gaigoneb, aris
avtonomia. didi da patara, begi, glexi Tu sasuliero piri, naswavli Tu
usavleli, pirvel gacnobisTanave avtonomias mogaxlis pirSi, amiT daiw­
yebs da amiTve gaaTavebs TqvenTan laparaks. yvela ase gakapasebiT geubneba
avtonomiaze, magram sakmaoa cota dauyvavo, cota gadaukra sityva imis
Sesaxeb, rom calke avtonomia bevr xarjs moiTxovs, Tqven amis atana ar
SegiZliaT, amas is emjobineba, rom aqauri xalxis warmomadgenlebi Sev­
idnen saqarTvelos mTavrobis samsaxurSi da qarTvel CinovnikebTan er­
TaT, adaTisa da adgilobrivi zne-Cveulebis mixedviT, TviT marTon Tavisi
qveyanao, maSinve kilos Seicvlian da mSvidobianad dagiwyeben laparaks da
male Tanxmobasac gamogicxadeben. sityva avtonomia aq mxolod e.w. inteli-
genciis gamogonili da xalxSi gasrolili lozungia. `avtonomia~ aq gamou-
gonia ramdenime inteligents... (xazi Cemia _ t.f.) pirvel Sexvedraze ise
gegonebaT, rom aq avtonomiis sakiTxi ise momwifebulia, imisi siyvaruli
da aucileblobis grZnoba ise gasjdomia xalxs ZvalrbilSi, rom uamisod
sicocxlec ar exerxebao. magram didi dakvirveba ar aris saWiro, rom mix­
vdeT, rom cxadad dainaxoT, rom aq araTu xalxs, TviT viTom am xalxis
meTaurebsac ara aqvT Segnebuli, Tu ra aris es avtonomia. am adgilobrivi
inteligenturi Zalebis samsaxurSi miReba da marTva-gamgeobis saqmeSi ga­
moyeneba aq erTianad gadawyvets avtonomiis sakiTxs... baTumis olqi Cve­
ni respublikisaTvis yvelaze ufro saSiSi mxarea. is pirdapir midebulia
saqarTvelos istoriul mter osmaleTis teritoriaze, romelTanac qarT­
vel maxmadianebs aerTebs religia... islami es raRac universaluri Zalaa,
romelic ipyrobs da faravs yvela sxva Zalas, yvela sxva damokidebule­
bebs. Cveni imedebi am xalxSi Cveni ganmtkicebis saqmeSi emyareba mxolod
nacionaluri grZnobis Zalas. Cven am mxareSi vxedavT Cvens sisxliT Zmebs,
romelTa gvariSvilobic mravlobiT arian qristian qarTvelTa Soris da
amitomac litoni sityva rodia, roca vlaparakobT: aWarlebi Cveni RviZli
Zmebi ariano.12
1919-1920 wlebSi baTumis mxareSi mimdinare procesebis TviTmxil­
velebis, p. gogolaZisa da p. geleiSvilis faseuli analizi safuZvels gva­
Zlevs davaskvnaT:
saqarTvelos parlamentsa da mTavrobaSi baTumis mxaris warmomadgen­
lobis yofna da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier baTumis mxaris adgilo­
brivi xelisuflebis dafaseba srulad daabalansebda (da momavalSic daa­
balansebs!) antiqarTuli Zalebis mier adgilobriv qarTvelebSi Canergil
SiSs.

kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

mTavroba saerTod ar ganixilavda aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxs; samxreT-dasav­
leT saqarTvelos avtonomiasTan mimarTebiT ki gaorebuli pozicia hqon­

12 silagaZe, guruli 1998, VII, avtonomiis sakiTxi, gv. 22-24

_ 63 _
da. am TvalsazrisiT metad saintersoa pavle sayvareliZis pirad arqivSi
baTomis olqis musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobis pirveli
dadgenilebis ori xelmouwereli proeqti (mesame proeqts xeli moewera).
jer warmovadgenT pirveli dadgenilebis proeqtis samive variants, Sem­
deg ki warmovadgenT pirveli dadgenilebis samive proeqtis SepirispirebiT
analizs.

baTomis olqis musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobis dadge-

nileba (1919_1921 dauTariRebeli. samoqalaqo ganaTlebis ganyofileba.
pavle sayvareliZis piradi arqivi saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli bib­
lioTeka)13; dadgenilebis pirveli xelmouwereli proeqti:
`Cven baTomis olqis (igulisxmeba `baTumis mxare~ _ t.f.) musulman qa­
rTvelT warmomadgenelni erTxmaT vmowmobT RvTisa da qveynis winaSe: rom
Cven, baTomis olqis (qvemoT damowmebul masalaSi xazgasma yvelgan Cemia
_ t.f.) mkvidrni mraval saukuneTa istoriiT, sisxl-xorciT [xeliT mi­
naweri: sisxliT da xorciT] da idealebiT [xeliT minaweri: kulturiT da
zne-CveulebiT] mudam ganuyreli vyofilvarT [xeliT minaweri: viyaviT da
varT] Cveni deda-samSoblo saqarTvelodan [xeliT Casworebuli: saqarT­
velosTan], rom Cveni mxare usamarTlod moswyvites saqarTvelos sxeuls
brestlitovskis ZaldatanebiTi xelSekrulebiT, romelic ukugdebul iqm­
na, mTeli amier-kavkasiis mier saTanado protestiT mokavSireTa winaSe da
romelic aw ukve gabaTilebulia mokavSireTa brwyinvale gamarjvebiT.
viRebT ra mxedvelobaSi, rom qalaqi baTomi mudam qarTuli yofila, rom
Turqebis Semosevam mravali qarTveli aiZula daetovebina aq Tavisi kera
da amiT qalaqs qarTuli elferi daekarga, rom aw baTomi gadaiqca budeT,
sadac Tavs iyrian mravali borotganzraxuli elementebi, romelnic lamo­
ben Cveni samSoblos politikis amRvrevas da Zirs uTxrian mokavSireTa da
saqarTvelos Soris keTilganwyobilebas;
viTvaliswinebT ra qalaq baTomis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos aRor­
ZinebisaTvis da am qalaqis da mTeli mxaris momaval dacema-ganadgurebas
im SemTxvevaSi Tu awindeli gamourkveveli mdgomareoba aq Seicvala;
gamovsTqvamT mTeli Cveni kuTxis mcxovrebTa neba-yoflobiT mxur­
vale survils da mtkice gadawyvetilebas, raTa baTomi da misi olqi kvlav
SeuerTdes saqarTvelos respublikas, rogorc misi ganuyofeli da udavo
nawili am mxaris mkvidrTa sabednieroT, sazogadoebriv wesis da mSvidobi­
anobis ganmtkicebis da gamarjvebul mokavSireT Rirsebis triumfisaTvis.
inebos RmerTma, Cveni patara kuTxe gulis siRrmidan amoZaxilma xmam
miaRwios maT gul-yuramdis, visganac damokidebulia misi bedis gadawyveta
da agvisruldes Cveni natvra da miswrafeba~.
baTomis olqis musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobis dad-

13 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0constite--00-1----0-10-0---0---
0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=constite&cl=­
CL3.2&d=HASH01bcd62c7c80716abbe48890 (damowmeba: 07.04.2018)

_ 64 _
genileba (1919_1921 dauTariRebeli. samoqalaqo ganaTlebis ganyofileba.
pavle sayvareliZis piradi arqivi saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli bib­
lioTeka) xeliT minaweri: baTomis olqis musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgen­
lebis yrilobis dadgenileba14 (dadgenilebis meore xelmouwereli proeqti):
`Cven Semdeg xangrZlivi siCumisa mogveca ra SeZleba vauwyoT mTels qvey­
anas Cveni eris survilebi, vmowmobT:
1. Cveni eri qarTveli eris Stoa, Cveni mxare xangrZliv istoriis msvle­
lobaSi yovelTvis Seadgenda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos nawils.
2. brest-litovskis ZaldatanebiT xelSekrulebiT Cveni mxare moSorebul
iqna saqarTvelodan da exla, roca es xelSekruleba gabaTilebulia mokav­
SireT gamarjvebiT, Cvens ers swyuria SeerTeba deda-saqarTvelosTan.
3. awindeli gamourkveveli mdgomareobam gardaqmna baTomi da mTels Cvens
mxares politikur avanturizmis sagnaT, igi spobs am kuTxis ekonomiur
keTildReobas, xels uwyobs ara sasurvel borot-ganzraxul elementebis
moqmedebas da iwvevs mcxovrebTa aforiaqebas.
4. Cveni eris interesebi, Cveni samSoblo saqarTvelos interesebi, mTe­
li amierkavkasiis interesebi da did saxelmwifoT Rirseba, romelTac daan­
gries brest-litovskis xelSekruleba iTxoven, rom baTomis da misi olqis
gamourkvevel mdgomareobas bolo moeRos da Cveni mxare deda-saqarTvelos
daubrundes.
amas vmowmobT Cven Cveni eris neba-yoflobis Tanaxmad da gvwams, rom Cve­
ni RaRadi Sesmenil iqneba maT mier visganac damokidebulia Cveni olqis
bed-iRbali~.
rogorc vxedavT, pavle sayvareliZis arqivSi dacul arc erT proeqtSi
naxsenebi ar aris avtonomia. logikuria davuSvaT, rom es variantebi asaxavs
saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis pozicias. dadgenilebis mesame
proeqti ZiriTadad imeorebs pirveli da meore variantebis debulebebs;
damatebulia mxolod avtonomiis moTxovna (es varianti gaigzavna erTa li­
gaSic)15:
baTomis olqis musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobis dadge-
nileba. gamoqveynebuli16. werili dadasturebuli iyo xelmowerebiT17. ba-
14 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0constite--00-1----0-10-0---0---
0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=constite&cl=­
CL3.2&d=HASH973200f8359eca75e4428f
15 http://blogger.ge/post/2022#sthash.5tOauGNP.dpuf
16 a. silagaZe, v. guruli 1996: 33-37. igive varianti 2002 wels gamoqveynebuli aqvs n. verZaZes
(damowmebuli aqvs 1919 wlis 2 seqtembris gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ # 617). garkveulwilad sax­
ecvlili es varianti gamoqveynebuli aqvs g. kukulaZesac (damowmebulia: scssa, f. 1861, aR. 2,
s. 42: 1-3); ix.: kukulaZe 2016.
17 xelmomwerTa sacxovrisebis geografia cxadyofs, rom yrilobis monawilesaTvis mTeli `samus­
limano saqarTvelo~ da `baTumis olqi~ sinonimebia da moicavs amJamindel aWaris avtonomiur
respublikasa da tao-klarjeTis did nawils. yrilobis monawile begebis zog xelmoweras Tan
axlavs sagvareulo beWedi (zogi xelmowera arabuli asoebiTaa (es dokumenti gaigzavna erTa
ligaSi). dokumenti xelmowerebiTurT gamoqveynebulia a. silagaZisa da v. gurulis mier wign­
Si: `saqarTvelos ganuyoflobisaTvis brZolis istoriidan. nakveTi I. memed-beg abaZiZe. doku­
mentebi da masalebi. Tb., 1996 w. gv. 33-37.

_ 65 _
Tumis olqis musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebi, Sekrebilni qal. ba­
TumSi, ricxviT asi, 1919 w. agvistos 31-sa, kviras, vacxadebT erTxmad
RvTisa da qveynis winaSe!
1. baTumis olqis mkvidrni (rusuli terminebis araswori Targmanis gamo
aqac SecdomiT `olqia~ gamoyenebuli! wesiT, unda iyos `mxaris~ _ t.f.),
sarwmunoebiT muslimanebi, istoriiT, sisxliTa da xorciT, eniT, kulturiT
da adaTebiT qarTvelebi varT, muslimani qarTvelebi, da teritoriulad
da ekonomikurad yovelTvis Cveni mxare, deda samSoblos _ saqarTvelos
ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda.
2. baTomis olqis awindeli mdgomareoba autanel pirobebSi ayenebs mTel
xalxs, arTmevs marTva-gamgeobaSi monawileobis uflebas da saSualebas,
aZlierebs upasuxismgeblo jgufebis politikur TareSs da xels uwyobs
mSvidobianobis da keTilganwyobis damarRvevel adamianTa borot ganzrax­
ulobas. amis gamo SeuZlebelia mSvidobiani ganviTareba.
3. baTomis olqis mkvidrTa politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
saWiroebani, agreTve amierkavkasiis yvela eris interesi da urTierTSoris
keTilmezobluri ganwyobileba da did saxelmfwifoTa Rirseba Txoulobs,
rom bolo moeRos olqis dRevandel mdgomareobas. saxelmwifoebrivi wesi­
ereba damyardes da xalxma mSvidobiani keTildReobiT cxovreba moipovos.
4. vinaidgan es SesaZlebelia mxolod musliman qarTvelebis ganTavisu­
flebiT da saqarTvelos respublikasTan SeerTebiT, amitom gamovsTqvamT
Seuryevel nebisyofas da mtkice gadawyvetilebas:
amieridan da samaradisod baTumi da misi olqi SeuerTdes Tavis bune­
briv samSoblos _ saqarTvelos respublikas samuslimano saqarTvelos
farTe avtonomiis niadagze da am avtonomiis farglebSi erovnul umcireso­
baT mieniWoT CvenTan Tanaswori politikuri da moqalaqeobrivi ufleba.
5. dadgenileba es ecnobos parizis sazavo konferencias da eTxovos
saqarTvelos respublkikis mTavrobas, miiRos yoveli zoma Cveni dadge­
nilebis gansaxorcieleblad18.

18 yrilobis gadawyvetilebas boRmiani da antiqarTuli werilebiT Sexvda prorusuli gazeTi `naS

krai~ (CoxaraZe, vaSalomiZe, gorgilaZe 2005).

_ 66 _
_ 67 _
_ 68 _
 saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis safuZvels gvaZlevs dadgenilebisa da
dadgenilebis ori sxva proeqtis teqstebis Sepirispireba. ZiriTad varian­
tad aviRebT xelmoweril dokuments.
samive teqstSi saerTo punqtebi:
a) identoba _ qarTveli: baTumis olqis mkvidrni _ sarwmunoebiT mus­
limanebi, istoriiT, sisxliTa da xorciT, eniT, kulturiT da adaTebiT
qarTvelebi varT.
b) saqarTvelosTan ganuyofloba: teritoriulad da ekonomikurad yov­
elTvis Cveni mxare, deda samSoblos _ saqarTvelos _ ganuyofel nawils
Seadgenda.
g) qaosi da gamosavali: gaurkvevlobam Cvens mxareSi daamkvidra ganukiTx­
aoba da warmoSva ekonomikuri problemebi. gamosavali _ saqarTvelosTan
SeerTeba.
d) Txovna: baTumis mxaris _ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos (arTvinisa da
baTumis olqebis) _ dabruneba saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. xelmouwerel
proeqtebSi _ avtonomiis gareSe.
e) adresati _ didi geopolitikuri moTamaSeebi:
pirveli dadgenileba: ecnobos parizis sazavo konferencias.
Sdr.:
dadgenileba (mesame proeqti): inebos RmerTma, Cveni patara kuTxe gulis
siRrmidan amoZaxilma xmam miaRwios maT gul-yuramdis, visganac damokidebu­
lia misi bedis gadawyveta da agvisruldes Cveni natvra da miswrafeba~.

dadgenilebebis proeqtebs Soris sxvaobebs qmnis avtonomiis sakiTxi da

aWaris istoriografia: xelmoweril dokumentSi saubaria `farTe avtonomi­
aze~ da araa warmodgenili aWaris istoria Sdr.:
dadgenilebis pirveli proeqti: `Turqebis Semosevam mravali qarTveli
aiZula daetovebina aq Tavisi kera da amiT qalaqs qarTuli elferi daekar­
ga, rom aw baTomi gadaiqca budeT, sadac Tavs iyrian mravali borotganzrax­
uli elementebi, Cveni mxare usamarTlod moswyvites saqarTvelos sxeuls
brestlitovskis ZaldatanebiTi xelSekrulebiT, romelic ukugdebul iqm­
na, mTeli amier-kavkasiis mier saTanado protestiT mokavSireTa winaSe da
romelic aw ukve gabaTilebulia mokavSireTa brwyinvale gamarjvebiT~.
dadgenilebis meore proeqti: `brest-litovskis ZaldatanebiT xe­
lSekrulebiT Cveni mxare moSorebul iqna saqarTvelodan da exla, roca es
xelSekruleba gabaTilebulia mokavSireT gamarjvebiT, Cvens ers swyuria
SeerTeba deda-saqarTvelosTan~.
aSkaraa, rom dadgenilebis samive proeqti erTi sqemiTaa momzadebuli.
1919 wlis pirvel seqtembers baTumis yrilobaze miRebul iqna meore dad-
genilebac, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT xelmowerili dadgenilebis teqs-
tis damatebad (1919 weli, 1 seqtemberi; samoqalaqo ganaTlebis ganyofile­

_ 69 _
ba; sea. f. 1833, aRwera 1, saq. 191, furc. 186)19:
baTumis olqis musliman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobam, romel­
ic Sesdga qalaq baTumSi, qalaqis TviTmarTvelobis SenobaSi, Tavis muSao­
bis meore dRes, pirvel seqtembers 1919 w., miiRo Semdegi dadgenileba:
1. samuslimano saqarTvelos deda-samSoblo saqarTvelos demokrati­
uli respublikis farglebSi unda hyavdes Tavis avtonomiuri mTavroba.
2. samuslimano saqarTvelos sakanondeblo parlamenti unda hyavdes.
3. samuslimano saqarTvelos avtonomiuri mTavroba Sinagan saqmeebSi
unda iyos sruliad damoukidebeli. es saqmeebia:
a/ sarwmunoebrivi saqme, b/ samosamarTlo, g/ saadministracio,
d/ samoswavlo, e/ sameurneo, savaWro-samrewvelo da sxva ekonomiuri
saqmeebi da v/ sxva Sinauri saqmeebi.
4. samuslimano saqarTvelos avtonomiuri mTavroba mTel saqarTvelos mTav­
robasTan erTad gansazRvrul pirobebSi unda awarmoebdes Semdeg saqmeebs:
samxedros, safinansos, sagareos, fosta-telegrafs, rkinis gzebs da sabaJos.
5. avtonomiur samuslimano saqarTvelos ZiriTadi kanonebi SemuSavebu­
li unda iqnas mowveuli damfuZnebeli krebis mier.
6. yriloba baTumis olqis mcxovrebTa interesebis da uflebebis da­
sacvelad da agreTve olqis marTva-gamgeobisaTvis irCevs 37 wevrisagan
Semdgar mejliss.
7. mejliss ufleba eZleva miiRos saWiro RonisZiebani, raTa samuslima-
no saqarTvelo farTe avtonomiurad SeuerTdes saqarTvelos demokrati­
ul respublikas; amisaTvis mas evaleba aRZras Suamdgomloba samuslimano
saqarTvelos farTe avtonomiis damtkicebisaTvis rogorc saqarTvelos
respublikis, agreTve parizis sazavo konferenciis winaSe.
8. mejliss evaleba aRZras Suamdgomloba inglisis mTavrobisa da mis
mokavSireTa winaSe: a/ raTa baTumis olqis marTeblobis ufleba gadaeces
TviT olqis mcxovreblebs, b/ moxdes saswrafo axali arCevnebi qalaqis
TviTmarTvelobisa, g/gadaeces fosta-telegrafi saqarTvelos mTavrobas
saerTo warmoebisaTvis da d/ gadmotanil iqnas q. baTumSi natanebis sabaJo
agreTve saerTo warmoebisaTvis.
yrilobis Tavmjdomare memed-beg abaSiZe

1919 wlis pirvel seqtembersve saqarTvelos mTavrobam daamowma orive

dadgenileba (amonaweri saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis 1919 w. 1 en­
kenisTvis sxdomis oqmidan. 1919 weli, 1 seqtemberi; samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
ganyofileba. sea. f. 1833, aRwera 1, saq. 191, furc. 185)20

19 dokumentis dedani daculia pavle sayvareliZis arqivSi, romelic amJamad inaxeba saqarTvelos
parlamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi (damowmeba: 05.04. 2018): http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/
library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0constite--00-1----0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-
about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=constite&cl=CL3.2&d=HASH016c169ed77092ac1f09551b
20 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0constite--00-1----0-10-0---0---
0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=constite&cl=­
CL2.11&d=HASH0f7f88be3e9ec9e17f4fd6

_ 70 _
 moismines:
moxseneba mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisa: baTomis olqis qarTvel musul­
manebis warmomadgenelTa yrilobis mier miRebuli ori dadgenileba (ward­
genilni mTavrobaSi delegaciis saSualebiT dasadastureblad).
daadgines:
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam moismina ra baTomis
olqis qarTvel musulmanTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobis mier a/w. 31 agvis­
tos da 1 seqtembers miRebuli rezoliuciebi, daadgina:
1. baTomis olqis qarTvel musulmanTa warmomadgenlebis yrilobis mier
1919 wels agvistos 31 miRebuli dadgenileba dadasturebul iqmnas.
2. 1919 w. 1 seqtembris dadgenileba miRebul iqmnas principialurad da
gadaeces damfuZnebel krebis sakonsititucio komisias dawvrilebiTi ganx­
ilvisaTvis.

xelmoweril dokumentebSic da dadgenilebebis proeqtebSic naT­

ladaa naTqvami, rom samuslimano saqarTvelos anu baTomis olqis (/mxaris,
oblastis) mosaxleobis delegatebi iTxoven ara sakuTriv baTumis okrugis,
avtonomias (anu aWaris avtonomias), aramed mTliani samuslimano saqarTve-
los _ baTumis mxaris (oblastis) _ avtonomias, sadac Seva baTumisa da arTvin-
is olqebi (okrugebi), aseve, trapizonis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebis nawili.
es Txovna adekvaturi da gauorebeli terminologiiT aisaxa saqarTvelos
damfuZnebeli krebis mier 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebul konstituciaSi,
sadac mkafiodaa gamijnuli `mxare~ da `olqi”; Sdr.:
“Tavi 11. avtonomiuri mmarTveloba; muxli 107: `saqarTvelos respub­
likis ganuyofel nawilebs _ afxazeTs soxumis olqi, samuslimano saqarT-
velos (baTomis mxare) da zaqaTalis olqi, eniWebaT adgilobriv avtonomi­
uri mmarTveloba”; anu konstituciis Semqmnelebi afxazeTsa da zaqaTalas
olqad Tvlian, samuslimano saqarTvelos ki _ mxared.
amrigad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis oficialur
teqstebSi, 1921 wlis saqarTvelos konstituciasa da 1919 wlis agvisto-se­
qtemberSi Catarebuli muslimani qarTvelebis yrilobis dadgenilebebSi
avtonomiis konteqstiT warmodgenilia erTnairi midgoma, rac gamoxatu­
lia identuri terminologiiT21. es aTvalsaCinoebs saqarTvelos maSindeli
21 faqtia isic, rom samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zerele codnis gamo istorikosebisa Tu
sazogado moRvaweebis didi nawili maSinac da dResac saqarTvelos erTi patara kuTxis _
`aWaris~ _ saxels aigivebs Tu azogadebs mTlianad `samuslimano saqarTvelosTan~; ix., mag.
noe Jordanias 1918 wlis 25 dekemberis mimarTvis teqsti: `mTavroba acxadebs, rom is samus-
limano saqarTvelos aZlevs avtonomias. TviTon aWaris warmomadgenlebi gamoscemen kanonebs,
romlebiTac TavianTi gemovnebiTa da sindisiT moawyoben Tavis cxovrebas, mtkice kanonebiT
uzrunvelyofen TavianTi rwmenis uflebebs, moagvareben adgilobriv saqmeebs da maT TavianT
mSobliur mxareSi daamyareben bednierebas~ (gaz. `erToba~, 1919, №9); ix. ,aseve, sp. kedias wer­
ili `Cveni politikisaTvis samuslimano saqarTveloSi~, sadac aWara da samuslimano saqarTve­
lo faqtobrivi sinonimebia. am werilSi sayuradReboa aseTi niuansic: sp. kedia wers: `mejlisi
awarmoebs politikur muSaobas. igi daugzavnis antantis saxelmwifoebs memorandumebs, sadac
aWaris xalxis es neba-survilia gamocxadebuli, igi dauxvdeba inglisis umaRles komisars _ b-n
uordrops da mis oficrebs ganucxadebs aWaris gadawyvetilebas~ (sp. kedia, 1920).
sinamdvileSi, mister oliver uordrops weriliT mimarTa samuslimano saqarTvelos mejlisma;

_ 71 _
xelisuflebisa da `samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komite-
tis~ saerTo mizans _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenas; kerZod, orive mxares surda osmaleTis mier okupirebuli mTeli
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos (da ara _ mxolod aWaris!) SemoerTeba de-
dasamSoblosTan. paralelurad, orive mxare eswrafoda ruseTis imperiis
mier daterorebuli muslimani qarTvelebis ndobis mopovebasa da maT umt­
kivnulo integrirebas qarTulenovan saxelmwifoSi.
sul sxva motivaciaa (da mizani) hqondaT bolSevikebs (ix. qvemoT).

bolSevikebi da aWaris avtonomia.

1921 wlis 16 marts moskovSi ruseT-osmaleTis antiqarTuli garigebiT
gadainawiles saqarTvelos teritoria22. agresorebma baTumi mis garSemo ar-
sebuli mcire teritoriT (aWara) or imperias Soris gardamaval zonad ga­
moacxades (baTumis porto-franko)23. Sesabamisad, aWaris avtonomiis Seqmni­
sas qarTvel bolSevikTa mizani iyo moskovis antiqarTuli xelSekrulebis
`gapraveba~. rasac Seecadnen kidec:
moskovis xelSekrulebis gaformebidan sami Tvis Semdeg, 1921 wlis 16
ivliss e.w. revkomis dekretiT `gaaformes~ `aWaris (/aWaristanis) avtono­
miuri respublikis~ Seqmna. aWaris avtonomiis Seqmnidan mxolod 3 Tvis
Semdeg, 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers, moewera xeli yarsis xelSekrulebas24.
Sesabamisad, ufro zusti iqneboda sp. kedia, Tuki `aWaris~ nacvlad gamoiyenebda `samuslimano
saqarTvelos~ an, srulad daasaxelebda samuslimano saqarTvelos sazRvrebs: baTumisa da arT­
vinis olqebi, nawilobriv, trapizonis, artaanisa da yarsis olqebi. oliver uordropisadmi ga­
dacemuli mimarTva (xels awers memed-beg abaSiZe) dabeWdilia gazeTebSi: `saxalxo saqme~, N362,
2 marti, 1920 w.; `saqarTvelo~, N47 2 marti, 1920 w. gadmobeWdilia baTumis SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis memed abaSiZis saxelobis samecniero-kvleviTi centris
III krebulSi, 2002, gv. 31-33.
22 1921 wlis 16 marts ruseT-osmaleTis garigebis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen giorgi mazniaSvil­
ma, grigol lorTqifaniZem da sxva gmirma qarTvelebma, romlebmac gmiruli brZoliT baTumi
gaaTavisufles Turqi askerebisagan.
23 Статья II
Турция соглашается уступить Грузии Суверенитет над портом и городом Батумом и территорией,
лежащей к северу от границы, указанной в ст. I-й нынешнего договора и составляющей часть Батумского
округа, при условии что:
1) Население местностей, указанных в настоящей статье договора будет пользоваться широкой местной
автономией в административном отношении обеспечивающей каждой общине будет предоставлена
возможность установить земельный закон соответствующий его положениям.
2) Турции будет предоставлен свободный транзит всяких товаров, отправляемых в Турцию или из нее
через Батумский порт, беспошлинно, без учинения каких-либо задержек и без обложения их какими бы
то ни было сборами, с предоставлением Турции прав пользоваться Батумским портом без взимания за
то специальных сборов. http://www.amsi.ge/istoria/sab/moskovi.html interpretaciisaTvis ix., aseve: o.
gogoliSvili 2009, gv. 59-64
24 ix. yarsis xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi punqti: Статья 6
Турция соглашается уступить Грузии сюзеренитет над городом и портом Батум и территорией, лежащей
к северу от границы, указанной в ст. 4 настоящего Договора и составляющей часть Батумского округа,
при условии, что:
1) население местностей, указанных в настоящей статье, будет пользоваться широкой местной автономией
в административном отношении, обеспечивающей каждой общине ее культурные и религиозные
права, и население будет иметь возможность установить в указанных местностях земельный закон,
соответствующий его пожеланиям;
2) Турции будет обеспечен свободный транзит всяких товаров, отправляемых в Турцию или из нее, через
Батумский порт, беспошлинно, без учинения каких-либо задержек и без обложения их какими бы ни

_ 72 _
 maSasadame, aralogikuria, aWaris avtonomiis safuZvlad yarsis xe-
lSekruleba miviCnioT25; Sdr.: yarsis xelSekruleba xelmowerilia moskov­
is marioneti aralegtimuri revkomis warmomadgenlebis mier da ukanonoa
saqarTvelo kanonieri xelisuflebis samarTlebrivi bazidan gamomdinare.
droSi acdenac rom ar iyos, ruseT-TurqeTis 16 martis antiqarTuli
garigebas namdvilad ver `gaalegitimurebs~ yarsis xelSekrulebaze mosko­
vis mier amierkavkasiaSi daniSnuli marionetuli mTavrobebis (revkomebis)
warmomadgenelTa xelmowerebi26.
faqtia, rom bolSevikebma ugulebelyves rogorc saqarTvelos demokra­
tiuli respublikis konstitucia, zogadad, qarTveli eris sasicocxlo in­
teresebic, saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebic da baTumis mxaris warmo­
madgenelTa 31 agvistos yrilobis dadgenilebebic.
ruseTisa da osmaleTis revoluciuri xelisuflebebis 1921 wlis 16 mar­
tis garigebiT orad gayofili amierkavkasiis ruka dResac ase gamoiyureba:

SegviZlia davaskvnaT:
1921 wlis martSi rogorc bolSevikebis, aseve, qemalisturi TurqeTis
mizani iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ganadgureba da qarTveli eris eno­
briv-eTnikur-religiuri danawevreba; am mizniT Seiqmna aWaris avtonomiac.
aWaris avtonomiis Seqmnis safuZvlad ver miviCnevT verc `baTomis olqis
musulman qarTvelTa warmomadgenlebis~ 1919 wlis 31 agvistos yrilobis

было сборами, с предоставлением Турции права пользоваться Батумским портом без взимания за то
специальных сборов / https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars/
25 zogi dResac ulogikod cdilobs gaamarTlos aWaris avtonomiis arseboba da aWaris avtonomi­
is Seqmnis safuZvlad yarsis xelSekrulebas ulogikod acxadebs; ix. mag., `ra uflebebi aqvs
TurqeTs aWaris avtonomiaze da ra ekonomikur upiratesobebs aZlevs mas yarsis xelSekrule­
ba~ http://reportiori.ge/old/aww.ge/geworld.ge,?menuid=74&id=52557&lang=1 (27 ianvari, 2015. 12:45).
26 geopolitikur konteqstSi moskovisa da yarsis antiqarTuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb msjelo­
bisaTvis vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe 2009, gv. 111-136

_ 73 _
dadgenilebas, verc saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis
mier 1921 wels miRebul konstitucias da verc 1921 wlis 13 oqtombris yar­
sis xelSekrulebas, romelsac saqarTvelos saxeliT xeli moaweres moskov­
is marioneti aralegtimuri bolSevikuri revkomis warmomadgenlebma.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

abaSiZe 2002 _ m. abaSiZe _ axali masalebi; SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis memed abaSiZis saxelobis samecniero-kvleviTi
centris III krebuli, baTumi, 2002
gogoliSvili 2009 _ o. gogoliSvili, baTumis olqi umZimes 1920-1921
wlebSi; krebuli: `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo mezobel saxelmwifo­
Ta geopolitikuri interesebis konteqstSi~, 2009, gv. 59-64 http://www.ar-
chives-ajara.gov.ge/text_files/en_file_170_1.pdf
daSniani 2013 _ n. daSniani, dokumentebi baTumis olqis saqarTvelosTan
SemoerTebis Sesaxeb /1920 weli/; baTumi, 2013
verZaZe 2002 _ n. verZaZe, memed abaSiZe da erovnuli erTianobisaTvis
brZolis axali etapi (1919 wlis 31 martis yriloba). baTumis SoTa rus­
Tavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis memed abaSiZis saxelobis
samecniero-kvleviTi centris krebuli III, baTumi, 2002. gamomcemloba `ba­
Tumis universiteti~
kedia 1920 _ sp. kedia, `Cveni politikisaTvis samuslimano saqarTveloSi~,
gazeTi saqarTvelo, # 128, 130, 134, RvinobisTvis 22, 24, 29, 1920. baTumis
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis memed abaSiZis saxe­
lobis samecniero-kvleviTi centris krebuli I, baTumi, 2001. gamomcemloba
`baTumis universiteti~
kukulaZe 2016 _ guguli kukulaZe, saqarTvelos parlamentis roli qvey­
nis teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebisTvis brZolis procesSi 1918-
1920 ww. (samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo); istoriis doqtoris akademiuri
xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertacia, baTumi, 2016
oqropiriZe 2011 _ u. oqropiriZe, aWaris avtonomiis Seqmna, Tb., 2011
saqarTvelos istoria 2000: saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune, saxelmZ­
Ranelo istoriis fakultetis studentebisaTvis; Tb., 2003
silagaZe, guruli 1996 _ a. silagaZe, v. guruli, saqarTvelos ganuyo­
flobisaTvis brZolis istoriidan. nakveTi I. memed-beg abaSiZe. dokumente­
bi da masalebi. Tb., 1996
silagaZe, guruli 1998 _ politikuri situacia aWaraSi (1920 weli): petre
geleiSvilis moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
mTavrobis Tavmjdomares, 1920 wlis 8 oqtomberi / red. merab vaCnaZe; teqs­
ti gamosacemad moamzades da Sesavali werili daurTes apolon silagaZem
da vaxtang gurulma. Tb., 1998 gamomcemloba `inteleqti”
_ 74 _
 futkaraZe 2009 _ t. futkaraZe, geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxeba
amierkavkasiaSi: baTumi 1878, 1920, 1991, 2008; krebuli: `samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelo mezobel saxelmwifoTa geopolitikuri interesebis konteqst­
Si”; 2009. http://www.scribd.com/doc/3809567/batumi-geostrategia;
http://www.archives-ajara.gov.ge/text_files/en_file_170_1.pdf
futkaraZe 2018 _ t. futkaraZe, terminologiuri Secdomebi da arsgay­
albebuli simboluri TariRebi (baTumis mxaris Sesaxeb 1918-1921 wlebSi
Seqmnili oficialuri dokumentebis zogi terminiis analizi sainforma­
cio omis konteqstSi); saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvel­
wodebuls saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa
da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, VII, 2018
CoxaraZe 2010 _ m. CoxaraZe, ahmed javadis `kavkasiaSi mogzauroba~ da
samuslimano saqarTvelos erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi XX saukunis I
meoTxedSi, krebuli: `aWara ucxoel avtorTa SromebSi~, baTumi 2010 w.
CoxaraZe, vaSalomiZe, gorgilaZe 2005 _ m. CoxaraZe, a. vaSalomiZe, i. gor­
gilaZe, baTumis rusuli presa da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos prob­
lemebi 1919-1920 wlebSi, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos samecniero kvleviTi cen­
tris IV krebuli, baTumi, 2005
axmed jevadi 1920 _ axmed jevadi, mogzauroba kavkasiaSi, gazeTi `sax­
alxo saqme~, # 822, 8 maisi, 1920 w.

Tariel Putkaradze
Doctor of Philology, Professor
St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia,
Head of kartvelology Center

MENSHEVIK AND BOLSHEVIK GOVERNMENTS OF GEORGIA ON

CREATION OF AUTONOMY IN SOUTHWESTERN GEORGIA
Summary

According to the prevailing view in scientific literature, on July 16, 1921, the Bolsheviks
set up the Autonomous Republic of Adjara on the basis of 1921 Constitution of the Dem-
ocratic Republic of Georgia. This approach requires revision, as the goal of the Menshevik
Government of Georgia was to attach Adjara and the whole South-West Georgia occupied
by the Ottoman Empire to the Democratic Republic of Georgia. On July 16, 1921, the Bol-
shevik government in accordance with the Anti-Georgian Treaty of Russia-Ottoman Empire
of 14 March 1921 established the Autonomous Republic of Adjara on a much smaller scale
and territory.

_ 75 _
 eka kvaWantiraZe
istoriis akademiuri doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi somexTa

erovnuli sabWos saqmianobis istoriisaTvis

suverenuli saxelmwifoebrioba, rogorc umaRlesi faseuloba, eris ar­

sebobis da ganviTarebis, xalxis Tavisuflebis da harmoniuli cxovrebis
garantia. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sakuTar saxelmwifoebriobas moklebuli
somxuri sazogadoebrivi azris upirveles sakiTxs saxelmwifos aRdgena war­
moadgenda. somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis (1918 wlis maisi) Semdeg
mwvaved dadga istoriuli sazRvrebis dazustebis sakiTxi mezobel saqarT­
velosTan, radgan istoriuli samarTlianoba da faqtobrivi sinamdvile Se­
usabamobaSi iyo. amis gamovlineba iyo 1918-1919 wlebSi TbilisSi moRvawe
`somexTa erovnuli sabWo~-s saqmianoba, romelic saqarTvelos teritoriaze
awyobda teroristul aqtebs, flobda iaraRis saidumlo sawyobebs Tbilis­
Si, agrovebda moxaliseebs qarTul-somxuri SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisaTvis.
saarqivo masalebSi da am periodis qarTul presaSi bevri aseTi incidentia
dafiqsirebuli. maTgan ramdenime aseT faqts Seexeba moxseneba.
1918 wlis 1 noembers moxda teroristuli aqti strategiuli mniSvnelo­
bis Zegvis xidze, romelic md. mtkvarze iyo agebuli mcxeTasa da qsans So­
ris da erT-erT mTavar kvanZs warmoadgenda saqarTvelos rkinigzis Tbili­
si-baTumis magistralur xazze. dilis 4 saaTsa da 30 wuTze xidi afeTqda.
20 wamiT adre gaiara xidze germanelTa jaris eSelonma. daiwyo gamoZieba.
3 noembers aiyvanes ori eWvmitanili. erTma Tavi gaacno grigol SaroSinad,
meorem mixeil kuCariancad. Cxrekisas g. SaroSins aRmoaCnda ori piradobis
mowmoba, locvani somxur enaze, vercxlisa da qaRaldis fuli, xolo m.
kuCariancs `daSnakcuTiuni~-s partiis wevrobis bileTi da mauzeris ti­
pis revolveri. eWvmitanilebs sxeulze aRmoaCndaT mcire zomis nakawri
Wrilobebi, rac dinimitis afeTqebis Sedegs hgavda. g. SaroSini amoicno
xidis darajma, romelic ramdenjerme iyo SemCneuli xidis daTvalierebisas
(scssa, 2003). amasTan, g. SaroSini Zebnili aRmoCnda kidev erT sagamoZie­
bo saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, romelic exeboda 1918 wlis oqtomberSi navT­
luRis dinamitis sawyobis gaZarcvas (scssa, 2003). maSin SaroSinis moZebna
ver moxerxda. es asafeTqebeli masala Zegvis xidis incidentis adgilze
napovni masalis identuri aRmoCnda. yovelive es sakmao safuZvels qmnida
mis mimarT gamoZiebis warmoebisaTvis.
Zegvis xidis incidentTan dakavSirebiT saqme aRiZra sami braldebulis:
g. SaroSinis, m. kuCariancis da a. kiurliancis mimarT. gamoZiebam daadgina,
rom grigol SaroSinis namdvili gvari iyo Smagailovi, profesiiT samxe­

_ 76 _
dro inJineri, polkovniki, q. tulis mcxovrebi. sasamarTlo procesze, ro­
melic 1918 w. 21 dekembridan 28 dekembramde grZeldeboda, g. Smagailovma
aRiara danaSauli da orsaaTnaxevrian gamosvlaSi ganumarta sasamarTlos
germaniis siZulviliT gamowveuli misi qmedebebis mizezebi. petrogradis
sainJinro akademiis dasrulebis Semdeg, is msaxurobda germaniis sazRvar­
Tan q. grodnoSi, cixe-simagris mSenebel inJinrad. aq gauCnda mas pirveli
protesti germaniis mimarT, romelic qmnida omis kults. I msoflio omis
pirvel wlebSi g. Smagailovi msaxurobda gen. renenkamfis laSqarSi aRmo­
savleT prusiaSi, sadac kidev erTxel darwmunda germanelTa sisastike­
Si mSvidobiani mosaxleobis mimarT. 1917 w. oqtomberSi, bolSevikuri ga­
datrialebis Semdeg, qveyanaSi da armiaSi arsebulma anarqiam gadaawyvetina
mas antantis romelime qveynis armiaSi samsaxuri. arCevani inglisze gakeT­
da, risTvisac molaparakebas awarmoebda inglisis misiis warmomadgenelTan
kavkasiaSi polkovnik paikTan. paikma SesTavaza Smagailovs armiaSi samsax­
uris nacvlad gamxdariyo maTi agenti, razec daTanxmda.
1918 w. oqtomberSi g. Smagailovis CvenebiT, mas daevala Seeferxebina sar­
kinigzo magistralis funqcionireba, riTac xels SeuSlida saqarTvelodan
germanelTa jaris gayvanas dasavleTis frontze, agreTve sabrZolo masal­
isa da produqtis transportirebas. maTi azriT, saWiro iyo germanelebis
SeCereba 2-3 kviriT. am xnis manZilze unda momxdariyo gardatexa I msof­
lio omis msvlelobaSi da sabolood gadawyvetiliyo germaniis bedi dasav­
leTis frontze. ingliselebma Smagailovs SesTavazes suramis gvirabisa
da rionis xidis afeTqeba, magram man uari ganacxada (saxalxo saqme, 1918).
misi arCevani SeCerda Zegvis xidze, romlis afeTqeba tenikurad ufro ioli
iyo. g. Smagailovi sasamarTloze amtkicebda, rom Zegvis xidis afeTqeba
iyo samxedro aqti antantis gankargulebiT, mimarTuli germaniis koali­
ciis winaaRmdeg da ara borotmoqmedeba saqarTvelos mimarT (mSaki, 1918).
is gancvifrebas gamoxatavda, rom braldeba am incidents saqarTvelos wi­
naaRmdeg Cadenil qmedebad Tvlida da ukavSirebda mas somxeT-saqarTve­
los uTanxmoebas, mas ki somxeTis agentobas abralebda. sinamdvileSi ki igi
somxeTs mxolod imis gamoc ar daexmareboda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, rom
saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyana iyo, romelmac mas TavSesafari misca da
sadac Tavisuflad SeeZlo ecxovra. g. Smagailovis advokatma k. zelenskim
moiTxova es saqme garCeuliyo ara saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanon­
mdeblobiT, aramed saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi saxelmwifoebis saerTaSo­
riso samarTlis eqsteritoriuli principiT, radgan es iyo dapirispireba
or samxedro bloks Soris da ara borotmoqmedeba saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.
amis sapasuxod bralmdebelma v. demidovma aRniSna, rom eqsteritoriuli
principi Seexeboda mxolod ucxo qveynis elCebs, konsulebs, sazogadod
diplomatiuri misiis warmomadgenlebs da ara kerZo pirebs. sasamarTlom
daadgina, rom inglisel oficrebs paiks da goldSmits araviTari SeTanxme­
ba ar hqondaT TavianT mTavrobasTan, amitom warmoadgendnen kerZo pirebs.
rac Seexeboda imis mtkicebas, rom Zegvis xidis afeTqeba unda ganxilu­
_ 77 _
liyo saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebis saerTaSoriso samarTliT,
bralmdebelma ganacxada, rom saqarTvelo neitralitets icavda I msoflio
omSi, rac ar daurRvevia, mokavSireebs misTvis omi ar gamoucxadebiaT da
mis teritoriaze saomari operaciebi ar uwarmoebiaT. amitom am kanonebiT
saubari saqarTvelos mimarT sruliad usafuZvlo iyo. aqedan gamomdinare
dadginda, saqme saqarTvelos sasamarTlos gaerCia (scssa, 2003).
sasamarTlo procesze Tavisi CvenebiT g. Smagailovma Tavi warmoaCina
rogorc germaniis winaaRmdeg mebrZolma rusma patriotma, romelic xeda­
vda ruseTis ngrevas bolSevikebis mier germanelTa xelSewyobiT da rome­
lic ideurad gaxda mokavSireTa Tanamzraxveli da agenti germaniis koali­
ciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (saxalxo saqme, 1918). magram Tu mis mier Cadenil
borotmoqmedebas, Zegvis xidis afeTqebas, imdroindel politikur movlenaTa
aspeqtSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom es aqti mowyobili iyo somxeTis nacio­
nalisturi partiis `daSnakcuTiuni~-s dakveTiT, raTa am afeTqebiT, sarkinig­
zo magistralis paralizebiT daesustebina qveyana, mieyenebina qveynis isedac
mcire biujetisaTvis didi materialuri zarali da amiT sargebloba da upi­
ratesoba mieca somxeTis respublikisaTvis saqarTvelosTan mis momaval omSi.
movitanT argumentebs Tu ra gvaZlevs aseTi daskvnis gamotanis safuZ­
vels. Tavdapirvelad davuSvaT, rom es teroristuli aqti inglisis misiis
davalebiT ganxorcielda, maSinac gaugebari rCeba xidis afeTqeba im dros,
roca antantas ukve mogebuli hqonda omi da saqarTveloSi myof germanelTa
mcirericxovan jars araviTari gardatexis Setana dasavleTis frontze ar
SeeZlo. amasTan, xidis afeTqeba moxda 1 noembers, roca somxuri samxedro
SenaerTebi sanainSi Tavs daesxnen qarTuli jaris nawilebs da rodesac saqa­
rTvelos damxmare germania tovebda Cvens teritorias. eWvs iwvevs xidis
afeTqebis saqmeSi g. Smagailovis mWidro urTierToba mxolod `daSnakcuTi­
uni~-s partiis wevrebTan: m. kuCariancTan, r. CalxuSianTan, a. kiurliancTan.
safiqrebelia, rom g. Smagailovi somxuri aRmsareblobis iyo, dakavebisas
mas aRmoaCnda locvani somxur enaze. g. Smagailovi amtkicebda, rom xidis
afeTeba iyo samxedro aqti germaniis winaaRmdeg da saqarTvelos sawinaaRm­
dego araferi hqondaT arc mas da arc inglis-safrangeTs. misi sityvebiT,
aravis sjeroda imisa, rom imperiuli germania demokratiuli saqarTvelos
megobrad gamodgeboda; aravis swamda, rom es megobroba xangrZlivi iqnebod­
ao (saxalxo saqme, 1918). es aRiareba Zalian hgavs daSnakuri somxeTis mtrul
damokidebulebas saqarTvelo-germaniis imdroindeli megobruli urTier­
Tobis mimarT, rac saqarTvelodan germanelebis wasvlis Semdeg ufro Tval­
naTliv gamovlinda saqarTveloSi Semosul ingliselebTan daSnakebis saer­
To enis gamonaxvaSi. somxeT-saqarTvelos omis (1918 w. dekemberi) kritikul
momentSi, roca saqarTvelos sajariso nawilebi kontrSetevaze gadavidnen,
gaaTavisufles somxuri jaris mier dakavebuli qarTuli teritoriis nawili
da kidev win miiwevdnen, swored inglisis samxedro misiam iTamaSa gadamwyve­
ti roli, ikisra arbitris funqcia, saswrafod moiTxova saomari operaciis
SeCereba saqarTvelos mxridan da daazava mxareebi.
_ 78 _
 sasamarTlom 1918 wlis 28 dekembers gamoitana ganaCeni Zegvis xidis saq­
meze. g. Smagailovs da m. kuCariancs miesajaT sasjelis umaRlesi zoma
daxvreta, xolo mesame braldebuli a. kiurlianci damnaSaved arc cno da
sasamarTlo darbazidanve gaaTavisufla. braldebulTa advokatebma saqme
sasamarTlo palatis sakasacio departamentSi gadaitanes, magram ganaCeni
igive darCa (scssa, 2003). amis Semdeg advokatebma Suamdgomloba aRZres saqa­
rTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jorda­
nias winaSe damnaSaveTa Sewyalebis TxovniT. 1919 w. 26 aprils saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis sxdomaze moismines mTavrobis Tav­
mjdomaris noe Jordanias moxseneba g. Smagailovisa da m. kuCariancisaTvis
sasjelis Semcirebis Sesaxeb. mTavrobis sxdomam daadgina g. Smagailovsa
da m. kuCariancs sikvdiliT dasja SescvlodaT 12 wliani katorRiT (scssa,
2003). sul male ki damnaSaveebi sruliad gaTavisufldnen sasjelisagan.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis erovnul-demokratiulma fraqciam 1919
wlis 5 maiss SekiTxva gaugzavna mTavrobas da moiTxova ganmarteba Tu ris
safuZvelze gaauqma mTavrobam sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba da miisakuTra
Sewyalebis ufleba, romelic damfuZnebeli krebis prerogativa iyo (scssa,
1833). 1919 wlis 16 maisis damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze mowveulma ius­
ticiis ministrma e. gegeWkorma axsna mTavrobis es gadawyvetileba saer­
TaSoriso viTarebiT da inglisis misiis zewoliT (sdk, 1919).
somxuri erovnuli sabWos antiqarTuli saqmianoba kidev ramdenime
mimarTulebiT warimarTa. TbilisSi, veris daRmarTTan mdebare meliq
azariancis saxlis sardafSi 1918 wlis 19 ivniss iaraRis sawyobi aRmoCnda
_ ramdenime yuTi dinamiti, Tofebi, tyvia-wamali, saartilerio Wurvebi da
sxva samxedro masala. sawyobs somexi samxedro pirebi icavdnen. qarTulma
saxalxo gvardielebis razmma asafeTqebel nivTierebaTa ukanonod Senaxvis
braldebiT daakava am saxlSi mcxovrebi polkovniki kunkovski. imave Rames
daapatimres am saqmeSi eWvmitanilebi _ Tbilisis JandarmTa sammarTvelos
yofili ufrosi pastrulini, generali fonrubenau da poruCiki aleqsan­
drovi (erToba, 1918). saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sagangebo
razmma 1918 wlis 6 agvistos miakvlia kidev erT saidumlo iaraRis sawyobs
manTaSevis qarvaslaSi. aq aRmoCnda asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi, yumbarebi
da zarbaznebic ki. qarvaslas icavda 60-mde somexi jariskaci. maT winaaRm­
degoba gauwies da SenobaSi ar uSvebdnen sagangebo razmis wevrebs, miuxe­
davad maT mier wardgenili Sinagan saqmeTa ministris brZanebisa. qarTulma
SeiaraRebulma razmma iaraRi ahyara somex yarauls. manTaSevis qarvaslaSi
aRmoCenili iaraRis sawyobis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb ecnoba saqarTveloSi somx­
eTis respublikis diplomatiur warmomadgenels a. jamalians, romelmac
aRiara am iaraRis somxuri sajariso formirebebisadmi kuTvnileba (saqa­
rTvelos respublika, 1918). rogorc Cans, somxuri mxare saqarTvelos da­
moukideblobis gamocxadebidan mokle droSi, 1918 wlis ivnisSi, arRvevda
Tavdacvis saministros mier gamocemul brZanebas somxuri samxedro naw­
ilebisa da iaraRis saqarTvelos teritoriidan saswrafod gatanis Sesaxeb
_ 79 _
(erToba, 1918). saqarTvelos menSevikurma mTavrobam ar aRZra am faqtebTan
dakavSirebiT sisxlis samarTlis saqme, ar gamoiZia am saidumlo sawyobebis
Seqmnis mizezi da mizani, arc ki dasva kiTxva somxur mxaresTan, hqonda
Tu ara somxeTis mmarTvel `daSnakcuTiuni~-s partias faruli iaraRis sa­
malavebis ufleba Tbilisis centrSi da amasTan araviTari oficialuri ga­
nacxadi ar gaekeTebina saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe, miTumetes arsebuli
brZanebis fonze. amis sapirispirod, saqarTvelos mTavroba wavida kompro­
misze, molaparakeba daiwyo somxeTis diplomatiur warmomadgenlobasTan
da mxolod Txovnis doneze daayena iaraRis gatanis sakiTxi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam SesTavaza somxeTis diplomatiur warmomadgen­
lobas iaraRi gaetanaT qalaqgareT arsenalSi yvela nivTis aRweriT. es
qoneba somxeTis kuTvnilebaSi rCeboda, qarTuli mxare mxolod mis droe­
biT Senaxvas kisrulobda. problema kidev sami Tve ver mogvarda. 4 noembriT
daTariRebul a. jamalianis werilSi saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa minis­
tris e. gegeWkorisadmi, somxeTis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli protests
gamoTqvams qarTuli mxaris saqcielis gamo. misi TqmiT, Tbilisis samxedro
garnizonis ufrosi generali axmeteli gamocxadda manTaSevis qarvaslaSi
da moiTxova daluquli sawyobebis gaxsna da sabrZolo masalis misTvis Cab­
areba. a. jamaliani afrTxilebs sagareo saqmeTa ministrs, rom Tu ZaliT
moixsneba beWdebi, es moxsendeba somxeTis mTavrobas da aRiqmeba rogorc
somxeTis respublikis mimarT arakeTilsindisieri damokidebuleba. meore
dResve e. gegeWkori wers a. jamalians sapasuxo werils, romelSic miniS­
nebiTac ki ar aris dasmuli sakiTxi am iaraRis Senaxvis kanonierebis Tao­
baze, piriqiT, sagareo saqmeTa ministri cdilobs gamarTleba mouZebnos
qarTuli mxaris saqciels da amas xsnis qalaqis centrSi sabrZolo iaraRis
Senaxvis saSiSroebiT. amasTan axsenebs a. jamalians samxedro ministrTan
mis Sexvedras, romelzec man sityvieri Tanxmoba ganacxada am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, amitom aRar CaTvales saWirod oficialurad ecnobebinaT
misTvis. e. gegeWkori cdilobda daerwmunebina somxeTis diplomatiuri
misia, rom am problemis gadaWra saswrafodaa saWiro da sTxovs acnobos
mas zusti dro, Tu rodis SeiZleba manTaSevis qarvaslidan iaraRis ga­
datana Tbilisis gareT arsenalSi (scssa, 1864). amis sapasuxod a. jamaliani
iTxovs am iaraRis ara Tbilisis arsenalSi, aramed erevanSi gadatanas da
sTxovs e. gegeWkors specialuri satvirTo matareblis gamoyofas saqarT­
velos samxedro saministros warmomadgenlis TanxlebiT (scssa, 1864). qar­
Tuli mxare uars acxadebda amaze am dros saqarTvelo-somxeTis sasazRvro
raionSi arsebuli dapirispirebis gamo. 1918 wlis 18 oqtombers, TurqeTis
jaris mier sazRvrispira teritoriis datovebisTanave somxurma sajariso
formirebebma Seaviwroves qarTuli jaris nawilebi da aiRes sanaini, dai­
kaves korinj-caTeris xazi. swored amis gamo qarTuli mxare aferxebda am
sabrZolo masalebis somxeTSi gagzavnas, rasac daJinebiT iTxovda somxe­
Tis diplomatiuri misia. saqarTvelos somxeTTan damakavSirebeli sarkin­
igzo magistrali xom swored am konfliqtur teritoriaze gadioda, ami­
_ 80 _
tom vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos mTavroba SiSobda es iaraRi qarTuli jaris
winaaRmdeg ar yofiliyo gamoyenebuli.
1918 wlis 20 dekembers saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sa­
gangebo razmis ufrosma m. kediam daafiqsira somexTa erovnuli sabWos
StabbinaSi (aramiancis saxli) 500-mde adamianis faruli Sekreba saqarTve­
lo-somxeTis mimdinare omSi somex moxaliseTa mobilizaciis mizniT. isini
aRmoCndnen axalgazrda somxebi da Tbilisis miliciidan daTxovnili so­
mexi erovnebis moqalaqeebi. Sekrebas koordinacias uwevda ori agitatori
da miRebuli iqna rezolucia moxaliseTa razmis Seqmnis Taobaze. sagangebo
razmis gamoCenisTanave xalxi daiSala da gaiqca, cdilobdnen gaenadgure­
binaT moxaliseTa siebi da sxva dokumentebi. sagangebo razmis ufrosma ara­
miancis SenobaSi daayena SeiaraRebuli dacva im informaciis safuZvelze,
rom iq didZali iaraRi da samxedro aRWurviloba inaxeboda (scssa,1863).
saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros warmomadgenlebma daapatimres am
Sekrebis organizatorebi _ a. barxudariani da g. jamagosianci, romelTac
Cxrekisas aRmoaCndaT maTi saqmianobis amsaxveli mamxilebeli masala. a.
barxudarians xuTi Canaweri, romelic amxelda mas saqarTvelo-somxeTis
omis periodSi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul samobilizacio saqmianoba­
Si, g. jamagosiancs ki specialur razmebSi gaerTianebul somex moxaliseTa
eqvsi sia (scssa, 1863). dakavebulebi a. barxudariani da g. jamagosianci
gadaiyvanes #2 sagubernio sapyrobileSi (scssa, 1863).
aramiancis SenobaSi momxdari incidentis Ziebis procesSi gamoCnda kidev
erTi eWvmitanili _ Tbilisis samxedro Stabis xelmZRvaneli polkovniki
doluxanovi. mas aRmoaCnda somxeTis mTavrobis mier sanqcirebuli doku­
menti, romliTac is axorcielebda saqarTvelos teritoriaze somexi da
rusi jariskacebisa da oficrebis mobilizacias da gagzavnas saqarTve­
lo-somxeTis omSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (scssa, 1863). 1918 wlis 28 de­
kembers saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros brZanebiT Catarda Cxreka
aramiancis SenobaSi, Sedga qonebis nusxa, moTavsda II sarTulis oTx oTaxSi
da dailuqa. 30 dekembers ori oTaxi luqaxsnili da gaRebuli aRmoCnda.
gaxsnili oTaxebidan waRebuli iyo saqmiani qaRaldebi, mimowera sxvadasx­
va organizaciebTan, salaros wignebi (scssa, 1863), anu is dokumentebi,
romliTac gacxaddeboda somexTa erovnuli sabWos namdvili saqmianoba.
am saqmeSi savaraudoa ingliselTa monawileoba, romelTa xelSewyobiTac,
vfiqrobT, gaixsna saqarTvelos mxaris mier daluquli somexTa erovnuli
sabWos qoneba. amis varaudis safuZvels, garda am periodSi ingliselTa
zogadad dadebiTi ganwyobisa somxuri saxelmwifos mimarT, gvaZlevs erTi
faqtic. am incidentidan sul mokle xanSi aramiancis SenobaSi bina daido
ingliselTa warmomadgenlobam, romelic kategoriulad acxadebda, rom
araferi icoda somexTa erovnuli sabWosa da misi qonebis Sesaxeb.
iaraRis saidumlo sawyobebi daSnakur sabWos esaWiroeboda ara mxolod
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebisa da teroristuli aqtebis
mosawyobad, aramed mSvidobianobis dros saqarTveloSi arsebuli somxuri
_ 81 _
samxedro razmebis mosamarageblad. erT-erTi aseTi iyo daSnakebis ukano­
no Tbilisis `teroristTa korpusi~. ramdenadac sakvirveli ar unda iyos,
qarTulma sazogadoebam aseTi korpusis arsebobis Sesaxeb mxolod somxuri
gazeTis `horizon~-is 1918 wlis maisis nomridan Seityo, romelic korpusis
yvela wevris mobilizacias acxadebda (horizoni,1918).
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli re­
spublikis pirobebSi, somexTa erovnuli sabWos mier inicirebul mTel
rig kanongareSe qmedebebze, saqarTvelos mTavrobas Sesabamisi reagireba
ar mouxdenia. metic, Tavdacvis poziciaSi aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos aseTi
Semrigebluri politikuri kursi mezobeli qveynis mxridan saxelmwifoe­
briv sisusted aRiqmeboda da masze agresiuli zemoqmedebis moxdenasac
cdilobda. saqarTvelos mTavrobis aseTi politika SesaZloa imiT iyo ga­
mowveuli, rom swori mimarTulebebis Ziebis procesSi myofi, gamoucdeli,
axali qarTuli demokratia amgvari gadacdenebisagan ar iyo dazRveuli,
an imiT, rom mas jer kidev srulyofilad ar hqonda gaazrebuli saxelm­
wifoebriobis arsi, risi Sedegicaa politikuri gulubryviloba. erTi ram
ki cxadia, qarTuli menSevikur xelisufleba erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovnebis deficits ganicdida, mas srulad ar hqonda gacnobierebuli
qarTuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, qarTvelTa
TviTcnobierebis istoriuli msazRvrelebis, qarTuli identobis umTavre­
si markerebis aRdgenis aucilebloba, rac mTlianobaSi azaralebda qar­
Tul saxelmwifoebriobas.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

scssa (2003). saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fon­

di 2003, aRw. 1, saq. 13
saxalxo saqme (1918). gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~, 1918 w. 25 dekemberi, #416
mSaki (1918). gazeTi `mSaki~, 1918 w. 29 dekemberi, #269 (somxur enaze)
saqarTvelo (1919). gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1919 w. 2 ianvari, #1
scssa (1833). saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fon­
di 1833, aRw. 1, saq. 60
sdk (1919). saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba, 1919, XVII sxdomis stenografi­
uli angariSi
erToba (1918). gazeTi `erToba~, 1918 w. 23 ivlisi, #153
saqarTvelos respublika (1918). gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918 w.
8 agvisto, #12
erToba (1918). gazeTi `erToba~, 1918 w. 7 ivlisi, #140
scssa (1864). saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fon­
di 1864, aRw. 1, saq. 18
scssa (1863). saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fon­
di 1863, aRw. 1, saq. 17
_ 82 _
scssa (1863). saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fon­
di 1863, aRw. 1, saq. 1506
horizoni (1918). gazeTi `horizoni~, 1918 w. 15 maisi, #108 (somxur enaze)
gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918 w. 8 agvisto, #12
gazeTi `mSaki~, 1918 w. 29 dekemberi, #269 (somxur enaze)
gazeTi `horizoni~, 1918 w. 15 maisi, #108 (somxur enaze)

Eka Kvachantiradze
PhD in History, Professor
Caucasus University

ON THE ISSUE OF HISTORY OF ARMENIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL’S

ACTIVITIES IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
Summary

Dashnak National Council was engaged in commissioning and guiding terrorist acts
on the territory of Georgia; it owned secret warehouses of the weapons in Tbilisi and
mobilized volunteers to participate in the armed conflict between Armenia and Geor-
gia (December 1918). On November 1, 1918 a terrorist act was committed on Dzegvi
Bridge, on the river Mtkvari, one of the most important junctions of Tbilisi-Batumi
railway-road of Georgia; the bridge was exploded. Guilty of crime turned to be G.
Shmagailov and M. Kuchariants. G. Shmagailov, a Russian military engineer, tried to
justify himself at the court hearing by saying he had acted as a Russian patriot against
Germany, aiming to impede transportation of German troop trains to the western bat-
tle-front, thus making a radical turn in the process of the World War I. But in fact, as
the research has proved the act was commissioned by `Dashnaktsutun~, the nationalist
party of Armenia. The court sentenced the perpetrators to death. Noe Zhordania, the
Chairman of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, substituted death penalty with 12
years penal servitude. The offenders were released before long. On 19 July, 1918, the
garrison of the National guard discovered a hidden arsenal at Melik Azariants’s house.
On August 5, 1918, special detachment of the Ministry of Interior discovered another
secret arsenal at Mantashev’s caravanserai. The headquarters of the Armenian National
Council was located at Aramiants’s house, from where all these activities were planned
and directed. There, during the secret meetings of Armenian youth mobilization of
volunteers detachments was organized to participate in Georgian-Armenian war. The
article gives a detailed description of the endeavours of the Armenian National Council.

_ 83 _
 nodar CxaiZe
istoriis mimarTulebis doqtoranti
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

qeTevan sixaruliZe
istoriis bakalavri
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Coxatauris 1919 wlis ajanyeba saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg

guriis ajanyeba erT-erTi iyo bolSevikuri gamosvlebis seriidan, rome­

lic gasabWoebamde mimdinareobda saqarTvelos teritoriaze. bolSevikeb­
ma rigi saSinao da sagareo faqtorebis gamo ver moaxerxes 1921 wlamde
uSualod samxedro gziT saqarTvelo daepyroT. miuxedavad amisa, isini
cdilobdnen daefinansebinaT da xeli SeewyoT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
bolSevikurad ganwyobili mosaxleobisaTvis, rom ajanyebis gziT momx­
dariyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damxoba. amis mcdelobebi
maT hqondaT: manglisSi, gorSi, duSeTSi, cxinvalis regionSi, samegreloSi,
afxazeTsa da sxva kuTxeebSi.
guriaSi momxdari movlenebic amis magaliTi iyo. es ajanyebebi sabWo­
Ta dros garkveuli TvalsazrisiT Seswavlilia, TumcaRa sabWoTa isto­
riografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli koniunqturis gamo obieqturi suraTis
aRdgena SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom garkveuli movlenebi gadafasebas saW­
iroebs.
ajanyeba 1919 wlis 8 noembers daiwyo da 10 noembers damTavrda. miuxeda­
vad amisa, sakvlevi masala sakmaod moculobiTia da gadavwyviteT ajanyebis
mxolod erT adgils, Coxataurs SevexoT. sruli suraTis aRdgena Semdgomi
kvleva-Ziebis sakiTxia. vecdebiT SeZlebisdagvarad vupasuxoT kiTxvebs,
ram gamoiwvia es gamosvla, ra resursi gaaCndaT ajanyebulebs, ras eyrd­
nobdnen da ra mizans isaxavdnen, ramdenad iyo CarTuli adgilobrivi mo­
saxleoba ajanyebaSi, iyo Tu ara drouli da efeqturi xelisuflebis mier
miRebuli zomebi, ram gamoiwvia ajanyebulebis marcxi da sxva.
guriis gamosvlebis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi informacias Tanadrouli
presidan viRebT, `saqarTvelos respublika~, `saxalxo saqme~, `erToba~ da
sxva gazeTebi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da yuradRebas iqcevs `saqa­
rTvelos respublikaSi~ gamoqveynebuli noe ramiSvilis werili, romelic
ajanyebulTa mimarT miRebul zomebze mouTxrobda mkiTxvels. saqarTve­
los gasabWoebis Semdgom ajanyebis monawile zogma pirma Jurnal `revo­
luciis matianeSi~ mogonebebis wera daiwyo. maTi monaTxrobi, subieqturo­
bis miuxedavad, garkveulwilad avsebs Cvens codnas momxdari movlenis

_ 84 _
Sesa­xeb. sabWoTa dros sxvadasxva samecniero JurnalSi Tu gamocemaSi iyo
mcdeloba Sefasebuliyo es gamosvla. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos d. ji­
blaZis `1919 wlis SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba saqarTveloSi~. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis meeqvse tomi, romelSic
miuxedavad imisa, rom am ajanyebas mcire nawili eTmoba, avtori Sedare­
biT obieqturad ganixilavs ajanyebis damarcxebis mizezebs, demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis operatiul RonisZiebebs, ajanyebulTa SeuTanxme­
blobas, iaraRis uqonlobas, wyaldidobas (saqarTvelos istoriis narkveve­
bi, 1921, t.VI, gv. 668-669). es faqtebi sxvadasxva mogonebidan da saarqivo
masalebidanac dasturdeba.
postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
kvlevis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga, TumcaRa guriis ajanyeba
erT-erT Seuswavlel sakiTxad rCeboda. 2017 wlis dekemberSi CoxataurSi
Cveni vizitisas, mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi mivakvlieT ajanyebis monaw­
ileTa mogonebebs, gamouqveynebel masalas. es saqmeebi ar aris katalogi­
zirebuli. ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, am mogonebebis nawili samecnie­
ro mimoqcevaSi pirvelad Semova. garda amisa, aucileblad aRsaniSnavia
saarqivo masala, romelic guriis gamosvlebis Sesaxeb araerT sayuradRebo
detals Seicavs.
1919 wels bolSevikebi gamosvlas mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT geg­
mavdnen. ruseTis komunisturi partiis samxareo komitetis dadgenilebiT
ajanyeba TbilisSi unda dawyebuliyo 24 oqtombers da dawyebuli gamosvla
niSani unda yofiliyo, rom sxva regionebSic ajanyebuliyvnen adgilobrivi
bolSevikebi. Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma noe ramiSvilma informacia miiRo,
rom ajanyeba mzaddeboda. amitom man regionebSi gaagzavna mowodeba, rom
mzad yofiliyvnen mosalodneli gamosvlebisaTvis (saqarTvelos istori­
is narkvevebi, 1921, t.VI, gv. 668). saministrom operatiuloba gamoavlina,
daiwyo eWvmitanilTa masobrivi dapatimrebebi, bolSevikebi mixvdnen, rom
ajanyeba uimedo iqneboda da Setyobineba gaagzavnes regionebSi gamosvlis
gadadebis Sesaxeb (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1921, t.VI, gv. 668).
miuxedavad amisa, zog regionamde am brZanebam ver CaaRwia da magaliTad
lagodexSi, senakSi, kulaSSi ajanyeba mainc daiwyo da is sruliad waru­
matebeli gamodga. mTavrobam ajanyebis moTaveTa umravlesoba daapatimra
(saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1921, t.VI, gv. 668). miuxedavad am yvela­
frisa, guriis ajanyeba mainc daigegma.
guriis ajanyebis monawile bolSevik elizbar kalandaZis mogonebiT, am­
ierkavkasiis samxareo komitetTan mas kavSiri mudmivad hqonda. igi xvde­
boda filipe maxaraZes, sergo kasians da sxvebs. xSirad midioda maTTan,
raTa sxvadasxva organizaciul sakiTxSi daxmareba mieRo da garda amisa,
gamosvlebi finansurad uzrunvelyofiliyo. quTaisidan ajanyebas xelmZ­
Rvanelobda mixa cxakaia, romelic im periodSi Tbilisidan iyo mivlinebu­
li da mamia oraxelaSvilis binaSi aralegalur Sekrebebs atarebda (Cox­
atauris muzeumis masalebi, kalandaZe. e). bolSevikebs guriaSi gagzavnili
_ 85 _
hyavdaT cnobili revolucioneri giorgi sturua. igi, rogorc guruli
bolSevikebi miuTiTeben, ajanyebis dagegmvaSi gansakuTrebul rols as­
rulebda (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, cincaZe). erT-erTi ajanyebu­
li parmen cincaZe ixsenebda, rom quTaisSi mas piradad gadasca ajanyebi­
sTvis 10 000 maneTi da ajanyebis gegma giorgi sturuam. savaraudod, es
fuli ajanyebulebamde ar misula, radgan p. cincaZe daapatimres.1 rogorc
irkveva, guriaSi bolSevikur partias ar hyavda mravalricxovani momxree­
bi. hqondaT iaraRis garkveuli maragi, rasac noe ramiSvilic aRiarebda.
Tumca maTi resursi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda xangrZlivi winaaRmdegobis ga­
sawevad. guruli bolSevikebi afiqsirebdnen pozicias, rom kavkasiis pro­
letariati ar unda mowyvetoda ruseTs (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi,
giorgaZe). 1918 wlis pirvel maiss silibistro Todriasa da tarasi mga­
lobliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT maT pirveli maisis dResaswaulze erkeTSi
sammarTvelos Senoba aiRes, waSales warwera demokratiuli respublika da
daaweres Zirs menSevikebi, gaumarjos sabWoTa xelisuflebas (Coxatauris
muzeumis masalebi, giorgaZe). garda amisa, cdilobdnen moewyoT mitingebi,
gaficvebi. unda iTqvas, rom mTavrobas maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb infor­
macia mudmivad hqonda da cdilobda situaciaze kontroli ar daekarga.
1918 wels bolSevikebma ramdenjerme scades SeeqmnaT SeiraRebuli Zala
guriaSi. amis magaliTi iyo 1918 wlis 27 ianvris dadgenileba bolSevikuri
miliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, xolo TebervalSi bolSevikuri gvardiis Seqmnis
mcdeloba (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, giorgaZe). didi albaTobiT, maT
scades mxari aebaT leninis wamowyebisaTvis bolSevikuri gvardiis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb. Tumca, rogorc Cans, miRebuli dadgenileba ver ganaxorcieles,
radgan 1919 wlis ajanyebis Sesaxeb daweril mogonebebSi da arc saarqivo
masalaSi guriis bolSevikuri gvardia naxsenebi ar aris. gamosvlebisTvis
mzadeba guriaSi 1919 wlis dasawyisidan daiwyo. samTavrobo Zalebs gansa­
kuTrebuli yuradReba marTebdaT, radgan ajanyebaSi monawile pirebis naw­
ils konspiraciis gamocdileba hqonda, zog maTgans ruseTis revoluciaSi
aqtiuri monawileoba hqonda miRebuli. ajanyebisTvis mzadebis periodSi
mkacrad gasaidumloebul pirobebSi ramdenime kreba Catarda. guriaSi, gi­
orgi sturuas garda, ajanyebis dasagegmad mivlinebuli iyo kidev erTi
cnobili bolSeviki boris ZnelaZe. mas ajanyebaSi axalgazrdebis Cabma ev­
aleboda (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, d. kalandaZe). ZnelaZem moaxerxa
da 1919 wels Coxatauris gimnaziaSi Camoayaliba aralegaluri bolSevikuri
organizacia `spartaki~. am organizaciaSi gawevrianebulma axalgazrdeb­
ma gaficva moawyves, ramdenime dRiT saswavlo procesi CaSales (Coxatau­
ris muzeumis masalebi, d. kalandaZe). garda amisa, spartakelebis nawilma
ajanyebaSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo. rogorc aRvniSneT, bolSevikebi
ajanyebisTvis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi emzadebodnen. guriaSi gamosvle­
bi ozurgeTis, Coxataurisa da lanCxuTis raionebSi unda dawyebuliyo,
1 rogorc Cans, dafinansebis nawili mainc midioda daniSnulebis adgilamde. Sinagan saqmeTa
ministri noe ramiSvili aRniSnavda, rom ajanyebulebs Tanxa didi raodenobiT hqondaT.

_ 86 _
Tumca ozurgeTi Tavidanve gamoTiSuli aRmoCnda ajanyebidan. Tu ratom,
amaze qvemoT visaubrebT. ajanyebis wina periodSi Sekrebebi gazafxulidan
moyolebuli imarTeboda. aRsaniSnavia martis Sekreba, sadac ajanyebulebma
isaubres gegmebis Sesaxeb, amis Semdeg isini konspiraciis dacviT cdilobd­
nen Sekrebebi gaemarTaT zafxulSi, ajanyebis TariRis dadgenas xels uSl­
ida meteorologiuri mdgomareoba, Zlieri wvimebis gamo, Zneli iyo erTma­
neTTan kontaqti, mdinareebis gadalaxva da erTi geografiuli punqtidan
meoreSi gadasvla. miuxedavad amisa, isini TaTbirobdnen da cdilobdnen
ajanyebisTvis momzadebuliyvnen. 1919 wlis zafxulSi baqoSi moewyo bolSe­
vikebis aralegaluri yriloba, sadac sxvadasxva mxaris warmomadgeneli iyo
miwveuli. guriidan varden kalandaZem ganacxada, rom misi mxare mzad iyo
menSevikebis dasamxobad. amis Semdeg isini farulad Camovidnen da ajanyebi­
sTvis mzadebas Seudgnen. miuxedavad subieqturobisa, bolSevikebic ki ver
uaryofen mogonebebSi demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis karg op­
eratiul muSaobas, mTavrobas maT Sesaxeb informacia mudmivad hqonda.
1919 wlis 23 seqtembers guriis samazro komitetis sxdomaze g. sturuam
mouwoda damswreebs dauyonebliv mzadeba daewyoT ajanyebisTvis, am kuTxiT
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda sofel gorabereJoulSi mdinare gubazeu­
lis xidTan Sekrebas, dRevandeli erisTavebis sasaxleSi. Sexvedris monaw­
ileTa mogonebebis erTi nawilis mixedviT, Sexvedras ar daswrebia giorgi
sturua, Tumca monawileebis mogonebebSi gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli cnobac.
Cveni azriT, man Sexvedras Segnebulad aarida Tavi, radgan samTavrobo Za­
lebs masze da sxva cnobil bolSevikebze gansakuTrebuli meTvalyureoba
hqondaT dawesebuli da SesaZlebeli iyo, mis misvlas krebaze maTi saerTo
saqmisTvis ziani mieyenebina. rogorc Sexvedris erT-erTi monawile asalo
cincaZe ixsenebs, sturuam SemouTvala, rom krebis adgilas miiyvanda sxva
pirovneba, romelsac amosacnobad xelze cxvirsaxoci ekeTeboda. rogorc
irkveva, es kaci Zveli katorReli mose cxoiZe iyo (Coxatauris muzeumis
masalebi, cincaZe). konspiraciis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs sxva ajanyebulic.
b. aroniSi ixsenebs, rom SeTanxmebis mixedviT nagomaris xidTan Sexvda
kaci, romelic RiRinebda da TviTonac RiRiniT miaxvedra, rom SeTqmu­
li iyo. man damxvedr kacs paroli uTxra `Savi zRva~, ris Semdegac igi
krebaze miiyvanes (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, aroniSi). miuxedavad Sex­
vedris saidumlod Catarebis mcdelobisa, rogorc Cans, informacia mainc
gavrcelda. maT miiRes Setyobineba, rom nagomarSi gvardiis meTauri sergo
maTiTaiSvili iyo Sesuli da xalxs Cxrekda. kreba ise daiSala, rom ver
gadawyvites ajanyebis dRe. is ki dadginda, rom ozurgeTs Tavs unda dasx­
modnen Coxatauris razmebi aroniSisa da goguaZis meTaurobiT. agreTve,
ajanyebis meTauroba vladimer cincaZes daekisra. gamoyves ramdenime piri,
romelic sxvadasxva sofelSi iqneboda razmis meTauri: ajanyebis samxedro
operatiuli xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen CoxataurSi Sermandi cincaZe, xev-er­
keTSi mitrofane da ambako mamalaZeebi da ladiko CantlaZe, Sua amaRle­
baSi sardion jibuti, giorgi yaWeiSvili, mTlianad CoxataurSi ajanyebis
_ 87 _
meTaurebi samson WaniSvili da tarasi mgalobliSvili iyvnen. TiTo razms
ori meTauri Segnebulad hyavda daniSnuli, raTa razmamde oridan erTs
mainc SeZleboda informaciis mitana. garkveuli gegma gorabereJoulis
Sekrebamdec iyo dasaxuli, sofel Sua amaRlebaSi g. yaWeiSvilis saxlSi
ganixiles xalxis Sekreba, iaraRis SeZena, Coxatauris centris dakaveba,
TiToeuli sakiTxi problemuri iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom ajanyebulebi
finansur daxmarebas iRebdnen samxareo komitetisgan, iaraRis Sovna gan­
sakuTrebulad safrTxilo saqme iyo. rogorc ixseneben, zogjer iaraRs
gvardielebisgan yidulobdnen, maTi ZiriTadi iaraRi `berdenkis~ Tofebi
iyo. erT-erTi mebrZolis cnobiT, erkeTSi masTan erTad razmSi 27 kaci iyo
da iaraRi mxolod xuT maTgans hqonda, ajanyebis monawileebi mitrofane
mamalaZe da ladiko CantlaZe daukavSirdnen avTandil mamalaZes, romelic
miliciaSi muSaobda erkeTSi. man gaaRo arsenalis karebi da ajanyebulebs
gadasca iaraRi. zogjer iyo sxva garemoebebic, erT-erTi ajanyebuli ivane
anTiZe ixsenebda rom razmi SeiaraRebuli iyo TofebiT da erTi SaSxaniT,
romelic Tavis menSevik Zmas waarTva (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, an­
TiZe). erTi mxriv, SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom ajanyebis TariRze SeuTanx­
mebloba iaraRis problemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli2, garda amis isini niSans
elodebodnen Tbilisidan.
am periodisTvis guriaSi ganlagebuli iyo gvardia, romlis meTauri,
rogorc saarqivo masalebidan Cans, sergo maTiTaiSvili iyo. es ukanaskneli
bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg brZolas gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT ekideboda,
man ajanyebamde bolSevikebis ramdenime Sekreba-manifestacia CaSala. ro­
gorc mogonebebSi werdnen, maTiTaiSvilis razmelebi krebis monawileebs
fizikuradac uswordebodnen.
ra Zala iyo mTavrobis gankargulebaSi? amaze SegviZlia saarqivo ma­
salis meSveobiT vimsjeloT. am periodSi guriaSi ganlagebuli gvardiis
gankargulebaSi 12 tyviamfrqvevi, 750 xiSti da xmali, anu jamSi 750 qveiTi
da cxenosani iyo. 3
ajanyebulebis Sekrebis centrad dasaxelda eweri (qvemo erkeTi). gan­
vmartoT ratom airCies TavSeyris adgilad qvemo erkeTi. strategiuli
TvalsazrisiT, is erT-erTi axlo daSorebuli punqtia Coxatauridan, am­
avrdoulad swori reliefi metad mosaxerxebelia razmis gadaadgilebisT­
vis, garda amisa, razmelebi swored zemoT mdebare soflebidan iyvnen. am
soflebidan momavali gzebi kveTs qvemo erkeTs. am razmebs ar uxdebodaT
raime sirTulis gadalaxva, sanam Sekrebis adgils miaRwevdnen. Coxataur­
Tan ewerze ufro axlos mdebareobs sofeli gora, magram, Cveni azriT,
gora ar airCies erTi martivi mizezis gamo. ozurgeTidan Semomaval mTav­
2 iaraRis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT, leon Sengelaiam kiTxva dausva ministr noe ramiSvils,
ratom hqondaT didi raodenobiT iaraRi ajanyebulebs. ramiSvilma upasuxa, rom xalxs sxva­
dasxva adgilas iaraRi isedac hqondaT xelT da garkveulwilad dafinansebac gamoiyenes Sesa­
Zenad. amas unda davumatoT erkeTSi gaxsnili iaraRis sawyobi da agreTve is, rac Coxatauris
aRebisas moipoves.
3 scsa, f. 1970, aRw.2, saq. 128

_ 88 _
robis jars mouwevda goras gamovla, rac gamoiwvevda ajanyebulebTan maT
Setakebas Sekrebis adgilas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels SeuSlida Coxatauris
aRebas. koxnaris da farcxmis razmebi ar mosulan qvemo erkeTSi. Cveni az­
riT, imitom, rom Coxatauris gamovla mouwevdaT, rac saSiSic iyo maTTvis
da drosac daakarginebda. razmebs erkeTSi misces konkretuli gegma, sia
im punqtebisa, romelic unda aeRoT CoxataurSi. gvardiis Stabis aReba
daevalaT Zmeb mamalaZeebs. Sermandi cincaZes, sandro ramiSvils daevalaT
demokratiuli respublikis erobisa da miliciis aReba, xolo fostis aReba
isidore mamalaZisa da Teofile TedoraZis razmebma iTaves. Tavis mxriv, ga­
mosvlebis warmateba damokidebuli iyo lanCxuTsa da ozurgeTSi ajanyebis
gegmis mixedviT warmarTvazec. am mzadebis periodSi mTavrobam, rogorc
zemoT vaxseneT, samxedro teqnikuri komisiis TiTqmis mTeli Semadgenloba
daapatimra. ajanyebulebis nawilisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom aseT situaciaSi
gamosvla didi riski iqneboda. amitom fiqri daiwyes ajanyebis TariRis
gadadebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom signali ver miiRes xev-erkeTisa da
Coxatauris komitetebma, gamosvla mainc daiwyo. 8 noembers, RamiT, daax­
loebiT pirveli saaTisTvis mobilizebuli razmebi daiZrnen Coxatauris
mimarTulebiT; xev-erkeTis, nabeRlavisa da xidisTavis jgufebs SeuerTda
goraSi gamagrebuli Sua amaRlebis razmi. koxnarisa da farcxmis razmebi
CoxataurSi Semovidnen sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.
mogonebebSi weria, rom maT maSinaTve moaxerxes sasurveli punqtebis
aReba, Tumca arsebobda garkveuli winaaRmdegoba. erT-erTma ajanyebulma
mixeil berZeniSvilma daWra gvardieli vaso CigogiZe, romelmac danebe­
baze uari ganacxada (Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, giorgaZis narkvevi).
ajanyebulebma TavianTi mizani Seasrules, moulodnelobis efeqtiT gvard­
ielebis aseuli ganaiaraRes da xelSi iaraRi Caigdes. erT-erTi ajanyebuli
d. kalandaZe wers, rom 7 tyviamfrqvevi moipoves, rac didad saeWvo Cans.
saarqivo masalis mixedviT, mTlianad ozurgeTis mazraSi 12 tyviamfrqvevi
iyo, 7 tyviamfrqvevis xelSi Cagdeba ajanyebulebs raRac periodis ganmav­
lobaSi did upiratesobas miscemda, magram ase ar momxdara (Coxatauris
muzeumis masalebi, kalandaZe). tyviamfrqvevebis zusti raodenobis garkve­
va Semdgomi kvlevis sakiTxia, radgan ajanyebulTa umravlesoba erTs an
ors asaxelebs, xolo noe ramiSvili ambobs, rom ajanyebulebs ramdenime
tyviamfrqvevi hqondaT. faqtia, rom maT xelSi arsebuli SeiaraReba mx­
olod erTi dRe eyoT winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. gvardiis meTauri sergo
maTiTaSvili werda, rom daxmareba ar esaWiroeboda Tbilisidan, radganac
adgilobrivi Zalebic sakmarisi iyo ajanyebulebis dasamarcxeblad.4
ajanyebulebma daiwyes strategiulad mniSvnelovani gzebis dakave­
ba, saidanac mosalodneli iyo gvardiis nawilebis Semosvla CoxataurSi.
gaamagres sajavaxo, ozurgeTis da surebis gza. Sua amaRlebis razmma daikava
Sua farcxmis eklesia, sadac Tavs iyrida gvardiis nawili irakli gogola­

4 scsa, f. 1970, aRw.3, saq. 148

_ 89 _
Zis meTaurobiT. jerjerobiT ajanyebulebi umravlesobaSi iyvnen. irakli
gogolaZis razmi damarcxda da gandevnes. ajanyebulebma proklamaciebi ga­
moakres da CoxataurSi sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. ajanyebulebis
erTi nawili daiZra ozurgeTisken, sadac ajanyeba ar momxdara. aroniSis
meTaurobiT daZruli razmi gvardielebTan SetakebaSi damarcxda (Coxatau­
ris muzeumis masalebi, yaWeiSvili). dilisaTvis, rogorc Cans, guriis gvar­
dia sergo maTiTaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT mobilizebuli iyo da sufsis
xids miadga. ajanyebulebi xids gansakuTrebulad icavdnen, maT xelSi iyo
maqsimis tipis tyviamfrqvevi, romelic, rogorc Cans, maT Coxatauris aRe­
bisas Caigdes xelSi (mgalobliSvili, 1926). ajanyebulebma am tyviamfrqvevis
da CoxataurSi xelSi Cagdebuli sxva iaraRis saSualebiT moaxerxes erTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobis gaweva. ajanyebulTa umravlesoba mx­
olod erTi gvardielis TavberiZis sikvdils usvams xazs, Tumca, safiqre­
belia, rom msxverpli meti iyo, radgan werilSi mTavrobis warmomadgeneli
Tbiliss werda, rom daixocnen menSevikuri razmis wevrebi.
ajanyebulebi ozurgeTidan da lanCxuTidan daxmarebas elodnen, magram,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ozurgeTi ajanyebidan Tavidanve gamoTiSuli
aRmoCnda, radgan guriis komitetis mTeli Semadgenloba, romelic ajanyebas
xelmZRvanelobda daapatimres (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1921, t.VI,
gv. 668). ajanyebulebma TavianTi mebrZolebis erTi nawili ozurgeTze Tav­
dasasxmelad gauSves. maT, rogorc Cans, SemovliTi gziT mouares, soflebi
jumaTi da mamaTi aiRes da amis Semdeg ozurgeTisken daiZrnen. wyaldidobas
waeRo xidi, romelic ozurgeTSi Sesasvlelad unda gaearaT ajanyebulebs.
ozurgeTi kargad iyo gamagrebuli zvanis mxridan da ajanyebulebma uime­
dod CaTvales ozurgeTze Seteva. isini ukan wamovidnen, gamagrdnen sufsis
xidTan. amasobaSi lanCxuTSi valodia goguaZis javSnosanma matarebelma
sabolood daasrula ajanyebulTa winaaRmdegoba.5 ozurgeTidan maTi­
TaiSvilis dasaxmareblad daiZrnen kapitani comaia da rkinigziT valodia
goguaZis javSnosani matarebeli. ajanyebulebs gegmiT ganzraxuli rkinig­
zis ayra ver SeZles (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1921, t.VI, gv. 671).
ajanyebulebis meTaurma tarasi mgalobliSvilma SuadRis sami saaTisTvis
gaigo, rom ozurgeTSi aranairi ajanyeba ar momxdara da lanCxuTSi gamosv­
lebi damarcxda. aq, rogorc Cans, miuxedavad imisa, rom mzveravma razmma
naxa ozurgeTi gamagrebuli iyo da dilisTvis sufsis xidTan dabrunda,
maT saboloo pasuxi mxolod SuadRisTvis miiRes, rom ozurgeTSi aranairi
winaaRmdegobis imedi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo. mgalobliSvilma es movlen­
ebi TanamebrZolebs krebaze amcno. xolo saRamos gaiges, rom javSnosani
matarebeli uaxlovdebodaT. ajanyebulebi mixvdnen, rom winaaRmdegobis
gawevas azri ar hqonda, maT nigoiTisken da xev-erkeTisken ukan daixies.
rogorc Cans, organizebulad, radgan Tavi Tav-TavianT soflebs Seafares.
9 noembers Ramis sam saaTze Coxatauri isev xelisuflebis xelSi iyo (ujma­

5 scsa, f. 1970, aRw.3, saq. 151

_ 90 _
juriZe, 1967). 10 noembris dilas 100 jariskaci da 6 tyviamfrqvevi Sevida
CoxataurSi, bolSevikebis winaaRmdegoba sabolood gatyda.6
bolSevikebi xazs usvamdnen, rom maTi damarcxebis erT-erTi mizezi sam­
Tavrobo Zalebis ukeTesi SeiaraReba iyo. es realobisgan Sors araa, radgan,
rogorc saarqivo masalebidan Cans, gvardia da misi meTaurebi Tbilisidan
ar iTxovdnen damatebiT samxedro Zalebs. maT, rogorc Cans, Coxataur­
Si miRebuli samxedro danakargis miuxedavad, sakmarisad hqondaT resursi
adgilobrivi bolSevikebis dasamarcxeblad. isini finansebs mxolod gaq­
ceuli ajanyebulebis dasaWerad iTxovdnen. ajanyebulebs, rogorc Tavad
ambobdnen, gadaadgilebaSi xeli SeuSalaT wyaldidobam, iaraRis uqonlobam
da sxva movlenebma. magram mTavari, ramac maTi gegmebi CaSala, iyo Sina­
gan saqmeTa saministros SesaniSnavi muSaoba. mTavrobam daapatimra guriis
ajanyebaSi uSualod monawile liderebis umravlesoba, maT Soris filipe
maxaraZe, boris ZnelaZe da sxvebi. ozurgeTi ajanyebidan saerTod gamo­
TiSuli aRmoCnda, xolo lanCxuTis da Coxatauris razmebma ver moaxerxes
koordinacia da orivegan samTavrobo Zalebma gaimarjves. ajanyebulebis
nawilma moaxerxa da gaiqca, didi nawili ki gvardielebma tyved Caigdes.
samxedro savele sasamarTlom datyvevebulebs sxvadasxva sasjeli miusa­
ja, xolo 8 kaci sikvdiliT daisaja, eseni iyvnen: parmen mamalaZe, tarasi
mindaZe, mixeil berZeniSvili, andro axalaZe, Teofile TedoraZe, beniamin
beriZe, filimon gogolaZe, avTandil mamalaZe. isini ozurgeTi vaSnaris
midamoebSi daixvritnen (anoSvili, 1969). ajanyebulTa gadarCenili nawili
agrZelebda brZolas saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg
da elodeboda saqarTvelos gasabWoebas.
amrigad, ganvixileT ra 1919 wlis noemberSi Coxatauris raionSi momx­
dari gamosvlebi, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ajanyeba Tavidanve ganwiruli iyo
dasamarcxeblad. gurul bolSevikebs ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi adamianuri
resursi da SeiaraReba, romelic maT gamarjvebas moutanda. garda amisa,
ikveTeba, rom samTavrobo jarebma swrafad moaxerxes reagireba da erT
dReSi daibrunes dakarguli Coxatauri. kvlevis procesSi wamoiwia sergo
maTiTaiSvilis saxelma, romlis meTaurobiTac gvardielebma daamarcxes
Coxataureli ajanyebulebi.
ajanyebis calkeuli detalis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT saubari, Semdgomi kv­
leva _ Ziebis saqmea.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi (1972), Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo

gaz. leninis droSa, 1969. # 131
gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, # 157

6 scsa, f. 1970, aRw.3, saq. 150

_ 91 _
Jur. macne, 1967. N5
Jur. revoluciis matiane, 1926. # 2
scsa, f. 1970, aRw.3, saq. 148
scsa, f. 1970, aRw.3, saq. 151
scsa, f. 1970, aRw.2, saq. 128
scsa, f. 1970, aRw.3, saq. 150
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, anTiZe ivane
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, aroniSi barnabis mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, giorgaZis narkvevi
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, kalandaZe elizbaris mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, kalandaZe vardenis mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, kalandaZe daviTis mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, mgalobliSvili tarasis mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, cincaZe asalos mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, cincaZe konstantines mogoneba
Coxatauris muzeumis masalebi, yaWeiSvili giorgis mogoneba

Nodar Chkhaidze
Ph. D. student of History
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ketevan Sikharulidze
BA student of History
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

THE 1919 UPRISING IN CHOKHATAURI AGAINST THE

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
Summary

The paper deals with the events of 1919 rebellion in Guria region. In the Soviet era
this issue was investigated to some extent; however, in modern Georgian historiogra-
phy its study is far from sufficient. The aim of our paper is to objectively reconstruct
the scope of the rebellion and discuss its process and outcomes. It is the first time
the sources used in this paper have been published in Georgian scholarly publications.
The above mentioned rebellion includes the period of November 8-10 of 1919.
However, many of the issues pose serious challenges. Who were the leaders ? what
was the main goal of Gurian Bolsheviks and what was the role of the Russian commu-
nist party leaders in the organization of this rebellion? Was the conspirators armament
enough for success? We also touch the measures undertaken by Georgian authorities
while putting down the rebellion.

_ 92 _
 Gurian Communist movement by the year 1919 can be divided into three parts:
During the first part from winter to autumn of 1919 _ they arranged meetings and
planned how to take advantage; how to occupy main centers throughout Guria region:
Ozurgeti, Lanchkuti and Chokhatauri.
The second part was their actual protest and their first success, their brief advan-
tage in Chokhatauri.
The third and the last part was their defeat, their persecution and execution.

_ 93 _
 lela saraliZe
istoriis doqtori
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

sagareo uwyebis istoriidan

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, Tanamedrove qarTuli

saxelmwifos fundaments warmoadgens. 1918 wlis 26 maiss aRdga 117 wlis
win dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba da rom ara 1921 wlis rusuli okupacia,
saqarTvelo aqtiurad idga evropuli orientaciis, demokratiuli insti­
tutebis mSeneblobis gzaze. raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, damou­
kidebeli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saTaveSi social-demokratebi mov­
idnen, romlebic Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis
winaaRmdegi iyvnen; Tumca ruseTSi bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg,
isini rus social-demokratebs gaemijnen, Tavi qarTul partiad gamoacxa­
des da emigraciaSi moRvaweobis periodSic ki, bolomde, saqarTvelos da­
moukideblobis da dasavluri Rirebulebebis erTguli darCnen. erovnuli
mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdomare noe ramiSvili gaxda, romelic maleve,
1918 wlis 24 ivniss, noe Jordaniam Secvala.
1918 wlis 26 maiss, `damoukideblobis aqtis~ gamocxadebisTanave,
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba Seiqmna. saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mesveurebs mouxdaT sruliad axali, manamde
ararsebuli uwyebebis Seqmna, rogoricaa: parlamenti (damfuZnebeli kreba),
sagareo saqmeTa komisia, sagareo saqmeTa saministro, diplomatiuri dawe­
sebulebebi sazRvargareT da a. S.).
1919 wlis 14 marts, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dam­
fuZnebeli krebis meore sxdomaze, mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem noe Jorda­
niam ganacxada: `...saqarTvelos mTavroba arsebobs dRidan saqarTvelos
damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadebisa, xolo es _ damoukideblobis
gamocxadeba, moxda saqarTvelos gareSe mdgom Zalebis zegavleniT, misi
sagareo saqmeTa msvlelobis procesSi. erTis mxriT, ruseTis Cveni qveyni­
dan wasvliT, meores mxriT, osmaleTis mosvliT _ ai am orma istoriulma
gavlenam dabada Cveni damoukidebloba, rogorc aucilebeli saSualeba am
qartexilSi Tavis gadarCenis da istoriul warRvnisagan Tavis dasaRwevad.
mTavrobis winaSe idga erTi mTavari sagani, romlis miRwevisaTvis mas unda
moenaxa mTeli Tavisi Zal-Rone. mas cxovrebam dauyena erTi amocana, erTi
dilema da es dilema aris, Tu ra gziT SevsZlebT am patara eris, misi pa­
tara saSualebebiT aoxrebisagan gadarCenas, misi fizikuri arsebobis da

_ 94 _
kulturis SerCenas. Cven, didi ruseTis frTebqveS Sefarebuli, gadaCveuli
Tavis movlas da batonobas, moulodnelad davrCiT Cveni Tavis amara da ai,
am garemoebam ukarnaxa mTavrobas moqmedebis gezi da gegma~.1
pirveli Tanamedrove qarTuli sagareo politikuri uwyeba _ saqarT­
velos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo (gareSe) saqmeTa saministro,
1918 wlis 26 maiss, damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave Seiqmna. sagareo
saqmeTa uwyeba ZiriTadi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi dawesebuleba iyo qveynis
sagareo-politikur urTierTobaTa dargSi. igi mTavrobis saxeliT awar­
moebda diplomatiur molaparakebebs, debda xelSekrulebebs da SeTanxme­
bebs ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebTan savaWro, samxedro, ekonomikur, politi­
kur da sxva sakiTxebze.2
sagareo saqmeTa ministrad im droisTvis popularuli sazogado
moRvawe da politikosi, profesiiT iuristi _ akaki Cxenkeli (1874-1959 w.w)
dainiSna. igi kargad icnobda maSindeli kavkasiis sagareo politikas.3 saqa­
rTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, a. Cxenkeli germanuli orient­
aciis momxre iyo, ris gamoc pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli evropis
saxelmwifoebi, Tavdapirvelad mas eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. a. Cxenkelma
SeZlo evropis xelisufalTa darwmuneba da igi evropis qveynebSi, saqarT­
velos demokratiuli respublikis sagangebo da sruluflebiani warmomad­
geneli gaxda. is emigraciaSi, parizSi, saqarTvelos legaciis gauqmebamde
(1933 wlis ivlisi), misi Tavmjdomare iyo.
1918 wlis noembridan, sagareo saqmeTa ministris postze akaki Cxen­
keli, evgeni gegeWkorma (1881_ 1954 w.w.) Secvala.
saministros piradi Semadgenloba 50 TanamSromels ar aRemateboda,
xolo misi struqtura da Statebi aseTi iyo: sagareo saqmeTa ministri:
saministros direqtori, vice-direqtori, iuriskonsuli, ministris mdi­
vani; piradi ganyofileba: ministris piradi ganyofilebis gamge, saqmis mwar­
moebeli, memanqane; politikuri ganyofileba: ganyofilebis gamge, evropu­
li seqciis gamge, aziuri seqciis gamge, amave seqciebis saqmis mwarmoeblebi,
kancelariebi da Tarjimnebi; saerTo ganyofileba: gamge, saqmis mwarmoe­
beli da misi TanaSemwe; sainformacio biuro: gamge, saqmis mwarmoebeli,
kancelaria da Tarjimnebi. saministros struqturaSi, agreTve, Sedioda
diplomatiuri da sameurneo ganyofilebebi, aseve, calkeuli Tanamdebobe­
bi: buRalteri, misi TanaSenwe, registratori, Jurnalisti, diplomatiuri
kurierebi (Sikrikebi).
sagareo saqmeTa saministro angariSvaldebuli iyo parlamentis (dam­
fuZnebeli krebis) winaSe, romelic ismenda sagareo saqmeTa saministros
angariSs, ganapirobebda ZiriTad mimarTulebebs sagareo urTierTobis
1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme 81, furc 7
2 saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli sabWos sagareo saqmeTa komisiis sdomis oqmebi (dednebi)
(1918 weli), saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 1836, aRw. 1, saqme 199, furc 8
3 dodo WumburiZe, akaki Cxenkeli-saxelmwifo moRvawe, diplomati, mamuliSvili, gamomcemloba
universali, Tbilisi, 2018, gv. 121

_ 95 _
sakiTxebSi, amtkicebda ukve xelmoweril saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs da xe­
lSekrulebebs, iRebda dekretebs, kanonebs da dadgenilebebs, romlebic
sagareo saqmeTa uwyebas Seexeboda, ismenda diplomatiuri warmomadgen­
lebis angariSebs. parlamentSi Seqmnili iyo sagareo saqmeTa komisia (Tav­
mjdomare _ konstantine sabaxtariSvili, SemdgomSi sagareo saqmeTa minis­
tris moadgile). komisia ixilavda da aanalizebda sagareo urTierTobis
sakiTxebs, Sesabamisi kanonebisa da dekretebis, dadgenilebebis proeqtebs,
xelSekrulebis teqstebs, ismenda diplomatiuri Sikrikebis informaciebs,
zrunavda ucxoeTSi myof qarTvelTa mdgomareobaze da maT samSobloSi
dabrunebaze, Tavis azrs gamoTqvamda saelCoebisa da sakonsuloebis muSao­
baze, maTi Statebisa da xarjTaRricxvis Sesaxeb da yovelive amas parla­
mentis sxdomebze waradgenda. sagareo saqmeTa saministros garda ucxoeTis
qveynebTan kavSirebi hqonda saqarTvelos respublikis finansebis da vaW­
robis saministros savaWro-ekonomikuri agentebis meSveobiT da saqarT­
velos rkinigzebis sammarTvelos sarkinigzo warmomadgenlebiT, romelic
uSualod saelCoebis struqturaSi Sedioda.4
daarsebisTanave sagareo saqmeTa saministro aqtiurad CaerTo diploma­
tiur saqmianobaSi _ 1918 wlis 28 maiss da 4 ivniss, germaniisa da osmaleTis
imperiebTan saqarTvelos pirvel saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs moaweres
xeli.5 garda amisa, SeirCa ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebSi gasagzavni pirveli
diplomatiuri misiebis (warmomadgenlobebis) da sakonsuloebis kadrebic.
evgeni gegeWkori ministris saqmianobas saqarTvelos emigraciul mTav­
robaSic (1921 wlis 18 martidan) ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi agrZelebda,
xolo gardacvalebamde, parizSi ukve araoficialurad arsebul legacias
xelmZRvanelobda. 1951 wlidan e. gegeWkori aqtiurad Caeba bolSevizmis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romlis mamoZravebel Zalas `bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg
brZolis amerikuli komiteti~ da mis mier miunxenSi daarsebuli `radio
Tavisufleba warmoadgenda~.6
1918_1921 wlebis manZilze saqarTvelos damoukidebloba faqtobrivad
da iuridiulad msoflios mravalma saxelmwifom aRiara.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba cdilobda diplo­
matiuri urTierToba daemyarebina sxvadasxva qveynebTan. 1918_1921 wlebSi
saqarTvelos diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebi hyavda Semdeg qveynebSi: akaki
Cxenkeli _ saqarTvelos sruluflebiani elCi dasavleT evropis qveyneb­
Si (safrangeTSi, did britaneTSi); vladimer axmetelaSvili _ saqarTvelos
sruluflebiani elCi germaniaSi; aleqsandre sumbaTaSvili _ diplomati­
uri warmomadgeneli SveicariaSi; giorgi sidamon-erisTavi _ saqarTvelos
elCi poloneTSi; gabriel xundaZe _ saqarTvelos elCi ruseTSi, xolo

4 saqarTvelos erovnuli saistorio arqivi, f. 1833 aRw. 1, saqme 234, furc 18

5 Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и Грузии, ст. 340, Типография Правительства
Грузинской Республики, Тифлис, 1919
6 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 2121, aRw.1. saqme 38, furc.5

_ 96 _
Semdeg azerbaijanis sabWoTa respublikaSi, (ruseTSi saqarTvelos srulu­
flebiani diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli SemdgomSi gerasime maxaraZe gax­
da); grigol alSibaia _ saqarTvelos elCi azerbaijanSi; svimon mdivani _
saqarTvelos droebiTi rwmunebuli somxeTSi 1918 wlis dekembris Suaxane­
bamde, xolo 1921 wlidan _ elCi osmaleTSi; mixeil wereTeli _ diploma­
tiuri warmomadgeneli skandinaviis qveynebSi; daviT RambaSiZe _ saqarTve­
los warmomadgeneli did britaneTSi; viqtor Tevzaia _ saqarTvelos elCi
ukrainis demokratiul respublikaSi 1920 wlamde; ivane rostomaSvili _
saqarTvelos mTavrobis droebiTi rwmunebuli Soreul aRmosavleTsa da
iaponiaSi; zurab avaliSvili _ saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli evropasa da
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, samTavrobo delegaciebis mudmivi wevri ev­
ropaSi.7
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso samarTlis aqtebidan gamomdinare, sxvadasx­
va qveynebSi, sxvadasxva sameurneo da savaWro-ekonomikuri funqciebis Ses­
asruleblad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa interesebisa da uflebebis dacvis
mizniT, gaxsnili hqonda sakonsuloebi, romelTagan zogierTi (magaliTad,
romSi) diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis funqciasac asrulebda. saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa saministros sakonsuloe­
bis sistemaSi konsulebis oTxive klasi (generaluri konsuli, konsuli,
vice-konsuli, sakonsulo agenti) moqmedebda.
generaluri sakonsuloebi gaixsna CrdiloeT kavkasiis regionSi _ vla­
dikavkazsa da stavropolSi, aseve, odesasa da baqoSi; sakonsuloebi _ xar­
kovSi, ekaterinodarSi (krasnodarSi), erevanSi, petrogradSi, konstanti­
nopolsa da romSi; vice-konsulebi _ armavirSi, novorosiiskSi; sakonsulo
agentebi ki aRstafasa (Semdgom ganjaSi) da aleqsandropolSi.
1918_1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konsulebis
movaleobas asrulebdnen: e. uSveraZe _ generaluri konsuli odesaSi; le­
van TumaniSvili _ generaluri konsuli baqoSi; aleqsandre CerqeziSvili _
konsuli petrogradSi; ir. fanCuliZe _ generaluri konsuli vladikavkaz­
Si; s. paiWaZe _ generaluri konsuli stavropolSi da sxva.
sazRvargareT diplomatiuri korpusis da sakonsulo dawesebulebaTa
Senaxvis xarjebis gaReba axalgazrda respublikis biujetisTvis metad
rTuli iyo, metadre es xarjebi imatebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRiarebis kvaldakval, radgan saWiro xdeboda damatebiT axali elCebis
gagzavna. erT-erT saarqivo dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `mimdinare sabiuje­
to wlisaTvis xarjTaRricxvis Sedgenis dros, e. i. 1918 wlis dekemberSi,
sul sxvanairi pirobebi iyo miRebuli mxedvelobaSi, maSin Zneli warmo­
sadgeni iyo SemdgenlisTvis is zRapruli siZvire, romelic dRes arsebobs
da momavalic kidev uaress gviqadis; an vin warmoidgenda im garemoebas
Tu oficialurad aseTi kursi gamocxaddeboda ucxo saxelmwifoebis va­

7 giorgi SaraZe, saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika da sagareo politika, gv. 150_
155, gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tbilisi, 2013

_ 97 _
liutisa. saministros TandaTan uxdeboda axal punqtebSi Tavisi warmo­
madgenlebis gagzavna da SemdegSiac mouxdeba imisda mixedviT Tu romeli
saxelmwifo icnobs saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. magaliTad: saminis­
tros gadawyvetili aqvs argentinis respublikaSi gagzavnos Tavisi war­
momadgeneli, radganac xsenebulma respublikam ukve aRiara saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba (argentinam saqarTvelos damoukidebloba de faqto-d
scno 1919 wlis 15 seqtembers _ l. s.); agreTve, SeiZleba mogvixdes kidev
sxvadasxva qveynebSi warmomadgenlebis gagzavna. amisda mixedviT gamoTxov­
nilia 12.000.000. maneTi, romlisganac ucxoeTSi warmomadgenlobis da sa­
konsuloebis Sesanaxad saWiroa 8. 973.200 maneTi~.8
saqarTvelos sasargeblod propagandis mizniT, sagareo saqmeTa samin­
istros xarjebiT TbilisSi erTi franguli da erTi inglisuri gazeTi,
xolo baqoSi rusuli gazeTi daarsda. es xarji TveSi 38. 600 maneTs Sead­
genda. inglisuri gazeTis TanamSromel inglisels xelSekrulebiT kviraSi
50 girvanqa sterlings uxdidnen (sterlingi CekiT 680 maneTi Rirda). 1919
wlis monacemebiT, Jurnal-gazeTebis gamosacemad, sabiujeto wlis ganmav­
lobaSi sagareo saqmeTa saministrom 4.000.000. maneTi gamoyo. gansxvave­
biT sxva saministroebisgan, sagareo saqmeTa saministros sagzao xarjebic
gacilebiT didi iyo, radgan saWiro iyo Soreul saxelmwifoebSi sakuTari
agentebis da diplomatiuri korpusis gagzavna. 1919 wels sagzao xarjeb­
isTvis saministros 1 00.000 maneTi gamouyves (gzis xarji konstantinop­
olamde 15. 000 maneTs Seadgenda, parizamde gemiT mgzavroba 30.000 maneTi
jdeboda).9 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebelma krebam
sagareo uwyebis xarjebisTvis, 1919-1920 wlis biujetidan, TiTqmis 13 mil­
ioni, xolo 1921 wlis ianvarSi _ damatebiT 2 milionamde maneTi gamohyo.
amierkavkasiaSi didi britaneTis rwmunebulis polkovnik stoqsis mier in­
glisis sagareo saqmeTa ministr lord kerzonisadmi (Curzon of Kedleston 1859-
1925), Tbilisidan, 1920 wlis 6 dekembers, gagzavnili werilSi, romelic didi
britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivSia daculi, saubaria saqarT­
velos biujetis gazrdil xarjebze. werilSi, romelic lord kerzonma, 1921
wlis 3 ianvars, anu ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier saqarTveloze Tavdasxmamde,
sul raRac, erTi TviT adre miiRo, naTqvamia: `myari Semosavlebis wyaroebis
uqonlobam, qaRaldis fulis fasis mudmivma dacemam (dRes Sefardeba aseTia:
1 500 maneTi = 1 funts), mTavroba mZime dReSi Caayena. faqtobrivad, mTeli
ucxouri fuli, romelic saqarTveloSi Semodis mTavrobis xelSi gadadis,
magram es fuli yovelTvis gonivrulad ar moixmareboda: maTi umetesoba
ixarjeboda ucxoeTis qveynebSi sagangebo misiebisTvis, rac ar anazRaurebda
maTze gaweul xarjebs. Znelia dainaxo, Tu rogor SeZlebs saqarTvelo Tav­
isi valutis gamyarebas ucxouri sesxis gareSe~10.

8 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme 234, furc 14

9 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme 234, furc 16
10 l. saraliZe, saqarTvelo-inglisis urTierTobis istoriidan (1920 w.), krebulSi: axali da uax­

_ 98 _
 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis sagareo politika,
erTi mxriv, mimarTuli iyo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan mSvidobiani urTier­
Tobis damyarebisaken, meore mxriv, mizanmimarTulad ibrZoda evropis xe­
lisufalTa mxridan saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis misaRwevad.
qveynis Sinauri mdgomareoba da mezoblebTan urTierToba xSirad metad
mZime iyo. evropaSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobisaTvis muSaoba
kidev ufro rTul pirobebSi warmoebda. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,
TviT evropis saxelmwifoTa Sinauri saqmeebi da urTierToba iseTnairad
iyo awewili, rom evropis politikuri cxovrebis ekranze, saqarTvelos
sakiTxi metad bundovnad isaxeboda.
saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mTavari veqtori mainc damoukide­
blobis aRiareba iyo, rasac aqtiurad awarmoebda, parizis sazavo kon­
ferenciaze wargzavnili qarTuli delegacia _ k. CxeiZisa da k. wereTlis
meTaurobiT, romelic Tbilisidan 9 ianvars gavida da didi dabrkolebebis
Semdeg, parizSi mxolod Tebervlis damlevs Cavida.11 sazavo konferenci­
aze saqarTvelos delegaciis wargzvnas win uZRoda evropis informirebis
mizniT, partiuli warmomadgenlebis gagzavna k. gvarjalaZis meTaurobiT.
muSaobis oficialurad warmoebisTvis, maT Sesaferisi mandati hqondaT.
isini saqarTvelodan 1918 wlis oqtombris damlevs gaemgzavrnen. pirve­
lad kopenhagenSi Cavidnen. daniidan isini SveciaSi da iqidan norvegiaSi
da Semdeg londonSi gadavidnen. iq yvelgan saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebs
oficialuri pirebi didi simpaTiiT xvdebodnen da yovelgvar daxmarebas
hpirdebodnen.
amierkavkasiaSi ingliselebi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen. pirvel
msoflio omSi germaniis bloki (germania, avstria-ungreTi, osmaleTi, bul­
gareTi) damarcxda. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers, saberZneTis kunZul lemnosis
navsadgur mudrosze, sadac inglisis kreiseri `agamemnoni~ idga inglisis
da osmaleTis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres dazavebas. mudrosis da­
zavebiT, antantis saxelmwifoebis (inglisi, safrangeTi) samxedro xomal­
debisaTvis ixsneboda bosforis da dardanelis sruteebi. osmaleTs jarebi
unda gamoeyvana sparseTidan da amierkavkasiidan. antantis saxelmwifoebs
SeeZloT baTumis da baqos dakaveba. dazavebis pirobebis mixedviT, osma­
leTs dauyovnebliv unda daeSala Tavisi armia, xolo samxedro tyveebi
mokavSireTa xelSi daetovebina. osmaleTs unarCundeboda samxedro Sena­
erTebis garkveuli nawili, rac saWiro iyo sazRvrebis dacvis da Sinagani
wesrigis uzrunvelsayofad. Tu maTi samxedro SenaerTebi ver SeZlebdnen
antantis saxelmwifoebisaTvis sasurveli wesrigis dacvas da mokavSireTa
interesebs safrTxe Seeqmneboda, maSin gamarjvebul saxelmwifoebs osma­
leTis yvela strategiuli raionis okupaciis ufleba eniWebodaT. mudro­
sis droebiTi zavi inglis-safrangeTis 1917 wlis 23 dekembris konvenciis
lesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2 (13), gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi, gv: 150-161, 2013
11 saqarTvelos erovnuli saistorio arqivi, f. 1864, aRw. 2, saqme 178, furc. 15; saqme 128, furc
3-7; saqme 148, furc. 5-8

_ 99 _
gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. konvenciis mixedviT, inglisi da safrangeTi
erTmaneTs Soris iyofda ruseTis imperiis samxreT regions, imis msgavsad,
rogorc antantis saxelmwifoebma gainawiles gavlenis sferoebad osma­
leTis imperiis teritoriebi. kavkasia inglisis mflobelobaSi Sedioda.12
inglisis xelisufleba cdilobda regionSi antantis sxva romelime qvey­
nis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ar SemoeSva. 1918 wlis 7 dekembers inglisel­
ma generalma h. uebsterma baTumSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub­
likis warmomadgenelTan diomide TofuriZesTan saubarSi aRniSna, rom
inglisis, safrangeTis da aSS-s mokavSireobis miuxedavad, TiToeul maT­
gans regionSi sakuTari miswrafebebi hqonda.13 qarTvel diplomatebs didi
muSaoba uwevdaT, raTa wamyvani saxelmwifoebis mxardaWera moepovebinaT.
es im fonze xdeboda, roca mokavSire saxelmwifoebi Tavad iyvnen dapiris­
pirebuli, radgan amierkavkasiaSi TiToeuli saxelmwifos xelisuflebas
sakuTari interesebi hqonda.14 sakuTari mTavrobisadmi gagzavnil weril­
Si, ingliselebis mier amierkavkasiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba mkacrad
gaakritika kavkasiaSi safrangeTis mTavrobis warmomadgenelma Sardinma.
misi azriT: `ingliselebis politikas simtkice da gavlena aklia. miuxeda­
vad misi saokupacio Zalebis sididisa (23 000 kaci), Cveni mokavSireebi am
dayofil qveyanaSi sustebad rCebian. maT ver SeZles somxeT-saqarTvelos
omis SeCereba, araferi gaakeTes 30 000 somexi ltolvilis yarsis olqsa da
erevanSi dasabruneblad. 15
qarTuli diplomatiis gamarjvebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom 1920 wlis
ivlisSi, inglisis xelisuflebam baTumi, sadac inglisis jari 1918 wlis
dekembridan idga, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas
Caabara.16 1920 wlis bolos saqarTvelos daubrunda misi samxreT-dasavle­
Ti nawili, romelic adre ruseTis imperiis nawils Seadgenda. 1921 wlis
damdegs, saqarTvelom SemoierTa samusulmano saqarTvelos nawili, osma­
leTis mflobelobaSi mxolod lazistani rCeboda. saqarTvelos demokra­
tiuli respublikis mTavrobasTan erTad, qveynis sagareo uwyebis brZola
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis warmatebiT dagvirgvinda.
marTalia, saqarTvelo erTa ligis wevri ver gaxda, Tumca qarTveli

12 О. Соловьев, Из истории империалистических планов расчленения Советской России (Англо _ Французское

соглашение от 23 декабря 1917 г), История СССР , № 3, стр. 139, 1963

13 m. sioriZe, `baTumis olqi didi britaneTis okupaciis periodSi~, `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve­

los istoriis narkvevebi~, aWara 3, gv.457, gamomcemloba SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer­
siteti~, baTumi, 2008
14 l. saraliZe, `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da inglis-amerikis gegmebi (1918-1920
ww.)~, krebulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, 2 (13), gamomcemloba universali,
Tbilisi, gv: 68-73, 2013
15 Serge Afanasyan, `L’ Armenie, L’ Azerbaidjan et La Géorgie de l’independance à l’ instoration du pouvoire
soviétique 1918-1923~, p .88, édition L’ Harmattan, Paris, 1981.
16 l. saraliZe, baTumSi ingliselebis yofnis istoriidan (1919-1920 ww) (akaki ramiSvilis arqivis
mixedviT), saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi, t. II, gamomc. SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti, gv: 94-101, baTumi, 2012

_ 100 _
diplomatebis ZalisxmeviT, igi erTa ligis asociaciaSi gawevrianda. 1920
wlis 12-14 oqtombers, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis warmomad­
geneli _ nikoloz jayeli, italiaSi, qalaq milanSi, erTa ligis asociaciis
meoTxe saerTaSoriso kongresze sityviT gamovida.17
1921 wlis Teberval-martis ruseT-saqarTvelos omma, qarTveli xalxi
aTeuli wlis manZilze dasavlur samyaros moswyvita. qveyanaSi gamefebul­
ma sabWoTa reJimma saqarTvelo rusuli imperiis marwuxebSi moamwyvdia.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme 81, furc 7

saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli sabWos sagareo saqmeTa komisiis
sdomis oqmebi (dednebi) (1918 weli), saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi
1836, aRw. 1, saqme 199, furc. 8
saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 2121, aRw.1. saqme 38,
furc. 5
saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme
234, furc. 14
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme 234, furc. 16
saqarTvelos erovnuli saistorio arqivi, f. 1833 aRw. 1, saqme 234,
furc. 18
saqarTvelos erovnuli saistorio arqivi, f. 1864, aRw. 2, saqme 178,
furc. 15; saqme # 128
furc 3-7; saqme #148, furc. 5-8
saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme
905, furc 16
saraliZe l. (2013). saqarTvelo-inglisis urTierTobis istoriidan (1920
w.), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2 (13), gv: 150-161, ga­
momcemloba universali, Tbilisi
saraliZe l. (2012). baTumSi ingliselebis yofnis istoriidan (1919-1920
ww) (akaki ramiSvilis arqivis mixedviT), saerTaSoriso samecniero konfer­
enciis masalebi, t. II, gamomc. SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti,
gv: 94-101, baTumi
saraliZe l. (2013).saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da ing­
lis-amerikis gegmebi (1918-1920 ww.), krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis
sakiTxebi, 2 (13), gv: 68-73, gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi
sioriZe m. (2008). baTumis olqi didi britaneTis okupaciis periodSi,
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, aWara 3, gamomcemlo­
ba SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, baTumi
SaraZe g. (2003). saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika da

17 saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi 1833, aRw. 1, saqme 905, furc 16

_ 101 _
sagareo politika, gv. 150-155, gamomcemloba mecniereba, Tbilisi
WumburiZe d. (2018). akaki Cxenkeli-saxelmwifo moRvawe, diplomati,
mamuliSvili, , gv. 121, gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi
Afanasyan S. (1981). L’Armenie, L’Azerbaidjan et La Géorgie de l’independance à l’in-
storation du pouvoire sovi étique 1918-1923, p .88, édition L’ Harmattan, Paris
Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и Грузии. (1919.).
ст. 340, Типография Правительства Грузинской Республики, Тифлис
Соловьев О. (1963). Из истории империалистических планов расчленения
Советской России (Англо _ Французское соглашение от 23 декабря 1917 г), История
СССР , # 3, стр. 139, Москва

Lela Saralidze
Doctor of History
Senior researcher scientist of Ivane Javakhishvili
Institute of History and Ethnology of Tbilisi State University

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY OF THE DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
Summary

Relying on archival and press materials, the present article deals with the activities
of the Ministry of Foreign affairs of Georgia in the period of the Democratic Republic
(1918-1921). The Democratic Republic of Georgia is the foundation of modern Georgian
State. On May 26, 1918, the statehood lost 117 years ago was restored and if not
Russian Occupation in 1921, Georgia would have never given up European orientation
and democratic institutions. Paradoxical as it may seem, the independent Georgian
Government was headed by Social-Democrats, who initially opposed Georgia’s full
independence. However, after the Bolshevik coup in Russia, they cesseded from Rus-
sian Social _ Democrats, declaring themselves as a Georgian party, serving the idea
of Georgia’s independence and adopting western-democratic values even during their
emigration abroad.
The Foreign Office of the Democratic Republic of Georgia was a major internal in-
stitution in the country’s foreign policy relations. It was in charge of diplomatic negoti-
ations in the name of the Georgian Government, signed treaties and agreements with
the foreign states on trade, military, economic, political and other issues.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of Georgia had four consuls:
eneral consuls, consuls, vice consuls, consular agents.
Akaki Chkhenkeli (1874-1959) _ a public figure, a lawyer and politician at this time,
was designated the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Before the announcement of
Georgia’s independence, he supported pro-German orientation, which initially seemed
suspicious for the winners of the World War I.
_ 102 _
 A.Chkhenkeli was able to convince the European authorities and become an ex-
traordinary and plenipotentiary representative of the Democratic Republic of Georgia
in Europe. He was also the chairman of Georgian legacy in Paris, until its abolition in
July 1933. As the Minister of Foreign Affairs he was succeeded by Evgeni Gegechkori
(1881-1954).
Upon being established, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was actively involved in
diplomatic activities _ on May 28 and June 4, 1918, signed the first international agree-
ments with Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The first diplomatic missions (consular)
and consulates were also selected to be sent to foreign States. Evgeny Gegechkori
continued his ministerial activities in the Government of Georgia in exile (from March
18, 1921) and for a few years, until his death, unofficially headed the legacy in Paris.
On the one hand, the foreign policy of the Government of the Democratic Republic
of Georgia was aimed at establishing peaceful relations with neighboring states but on
the other, Georgian diplomats sought to gain recognition of Georgia’s independence
by the European authorities. As a result of the active work of the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was recognized by many leading countries’
governments around the world.
The Founding Council of the Democratic Republic of Georgia allocated nearly 13
million out of the 1919-1920 budget and in January 1921 _ an additional 2 million
rubles for foreign expenditures.
Despite the agreement signed with Russia on May 7 1920, Georgia became a
victim of Russian occupation under which suffered for 70 years and was cut off from
the Western civilization with the Iron Curtain.

_ 103 _
 maka qamuSaZe
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis instituti

qarTul-berZnuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebi

1918-1921 wlebSi

1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis erT-erT mTa­

var amocanas saerTaSoriso aRiareba warmoadgenda. am mizniT saqarTvelos
mTavrobas evropis sxvadsxva qveyanaSi diplomatiuri misiebi hyavda war­
gzavnili. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis
periodSi qarTvelebi naklebad iyvnen diplomatiuri saqmianobiT dakavebu­
li da saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrosaTvis ar iyo martivi pro­
fesionali da gamocdili kadrebis moZebna, respublikis mTavrobam mainc
SeZlo, rom 1921 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos ramdenime saxelmwifoSi hqonoda
diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba (saelCo da misia): italiaSi, safrangeTSi,
inglisSi, germaniaSi, ruseTSi, TurqeTSi, poloneTSi, SveicariaSi.1 aseve
saelCoebi arsebobda somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi
moRvawe ucxour diplomatiur misiebs, 1919 wlis 12 ivlisis gazeT `axal
saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynebuli monacemebis mixedviT (gazeTi aqveynebs
`TbilisSi myof ucxo saxelmwifoTa diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa mis­
amarTebs~), saqarTveloSi TxuTmeti ucxo qveynis diplomatiuri warmomad­
geneli Tu warmomadgenloba arsebobda: inglisis mTavari Stabi, franguli
misiis ufrosi, Sveicaruli saelCo, franguli misia, poloneTis samefos
warmomadgeneli, litviis warmomadgeneli, azerbaijanis diplomatiuri war­
momadgeneli, ukrainuli misia, ukrainis mTavari elCi, sparseTis mTavari
elCi, espanuri elCis nacvali, Sveicarieli sagangebo delegacia, saberZne­
Tis samefo elCi, somxeTis warmomadgeneli, Cex-slovakTa erovnul sazo­
gadoebis warmomadgeneli, italiis warmomadgeneli, amerikuli samxedro
misia, belgiis elCi.2 marTalia, dasaxelebulia Tvrameti misamarTi, magram
safrangeTis misiis ufrosis, ukrainis mTavari elCisa da Sveicarieli sa­
gangebo delegaciis misamarTebi calke aris mocemuli. zemoT CamoTvlil
qveynebs Soris aris saberZneTic. informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTve­
los demokratiul respublikaSi moRvaweobda saberZneTis diplomatiuri
misia, Semonaxulia saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi da saberZneTis sagareo
saqmeTa saministros arqivSi. arsebuli dokumentebis Tanaxmad, 1920 wlis 3
marts aTenidan Tbiliss gamoemgzavra periklis skeferisi. es iyo pirovne­

1 saraliZe, l. (1994). saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiuri misiebi dasavleT

evropaSi 1918-1921 w.w. (12). Tbilisi: sadisertacio macne
2 stili daculia.

_ 104 _
ba, romelic xelmZRvanelobda saberZneTis e.w. sapolitiko igive diplo­
matiur misias. 1920 wlis 22 oqtombris monacemebiT misia Sedgeboda Svidi
kacisagan: 1) periklis skeferisi, 2) leitenanti aleqsandre rafaeli, 3)
Jan konstantaraki, 4) Jan anJelaki, 5) s.t. kanonidi, 6) aleqsandre kun­
durovi, 7) kaprali n. kurinosi.3 informacias saberZneTis samefo mTavro­
bis sapolitiko misia ugzavnis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
sagareo saqmeTa ministrs. garda zemoxsenebuli dokumentisa, arsebobs sxva
dokumentic, romelic adasturebs saqarTveloSi saberZneTis samefos mi­
siis aqtiur moRvaweobas. saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivSi
inaxeba 1920 wlis 8 oqtombriT daTariRebuli dokumenti, romelsac saber­
ZneTis samefos sagareo saqmeTa saministros ugzavnis TbilisSi saberZne­
Tis diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvaneli. dokumenti exeba TbilisSi evrope­
li socialistebis vizits. es aris moxsenebTi baraTi, sadac aRwerilia am
vizitis detalebi. dokumenti dawerilia saberZneTis samefo misiis blankze
da xels awers p. skeferisi. Cems xelT arsebuli informaciis mixedviT, ber­
Znuli diplomatiis istoriaSi p. skeferiss sakmaod mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs. Tbilisis Semdeg man diplomatiuri moRvaweoba kairoSi ganagrZo,
sadac 1927-1933 wlebSi ikavebda elCis Tanamdebobas. skeferesi iyo saber­
ZneTis elCi ankaraSi, ekava saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgi­
lis Tanamdeboba.
1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTveloSi saberZneTis samefo mxolod sapolitiko
(diplomatiuri) misiiT ar iyo warmodgenili, TbilisSi arsebobda saber­
ZneTis sakonsulo da moRvaweobda konsuli batoni manuilidisi, romelic
1919 wels dainiSna am Tanamdebobaze. amis Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis
saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculi dokumenti, romelic gagzavnil­
ia saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe
Jordanias saxelze manuilidisis mier.4 saarqivo masalebidan cnobilia,
rom manuilidisi 1908 wlidan qalaq baTumSi ikavebda saberZneTis vice-kon­
sulis Tanamdebobas, xolo 1919 wels iniSneba TbilisSi konsulad. do­
kumentidan vgebulobT, rom saberZneTis samefos sakonsulo mdebareobda
qsenias quCaze, dRevandeli zurab CxeiZis quCa. samwuxarod, sxva informa­
cia sakonsulos moRvaweobis Sesaxeb jer-jerobiT ar mogvepoveba.
rogorc saarqivo masalebidan xdeba cnobili, saqarTvelos saberZneTis
samefosTan diplomatiuri urTierToba calmxrivad ar hqonia. 1919 wels
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam saberZneTSi elCad
gagzavna aleqsandre (saSa) mdivani. saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculia
saSa mdivnis piradi werilebi gagzavnili grigol rcxilaZisadmi5 da aseve
moxsenebiTi baraTi gagzavnili nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZisadmi 1919 wels6,

3 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1891, a.1, s. 416

4 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1861, a.2, s. 111
5 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 212
6 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 122

_ 105 _
rodesac es ukanaskneli, rogorc damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis
delegaciis meTauri, imyofeboda safrangeTSi parizis sazavo konferenci­
aze.
sainteresoa, Tu ra viTareba daxvda qarTvel diplomats saberZneTSi.
rogorc cnobilia, saberZneTi 1453 wlidan TurqTa batonobis qveS imyofe­
boda. 1821 wels berZnebma daiwyes brZola am batonobidan Tavis dasaxsne­
lad da TiTqmis mTeli mecxramete da meoce saukunis dasawyisi es brZola
grZeldeboda. marTalia, mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi maT moaxerxes
gaeTavisuflebinaT kontinenturi saberZneTi da kunZulebis didi nawili,
magram iseTi mniSvnelovani kunZuli rogoricaa kreta, kvlav TurqeTis
mflobelobaSi rCeboda. mecxramete saukunis miwuruls kretaze dawyebuli
ajanyeba TurqeTTan omSi gadaizarda. evropuli saxelmwifoebis CareviT
omi maleve dasrulda. daido samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romlis pirobebi
saberZneTisaTvis savalalo aRmoCnda. garda imisa, rom sazRvrebi TurqeTis
sasargeblod gaivlo, isedac mZime ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi myof saber­
ZneTis saxelmwifos daekisra oTxi milioni Turquli liris gadaxda Tur­
qeTisaTvis samxedro zaralis asanazRaureblad. saberZneTi iZulebuli
gaxda, saerTaSoriso sesxi aeRo da evropuli finansuri zedamxedvelobis
qveS moqceuliyo. 1897-1909 wlebSi saberZneTSi TerTmeti mTavroba Seicva­
la. 1910 wels arCevnebis Sedegad mTavrobis saTaveSi movida mniSvnelo­
vani politikuri figura elevTerios venizelosi. misi didi mondomebisa
da Seqmnili viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT 1912 wels xeli moewera balkanu­
ri saxelmwifoebis samxedro TanamSromlobas. imave wels daiwyo pirveli
balkanuri omi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. TurqeTis moTxovniT evropis didi
Zalebi Caerivnen am omSi, ris Sedegadac xeli moewera samSvidobo SeTanx­
mebas, romlis Tanaxmadac saberZneTis CrdiloeT sazRvrebi kidev ufro
gafarTovda. 1913 wels balkanuri saxelmwifoebis samxedro kavSiri daiS­
ala da amave wels daiwyo balkaneTis meore omi, romelSic yofili mokav­
Sireebi ebrZodnen erTmaneTs. kvlav evropuli Zalebis CareviT omi SeCerda
da xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, saberZneTis
teritoeriebi da mosaxleoba kidev ufro gaizarda. 1914 wels dawyebul
pirvel msoflio omSi saberZneTis mTavrobam gadawyvita SeenarCunebina
neitraliteti, radgan es yvelaze metad xelsayreli iqneboda qveynisaTvis,
Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg Seicvala pozicia da antantas miemxro.
am gadawyvetilebas ar emxroboda saberZneTis mefe konstantine, romel­
sac germaneli kaizeris da hyavda colad. igi darwmunebuli iyo germaniis
gamarjvebaSi da mTavrobisagan neitralitetis gagrZelebas moiTxovda. da­
pirispireba iqamde mivida, rom saberZneTs aTenidan marTavda mefe, xolo
Tesalonikidan masTan opoziciaSi myofi venizelosi. 1916 wlidan saberZne­
Ti omSi CaerTo. inglis-safrangeTis zewolis Sedegad mefe konstantinem
qveyana datova da 1917 wels taxti Caibara misma memkvidrem aleqsandrem.
rodesac inglis-safrangeTis jarebma aiRes konstantinopoli, antantis
jarebTan erTad istoriul dedaqalaqSi berZnuli armiis ramdenime danayo­
_ 106 _
fic ganlagda. 1919 wels pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebul saxelmwifoTa
SeTanxmebiT, TurqeTTan samSvidobo zavis xelmoweramde, saberZneTma ram­
denime danayofi qalaq smirnaSi (dRvandeli izmiri) Seiyvana, iq mcxovrebi
qristiani mosaxleobis dasacavad. am faqtma imedi Causaxa berZen xalxs,
rom e.w. `didi ideis~ ganxorcieleba da konstantinopolSi maTi dabrune­
ba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. Tumca TurqTa aqtiuri Tavdacvisa da evropis
saxelmwifoTa moulodneli gulgrilobis gamo es idea samudamod dasamar­
da. 1922 wlis agvistoSi Turqebma Tavisi jari Seiyvanes smirnaSi da ram­
denime dReSi miwasTan gaaswores qalaqi. gaanadgures berZeni mosaxleoba,
nawili ki tyved waiyvanes. es yvelaferi damTavrda 1923 wels saberZneTsa
da TurqeTs Soris dadebuli lozanis xelSekrulebiT, romelic gansaz­
Rvravda ori saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da romlis Tanaxmad, unda momxdariyo
mosaxleobis gacvla: TurqeTSi mcxovrebi berZnebi unda gadasauliyvnen
saberZneTSi da piriqiT, saberZneTSi mcxovrebi Turqebi dabrunebuliyvnen
TurqeTSi. amrigad 1 500 000 ltolvili miawyda saberZneTs da qveyanaSi
arsebuli mZime mdgomareoba, kidev ufro daamZima.7
im droisaTvis, rodesac saberZneTSi qarTveli diplomati saSa mdi­
vani Cavida, qveyana damoukideblad veranair gadawyvetilebas ver iRebda,
is damokidebuli iyo evropis didi qveynebis nebaze. saSa mdivani aqtiur
diplomatiur moRvaweobas eweoda. xvdeboda saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrs, Sexvedrebi hqonda saberZneTSi sxva qveynebis diplomatebTan:
amerikis, inglisis, safrangeTis, italiis elCebTan, acnobda maT saqarT­
veloSi arsebul viTarebas. saberZneTis imdroindel presaSi aqveynebda
cnobebs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. saSa mdivnis werilebi araerT saintereso
cnobas gvawvdis im periodSi saqarTvelos respublikis mimarT saerTaSor­
iso Tanamegobrobis damokidebulebasa da tendenciebze. gamovyofdi ram­
denime saintereso sakiTxs, romlis Sesaxebac vkiTxulobT saSa mdivnis
werilebSi. es aris Sexvedrebi saberZneTis samefos sagareo saqmeTa minis­
trTan, Sexvedra amerikis, inglisis, safrangeTis elCebTan. niSandoblivia
is, rom TiTqmis saukunis winandeli problemebi dResac aqtualuria saqa­
rTvelosaTvis.
saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan saSa mdivans orjer hqonda
Sexvedra.8 marTlia, qarTveli diplomati kmayofili iyo ministris damok­
idebulebiT saqarTvelos mimarT, magram am Sexvedrebis Semdeg man erTi
daskvna gaakeTa, rom miuxedavad didi survilisa da saqarTvelosadmi
keTilganwyobisa, saberZneTs oficialurad raime gadawyvetilebis miReba
ar SeeZlo: `me aq vmuSaob rogorc mTavrobis warmomadgeneli; saberZneTis
mmarTveli wreebi, zogierTi deputatebi da gazeTebi didad davaintereseT
da saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mxars uWeren; saqarTvelos damoukide­
bloba miaCniad saberZneTis sacicocxlo interesebis dacvad magram mogex­

7 Clogg,R. (2003). Συνοπτική ιστορία της Ελλάδας 1770-2000. (pp 67-122). Athens: Katoptro.
8 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 212

_ 107 _
senebaT, rom saberZneTi dRes ... yurmoWrili monaa; faqtiurad is damok­
idebuli saxelmwifoa, radganac finansuri kontrolis qveSaa...~9 am­gvar
daskvnas akeTebs saSa mdivani karlo CxeiZisadmi miweril werilSi. mego­
bris grigol rcxilaZisadmi gagzavnil werilSi igi citirebs saberZneTis
sagareo saqmeTa ministris sityvebs: `saberZneTi savsebiT iziarebs saqa­
rTvelos damoukideblobas; mTeli Tavis ZalRoniT daexmareba am sakiTx­
Si; Cven mxolod oficialur nabijs dRevandel pirobebSi ver gadavdgamT.
Tqvenc kargad mogexsenebaT, Tu ra mdgomareobaSia saberZneTi. mas ar Seu­
Zlia omis da zavis sakiTxebSi Tavisufali nabijebis gadadgma, Tu SeTanx­
mebis saxelmwifoebs ar SeekiTxa; es Cveni maTTan xelSekrulebaa. amisTvis,
vimeoreb _ miTxra ministrma, Cven mxars vuWerT saqarTvelos damoukide­
blobas da vimedovnebT sul male oficialur nabijs gadavsdgamT. rodesac
vuTxari, rom me SesaZlebelia rom Cemi saministros gankargulebis gamo
unda wavideTqo droebiT, man miTxra _ vimedovneb male dabrundebiT, unda
dabrundeT, Cven da Tqven bevri saqmeebi gvaqvs saerTo.~10
aseve sainteresoa werili, sadac saSa mdivani aRwers Tavis Sexvedras
britaneTis elCTan.11 maTi saubris Tema exeba saqarTvelodan britaneTis
jaris gayvanas da italielebis Semosvlas. qarTveli diplomatis azriT,
britaneTis mTavrobas jarebis gayvana ar surda da arc saqarTvelos ru­
seTTan SeerTebis momxre iyo. sainteresoa misi pasuxi britaneli elCis
kiTxvaze, unda Tu ara qarTvel xalxs ingliselebis wasvla da italielebis
Semosvla: `gTxovT, miTxraT, qarTveli xalxi ufro imediT ucqeris ital­
ielebs da unda wavidnen ingliselebi Tu ara?~ _ `me ar vici Cemi qveynis
mTavroba ra gzas adgas, magram vici, rom Cveni xalxi didi siyvaruliT da
imediT uyurebs ingliss da darwmunebulia, rom mxolod inglisi uzrunve­
lyofs saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas.~
aRsaniSnavia qarTveli diplomatis saberZneTSi amerikis elCTan Sex­
vedris detalebi. amerikis elCs miaCnda, rom patara damoukidebeli saxel­
mwifoebi ver SeZleben damoukideblad arsebobas, radgan maT sWirdebaT
finansuri patronoba. misi azriT, patara saxelmwifoebma da erebma unda
Seqmnan federaciebi da konfederaciebi, raTa gaagrZelon arseboba.
rac Seexeba saberZneTis samefoSi safrangeTis elCs, is keTilganwyobi­
lia saqarTvelos mimarT, magram oficialurad saqarTvelosTan mimarTe­
baSi raime nabijis gadadgma ar SeuZlia. ai, ras wers saSa mdivani: `karg
ganwyobilebaSia CvenTan, Tumca ambobs, oficialurad ar SemiZlia TqvenTan
saqme davikavoo...~12
sainteresoa saSa mdivnis Sefasebebi saberZneTis ekonomikur mdgomareo­
basTan dakavSirebiT: `muSaTa klasi zedmetad mcirea, mrewveloba sruliad

9 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 122

10 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 212
11 iqve
12 iqve

_ 108 _
ar aris ganviTarebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom soflis meurneobis qveyana
arasodes ar yofila, umTavresi saxsari saxelmwifosi da xalxis arsebo­
bisa soflis meurneobaa.~13 jer kidev meoce saukunis dasawyisSi qarTveli
diplomati xvdeboda, rom swored soflis meurneoba iqneboda saberZneTis
ekonomikisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dargi.
werilebSi ikveTeba kidev erTi saintereso sakiTxi, romelic exeba aTo­
nis monasters. qarTveli diplomati orjer axsenebs, rom sagareo saqme­
Ta ministrTan Sexvedrisas wamoWra sakiTxi aTonis Sesaxeb: `rac Seexeba
aTonis monastris ambavs, miTxra specialuri gamoZiebaa daniSnuli da eWvs
gareSea Tqven moTxovnilebas davakmayofilebTo.~14 samwuxarod, am etapze
bevri kiTxva mrCeba pasuxgaucemeli, ar aris cnobili, Tu ra problemazea
saubari aTonis monasterTan dakavSirebiT.
rogorc werilebidan vgebulobT, saSa mdivani ukmayofilo iyo saqarT­
velos mTavrobis damokidebulebiT sazRvargareT myofi qarTveli diplo­
matebis mimarT, radgan ar xdeboda maTi drouli informireba mTavrobis
poziciebsa da gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb. amis Taobaze is karlo CxeiZes
wers: ` me ar vici, Tu ra gzas daadga Cveni mTavroba, rom ZiriTadi sakiTxi
Cveni cxovrebisa ase Tu ise gamoarkvios; saubedurod, is arc cnobebs gvaw­
vdis, rom am cnobebis mixedviT misma warmomadgenlebma moviqciT; saubed­
urod, arc Tqveni moqmedebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs cnobebi, maSin roca am cnobebs
gadamWreli mniSvneloba aqvs: sabolood Cveni sakiTxi mand wydeba... am
pirobebSi Cveni mTavrobis warmomadgenelTaTvis zedmetad rTuli da Zne­
li pirobebi Seiqmnen samuSaod, aucilebelia sxavdasxva saxelmwifoebSi my­
ofma Cvenma warmomadgenlebma saerTo nabijebi gadasdgan xolme; amas didi
mniSvneloba eqneba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, warmomadgenelTa muSaobas
gankerZoebuli xasiaTi aqvs da ver moaqvs Sesaferisi nayofi.~15
samwuxarod, msjeloba qarTul-berZnuli diplomatiur urTierTobebze
ar aris srulyofili, radgan am etapisTvis ar aris Seswavlili saberZne­
Tis arqivebSi daculi masala, romelic saqarTvelos Seexeba. Cvens xelT
arsebuli masala da naSromSi dasaxelebuli dokumentebi kidev erTxel
adastureben im faqts, rom qarTul-berZnuli diplomatiuri urTierTo­
ba ar dawyebula meoce saukunis bolos, rogorc es aris cnobili, ar­
amed am urTierTobas safuZveli gacilebiT adre, 1918-1921 wlebSi Caeyara.
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas ormxrivi diplomatiuri urTier­
Toba hqonda saberZneTTan. saqarTveloSi arsebobda rogorc saberZneTis
samefos sakonsulo, aq aseve moRvaweobda saberZneTis sapolitiko misia.
saqarTvelos mTavrobas ki Tavisi warmomadgeneli hyavda wargzavnili sa­
berZneTis samefoSi. marTalia, qarTveli diplomatis misia daaxloebiT
sam Tves gagrZelda, magram mas mniSvnelovani roli unda Seesrulebina

13 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 212

14 iqve
15 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi. f. 1864, a.2, s. 122

_ 109 _
saerTaSoriso asparezze saqarTvelos cnobadobis amaRlebis saqmeSi. misi
xanmokle moRvaweoba, savaraudod, ganpirobebuli iyo materialuri sidux­
WiriT. grigol rcxilaZisadmi miweril TiTqmis yvela werilSi, is sTxov­
da megobars fulis gagzavnas, radgan amowura yvela resursi. Tumca misi
Txovna upasuxod rCeboda. aseve minda aRvniSno, rom grigol rcxilaZisad­
mi gamogzavnili werilebi dawerilia saberZneTSi saqarTvelos diploma­
tiuri misiis blankze. sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris dakavSirebuli saSa
mdivnis moRvaweoba, im faqtTan, rom 1920 wels saberZneTma aRiara de-faq­
to saqarTvelo.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

bendianiSvili, a. (2001) saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921ww.).

Tbilisi: mematiane
buxraSvili, e. (2015). saerTaSoriso misiebi ormagi standartebi da saqa­
rTvelos demokratiuli respublika. saistorio vertikalebi, 35, 33-39
kirTaZe, n. (1997). saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da qarTul-evropuli
urTierTobebi. Tbilisi: saqarTvelo
saraliZe, l. (1994). saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiu­
ri misiebi dasavleT evropaSi 1918-1921 w.w. Tbilisi: sadisertacio macne
SaraZe, g. (2003). saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika da
sagareo politika. Tbilisi: mecniereba
javaxiSvili, l. (2003). dasavleT evropis qveynebTan saqarTvelos urTier­
Tobis asaxva qarTul presaSi. Tbilisi
Clogg, R. (2003). Συνοπτική ιστορία της Ελλάδας 1770-2000. (2 ed.). Athens: Katoptro

Maka Kamushadze
Doctor in Philology, Associate Professor
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

GEORGIAN-GREEK DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS IN 1918-1921

Summary

In 1918-1921 one of the goals of the foreign politics of the Government of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia was recognition of independence of Georgia by foreign
countries. For this purpose the Government of Georgia had sent diplomatic missions
to different European countries, including Greece. The scientific society is not well-in-
formed about Georgian-Greek diplomatic relations of this period. I discovered import-
ant information about this subject in the National Archive of Georgia. Systematization
of these documents through analytical method revealed some significant aspects of
_ 110 _
Georgian-Greek relations. The paper presents the documents from the Archive, which
proved that in 1918-1921 Georgia and Greece had bilateral diplomatic relations. For
example the document of March 6, 1919 _ a letter addressed to the President of the
independent Democratic Republic of Georgia, N. Zhordania. According to this docu-
ment, Mr. Manulidis commenced his consul duties in Tbilisi. An important document
dated from 1920 is a letter of a political (diplomatic) mission of Greece in Tbilisi sent
to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of Georgia about the
membership of the mission and their families. This information indicates that during
its independence in 1918 _ 1921, the Georgian Republic had diplomatic relations with
the Greek Kingdom. The head of the mission was mister Skeferis. In the Archive of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece a document about this person was found, dated
March 9, 1920 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that tells about Mr.Skeferis leaving for
Tbilisi, from Athens. One of the goals of the foreign politics of the Government was the
recognition of independence of Georgia by foreign countries. For this purpose, in 1919
Georgian Government sent Mr. Alexandre Mdivani to the Kingdom of Greece as the
head of Georgian diplomatic mission. He actively worked for getting Greece to recognize
the independence of Georgia. The head of the mission had meetings with the Minister
of Foreign Affairs of Greece, as well as with the ambassadors of different countries:
America, Great Britain, France, Italy and informed them about the situation in Georgia.
The information about activities of Alexandre Mdivani is kept in his personal correspon-
dence with his friend Gigo Rtskhiladze. These letters contain interesting information
about the approach and trends of the international community towards the Democratic
Republic of Georgia. It must be mentioned that these letters are written on the form of
the diplomatic mission of Democratic Republic of Georgia. Specific attention should be
paid to the document kept in the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece,
which was sent from Tbilisi on September 5, 1920 from the mission of the Hellenic
Kingdom to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece and gives detailed description of
the visit of members of European Socialist Party in Georgia invited by the Georgian Gov-
ernment. National Archive of Georgia keeps a document of the commissioner of Greece
in Constantinople sent to the General Consul of Georgia, I. Gogolashvili about de jure
recognition of independence of Georgia at the Paris conference on January 29.
The above mentioned documents indicate that Georgian-Greek diplomatic relations
started in 1918-1921.

_ 111 _
 Teimuraz xuciSvili
profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis sadavo teritoriebi

dasavleTisa da ruseTis dapirispirebis konteqstSi

cnobilia, rom XVI saukunidan istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos terito­

riebi (lazeTi, speri, tao, klarjeTi, aWara, agreTve, artanis, axalcixisa
da axalqalaqis provinciebi) osmaluri imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo. XVII
saukunidan ruseTma intensiurad daiwyo gavlenis sferoebis gafarToeba
da daupirispirda TurqeTs Savi zRvis CrdiloeTSi, balkaneTsa da samxreT
kavkasiaSi. es dapirispireba slavi da sxva erovnebis qristiani xalxebis
antiosmaluri moZraobis fonze xdeboda.

osmaleTisa da ruseTis imperiebi XVII saukuneSi

XVIII saukunidan ruseTTan erTad antiosmalur brZolaSi Caeba aRmosavleT

evropis slavebi, agreTve, saberZneTi, somxeTi, qarTl-kaxeTi da imereTi.
cnobilia, rom 1783 wels, qarTl-kaxeTis mefis, erekle meoris mcdelo­
biT saqarTvelos didi nawili ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida. XVIII saukunis
bolodan ruseT-TurqeTis omebis Semdgom Savi zRvis auzis teritoriaze
ruseTi TandaTan imtkicebda poziciebs. 1801 wels ruseTis imperator­
ma aleqsandre pirvelma qarTl-kaxeTis, xolo 1810 wels imereTis samefo
gaauqma da isini ruseTis imperiis guberniebad aqcia.
1820-ian wlebSi, evropuli qveynebis mxardaWeriT, saberZneTma osmaleTis­
gan damoukideblobisTvis daiwyo brZola. 1828-29 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis
omSi, saberZneTis damoukideblobisTvis mxardaWeris garda, ganxorcielda
ruseTis laSqrobebi bulgareTSi, kavkasiasa da anatoliis Crdilo-aRmo­
savleTiT. ruseTis kavkasiuri korpusis gamarjvebas general paskeviCis
meTaurobiT mohyva samcxe-javaxeTis saqarTvelosTan SemoerTeba ruseTis

_ 112 _
imperiis farglebSi. ruseTis gavlenis sferoSi moxvda Savi zRvis aRmo­
savleTi sanapiro anapidan guriamde; TurqeTma cno ruseTis uflebebi qa­
rTl-kaxeTze, imereTze, samegrelosa da guriaze, agreTve, axalcixesa da
axalqalaqze, Savi zRvis sruteebze ruseTis Tavisufali moZraobis ufleba
da saberZneTis avtonomiuri uflebebi (Сборник архивных документов 1992).
TurqeTs darCa baiazeTis, yarsisa da arzrumis safaSoebi (guruli, jiqia,
2013:7; Юзефович 2005:91,92). 1828 wlis agvistoSi sabolood moiSala axal­
cixis safaSos taxti.
1853-1856 wlebis yirimis omSi Sav zRvaze batonobis mosapoveblad ruseTs
britaneTi, safrangeTi da osmaleTi daupirispirda. yirimSi ruseTma omi
waago, magram warmatebebi hqonda yarsSi, romelic ruseTis jarma aiRo.
1856 wlis 18 (30) martis parizis xelSekrulebiT ruseTma sevastopolis
sanacvlod yarsi, ardagani da olTisi daTmo (Юзефович 2005:125; Сборник
договоров России 1952:25; Baumgart, Saab 1981:230).
ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omSi mTavari motivi bulgarelebis
antiTurquli brZolis mxardaWera iyo. ruseTma paralelurad brZolebi
aRmosavleT anatoliis mimarTulebiTac awarmoa. sabrZolo operaciebSi
30 000 qarTveli molaSqre monawileobda (saqarTvelos istoriis narkveve­
bi1970: 441). 1878 wlis 19 Tebervlis (3 martis) san-stefanos zaviT, yarsis,
baTumisa da ardaganis olqebi saqarTvelos SeuerTda ruseTis imperiis ad­
ministraciuli dayofis farglebSi. TurqeTis teritoriaze darCa TorTo­
mi, parxali, speri da lazeTi (Сборник договоров России 1952:159-175); ingli­
sisa da evropis sxva qveynebis moTxovniT, 1878 wlis 18 (30) maisis londonis
saidumlo xelSekrulebiT, osmaleTis teritoriis xarjze aziaSi ruse­
Tis teritoria ar unda gazrdiliyo (Сборник договоров России 1952:179);
1878 wlis 1 (13) ivnisis berlinis kongresze dasavleT evropis qveynebis
moTxovniT baTumi Tavisufal savaWro navsadgurad (`porto-frankod~) ga­
mocxadda (Сборник договоров России 1952: 204); xolo alaSkerti da baiazeTi
osmaleTs daubrunda (Сборник договоров России 1952: 205).
pirvel msoflio omSi, 1914 wels ruseTis armiam erzrumi da trape­
zunti aiRo. SemdgomSi, omSi ruseTis warumatebelma politikam da omiT
gamowveulma ekonomikurma krizisma, ruseTSi monarqiis damxoba ganapiro­
ba. 1917 wlis oqtombridan ruseTSi social-demokratiuli mimarTulebis
bolSevikuri (memarcxene-eqstremistuli) Zalebi movidnen xelisuflebaSi
leninis xelmZRvanelobiT, romlebmac qveyanaSi sabWoTa wyoba daamyares.
1917 wlis 15 (28) noembers samxreT kavkasiaSi Seiqmna koaliciuri mTavroba
social-demokratiuli Zalebis monawileobiT, `amierkavkasiis komisaria-
ti~, romelmac sabWoTa ruseTis mimarT mtruli pozicia daikava da xeli
SeuSala misi gavlenis gavrcelebas amierkavkasiaSi.
socialurad da teqnikurad CamorCenili ruseTi pirvel msoflio omSi
damarcxebisken midioda. ruseTi am etapze saomar moqmedebebs veRar gaagr­
Zelebda. 1918 wlis 3 marts, brest-litovskSi (belorusia) yofili mokav­
Sireebis (inglisi, safrangeTi, aSS) nebis winaaRmdeg ruseTma xeli moaw­
_ 113 _
era separatistul zavs germaniasTan da mis mokavSireebTan. ruseTi saomar
moqmedebebs wyvetda. TurqeTi Seecada samxreT kavkasiaSi am zaviT mieRo
is, rac omiT ver SesZlo. brest-litovskis SeTanxmebis me-4 punqtis Tanax­
mad, yarsisa da baTumis olqebs ruseTi TurqeTs uTmobda. moxda kavkasiis
frontis likvidacia. aRmosavleT anatoliis teritoria mTlianad Tur­
qebis xelSi gadavida. 1918 wlis 11 marts Turqebma aiRes erzrumi, xolo
13 aprils baTumi. ruseTis imperiis artaanis, yarsisa da baTumis yofil
okrugebs referendumis gziT unda gaerkvia romeli saxelmwifos Semadgen­
lobaSi surda yofna (Документы внешней политики 1957:121).
amierkavkasiis komisariatma brest-litovskis zavis pirobebi ar cno. 1918
wlis 12 martidan 13 aprilamde amierkavkasiis komisariatsa da TurqeTs So­
ris gaimarTa trapizonis samSvidobo konferencia. komisariati moiTxovda
1914 wlis sazRvrebSi dabrunebas, xolo TurqeTi brest-litovskis zavis
cnobas. mxareebi ver SeTanxmdnen, TurqeTma baTumi da qobuleTi daika­
va (guruli, jiqia, 2013:15). arc erTi qveyana amierkavkasias damoukidebel
qveynad ar cnobda da mis pozicias saerTaSorisi asparezze aranairi mniS­
vneloba ar hqonda. saWiro iyo damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso subieqtis
Seqmna. TurqeTis moTxovniT, 1918 wlis 9 (22) aprils amierkavkasiis seim­
ma gamoacxada damoukidebeli saxelmwifos _ amierkavkasiis demokratiuli
federaciuli respublikis Seqmna, romelSic saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azer­
baijani Sedioda (sscia f. 1844, saq. 8, furc. 146-147). ruseTis sabWoTa
xelisufleba mtrulad Sexvda am damoukidebeli qveynis Seqmnas (Документы
внешней политики 1919:291).
amierkavkasiisa da osmaleTis delegaciebi molaparakebisaTvis baTum­
Si 1918 wlis 11 maiss Sexvdnen. gairkva, rom amierkavkasiis demokratiul
federaciul respublikaSi Sinagani winaaRmdegobebi iyo sagareo politikis
sakiTxebSi. qarTvelebi progermanul, somxebi probritanul, xolo azer­
baijanelebi proTurqul orientacias aRiarebdnen. TurqeTi brestis za­
vis pirobebs aRar sjerdeboda da moiTxovda samxreTkavkasiis rkinigzaze
kontrols. Seiqmna Turqebis mier Tbilisisa da erevnis aRebis saSiSroeba
(Документы внешней политики 1919:302).
germaniis rezidentma kavkasiaSi, generalma oto fon losovma federaciis
liders akaki Cxenkels ganucxada, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi germaniis imperia
osmaleTis agresiisgan amierkavkasiis federacias ver daicavda, xolo Tu qa­
rTvelebs germaniis mfarveloba surdaT, unda gamoecxadebinaT damoukide­
bloba, anu amierkavkasiis respublika unda daSliliyo. losovi qarTvelebs
pirdeboda, rom am SemTxvevaSi igi iSuamdgomlebda germaniis imperiis mTav­
robis winaSe saqarTvelos dacvis Taobaze (sscia f. 19, saq. 111, furc. 14,15)
1918 wlis 26 maiss amierkavkasiis federaciam arseboba Sewyvita da imave
dRes gamocxadda saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. Seiqmna saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublika. male damoukidebloba gamoacxades agreTve
somxeTma da azerbaijanma.
1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi, germaniasa da saqarTvelos Soris gaformda
_ 114 _
xelSekruleba, romliTac germania saqarTvelos mfarvelobis valdebule­
bas iRebda. 1918 wlis ivnisSi germaniis jarebi fon kresenStainis meTau­
robiT, saqarTveloSi ganlagda. TurqeTma, germaniam da avstriam aRiares
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika.
am droisTvis TurqeTs dakavebuli hqonda samcxe-saaTabagos didi naw­
ili, borjomamde. 1918 wlis 4 ivnisis saqarTvelo-TurqeTis baTumis xe­
lSekrulebiT saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam TurqeTs dauTmo
baTumis, arTvinis, artaanis, olTisisa da yarsis okrugebi, xerTvisi, axal­
cixe, axalqalaqi. saqarTvelos sazRvari awyursa da abasTumanTan gadioda
(Документы и материалы 1919:344). Turqebs saqarTvelos sruli okupaciac
hqondaT ganzraxuli, magram es procesi germanelebma SeaCeres (saqarTve­
los istoriis narkvevebi 1972 :567).

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 1918 _ 1921

1918 wlis Semodgomaze antantis qveynebi mTels TurqeTs akontrolebd­

nen. TurqeTis otomanTa imperia daiSala. mas Camoaciles didi teritorie­
bi (Tanamedrove TurqeTis samxreTiT mdebare `arabuli~ qveynebi, Crdi­
loeT afrikis qveynebi). 1918 wlis 30 oqtombris mudrosis zaviT TurqeTs
jari unda gamoeyvana yvela araTurquli teritoriidan. TurqeTs ufleba
hqonda jari daetovebina yarsisa da baTumis provinciebSi. danarCeni saqa­
rTvelodan, dekemberSi, TurqeTma jarebi gaiyvana (saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi 1972 :615).
1918 wlis bolos msoflio omSi damarcxebulma germaniam jari gaiyva­

_ 115 _
na saqarTvelodan. samxreT kavkasiis sakvanZo obieqtebi inglisis jarma
daikava general tomsonis meTaurobiT. saqarTvelom mzadyofna gamoTqva
inglisTan TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb (Документы и материалы 1919:484). antan­
tis interesebSi Sedioda, rom saqarTvelos mxari daeWira denikinisTvis,
romelic sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg samoqalaqo oms awarmoebda. deni­
kini ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali qveynebis damoukideblobas ar cnobda da
saqarTvelos dapyroba undoda, magram ingliselebma denikins amisi neba ar
misces. denikins jer moskovi unda aeRo. 1919 wels samxreT kavkasiaSi gav­
lenis sferos mopovebisTvis gaaqtiurda aSS. es iyo rogorc faruli poli­
tikuri, aseve ekonomikuri saqmianoba (Papers 1919:843), ris gamoc inglisma
aSS-s saprotesto memorandumic ki gaugzavna (Papers 1919:621). aSS-s gegmebi
da interesebi amierkavkasiis mimarT sakmaod energiuli iyo, maT undodaT
amierkavkasia maTi gavlenis sferod eqciaT (Miller 1924: 229, . . .).
parizis 1919-1920 wlebis samSvidobo konferenciaze omis Semdgomi peri­
odis msoflios mowyobis bedi wydeboda. 1919 wels saqarTvelos demokra­
tiuli respublikis delegaciam konferencias warudgina memorandumi
saqarTvelos suverenitetis dacvisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis
qveynebi akvirdebodnen ruseTis samoqalaqo omis Sedegebs. mokavSireebma
angariSi gauwies ruseTis realur interesebs kavkasiaSi _ saqarTvelosa da
azerbaijanis damoukideblobis sakiTxi konferenciaze arc dasmula. 1919
wlis aprilSi, aSS-s prezident uilsonis iniciativiT Seiqmna erTa liga,
gaeros winamorbedi organizacia. saqarTvelom imTaviTve ganacxada survi­
li erTa ligaSi gaerTianebisa, magram safrangeTisa da inglisis mosazrebiT
erTa liga evropis ganapira regionSi mdebare qveynebs moZaladeebisgan ver
daicavda Tundac maTi arastabilurobisa da sazRvrebis SeuTanxmeblobas
gamo. 1919 wlis zafxulSi inglisis jari samxreT kavkasiidan gavida, Tumca
baTumSi mcire sajariso nawili darCa.
1920 wlis dasawyisSi sabWoTa Zalebma ruseTSi gamarjvebas miaRwies da
samoqalaqo omSi denikinis armia daamarcxes. gaCnda ruseTis sabWoTa re­
spublikis mier samxreT kavkasiis okupaciis safrTxe. dasavleT evropis
qveynebis nawilma (inglisi, safrangeTi, italia) 1920 wlis dasawyisSive cno
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. ruseTs garTulebuli urTierToba hqonda
poloneTTan, amitom saqarTvelos pirdapiri okupaciisgan Tavs ikavebda.
1920 wlis 7 maiss ruseTma saqarTvelos damoukidebloba cno. 1920 wlis
aprilSi, sabWoTa ruseTma, komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis
kavkasiis biuros xelSewyobiT (xelmZRvaneli sergo orjonikiZe), me-11
armiis meSveobiT, azerbaijanis okupacia moaxdina, dekemberSi ki somxeTi
daipyro.
1919 wlis maisSi antantis mxardaWeriT saberZneTma daiwyo TurqeTis
teritoriebis okupacia. 1920 wlis 16 marts berZnebma konstantinopoli
aiRes. TurqeTis saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebis mizniT, 1919 wlidan
TurqeTis nacionalur moZraobas saTaveSi Caudga mustafa qemal faSa, ro­
melic daupirispirda rogorc antantis qveynebs, aseve TurqeTis sulTnis
_ 116 _
kolaboracionistul xelisuflebas.
qemalisturma TurqeTma 1920 wels daxmarebisTvis sabWoTa ruseTs
mimarTa. antantis winaaRmdeg `antiimperialistur~ brZolaSi, TurqeTisa
da ruseTis interesebi daemTxva. ruseTis daxmarebiT TurqeTs surda ber­
Znebis jaris damarcxeba da antantis qveynebis gandevna. samagierod Turqe­
Ti xels Seuwyobda ruseTs samxreT kavkasiaSi da SavizRvispireTSi sabWoTa
reJimebis damyarebaSi. ruseTis interesebSi Sedioda agreTve dasavleTis
rolis Sesusteba anatoliaSi (Документы внешней политики 1958: 804). leninma
oficialurad aRuTqva daxmareba qemalistur TurqeTs (Документы внешней
политики 1958: 804). TurqeTma 1920 wlis seqtembridan sabWoTa ruseTisgan
mniSvnelovani samxedro da finansuri daxmarebis miReba daiwyo (Müderrısoğlu
1990: 543; Саркисян 2012; Резников 2014: 185-189).
1920 wlis 28 seqtembridan TurqeTis armiam daiwyo saomari moqmedebebi
somxeTis winaaRmdeg da istoriuli somxeTis didi nawili daikava. somxeT­
ma saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas daxmareba sTxova. saqarTvelom
somxeT-TurqeTis konfliqtSi neitraliteti gamoacxada (saqarTvelos is­
toriis narkvevebi 1972: 648).
1920 wlis 16 dekembers, JenevaSi, saqarTvelos, erTa ligaSi Sesvlaze
uari eTqva. 1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTis jarma saqarTvelos ok­
upacia moaxdina da Seiqmna ruseTs daqvemdebarebuli saqarTvelos sabWoTa
respublika.
1921 wlis TebervalSi TurqeTma ultimatumi wauyena saqarTvelos arT­
vinisa da artaanis mxareebis dauyovnebliv daclis Sesaxeb (yavreliSvi­
li 2012; Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 1999: 3_5). qarTuli mxare am pirobebs
daTanxmda (Özder 1971: 212-215). TurqeTis oficialuri dokumentebis mixed­
viT, bolSevikebis mier Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg gaCnda SesaZlebloba amo­
qmedebuliyo baqo-yarsis rkinigza da ankaris mTavrobas maTTvis esoden
aucilebeli baqos Txevadi sawvavis miReba Seuferxeblad mieRo (yavreliS­
vili 2012; Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 1999: 74-76).
1921 wlis 6 marts noe Jordania TurqeTis xelisuflebas sTavazobs, rom
TurqeTis jarebma daikavon aWara, axalcixe da axalqalaqi (yavreliSvili
2012; Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 1999 : 16-18). 9 marts Turqebma saqarTve­
loSi wiTeli armiis moqmedebebis sapirispirod daikaves axalqalaqis da
axalcixis mxareebi, Tumca, baTumis da aWaris dakavebis sakiTxi Riad darCa
(yavreliSvili 2012, Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 1999: 107-109). TurqeTi aWaras
samarTlebrivad Tavis kuTvnilebad Tvlida, Tumca ruseTis armiisTvis wi­
naaRmdegobis gawevas ar apirebda (yavreliSvili 2012; Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Der-
gisi 1999: 19-24). 1921 w. 10 marts TurqeTis aRmosavleTis frontis sardalma
kiazim faSam TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros da genStabs gaugzavna
orjonikiZisagan miRebuli depeSis Targmani, romlis mixedviTac, moskovSi
TurqeTis mTavrobis delegaciasa da ruseTis bolSevikur mTavrobas Soris
mimdinare molaparakebebis Sedegad baTumi, axalqalaqi, axalcixe da axal­
cixe-baTumis damakavSirebeli gzis monakveTi unda darCeniliyo sabWoTa
_ 117 _
saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi (yavreliSvili 2012; Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi
1999: 113-119). miuxedavad amisa, 1921 wlis 11 marts TurqeTis jaris nawile­
bi baTumis raionSi Sevidnen (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi 1972:649).
1921 wlis 16 marts moskovSi, ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris daido xe­
lSekruleba, romliTac dgindeboda sazRvrebi TurqeTsa da ruseTis gav­
lenis qveS myof saqarTvelosa da somxeTis sabWoTa respublikebs Soris.
sazRvari sarfidan iwyeboda da SavSeTis qedze grZeldeboda. aWara, ax­
alcixe da axalqalaqi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi darCa, danarCeni mxareebi ki
TurqeTSi (Документы внешней политики 1959: 598, 602, 603).
1921 wlis 17 marts saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisu­
fleba baTumidan emigraciaSi, safrangeTSi, wavida. 18 marts sabWoTa jar­
ebma aWara daikaves, TurqeTma jari gaiyvana. saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs
Soris moskovSi 16 martis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sazRvari
gaavles (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi 1972: 650).
1921 wlis seqtemberSi TurqeTma, sabWoTa ruseTis mier gaweuli samxe­
dro da finansuri daxmarebiT, berZnebis jari daamarcxa. tao-klarjeTisa
da istoriuli somxeTis TurqeTSi mdebare teritoriaze, aseve anatoliaSi,
qristiani mosaxleobis (somxebis, berZnebis da asirielebis) sruli likvi­
dacia an gandevna moxda. am periodSi, aRmosavleT anatoliaSi religiuri
niSniT warmoebul brZolebSi asi aTasobiT qristiani da muslimi daiRupa.
ruseTs daqvemdebarebuli samxreT kavkasiis qveynebi formalurad da­
moukidebel saxelmwifoebad rCebodnen, amitom ruseTma da TurqeTma mi­
zanSewonilad CaTvales, rom isini iuridiulad SeerTebodnen ruseT-Tur­
qeTis 16 martis moskovis SeTanxmebas. 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers, yarsSi
xeli moewera analogiur xelSekrulebas TurqeTs, saqarTvelos, somxeTsa
da azerbaijans Soris ruseTis monawileobiT (Документы внешней политики
1960:420-423).
1922 wlidan saqarTvelo modernizebuli ruseTis imperiis, sabWoTa ka­
vSiris SemadgenlobaSia da TurqeTTan sadavo teritoriis sakiTxi aRar
ganixileboda.
1945 wels, meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirma
teritoriuli pretenziebi wauyena TurqeTs da istoriuli saqarTvelosa
da somxeTis teritoriebis dabruneba moiTxova im teritoriis farglebSi,
romelic ruseTis imperias 1878 wlis mdgomareobiT ekuTvnoda. lazeTisa
da arTvinis provincia saqarTvelos unda SeerTeboda, yarsi da erzru­
misa _ somxeTs. artani, olTisi, TorTomi da speri sadavo teritoriad
iqna miCneuli. dasavleTis qveynebis da upirvelesad aSS-s kategoriuli
moTxovniT TurqeT _ sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebi ar Secvlila. 1952 wels
TurqeTi NATO-Si Sevida, sabWoTa kavSirma teritoriul pretenziebze uari
Tqva stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1953 wels.

_ 118 _
 CerCili, trumeni da stalini, 1945. teritoriuli pretenziebi TurqeTisadmi

1991 wlidan, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da saqarTvelos mier damoukide­

blobis miRebis Semdeg TurqeTTan damyarda keTilmezobluri urTierTo­
bebi. 1992 wels saqarTvelom cno 1921 wels moskovsa da yarsSi SeTanxmebu­
li TurqeT-saqarTvelos sazRvari.
2002 wlidan saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodma tao-klarjeTi da
lazeTi nominalurad, axalcixis eparqias miuerTa. amJamad lazeTi nominal­
urad baTum-lazeTis eparqiaSi Sedis, tao-klarjeTi axalcixe-tao-klar­
jeTisaSi.

saqarTvelos eparqiebis ruka, 2010 weli

2018 wlis aprilSi ruseTisa da TurqeTis prezidentebi putini da er­

doRani ankaraSi Sexvdnen. antidasavluri ganwyobis am Sexvedraze poli­
tikosebi SeTanxmdnen molaparakebebze ruseTis mxridan TurqeTisaTvis
samxedro daxmarebis Sesaxeb (raketebis miyidva, TanamSromloba atomuri
energetikis sakiTxebSi da sxva) https://ria.ru/analytics/20180405/1517959635.
html.

_ 119 _
 ruhani, erdoRani da putini, 2018.

istoriuli procesebi ganmeorebadia da saqarTvelos teritoriebis

gadanawilebis sakiTxi TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris SesaZloa kvlav aqtual­
uri gaxdes.

daskvnebi:
1. XVII saukunidan balkaneTsa da Savi zRvis auzSi gavlenisaTvis, Turqe­
Tisa da ruseTis imperiebi daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs. istoriuli saqarT­
velos didi nawilic, XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, etapobrivad, TurqeTis daqvem­
debarebidan ruseTis imperiaSi moeqca.
2. politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebis dapirispirebis gamo ruse­
Tis gavlenis sferoebis gafarToebis process evropasa da dasavleT aziaSi
permanentulad aferxebdnen dasavleTis qveynebi. es xels uwyobda Turqe­
Tis gavlenis SenarCunebas istoriuli saqarTvelos mxareebzec.
3. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1918-1920 wlebSi, dasavleTis qveynebis
xelSewyobiT osmaleTis imperia daiSala da TurqeTma arabuli da balkanu­
ri teritoriebi dakarga. am wlebSi TurqeTi da saqarTvelos demokrati­
uli respublika sadao teritoriebis gamo saomar situaciaSi aRmoCndnen.
dasavleTis qveynebma anatoliasa da samxreT kavkasiis regionSi gavlenis Se­
narCuneba ver SeZles, xolo 1921 wels antidasavlurad ganwyobilma sabWo­
Ta ruseTma da qemalisturma TurqeTma saqarTvelosa da somxeTis terito­
riebi sakuTari interesebis mixedviT gainawiles. istoriuli saqarTvelos
muslimi mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli mxareebi, sadac qarTuli kulturis
asobiT Zegli dRemdea SemorCenili, TurqeTis teritoriaze darCa.
4. meore msoflio omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1945 wels, sabWoTa kavSirma
TurqeTSi mdebare istoriuli saqarTvelosa da somxeTis teritoriebis
SemoerTeba daapira, magram dasavleTis qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT didi bri­
taneTisa da aSS-s kategoriuli moTxovniT, es SeuZlebeli gaxda.
5. 1991 wlidan, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi Sevida
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi Semavali teritoriebi. ruseTisa da TurqeTis mier
_ 120 _
1921 wels gavlebul saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari amJamadac legitimu­
rad iTvleba.
6. 2018 wlis aprilSi ruseTis, TurqeTis da iranis prezidentebi an­
karaSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. antidasavluri ganwyobis am Sexvedraze prezi­
dentebi SeTanxmdnen molaparakebebze ruseTis mxridan TurqeTisaTvis
samxedro daxmarebis Sesaxeb. istoriuli procesebi ganmeorebadia da saqa­
rTvelos teritoriebis gadanawilebis sakiTxi TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris
SesaZloa kvlav aqtualuri gaxdes.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

guruli v., jiqia l., tao-klarjeTis, lazeTisa da aWaris sakiTxi 1812-

1953 wlebis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, Tbilisi, 2013
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. V, Tb., 1970
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI, Tb., 1972
sscia _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri istoriuli arqivi
yavreliSvili r., ramdenime Turquli dokumenti saqarTvelos istoriis
Sesaxeb (1921 w.), II saerTaSoriso konferencia `’tao-klarjeTi~, moxsen­
ebaTa Tezisebi, Tb. _ baTumi, 2012
Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi 1999: Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, Genelkurmay
Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ocak, Yil,48, Sayı,107, Ankara,
1999
Baumgart W, Saab A. P., Peace of Paris, 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy &
Peacemaking, 1981
Miller D., My Diary at the Conference of Paris, New York, 1924
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the V. S. Paris Peace Conference, 1919,
Russia,V. II
Müderrısoğlu A., Kurtulu sava n n mal kaynaklar ö Ankaraö 1990
Tansel Selahattin Tansel, Mondros’tan Mudanya’ya Kadar, C. IV, Milli Eğitim Bası-
mevi, Ankara, 1978
Özder M. Adil Özder, Artvin Ve Çevresi (1828-1921), Ay Matba ası, Ankara, 1971
Документы внешней политики СССР, т . 1, М., 1957
Документы внешней политики СССР, т . 2, М., 1958
Документы внешней политики СССР, т . 3, М., 1959
Документы внешней политики СССР, т . 4, М., 1960
Документы и материалы по внешней политике Закавказья и Грузии, Тифлис, 1919
Резников А. Б., Советская Россия _ Турция: От первых контактов до
заключения Московского договора (16 марта 1921 г., Теория и практика
овщественного развития, 2014, # 3
Саркисян С., Эволюция турецкой армии в контексте политических изменений в
стране. `21-й век~, # 5 (25), 2012
Сборник архивных документов, М., Русская книга, 1992
_ 121 _
 Сборник договоров России с другими государствами, 1856-1917, М., 1952
Юзефович Т., Договоры России с Востоком, М., 2005
https://ria.ru/analytics/20180405/1517959635.html _ gadamowmebulia 25. 05.
2018

Teimuraz Khutsishvili
Caucasus University, Professor

CONTESTED TERRITORIES BETWEEN GEORGIA AND TURKEY IN THE

CONTEXT OF THE CONFRONTATION OF RUSSIA AND THE WEST

Georgian-Russian confrontation over the contested border territories has a long

history. In the 17th century the Ottoman Empire, which included a vast majority of
Georgian territories, became a dominant force in Western Asia; however, the period
coincided with expansion of the Russian spheres of influence as well. In the Black Sea
basin backed by anti-Ottoman movement of Christian people, Russia opposed Turkey.
In the 18-19th centuries the Russian Empire gradually extended and consolidated its
control over a large part of historic Georgian territories.
Due to the confrontation of political and economic interests, expansion of the
Russian influence in Europe and Western Asia was permanently hindered by Western
countries, which, in its turn, facilitated to retaining Turkish influence over historic parts
of Georgia.
In 1918-1920 the Western world facilitated to the disintegration of the Ottoman
Empire; eventually the Republic of Georgia, which emerged after the collapse of the
Russian Empire in 1918, and Turkey found themselves at war over the contested ter-
ritories. The Western world failed to retain influence over Anatolia and the Caucasus;
in due course, in 1921 anti-western Soviet Russia and Kemalist Turkey shared the ter-
ritories of Georgia and Armenia at their discretion. Thus, the historic parts of Georgia
settled with Muslim population and abounding with hundreds of pieces of Georgian
culture were left within Turkey.
After the victory in the World War II in 1945, the Soviet Union intended to seize
back the historic Georgian and Armenian territories, however, the intention remained
unfulfilled at the demand of the western world, especially of the USA.
From 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Republic of Georgia inherited
all the territories previously within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Geor-
gian-Turkish border line drawn in 1921 by Russia and Turkey is acknowledged legitimate
by the authorities of Georgia and Turkey.

_ 122 _
 goCa saiTiZe
istoriis doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis istoriidan (1918-1921 ww.)

1918-1921 wlebi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso periodia saqarTvelos

uaxles istoriaSi. swored drois am mcire monakveTSi aRdga saukuneze meti
xnis winaT dakarguli damoukidebloba. qveyana TviTmyofadi ganviTarebis gzas
daadga. qarTveli xalxi udidesma sixarulma moicva. samwuxarod, es sixaruli
xanmokle gamodga _ 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals Cvens samSoblos kidev erTxel
daadga monobis uReli Crdiloelma mezobelma _ amjerad bolSevikurma.
okupantebi qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg ideologiur brZolasac awarmo­
ebdnen _ mas mxolod im istoriis swavlas aiZulebdnen, romelsac oficiozi
miawvdida. gamomdinare aqedan, sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis 70-wliani
istoriis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi
moRvawe qarTveli patriotebis araTu namoqmedaris jerovnad dafaseba,
aramed maTi saxelis xsenebac ar SeiZleboda. mxolod 80-iani wlebis miwu­
rulidan yinuli TandaTanobiT galRva.
qvemoT ganvixilavT 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
sami TvalsaCino, Tumca Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebriobis farTo
wreebisTvis naklebad cnobili, samxedro moRvawis _ aleqsandre (sandro)
maisuraZis, svimon SavguliZisa da fridon wulukiZis cxovreba-moRvaweobis
ZiriTad aspeqtebs. am pirovnebebis Rvawli samSoblos winaSe, jerjerobiT,
saTanadod dafasebuli ar aris, arada, isini namdvilad imsaxureben imas, rom
qarTvelma xalxma sapatio adgili miuCinos TvalsaCino mamuliSvilTa Soris.
`sandro iyo gabeduli, pirdapiri, saerTo saqmisaTvis Tavdadebuli da
gamWriaxi gonebis patroni, is Zlieri adamiani iyo ara marto fizikurad,
sulieradac; misTvis ar arsebobda daRlilobis grZnoba, man ar icoda, Tu
ra iyo gulis gatexa da sasowarkveTileba. sandro ar iyo marto fizikuri
mebrZoli, is SesamCnev inteleqtualur Zalas warmoadgenda da saucxoo
organizatori, SesaniSnavi adamiani iyo~ _ amgvarad axasiaTebdnen Tana­
medroveni aleqsandre (sandro) maisuraZes.1 da rom es sityvebi sinamdviles
Seefereba, amas misi cxovreba-moRvaweobis Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebic
(romlebic, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, arc ise mravalricxovania)
naTlad adasturebs.
aleqsandre (sandro) maisuraZe daibada 1883 wels qarTlis sofel dvir­
Si. mamamisi iyo soflis mSromeli glexi, `sasaxelo guTnisdeda~. patara
sandrom pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba mSobliuri soflis skolaSi miiRo.
mSoblebi adreul asakSi gardaecvala, ris Semdegac skolaSi swavlas Tavi

1 sandro maisuraZe, gaz. `erToba~, 1918, 21/XII, # 276, gv. 1

_ 123 _
daaneba da TbilisSi zeinklis Segirdad daiwyo muSaoba. Semdeg amierkavka­
siis rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoebSi Sevida; gaitaca revoluciurma ideeb­
ma, Caeba muSaTa moZraobaSi da male `erT saukeTeso Segnebul mebrZol mu­
Sakad Seiqmna~.2 ruseTis xelisuflebam masSi imperiisTvis saSiSi pirovneba
dainaxa da dauwyo devna-Seviwroeba. 1905-1906 wlebSi metexis cixeSi ijda.
1908 wels vologdis guberniis ustsisolis mazraSi gadaasaxles, sadac ad­
ministraciul sasjels ixdida. gadasaxlebidan 1913 wels dabrunda da ga­
nagrZo brZola mefis reJimis winaaRmdeg.3
1917 wlis TebervalSi ruseTSi revoluciam ifeTqa... nikoloz II taxtidan
gadadga... qveynis mmarTveloba droebiTma mTavrobam ikisra... 25 oqtomb­
ers ki moxda saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da Zalaufleba leninis meTauro­
biT Seqmnil sabWoTa mTavrobas Cauvarda xelSi. amierkavkasiaSi oqtombris
gadatrialeba avantiurad monaTles da aq Seiqmna adgilobrivi mTavroba _
`amierkavkasiis komisariati~, romelsac saTaveSi evgeni gegeWkori Caudga.
aRniSnul periodSi amierkavkasiaSi didi areuloba sufevda. kavkasiis
frontze ruseTis jarma rRveva daiwyo, jariskacebi TviTneburad tovebd­
nen saomar vels da saxlebSi brundebodnen. bolSevikuri partiis warmo­
madgenlebi aqezebdnen maT, aeRoT Tbilisi. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs dapy­
robis safrTxe daemuqra.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi, sandro maisuraZem, valiko juRelsa da aleqsandre
dgebuaZesTan erTad, saqarTvelos saxalxo gvardia Camoayaliba. pirveli
brZola saxalxo gvardiam Tbilisis arsenalis aRebis dros gadaixada. aq
ganlagebuli iyo 218-e polki ar emorCileboda `amierkavkasiis komisari­
ats~. 1917 wlis 12 dekembers saxalxo gvardiam Tbilisis arsenali bolSe­
vikebs xelidan gamostaca.4 am periodSi sandro maisuraZe saxalxo gvardiis
mTavari Stabis Tavmjdomaris _ valiko juRelis amxanagad (moadgiled)
dainiSna. garda amisa, 1917 wlis noemberSi gamarTul saqarTvelos erovnu­
li yrilobis muSaobaSi, airCies erovnuli sabWos wevrad social-demokra­
tiuli partiidan. aseT rangSi Sexvda igi 1918 wlis 26 maiss, rodesac saqa­
rTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena da demokratiuli
respublikis daarseba gamocxadda.
sandro maisuraZe mTel Tavis Zal-Ronesa da energias saqarTvelos suve­
renitetis dacvas andomebda, ebrZoda ajanyebul osebs, duSeTis mazraSi _
bolSevikebs da a. S. garda amisa, politikur moRvaweobasac eweoda, kerZod,
iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis social-demokratiuli fraqciis wevri.
1918 wlis bolos, saqarTvelos safrTxe mezobeli somxeTis respublik­
is mxridan daemuqra. am ukanasknelmac, saqarTvelos msgavsad, damoukide­
bloba 1918 wlis maisSi gamoacxada. somxeTis mmarTvel partias _ `daSnak­
ciuTuns~ saqarTvelos mimarT sasazRvro pretenziebi hqonda. 1918 wlis
2 sandro maisuraZe, Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1919, 2/II, # 1, gv. 9

3 Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1919, 10/VIII, # 9, gv. 1

4 akaki surgulaZe, paata surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1991, gv. 191

_ 124 _
9 dekembers (zogierTi wyaros monacemebiT, 8 dekembers) somxeTis jari
general ter-nikoRosovis meTaurobiT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa sadgur
sanainTan myof qarTuli jaris sadarajo punqtebs, daxoces jariskacebi,
tyved waiyvanes ramdenime maTgani.
somxeTis armiam qveynis siRrmisken ramdenime mimarTulebiT Semogvitia,
moSala alaverdsa da sanains Soris rkinigzis xazi, daikava alaverdis maR­
lobebi. somxebma saqarTvelos mTavrobas mimarTes ultimatumiT, daeca­
laT borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebi. amis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTav­
robam sayovelTao mobilizacia gamoacxada, saxalxo gvardiasa da jars
somxebis mier dakavebuli teritoriebis gaTavisufleba daavala. mTavar­
sardlad generali giorgi mazniaSvili dainiSna.5
noe Jordanias brZanebiT, saxalxo gvardia valiko juRelisa da sandro
maisuraZis meTaurobiT gaigzavna bolnisis mimarTulebiT, sadac somxebs
xelSi hqondaT Cagdebuli qarTuli zarbaznebi. 19 dekembers sofel ekate­
rinofeldTan sastiki brZola gaimarTa, romelic sandro maisuraZisTvis
sabediswero gamodga. amis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia rogorc imdroindel
Jurnal-gazeTebSi, ise politikuri da samxedro moRvaweebis mogonebebSi.
giorgi kvinitaZis cnobiT, warTmeuli zarbaznebi saxalxo gvardiam `dai­
bruna qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da sandro maisuraZis, gvardiis Stabis wevris,
TaosnobiT. ukanasknelma amas Seswira Tavisi sicocxle~ (giorgi kvinitaZe,
Cemi pasuxi (noe Jordanias `Cemi warsulis~ gamo).6 generali Tavis `mogone­
bebSi~ damatebiT informaciasac gvawvdis: `qaquca ColoyaSvilis, valiko
juRelisa da sandro maisuraZis TaosnobiT mdgomareoba gamovasworeT,
kontrSetevaze gadavediT, somxebi gavrekeT da zarbaznebic davibruneT~.7
im dRes datrialebulma movlenebma asaxva hpova erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis cnobili moRvawis _ daviT (daTa) vaCnaZis mogonebebSic: `19 dekem­
bers, naSuadRevs, TbilisSi gavrcelda xma, rom somxebi uecrad daesxnen
Tavs valiko juRelis gvardiis razms ekaterinofeldSi, daxoces gvar­
dielebis sagrZnobi ricxvi da, maT Soris, cnobili sandro maisuraZec~.8
1918 wlis 20 dekembers gazeTi `erToba~ iuwyeboda: `mxolod exla das­
rulda somxeTis jarisa, romelic ekaterinofeldze utevda, da Cveni gvar­
diis brZola. brZola daiwyo dilis 6 saaTidan. mowinaaRmdegem isargeb­
la nisliT, Semoertya yovelmxriv saxalxo gvardias da daiwyo Semoteva
Cvens batareaze, magram saxalxo gvardiam kontrieriSiT mteri sastikad
daamarcxa da gaaqcia brZolis velidan.
somxebs didi zarali mivayeneT. mTeli veli dafarulia maTi gvamebiT,

5 goCa saiTiZe, vin iyo aleqsandre (sandro) maisuraZe, Jurn. `saistorio vertikalebi~, Tb., 2002,
# 2, gv. 114-115
6 Jurn. `macne~ (istoriis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria), Tb., 1990, # 3, gv. 87

7 giorgi kvinitaZe, mogonebebi, t. 1, Tb., 1998, gv. 89

8 daviT vaCnaZe, samSoblos samsaxurSi (mogonebani), Jurn. `iveria~, Tbilisi-briuseli, 1993, # 2,

gv. 161

_ 125 _
tyved wamoviyvaneT batalionis ufrosi, ramdenime oficeri da jariskaci.
gaqceuli mtris devna grZeldeba. brZolaSi gmirulad daiRupa saxalxo
gvardieli sandro maisuraZe~.9
19 dekembers Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoSi mTav­
robis Tavmjdomarem _ noe Jordaniam ganacxada: `am dilas ekaterinofeld­
Tan brZolaSi daeca ramdenime Cveni sabWos wevri. yvelas gvarebi jer kidev
ar viciT. viciT mxolod, rom am brZolaSi gmirulad daRupula sabWos
wevri sandro maisuraZe. Tqven yvelam iciT, vin iyo is, me vityvi mxolod
ramdenime sityvas, Tu ra pirobebSi moxda es ambavi.
mTeli Cveni gvardia imyofeboda ekaterinofeldTan. am dilas mterma
isargebla nisliT, gars Semoertya Cvens gvardias da daikava erTi Cve­
ni batareia. batareis gamosaxsnelad Tavisi razmiT gaeSurnen juReli da
maisuraZe. maisuraZe daeca, magram Tavisi sikvdiliT man ixsna ramdenime
aseuli gvardieli sikvdilisagan~.10 somxeTis armiasTan SetakebaSi 19 de­
kembers brZolis velze sandro maisuraZesTan erTad gmirulad daiRupnen
saxalxo gvardielebi: nestor miminaSvili, mixeil daviTaSvili, vladimer
CxeiZe, daviT goderZiSvili da sxv. isini 1918 wlis 24 dekembers dakrZales
TbilisSi, xudadovis tyeSi, saZmo sasaflaoze. dasaflavebas saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa da parlamentis mTeli Semadgenloba daeswro noe Jordanias
meTaurobiT. sityvebi warmoTqves Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma noe ramiSvil­
ma, parlamentis Tavmjdomarem karlo CxeiZem da sxv.
aRniSnul movlenas JurnalSi `Teatri da cxovreba~ sagangebo narkvevi mi­
uZRvna misma redaqtor-gamomcemelma, cnobilma publicistma da sazogado
moRvawem ioseb imedaSvilma (arimaTielma). igi werda: `gamoatares kuboebi.
yvelaze win gvardielTa beladi sandro maisuraZe, mas miayoles missive gvard­
ielebi. kubo kubos misdevs, yovel kubos Tavisi Wirisuflebi. tirili, gode­
ba, moTqma, memre amaT sul ukan aTi-Tormeti kubo gamoatares. maTi arc saxe­
li Cans, arc Wirisufali, `vin arian?~ _ kiTxuloben, magram mopasuxe aravinaa.
`da sxvanio...~, ai, vin arian eseni, es is sxvania, romelTa Sorisac gaiRvi­
Za Zvel mama-papaTa gmirulma uangaro sulma da samSoblos samsxverploze
miitanes Tavisi norCi sicocxle, miitanes udrtvinvelad, rogorc Zveli
romaeli moiqceoda.
da rodesac qarTvel erSi mama-papaTa gmiruli suli ase gaiRviZebs, maSin
am eris momavals veravin daCrdilavs. aseT gmirT damtirebeli da mglovi­
arec hpovebs _ es mTeli eria, mTeli saqarTvelo~.11
axla mokled mimovixiloT, Tu rogor ganviTarda, sandro maisuraZis
daRupvis Semdeg, saqarTvelo-somxeTis omi. qarTulma jarma warmatebebi
moipova, daamarcxa somxebi SulaverTan da sadaxlosTan. gaixsna gza somxe­

9 gaz. `erToba~, 1918, 20/XII, # 275, gv. 2

10 gaz. `erToba~, 1918, 21/XII, # 276, gv. 2

11 ioseb arimaTieli, ...da sxvani (32 saxalxo gvardielis xsovnas), Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~,
1919, 2/II, # 1, gv. 10

_ 126 _
Tis teritoriaze SesaWrelad. am dros inglisis jaris amierkavkasiis sard­
lobam saqarTvelos xelisuflebas mosTxova, jars daecala borCalosa da
axalqalaqis mazrebi, romelTac somxeT-saqarTvelos sazavo konferencia­
mde TviTon daikavebda.
saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, daTmobaze wasuliyo _ marTalia,
axalqalaqis mazraSi SenarCunda qarTuli administracia, magram, samagierod,
borCaloSi dawesda neitraluri zona qarTuli armiis mier dakavebul xazze da
moxda SeTanxmeba, rom am zonis marTva Sereuli administraciiT ganxorciele­
buliyo. saomari moqmedebebi mTlianad Sewyda 1918 wlis 31 dekembers. momdevno
wlis TebervalSi Seikriba saqarTvelo-somxeTis warmomadgenelTa konferencia,
romelmac neitraluri zonis Sereuli mmarTveloba daadastura.12
svimon SavguliZe daibada 1894 wels quTaisSi, mRvdel iobi SavguliZis ojax­
Si; dawyebiTi ganaTleba quTaisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miiRo, Semdeg ki
swavla Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi ganagrZo. igi Tavidanve udides siy­
varuls amJRavnebda mSobeli erisa da enisadmi. svimonis erT-erTi Tanaklaseli
SemdgomSi igonebda: `seminariaSi devnas ver urigdeboda mravali mowafe da am
devnilTa ukmayofilebam Searyia seminariis kedlebi. aseT moZraobas adgili
hqonda simonikas seminariaSi yofnis dros 1913 wlis 22 Tebervals. Tbilisis
seminariis Senobas, rogorc meamboxeTa budes, gars Semoertya Jandarmeria.
sasowarkveTilebas mieca qarTveli mowafeoba. ras akeTebda am dros si­
monika? is, rogorc sardali, amxnevebda amxanagebs. saubedurod, mTavrobis
uxeSma Zalam daamarcxa mowafeoba da am moZraobis mesveurebi saswavlebli­
dan garicxes. simonika, rogorc erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zala, gadasaxle­
bul iqna simferopolis seminariaSi~.
1914 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo I msoflio omi, romlis gamocxadebis Sem­
deg svimon SavguliZe kievis samxedro saswavlebelSi Sevida. saswavlebe­
li daamTavra Tu ara, frontze gagzavnes. omSi gamoCenili gmirobisTvis
svimon SavguliZe dajildovda oqros xmliT, oficris giorgis jvris or­
deniT, vladimiris, anas mesame xarisxisa da stanislavis meore da mesame
xarisxis jvrebiT.13
1917 wlis bolos svimon SavguliZe samSobloSi dabrunda. igi jer Tbili­
sis sadguris komendantad dainiSna, xolo roca erovnuli jari Seiqmna,
pirvel qarTul polkSi Sevida, aqtiurad monawileobda social-federa­
listuri razmis Sedgenasa da gawvrTnaSi, iyo am razmis Stabis ufrosi,
Semdeg ki qveyanam misgan axali samsaxuri moiTxova...
1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi sabWoTa ruseTsa da germanias Soris
zavi daido, romlis meoTxe muxlis mixedviT, ruseTma osmaleTs ardagan­
is, yarsisa da baTumis olqebi dauTmo. amierkavkasiis mTavrobis saxeliT
evgeni gegeWkorma da karlo CxeiZem protesti gamoTqves osmaleTisTvis
12 goCa saiTiZe, vin iyo aleqsandre (sandro) maisuraZe, Jurn. `saistorio vertikalebi~, Tb., 2002,
# 2, gv. 118
13 goCa saiTiZe, gmiri qarTvelTa _ svimon SavguliZe, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1998, 19/VI,
# 151, gv. 6

_ 127 _
aRniSnuli olqebis gadacemaze da ganacxades, rom ar cnobdnen brest-li­
tovskis ukanono gadawyvetilebas.
swored am dros daevala svimon SavguliZes baTumis erT-erTi umTavre­
si strategiuli punqtis _ anarias fortis komendantoba. svimonma icoda,
Tu ras niSnavda baTumi saqarTvelosTvis, amitomac aRniSnavda, vai im ers,
romelic baTums mters dauTmobs da Tu SenarCunebas ver SeZlebs, zed ar
daakvdebao.14
26 marts svimonma Tavis das _ ninas werili gaugzavna, romelic yvelaze
ukeT gadmogvcems mis sulier gancdebs: `ninas! salami da gamarjveba ana­
riidan! Zalian bevric rom eZeboT, versad ipoviT ase keklucad Semkobil
sacxovrebels. Tvalmiuwvdenel mTis mwvervalzea wamoWimuli Cemi sasaxle.
mTeli baTumis midamoebi gadaWimula Cems win. Tvals ver moacileb, ise
gitacebs simSveniere. codva araa, rom aseTi mSvenieri cis qveS sikvdili
mefobdes? aq mxolod sicocxles unda hqondes adgili da ara sikvdils...
me aq calke vcxovrob, CamoSorebuli var polks. `anarias~ fortis
komendanti var. calkea aq Cemi samefo. TaTrebi TandaTan irgvliv rkali­
viT gvekvrian _ vnaxoT, rogor wava saqme. Cems `gmirebze~ did imedebs ver
vamyareb. bavSvebiviT tirian, roca gauWirdebaT... oo, ver warmoidgen, ras
ar mivcemdi erT Wiqa RvinoSi, ise menatreba. moikiTxe yvela nacnobi da
megobari. dedaCems uTxari, nuras ijavrebs. Cven araferi gviWirs. gkocniT
yvelas _ Tqveni simonika~.
31 marts baTumi da anarias forti inaxula amierkavkasiis komisariatis
Tavmjdomarem evgeni gegeWkorma. mas svimonisTvis piradi Sexvedrisas uTq­
vams, xom iciT, ymawvilo, baTumis gasaRebi Tqvens xelT ariso, razec am
ukanasknels upasuxia, sanam cocxali var, mteri fexs ver Semodgams aq, rom
movkvdebi, Tu SesZlebs, izeimoso.
1918 wlis 31 marts, RamiT, osmalebma baTums didi ZalebiT Seuties.
im ambebis Tanamedroveebi aRniSnul faqts amgvarad aRweren: `31 marts,
RamiT, osmalebma saSineli ieriSi miitanes anariaze, sadac Tavganwirulad
ekveTa mters saxelovani mamuliSvili kapitani svimon SavguliZe Tavis 3
oficersa da 84 jariskacTan erTad, sxva fortebis damcvelebis laCrobisa
da uyuradRebobis gamo, anaria garSemortymuli aRmoCnda.
sastikma brZolam dilamde gastana. ramdenime aTeulma qarTvelma, svimon
SavguliZis meTaurobiT, uamravi mteri gamoasalma wuTisofels, magram os­
malTa jariskacebi WianWvelasaviT eseodnen anarias forts. simonika Savgu­
liZe gaafTrebiT ibrZoda Tavis SeficulebTan erTad, vaJkacuri kiJiniT,
gamamxnevebeli sityvebiT: `aba, biWebo, davixocoT patiosnad, magram mter­
sac vananoT Tavxedobao~, _ aaTkecebda qarTvelTa brZolis Jins, magram...
SavguliZe ibrZvis, gaafTrebuli omobs, magram bolos ver audis moz­
Rvavebul mters. pirvelad _ am jojoxeTur gankiTxvaSi is fexSi iWreba,

14 goCa saiTiZe, gmiri qarTvelTa _ svimon SavguliZe, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1998, 19/VI,
# 151, gv. 6

_ 128 _
magram mainc ganagrZobs brZolas. TiTqmis gaTenebamde gaumklavda mters.
bolos Seatyo mterma tyviebis xmaze anarias sisuste da ieriSiT Semovida.
dagvrCio, SesZaxes kapitans. giaurebo, mxolod mkvdari dagrCebiT, mxolod
mkvdari da ara cocxalio, SesZaxebs osmalebs, erTs kidev gadaabrunebs
tyviamfrqvevs, erTxel kidev dahkafavs cixis karebidan Semovardnil mters
da... anarias fortic daeca... es moxda, marTlac, svimonis gaciebul gvamze
mtris gadabijebis Semdeg... daeca anaria da baTumis bedic gadawyda...15
svimon SavguliZis Tavganwirvas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. ramdenime wlis Sem­
deg, gamoCenilma qarTvelma samxedro moRvawem, generalma giorgi mazniaSvil­
ma Tavis TanamebrZolebTan erTad, sabolood gamostaca xelidan mters baTu­
mi da dedasamSoblos SeunarCuna. 1921 wlis martSi baTumisTvis warmoebul
brZolebSi Tavi gansakuTrebiT polkovnikma fridon wulukiZem gamoiCina.
„Tavzed xelaRebuli mamaci polkovniki fridon wulukiZe~ _ es sityvebi
did qarTvel mamuliSvils, general giorgi mazniaSvils ekuTvnis, adamians,
romelic TviTon iTvleboda vaJkacobisa da simamacis simbolod. general
giorgi kvinitaZis TqmiT, `generali mazniaSvili mamaci kacia. ramdenjerme
minaxavs tyviis zuzunSi da gadaWriT SemiZlia amis Tqma. erTob arasasur­
vel viTarebaSic mamacia~.16
fridon wulukiZe daibada 1894 wels.17 man Tavisi moRvaweobis asparezad
samxedro samsaxuri airCia. monawileobda I msoflio omSi. saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis wlebSi mas erTxans arTvinis mazris komisrad vxedavT.18
rogorc profesionali samxedro piri, kavaleristi, fridon wulukiZe sa­
qarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSi msaxurobda da monawileobda im dros
gadaxdil brZolebSi, Tumca is saarako gmiroba, romelmac misi saxeli le­
gendebiT Semosa da TviT giorgi mazniaSvilic ki aRafrTovana, man saqarT­
velos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi, kerZod,
1921 wlis 18 marts, osmalTa winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSi, Caidina, rodesac
noe Jordania da saqarTvelos mTavrobis sxva wevrebi ukve gaSlil zRvaSi
imyofebodnen da emigraciaSi miemgzavrebodnen. visaubroT ufro vrclad
aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa ruseTTan omis dawyebisTanave saqarT­
velos mTavrobam TurqeTTan molaparakeba daiwyo. Turqebma daumales
qarTvelebs, rom isini bolSevikebis mokavSireebi iyvnen, piriqiT, noe
Jordanias daxmarebis aRmoCena aRuTqves. am dapirebis mere mcire xanic
ar gasula, rom TurqeTma jari Seiyvana baTumSi saqarTvelos daxmarebis
sababiT, Tumca wiTlebi jer kidev sakmaod Sors iyvnen. roca 13 marts
qarTuli armiis mTavarsardali giorgi kvinitaZe baTumSi Cavida qalaqis

15 goCa saiTiZe, gmiri qarTvelTa _ svimon SavguliZe, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1998, 19/VI,
# 151, gv. 6
16 giorgi kvinitaZe, mogonebebi, t. I, Tb., 1998, gv. 77
17 Tamar papava, gabneuli saflavebi, Tb., 1990, gv. 118
18 Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7, gv. 129

_ 129 _
gamagrebis mizniT, mis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda: baTumSi TurqTa jari
iyo mokalaTebuli.
1921 wlis 16 marts TurqeTis mTavrobis warmomadgenelma qiazim-beim sa­
qarTvelos mTavrobas nota gadasca: igi gubernatorad acxadebda Tavs. es
ki axali omis dawyebas niSnavda TurqeTTan. raki saqarTvelos mTavrobam
CaTvala, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba dakargulia, wiTlebTan brZo­
lis gagrZeleba uazrod miiCnia. noe Jordanias brZanebiT, quTaisSi bolSe­
vikebTan molaparakeba daiwyo misma moadgilem _ grigol lorTqifaniZem. am
ukanasknelma kapitulacia ar gamoacxada. bolSevikebi daTanxmdnen brZolis
Sewyvetas im pirobiT, Tu maT jars gza gaexsneboda baTumisaken. qarTvelebi
iZulebulni iyvnen, Tanxmoba miecaT. 16 marts saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma
krebam Caatara ukanaskneli sxdoma baTumSi da mTavrobas, noe Jordanias
meTaurobiT, daavala daetovebina qveynis teritoria da ucxoeTidan gane­
grZo brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. 17 marts mTavroba
gemiT emigraciaSi gaemgzavra. baTumSi xelisufleba bolSevikebis `revkomis~
xelSi gadavida, romelsac sergo qavTaraZe xelmZRvanelobda.
noe Jordaniasa da grigol lorTqifaniZis TxovniT, qarTuli jaris na­
wilebs, romlebic emigraciaSi ar wavidnen, saTaveSi giorgi mazniaSvili
Caudga. es ukanaskneli SemdgomSi igonebda: `cxadi iyo, osmalebi Tu ga­
magrdebodnen baTumSi, SemdegSi baTumis ukan dasabruneblad Cven dagv­
Wirdeboda didi omi, rasac patara saqarTvelo veRar SesZlebda... baTumis
dakargviT saqarTvelos xelidan ecleboda erTaderTi kargi navTsadguri,
romelic gasavali karia evropisaken... me vicodi, rom osmaleTs kavSiri
hqonda ruseTTan da ruseTi ver Caebmeboda saqarTvelosa da osmaleTs So­
ris atexil omSi. yvela am fiqrebma elvasaviT gamirbines TavSi. me gadavs­
wyvite, radac unda dagvjdomoda, sabWoTa jarebis mosvlamde osmalebi
baTumis olqidan unda gagvedevna~.19 17 marts qiazim-beis samxedro Senaer­
Tebma daikaves baTumis fosta-telegrafis kantora, radios sadguri, bar­
cxanas forti da qalaqis miliciis Senoba. 18 marts, diliT, g. mazniaSvilma
ultimatumi wauyena qiazim-beis, dauyovnebliv daecala aRniSnuli strate­
giuli punqtebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebiT
daemuqra. qiazim-beim ultimatumi upasuxod datova. maSin g. mazniaSvilma
brZolis dawyebis brZaneba gasca.
„18 marts, SuadRis 4 saaTamde ar Sewyvetila Tofisa da tyviismfrq­
vevelebis srola barcxanasa da kaxaberis raionebSi. Cvenma jarebma daiWi­
res poziciebi navTsadguridan sabargo sadguramde da maTi cda iyo, aeZu­
lebinaT osmalebi daeyaraT iaraRi. ase midioda saqme. magram am dros Caqvis
mxridan gamoCnda jariskacTa matarebeli. osmalebma ifiqres, eseni CvenTan
sabrZolvelad gamowveuli qarTuli jarebi iqnebao, gamovidnen fortidan,
gaaCeres matarebeli da Seudgnen maT ganiaraRebas. sinamdvileSi ki, is iyo
sabWoTa jarebis pirveli eSeloni, romelic modioda sajavaxos sadguri­

19 giorgi mazniaSvili, mogonebani (1917-1925 ww.), Tb., 1927, gv. 198

_ 130 _
dan. am momentiT isargebles jarebma (igulisxmeba qarTuli jari. g. s.) da
forts miuaxlovdnen.
sadguris pakgauzis ukan idga cxenosani razmi, Tavzed xelaRebul mamaci
polkovnikis, fridon wulukiZis ufrosobiT. wulukiZe Tavisi razmiT ga­
movida pakgauzebidan, garSemoertya forts da gaRebul alayafis karebiT
SeiWra TviT fortSi. osmalebma gaaRes alayafis karebi Tavisi jarebis
gamosaSvebad, romlebic gamovidnen jariskacebiT datvirTul matareblis
xelSi Casagdebad, mxolod daketva misi daaviwydaT. naxevari saaTis Semdeg
barcxanas mTeli garnizoni ganadgurebul iqna: nawili amoxoces, nawili
ki, ricxviT 218 askeri, daatyveves da Cem StabSi gamogzavnes~.20 baTumSi
cxenosani razmis ufrosad fridon wulukiZis daniSvnis Sesaxeb Tavis mo­
gonebebSi mogviTxrobs cnobili qarTveli moRvawe, qaquca ColoyaSvilis
`SeficulTa~ razmis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli aleqsandre sulxaniSvili.
misi TqmiT, es qaquca ColoyaSvilis idea yofila.21
polkovnik fridon wulukiZis mier Cadenili gmirobis aRweras Cven sxva wya­
roebSic vxvdebiT: cnobili qarTveli samxedro da politikuri moRvawe, gene­
rali Salva maRlakeliZe Tavis mogonebebSi miuTiTebda: `fridon wulukiZem
general mazniaSvilTan erTad Tavi... isaxela baTumidan Turqebis garekvaSi~.22
vinme `megobari~ gazeT `TeTri giorgi“-Si (# 36) dabeWdil werilSi `Savi
dRe~ aRniSnavda: `baTomi Turqebs polkovnikma fridon wulukiZem vaJkacuri
brZoliT gamoglija xeliTgan~.23 TvalsaCino qarTveli emigranti moRvawe
niko nakaSiZe parizSi gamomaval Jurnal `axali iveria“-Si (1931, # 4) werda:
`polkovnik fridon wulukiZes hqonda metad gmiruli brZola. man cxenosan
wyobilebaSi miitana ieriSi erT-erT fortze bevrad ufro Zlier mterze da
is aiRo; aseTive ieriSiT aiRo meore forti meore eskadronma polk. maWava­
rianis umfrosobiT. ase rom, fr. wulukiZis moqmedeba erTi momentTagania
im brZolis baTomisaTvis, romelic Cveni jaris gamarjvebiT damTavrda~.24
1934 wels gazeT `klde“-Si (# 5/6, gv. 5-6), romelic gamoicemoda berlin­
Si, daibeWda roman mkurnalis werili `mizezni Cveni damarcxebisa~. avtori
1921 wlis martSi baTumSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTebda:
`mTavroba ukve gemzea... baTomSi moewyo revkomi... gemidan `maria~ Cven vucqe­
riT ukanasknel epopeas qarTvelTa brZolisas mSobeli miwisaTvis... qarTuli
nawilebi gaSmagebiT uteven Turqis askerebs. ukanasknelni nawilobriv mois­
rnen, nawilobriv tyved iqmnen wayvanili. am brZolaSi gansakuTrebiT isaxela
Tavi mamacma qarTvelma oficerma fridon wulukiZem, romelmac cxenosanTa

20 giorgi mazniaSvili, mogonebani (1917-1925 ww.), Tb., 1927, gv. 198

21 aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, mogonebebi SeficulTa razmze, Tb., 2007, gv. 76

22 Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7, gv. 129

23 guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. II, Tb., 2001, gv. 538
24 iqve, gv.539

_ 131 _
ieriSiT fortebi aiRo da ramodenime aseuli askeri tyved Caigdo~.25 baTumis
ambebTan dakavSirebiT, Salva maRlakeliZis mogonebebis gamomcemels, mkvle­
var viqtor rcxilaZes moaqvs mis mier damatebiT mopovebuli cnoba fridon
wulukiZis mier gamoCenili gmirobis Sesaxeb. vinme mito gogua, romelic 1921
wels baTumis erT-erTi skolis moswavle yofila, masTan saubarSi igonebda:
`baTumSi, 1921 wlis martis bolos, me, maSin mowafe, Seveswari erT moments. me
vimyofebodi Turqul yazarmasTan axlos, rodesac atyda srola. Turqma ja­
riskacebma yazarmis SesasvlelSi daiwyes Slagbaumis daSveba. am dros uecrad
gaCnda cxenosani, romelmac saocari siswrafiT cxeni miagdo am SlagbaumTan,
TviTon cxens gverdiT moeqca da ase gavida Slagbaumis meore mxares. amoRe­
buli xmliT daeria igi Turqebs, ramdenime maTgani Zirs dasca da danarCenebi
gaiqcnen. man ki Slagbaumi awia da SigniT qarTvelebi Secvivdnen. rogorc mere
gavige, es cxenosani yofila fridon wulukiZe~.26
polkovnik fridon wulukiZis gmirulma qmedebam mniSvnelovani gavlena
moaxdina omis msvlelobaze. 18 da 19 marts gamarTuli sastiki brZole­
bis Semdeg, 20 marts, diliT, qiazim-beim kapitulacia gamoacxada da Tavis
jarebTan erTad aWara datova. baTumisa da aWaris gaTavisuflebisaTvis
warmoebul sisxlismRvrel brZolebTan dakavSirebiT frangi avtori, sa­
qarTvelosa da qarTvelebze uzomod Seyvarebuli kaci, polkovniki remon
diuge 1927 wels parizSi gamocemul wignSi `moskovi da wamebuli saqarT­
velo~ winaswarmetyvelurad aRniSnavda: `saqarTvelos mTavarsardlobam
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SenarCunebis imedi dakarga. SeiZleba dai­
bados kiTxva: ratom ar Seyoymanda igi, ratom Seeba axal mters _ TurqeTis
armias, swored maSin, roca bolSevikebi unda Sesuliyvnen iq? zogierTma
SeiZleba Tqvas _ es uazro sisxlisRvra iyoo.
didi imedi maqvs: axlo momavalSi saqarTvelo damoukideblobas aRidgens.
ai, maSin gamoCndeba saqarTvelos umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis mTeli sibrZ­
ne. ra Tqma unda, umjobesi iyo saqarTvelos mTel teritorias mTlianad
bolSevikebi dauflebodnen. Turqebs arc erTi nawili ar unda darCenodaT.
erT mSvenier dRes bolSevikebis ruseTi daecema. wiTlebi saqarTvelodan
ganidevnebian. qarTvelebi gaTavisufldebian. mTeli saqarTvelo aRidgens
damoukideblobas. Turqebs baTumi da baTumis raioni rom darCenodaT, al­
baT, Zalian Zneli iqneboda, anda sruliad SeuZlebeli Turqebis xelidan
misi gamogleja. istoriuli warsulis simarTle saqmes ver uSvelida.
qarTvelebi baTumisTvis rom ibrZodnen Turqebis winaaRmdeg da miereke­
bodnen maT gamagrebuli adgilebidan, amiT isini saqarTvelos mTlianobisa
da TavisuflebisaTvis omobdnen. vfiqrob, roca RmerTi inebebs da saqarT­
velos damoukidebloba aRdgeba, qarTuli jaris damsaxureba iqneba, rom am
patara, mamac qveyanas igive sazRvrebi eqneba, rac 1921 wels hqonda. cxadia,
garda arTvinisa, artaanisa da artanujis raionebisa, romlebic Turqebs

25 guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. VI, Tb., 2005, gv. 353

26 Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7, gv. 129

_ 132 _
darCaT. im gmirebs, romelTac 1921 wlis 18-19 marts baTumis gadasarCenad
mSobliuri miwa sakuTari sisxliT morwyes, amaod ar SeuwiravT Tavi~.27
1921 wels fridon wulukiZe iZulebuli iyo, emigraciaSi wasuliyo. Tavd­
apirvelad, igi parizSi cxovrobda, sadac Tavs taqsis mZRolobiT irCenda.
cxovrebis mZime pirobebis miuxedavad, polkovniki aqtiurad monawileobda
qarTuli emigraciis muSaobaSi, gaxda 1925 wels daarsebuli qarTuli patri­
otuli organizaciis _ `TeTri giorgis~ wevri; TanamSromlobda organizaci­
is parizSi gamomaval beWdviT periodul organosTan, gazeTTan `momavali~.28
1930 wlis 5 ivliss parizSi, sent-uanis sasaflaoze, dakrZales saqarT­
velos erovnuli gmiri qaquca ColoyaSvili. samgloviaro etli, romelSic
misi cxedari esvena, dafaruli iyo aTeulobiT gvirgviniT. maT Soris iyo
fridon wulukiZis gvirgvinic Semdegi warweriT: `fridon wulukiZisagan _
mudmivi iqneba Seni xsovna da siyvaruli Cems gulSi~.29
1933 wlis 25 ivniss parizis wm. ninos eklesiis moZRvarma, mama grigol
feraZem sent-uanis sasaflaoze panaSvidi gadauxada qaquca ColoyaSvils,
ris Semdegac sityva fridon wulukiZem warmoTqva.30
1933 wels emigrantma qarTvelma samxedroebma daaarses `qarTvel mxed­
arTa sazogadoeba~, romlis sarevizio komisiaSi, leitenant simon gogibe­
riZesa da eqim iakob xoWolavasTan erTad, fridon wulukiZec airCies.31 `sa­
zogadoebis mizani iyo yofil qarTvel meomarTa _ oficerTa, jariskacTa
da samxedro mosamsaxureTa SekavSireba, nivTieri da moraluri daxmareba~.32
1934 wels parizSi fridon wulukiZis xelmZRvanelobiT daarsda `Tavada­
znaurTa sakrebulo~, romelic qarTuli monarqiis aRdgenas isaxavda miz­
nad. organizacia saqarTvelos momaval mefed irakli bagration-muxranels
moiazrebda.33
1937 wels safrangeTSi tragikulad daiRupa qaquca ColoyaSvilis `Sefi­
culTa~ razmis erT-erTi wevri sergo maisuraZe, romlis dakrZalvaze q. nantSi
sxvebTan erTad gamosamSvidobebeli sityva fridon wulukiZemac warmoTqva.34
rodesac XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi espaneTSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, fridon
wulukiZe `TeTri giorgis~ organizaciis ramdenime wevrTan erTad, moxalised
Caewera general fransisko frankos jarSi da ibrZoda interbrigadebis winaaRm­

27 remon diuge, moskovi da wamebuli saqarTvelo, parizi, 1927, gv. 90

28 Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7, gv. 129; guram SaraZe,
qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. VII, Tb., 2005, gv. 198-199
29 Jurn. `samSoblo~, parizi, 1930, # 8, gv. 18; guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis
istoria, t. V, Tb., 2004, gv. 325

30 rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi, Tb., 2007, gv. 209
31 Jurn. `mxedari~, parizi, 1933, # 13; guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis isto­
ria, t. IV, Tb., 2003, gv. 10

32 rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi, Tb., 2007, gv. 140

33 rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi, Tb., 2007, gv. 142

34 guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. VII, Tb., 2005, gv. 538

_ 133 _
deg. `iqidan dabrundnen espanuri beretebiT _ frankos mxedrionis qudebiT~. 35
1937 wels daarsda organizacia `saqarTvelos faSisturi darazmuloba~
general Salva maRlakeliZis xelmZRvanelobiT. mkvlevar rusudan dauSvi­
lis TqmiT, `organizaciis wevrebma daayenes ruseTis mier Zaladobis gziT
XIX saukuneSi Sewyvetili qarTuli monarqiis aRdgenis sakiTxi, social-po­
litikuri da ekonomikuri wyobis restavraciis gareSe _ konstituciuri
monarqia, rogorc simbolo eris erTianobisa, damyarebuli erovnul kon­
solidaciasa da faSistur korporaciul saxelmwifoze~. `saqarTvelos fa­
Sisturi darazmulobis~ beWdviT periodul organos warmoadgenda Jurna­
li `qarTlosi~, romelic 1937-1939 wlebSi gamodioda gamoCenili qarTveli
mecnieris _ viqtor nozaZis redaqtorobiT. mis avtor-TanamSromelTa So­
ris iyo fridon wulukiZec.36 Jurnal `qarTlosSi~ dastambul erT-erT
statiaSi fridon wulukiZe axasiaTebda espaneTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo
omis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebs, igonebda Tavis monawileobas masSi: `ra
moxda aq! erTi nawili erisa uars ambobs Tavis erovnul cxovrebaze, Ta­
vis saxelovan istoriaze; iTvisebs internacionalur antierovnul progra­
mas, eZebs daxmarebas sxva qveynebSi da ucxadebs brZolas Tavis ers, Tavis
samSoblos, romelic erTguli darCa erovnuli ideebisa da saxelmwifo
mTlianobisa! am programiT daarsda e. w. saxalxo fronti, da mas daupi­
rispirda Semdeg, erovnuli, samSoblos damcveli da mxsneli _ erovnuli
fronti. aRimarTa erTi mxriv wiTeli droSebi _ niSani sisxlisRvrisa da
saxelmwifos ganadgurebisa marqs-lenin-stalinis suraTebiT; meore mxriv
_ erovnuli droSebi, romlis qveS saukuneTa manZilze iyrida Tavs ispa­
neTis eri! ai, aq, am brZolaSi ifeTqa im didma erovnulma Tvisebebma da
temperamentma, romelic ispanels axasiaTebs. brZolam miiRo gansakuTre­
buli xasiaTi... swored am dros, enkenisTvis damlevs, gavemgzavre erovnu­
li frontis espaneTSi, raTa Cemi TvaliT adgilze menaxa didi eris aRorZ­
inebis procesi! me iq xuTi Tve davrCi da es dro srulebiT sakmarisi iyo,
ar gamomparoda ubralo wvrilmanic ki~.37
meore msoflio omis dros, rodesac germanul jarSi qarTuli legioni
Camoyalibda, fridon wulukiZe, romelic legionis damaarseblis _ Salva
maRlakeliZis miTiTebiT, `savsebiT apolitikuri kaci iyo~, mas SeuerTda
da cxenosani eskadroni Camoayaliba.38
omis damTavrebis Semdeg, fridon wulukiZem TavSesafari espaneTSi, mad­
ridSi hpova, sadac igi ojaxTan erTad 1947 wels dasaxlda. igi aqtiurad
monawileobda espaneTis qarTuli saTvistomos saqmianobaSi, rac kargad Cans
35 (Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7, gv. 129).
36 rusudan dauSvili, qarTvelebi faSistur espaneTSi (f. wulukiZe, al. amilaxvari), Jurn. `ome­
ga~, 2002, # 10, gv. 123-125
37 rusudan dauSvili, qarTvelebi faSistur espaneTSi (f. wulukiZe, al. amilaxvari), Jurn. `ome­
ga~, 2002, # 10, gv. 123-125; rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi, Tb., 2007,
gv. 122-123

38 Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7, gv. 129-130

_ 134 _
gamoCenili qarTveli samxedro moRvawis, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlis, general giorgi kvinitaZis
(1874-1970 ww.) pirad arqivSi daculi saarqivo masalebidan. kerZod, fridon
wulukiZis werilidan, romelic man giorgi kvinitaZes 1952 wlis 25 maiss gaug­
zavna madrididan parizis gareuban SatuSi, sadac generali emigraciaSi yofnis
dros cxovrobda. werilSi erTgan f. wulukiZe aRniSnavs: `legendebi, rusebis
mier gavrcelebuli, rom Cven ar SegviZlia damoukideblad cxovreba, an `ne­
biT maT SeuerTdiT~, ukve aravis ar sjera. saqarTvelos beds ver Sescvlis
veraviTari mdgomareoba, misi saZirkveli metad RrmaT aris Cayrili Cveni sa­
xelovan winaparTa mier. am saZirkvels verc `namgali~, `CaquCi~ da verc bi­
zantiaSi daberebuli da mermed ruseTSi moyvanili orTaviani `arwivi~ ver
Searyevs!.. is adre Tu gvian gamova Tavis istoriul aRorZinebis Saraze!“
fridon wulukiZe gardaicvala espaneTSi 1960 wels, 66 wlis asakSi. da­
krZalulia iqve.39 istoriaSi mudam asea, bevri ram daviwyebis ferfliT
ifareba, gmirebs, gamorCeul pirovnebebs ki dro verafers aklebs, piriqiT,
rac xani gadis, maTi namoqmedari, maTi Rvawli mSobeli eris winaSe ufro
da ufro metad fasdeba. aleqsandre maisuraZec, svimon SavguliZeca da
fridon wulukiZec swored amgvar pirovnebaTa kategorias ganekuTvnebi­
an. maT TavianTi misia amqveynad pirnaTlad aRasrules _ Tavdauzogavad
emsaxurnen samSoblos, isini namdvilad gamorCeuli mamuliSvilebi iyvnen,
romelTa Rvawlic yvela qarTvelma unda icodes.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

ioseb arimaTieli, ...da sxvani (32 saxalxo gvardielis xsovnas), Jurn. `Tea­
tri da cxovreba~, Tbilisi, 1919, 2/II, # 1
rusudan dauSvili, qarTvelebi faSistur espaneTSi (f. wulukiZe, al. ami­
laxvari), Jurn. `omega~, Tbilisi, 2002, # 10
rusudan dauSvili, qarTuli emigracia 1921-1939 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2007
remon diuge, moskovi da wamebuli saqarTvelo, parizi, 1927
gaz. `erToba~, Tbilisi, 1918, 20/XII, # 275
gaz. `erToba~, Tbilisi, 1918, 21/XII, # 276
daviT vaCnaZe, samSoblos samsaxurSi (mogonebani), Jurn. `iveria~, Tbili­
si-briuseli, 1993, # 2
Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, Tbilisi, 1919, 10/VIII, # 9
giorgi kvinitaZe, mogonebebi, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1998
giorgi kvinitaZe, Cemi pasuxi (noe Jordanias `Cemi warsulis~ gamo), Jurn.
`macne~ (istoriis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria), Tbili­
si, 1990, # 3

39 goCa saiTiZe, `Tavzed xelaRebuli mamaci polkovniki fridon wulukiZe~, kreb. `poeturi sulis
mecnieri (giorgi nadiraZe _ 80)~, Tb., 2012, gv. 109-126

_ 135 _
giorgi mazniaSvili, mogonebani (1917-1925 ww.), Tbilisi, 1927
Salva maRlakeliZe, mogonebebi, Jurn. `ganTiadi~, quTaisi, 1991, # 7
Jurn. `mxedari~, parizi, 1933, # 13
Tamar papava, gabneuli saflavebi, Tbilisi, 1990
goCa saiTiZe, gmiri qarTvelTa _ svimon SavguliZe, gaz. `saqarTvelos res­
publika~,Tbilisi, 1998, 19/VI, # 151
goCa saiTiZe, vin iyo aleqsandre (sandro) maisuraZe, Jurn. `saistorio ver­
tikalebi~, Tbilisi, 2002, # 2
goCa saiTiZe, `Tavzed xelaRebuli mamaci polkovniki fridon wulukiZe~,
kreb. `poeturi sulis mecnieri (giorgi nadiraZe _ 80~), Tbilisi, 2012
Jurn. `samSoblo~, parizi, 1930, # 8
sandro maisuraZe, gaz. `erToba~, Tbilisi, 1918, 21/XII, # 276
sandro maisuraZe, Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, Tbilisi, 1919, 2/II, # 1
aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, mogonebebi SeficulTa razmze, Tbilisi, 2007
akaki surgulaZe, paata surgulaZe, saqarTvelos istoria, Tbilisi, 1991
guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. II, Tbili­
si, 2001
guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. IV, Tbili­
si, 2003
guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. V, Tbili­
si, 2004
guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. VI, Tbili­
si, 2005
guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. VII, Tbi­
lisi, 2005

Gocha Saitidze
PhD in History, Professor
Caucasus University

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE MILITARY AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA (1918-1921)

Summary

The article touches upon main aspects of the life and activity of three prominent
figures of the Georgian military forces in 1918-1921, Alexander (Sandro) Maisuradze,
Svimon Shavgulidze and Pridon Tsulukidze, who are less known to the modern Georgian
society at large. Sandro Maisuradze excelled himself in the war with Armenia in 1918,
while Svimon Shavgulidze and Fridon Tsulukidze _ in the battles for the defense of Ba-
tumi from the Ottomans. The contribution of these military figures to their homeland
has not been properly appreciated yet, though they really deserve having a rightful
place among the prominent compatriots.
roin yavreliSvili
_ 136 _
 istoriis doqtori, samcxe-javaxeTis da ardahanis (TurqeTis respublika)
saxelmwifo universitetebis profesori

Taqi salahSor hasan qohali

ardahanis (TurqeTis respublika) saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti

ramdenime Turquli dokumenti kavkasiisa da qarTuli

legionis Sesaxeb 1

pirveli msoflio omis dros osmaleTis teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli

qarTuli legionis istoriis Sesaxeb, rogorc qarTul, aseve ucxour eneb­
ze sakmarisad bevri masala aris gamoqveynebuli. Tumca, es sakiTxi dResac
aqtualuria. samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotanili mravali axali sayuradRe­
bo detali kidev ufro cxads xdis im periodSi mimdinare CvenTvis saint­
ereso movlenebs.
cnobilia, rom 1914 wels JenevaSi petre surgulaZem Camoayaliba `saqa­
rTvelos ganTavisuflebis komiteti~, romelSiac Sevidnen nestor maRal­
aSvili, leo da giorgi kereseliZeebi, mixako wereTeli, giorgi maCabeli,
meliton qarcivaZe da Salva vardiZe da sxvebi (svaniZe, 1992:6).
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave `komiteti~ Jenevidan berlinSi
gadavida. germaniis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg `komitetis~
wevrebi stambolSi gaemgzavrnen osmaleTis mTavrobasTan mosalaparakeb­
lad. am dros osmaleTi ukve germaniis mxareze pirvel msoflio omSi iyo
Cabmuli da gasagebia, rom mis pozicias saqarTvelos momavlis mimarT
`komiteti~ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda (grZeliZe,1995:6).
`komiteti~ Seudga praqtikul saqmianobas dasaxuli gegmis gansaxor­
cieleblad. am mizniT Seiqmna qarTuli legioni osmaleTSi, romlis meSve­
obiTac `komitets~ surda ruseTis winaaRmdeg saomar operaciebSi monawil­
eobis miReba kavkasiis frontze (grZeliZe,1995:7).
legionis Sedgena daevalaT leo kereseliZes da germanel oficers _
kiSkes, romelic `komitetis~ samxedro mrCeveli iyo. qarTuli legioni
Camo­yalibda `komitetsa~ da osmaleTis mTavrobas Soris 1914 wlis seqtem­
berSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze (svaniZe,1995:65_67).
legionis samoqmedo adgilad arCeul iqna osmaleTis aRmosavleTi Sav­
izRvispireTi. qarTuli legioni emorCileboda stambolSi germaniis mTa­
varsardlobis sammarTvelosTan Seqmnil `kavkasiis oficerTa kavSirs~,
romelsac xelmZRvanelobda grafi Sulenburgi. samxedro TvalsazrisiT
legioni emorCileboda, erTi mxriv, trapizonis valis2 da samxedro komen­
1 naSromSi ganxiluli dokumentebis mowodebisTvis avtorebi madlobas uxdian q. rizes rejef
Taiif erdoRanis universitetis TanamSromlebs doqtor abdulah bais da maZiebels resul
Turans.
2 gubernatori.

_ 137 _
dants avni faSas. xolo, meore mxriv, TurqeTis mesame armiis sardlobas
(svaniZe, 1992:6).
Cven mier gamoqveynebul dokumentebSi asaxulia osmaleTis xelisuflebis
sadazvervo saqmianoba osmaleT_ruseTis sazRvarze, misi gegmebi kavkasia­
sa da saqarTveloSi pirveli msoflio omis dros. aseve osmaleTis xelisu­
flebis damokidebuleba osmaleTis teritoriaze Seqmnili qarTuli legio­
nis mimarT. dokumentebi daculia premier_ministris osmaleTis arqivSi.
osmaleTis saxelmwifom jer kidev pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde
kavkasiaSi mimdinare movlenebTan dakavSirebiT informaciis mopovebisTvis
mimarTa sadazvervo saqmianobas. am mizniT osmaleTis sadazvervo samsax­
urma gaaxSira kontaqti adgilobriv Turq da sxva muslim mosaxleobasTan
(Yılmaz,2008:148).
swored zemoaRniSnul saqmianobasTan aris dakavSirebuli qvemoT moy­
vanili xuTi dokumenti.
1913 wlis 01 maiss gagzavnil depeSaSi osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa saminis­
tro sagareo saqmeTa saministros acnobebda, rom ruseTis dumam miiRo gad­
awyvetileba ruseT_osmaleTis sazRvarze mcxovreb momTabare mejogeebTan
dakavSirebiT, rom maTgan unda gaewviaT xalxi yazaxuri samxedro polkebis
Sesaqmnelad. imave gadawyvetilebiT, sazRvarTan axlos mcxovreb mejogeebs
aekrZalaT ori TviT sasazRvro zolSi saZovrebze gasvla. aRniSnulia, rom
es informacia arzrumis gubernias miawoda baiazeTis mxaris muTasarifma3.
arzrumis gubernia osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosgan moiTxovda,
rom mas am informaciis sizuste sagareo saqmeTa saministros saSualebiT
peterburgSi osmaleTis saelCos meSveobiT gaarkvia. depeSas boloSi axlavs
faqsimile, romelic ar ikiTxeba (BOA, Fon Kodu DH. SYS, Dosya #3/Gömlek #17).
1913 wlis 09 maisiT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens yaraqilis­
es #2 `aSireTis~ ganyofilebis depeSas arzrumis `aSireTis~4 cxenosanTa
polkebis inspeqciisadmi. masSi naTqvamia: `ruseTis saxelmwifom Tbilisis
SemogarenSi mcxovrebi muslimebi bolo wlebSi arsebuli mZime ekonomi­
kuri mdgomareobisa da gadaxdisuunarobis gamo gaaTavisufla im fuladi
gadasaxadisgan, romelsac isini ixdidnen samxedro samsaxurisgan gaTavisu­
flebis sanacvlod. samagierod, imave xalxma ganacxada Tanxmoba fizikur
samuSaoze. maT es ramdenimejer oficialurad acnobes mTavrobas. ruse­
Tis dumam miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom kavkasiis muslimebsac gaiyvanda jar­
Si samsaxurisTvis. amasTanave, igive ruseTis mTavroba iranis sazRvarze
mcxovrebi muslimebisgan Rebulobda Zalian mcire gadasaxads samxedroSi
gayvanis sanacvlod. dumis zemoaRniSnul gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSire­

3 sanjayis mmarTveli.
4 orive SemTxvevaSi sityva `aSireTi~ gamoyenebulia arapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da am SemTxvevaSi
samxedro nawilis dasaxelebas aRniSnavs.

_ 138 _
biT ali eSref begi5 erTi-orjer Tbilisis valisTan6 mivida da Seecada
garkvevas, Tu ra tipis samxdro nawilebSi Cairicxebodnen mejogeebi samx­
edro samsaxurSi gayvanis SemTxvevaSi, axali rigis polksa da batalionSi,
Tu maTgan Seiqmneboda calke kazakuri tipis polkebi. ali eSref beim uTx­
ra mas, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebebis warmoebis SemTx­
vevaSi, rogorc pirdapir, aseve SemovliTi gziT SesaZloa, am xalxma uari
Tqvas iaraRis gamoyenebaze sakuTari TanamoZmeebis winaaRmdeg. man aseve
dasZina, rom saWiroa dafiqrdnen muslimebisgan samxedro polkebis Seqmnis
mizanSewonilobaze, radgan es ar iqneboda sasargeblo. aseve alim aRniSna,
rom, ruseTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi zilanis mejogeTa tomis zogier­
Ti meTauris TqmiT, maT samxedroSi gayvanis SemTxvevaSi, isini osmaleTSi
gadaixvewebodnen. momavalSi osmaleTSi maTi dasaxlebis mizniT winaswari
samuSaoebi tardeba. imave alis TqmiT, es yvelaferi TviT zilanelebma
gaaJReres. rac Seexeba mejogeTa asvlas osmaleTis sazRvarTan axlomde­
bare saZovrebze, ramdenime Tvis win rusebma maT mxolod erevnis mxares
saZovrebze asvlis neba misces. alisve TqmiT, am axlo periodSi mejogeebs
miecaT ufleba, rom Zveli wesiT asuliyvnen osmaleTis sazRvarTan ax­
lomdebare saZovrebze. igive ali aRniSnavs, rom man es informacia miiRo
zilanis tomis mejogeTa meTaurebisgan~.
aqve miTiTebulia, rom depeSis gagzavnis safuZveli gaxda yaraqilises
aSireTis #2 ganyofilebis mier arzrumidan 01 maiss 1913 wels miRebu­
li #67 werili, razec gaica zemoaRniSnuli pasuxi. arzrumidan gagzavnil
depeSaSi naTqvamia, rom arzrumis samxedro polkma Tavisi agenturisgan,
romlebic muSaoben ruseT-iranis sazRvarze mejogeebis mimarTulebiT, ver
miiRo zusti informacia da axali informaciis gadmogzavna sTxova yaraqi­
lises samxedro nawils (BOA, Fon Kodu DH. SYS, Dosya #3/Gömlek #17).
Semdegi dokumenti, daTariRebuli 1913 wlis 29 apriliT, aris arz­
rumis valis mehmed eminis mier Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisadmi gagzavnili
daSifruli depeSa. masSi naTqvamia: `ruseTis dumam mejogeebisgan jarSi
gawvevis Sesaxeb miiRo gadawyvetileba da ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi aukrZala
mejogeebs sazafxulo saZovrebze gasvla. gawvdiT musunis nahies baiazi-
Tis muTasarifisgan axlad mosuli depeSis Sinaarsis mniSvnelovan nawils~
(BOA, Fon Kodu DH. SYS, Dosya #3/Gömlek #17).
depeSis kuTxeSi aris minaweri, rom vali iTxovs sagareo saqmeTa saminis­
trosgan ruseTSi osmaleTis saelCos saSualebiT am informaciis dazuste­
bas.
momdevno dokumenti, daTariRebuli 1913 wlis 22 maisiT, aris damatebi­
Ti informacia 29 aprilis depeSaze. masSi arzrumis vali muhamed emini
osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrisgan instruqciebs moiTxovs: `veliT
Tqvens saTanado instruqciebs aSireTis #2 inspeqtirebis ganyofilebidan
5 savaraudod, es unda iyos mTavrobasTan kontaqtis mizniT mejogeTa meTaurad arCeuli gener­
ali ali eSref bei www.atam. gov.tr
6 igulisxmeba kavkasiis mefisnacvali.

_ 139 _
miRebul depeSasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic exeba ruseTis dumis mier ka-
vkasiis muslimebis jarSi gawvevis sakiTxebs~ (BOA, Fon Kodu DH. SYS, Dosya
N#/Gömlek #17).
cnobilia, rom osmaleTis saxelmwifo sadazvervo saqmianobas ofi­
cialuri xasiaTi mieca da 1914 wlis agvistos Sua ricxvebSi Seqmna e.w.
`specialuri organizacia~.7 romelsac mowinaaRmdegis samxedro siZlieris
Sesasusteblad evaleboda jaSuSuri, sadazvervo saqmianoba da lokaluri
afeTqebebis mowyoba. aseTi saqmianoba osmaleTis armiis samxedro gegmeb­
sac emTxveoda. trapizonis mxareSi am organizaciis xemZRvanelad riza bei
dainiSna (Sarısaman, 2002:496_497).
1914 wlis 07 noembriT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens osmaleTis
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mxridan trapizonSi riza beisadmi gagzavnil
depeSas. xels awers ministris mrCeveli vinme ali. depeSa exeba sadazvervo
saqmianobis warmoebas. masSi naTqvamia: `gTxovT, moiZioT iseTi pirovnebebi,
romlebic kargad icnoben foTsa da soxums Soris sanapiro zols da iyvnen
am regionSi kontrabanduli saqmianobiT dakavebuli. aseve, moiZieT quTai-
sis, daRestnis, Tbilisisa da ekaterinodaris mxareebis kargad mcodne
pirebi. amaT garda, gvesaWiroeba ori an sami qristiani qarTveli. saWirod
migvaCnia, rom maqsimum erTi kviris vadaSi SekriboT da trapizonis vila-
eTSi CamoiyvanoT asi kacisgan Semdgari jgufi, romlebic kargad icnoben
kavkasiis Sida raionebs da SeuZliaT partizanuli saqmianoba. dauyovneb-
liv gvacnobeT aRniSnulis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, rom aqauri samxedro
SenaerTebi Tveni pasuxis Sesabamisad movamzadoT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moax-
erxebT da moiZevT aseT pirovnebebs, maT SeiaraRebis saxiT miecemaT 400 er-
Teuli rusuli Tofi. trapizonSi es iaraRi gamoigzavneba armiidan. danar-
Ceni 300 erTeuli rusuli Tofi gadaecemaT Cvengan wamosul samxedroebs.
yoCi bei da Tanmxlebi pirebi, aseve kavaleriis leitenanti qiamil bei metad
saWironi arian TavdasxmiTi moqmedebebisTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnu-
li pirebi armiis dislokaciis adgilamde ver Camovlen, gTxovT gvacnoboT
maTi adgilsamyofelis da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~ (BOA, Fon Kodu DH. ŞFR, Dos-
ya #47/Gömlek #96,96-1).
1914 wlis 28 dekembris dokumenti aris osmaleTis armiis Tavdacvis
centraluri sammarTvelos ufrosis depeSa riza beisadmi trapizonSi. sam­
marTvelos ufrosis xelmowera ar ikiTxeba. rogorc depeSidan Cans, osma­
leTis armiis meTauroba garkveul kontrols uwevda mozelis saqmianobas,
radgan mokle teqstSi naTqvamia: `gTxovT, gaarkvioT miiRo Tu ara mozel-
ma monawileoba arTvinis brZolebSi da moitana Tu ara man raime sargebeli~
(BOA, Fon Kodu DH. ŞFR, Dosya #48/Gömlek #319).
cnobilia, rom mozeli `komitetis~ wevrebTan erTad aqtiurad iyo Cab­
muli qarTuli legionis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. igi iyo germaniis dazvervis
samsaxuris oficeri (Bay, 2015:82).

7 Turqul istoriografiaSi cnobilia Teaşkilat*ı Mahsusa-saxeliT.

_ 140 _
 1915 wlis 02 ianvriT daTariRebuli dokumenti warmoadgens Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros usafrTxoebis mTavari sammarTvelos depeSas riza
beisadmi trapizonis vilaeTSi. dokumenti faqsimiles gareSea. boloSi aqvs
minaweri: Sinagan saqmeTa ministri. masSi naTqvamia: `sxvebisgan gansxvave-
biT, qristiani qarTvelebis delegaciisgan saCivrebi ar mogvdis. Seqmnili
situaciis da urTierTpativiscemis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve erTobis da er-
Tianobis dacvis mizniT, mieciT saxelmwifo samsaxurebs da Tanamdebobis
pirebs Sesabamisi instruqciebi~ (BOA, Fon Kodu DH. EUM, 2, Şb, Dosya #71/
Gömlek #5).
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva Turquli wyaroebidan da literaturi­
danac dasturdeba, rom legionis wevrebs, riza beis garda, garkveuli pre­
tenziebi hqondaT trapizonis mxaris adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis mimarT.
aRniSnul viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT saqmis kursSi iyo osmaleTis Sinagan
saqmeTa ministri da garkveul reagirebasac axdenda (Bay, 2015:84).
momdevno dokumenti, daTariRebuli 1915 wlis 23 agvistoTi, aris sa­
dazvervo xasiaTisa da exeba saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis regions. igi war­
moadgens trapizonis vilaeTidan Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi gadagzavnil
depeSas. depeSis avtoria trapizonis vali jemal azmi. igi Semdegi Sinaar­
sisaa: `gasul dRes baTumis samxedro komendantma mezobeli muslimuri
raionebis (borCxa, qaiadibi) mosaxleobas SesTavaza, rom yvela ojaxs oc-
daaTi da yvela calkeul pirs oci maneTi miecemoda, Tu isini Caewerebod-
nen JandarmeriaSi. maT, aseve uTxres, rom ruseTis xelmwife maTiT metad
kmayo­filia. Tumca, mosaxleobis erTma nawilma es winadadeba ar miiRo. aseve
rusebs Tbiliss, yarssa da sariyamiSSi hyavT daaxloebiT 500 000 jariskaci.
magram, yvela maTgani ar aris SeiaraRebuli. aseve TbilisSi TiTqmis Semo-
eliaT sakvebi produqti da baTumis mimarTulebiT momuSave osmaleTis
katarRebi gaCerebul iqnen da qristianma qarTvelebma aRuTqves rusebs,
rom maT TavdadebiT miemxrobian~. aqve miuTiTebulia, rom es informacia
miRebulia xofis gamgeblisgan. xofis gamgebelma es informacia lazistanis
muTasarifisgan depeSiT miiRo. xolo, Semdeg mTliani informacia jemal
azmis gadaugzavna. am ukanasknelma ki osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa saminis­
tros.
igive jemal azmi agrZelebs: `guSindlidan CemTan imyofeba aTinadan spe-
cialuri momarTviT Camosuli ori pirovneba, romlebic nawilobriv adas-
tureben am anformacias da amboben, rom garda aWareli muslimebisa mTli-
anad kavkasielebi mzad arian ajanyebisTvis da maT aqvT sxvadasxva saxis
iaraRi. aseve, qarTvelebis erTguleba rusebisadmi moCvenebiTia. sazRvreb­
ze gagzavnilni [aq igulisxmeba JandarmeriaSi xelfasis sanacvlod Caricx-
ulni _ r.y.] eWvoben da SiSoben. rom rusebi Tavs daesxmebian osmalebis samx-
edro nawilebs. aseve, es ori pirovneba aRniSnavs, rom rusebis jarSi iaraRi
yvelas ar aqvs~ (BOA, Fon Kodu DH. EUM, 2, Şb, Dosya #1/Gömlek #40).
momdevno dokumenti dakavSirebulia qarTuli legionis formirebas­

_ 141 _
Tan. igi warmoadgens osmaleTis kavSirgabmulobis saministros depeSas
Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi. werili gagzavnilia 18 oqtombers 1915 w.
janikis muTasarifis suleiman nejmis mier. miRebulia 29 oqtombers 1915
w. telegrafi gagzavnilia samsunidan. masSi naTqvamia: `CvenTan Camosul
germanel mosio mozels Tan axlavs erTi qarTveli xelmZRvaneli piri. maT
gaaCniaT trapizonis vilaeTis da lazistanis mxaris samxedro meTauro-
bis mier gacemuli specialuri dokumentacia. es ori pirovneba Cveni livis
farglebSi qarTveli muhajirebisgan legionis Seqmnis saqmeSi daxmarebas
iTxovs. manamde, muhajirTa erTi nawili am legionSi gawevrianda. am orma
pirovnebam gawevrianebulTa ojaxebze wevrTa raodenobis mixedviT gasca
xelfasi~ (BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. ŞFR, Dosya #495/Gömlek #63).
cnobilia, rom legioni eqvemdebareboda osmaleTis mesame armias (Çolak,
2001:512). legions swored aqedan miRebuli miTiTebebis safuZvelze unda
emoqmeda. zemoaRniSnul mdgomareobas kidev erTxel adasturebs qvemoT
moyvanili dokumenti. igi gadagzavnilia Sinagan saqmeTa saministros usa­
frTxoebis mTavari sammarTvelodan trapizonis vilaeTSi iqidan miRebuli
werilis pasuxad. dokumentis TariRia 01 ianvari 1916 weli. ar axlavs faq­
simile. dokumentis boloSi aris minaweri _ Sinagan saqmeTa saqmeTa minis­
tri. dokumentSi naTqvamia: `Tqveni 1915 wlis 21 [Tve ar ikiTxeba] pasuxad
gacnobebT, rom qarTul komitetTan dakavSirebiT generaluri Stabidan
mesame armiis meTaurobis saxelze gaigzavna saTanado instruqciebi. unda
ixelmZRvaneloT iqidan miRebuli informaciis Sesabamisad. konsulTan aR-
niSnuli sakiTxis Semdgomi ganxilva mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia~ (BOA, Fon
Kodu, DH. ŞFR, Dosya #56/Gömlek #9).
Semdegi dokumenti metad mniSvnelovania osmaleTis moqalaqe
erovnebiT qarTveli saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebis legionTan urTierTo­
bis TvalsazrisiT. igi warmoadgens osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
usafrTxoebis mTavari sammarTvelodan trapizonis vilaeTsa da janikis
samuTasarifoSi gagzavnil depeSas (danarTi 1). aris sruliad saidumlo.
daTariRebulia 1916 wlis 07 ianvriT. mas xels awers Sinagan saqmeTa minis­
tri TalaaTi8.
depeSis sruli teqsti aseTia: `imisaTvis, rom momavalSic iarsebos ukve
daarsebulma qarTulma legionma da iyos sasargeblo, saWiroa gakeTdes Sem-
degi: saxelmwifos samoqalaqo organoebidan gaewios saTanado materialu-
ri da biurokratiuli daxmareba; saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi erovnebiT
qarTveli pirebi, romlebic CarTuli iqnebian legionis daxmarebis saqme-
Si, ar unda atarebdnen osmaleTis saxelmwifos sawinaaRmdego politikas;
aseve ar unda atarebdnen politikas piradi interesebidan gamomdinare.
maT ar unda mieceT ufleba, rom gascdnen nacionalur politikas adgi­
lze mcxovreb qarTvelTa Soris. is, vinc gadaacilebs Tavis uflebamo-
silebas, adgilbrivma administraciam Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi

8 im drois osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministri TalaaT faSa.

_ 142 _
unda miiRos disciplinaruli zomebi maT winaaRmdeg, an gadaagzavnos es
pirovnebebi iseT raionebSi, romlebic ar aris qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli.
xolo is, vinc aRniSnul wess ar daemorCileba, gaTavisuflebul iqnas daka-
vebuli Tanamdebobidan; legioni unda darCes samxedro formirebad da ar-
aviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqces politikur organizaciad~ (BOA, Fon Kodu,
DH. ŞFR, Dosya #60/Gömlek #64).
`komitetis~ liderebis intensiur kontaqts osmaleTis saxelmwifos xe­
lmZRvanel wreebTan adasturebs Sinagan saqmeTa ministris mrCevlis mova­
leobis Semsruleblis subhi beis pasuxi generaluri Stabisadmi. depeSa aris
saidumlo. daTariRebuli 1916 wlis 19 maisiT. igi warmoadgens genStabis
1916 wlis 10 maisis N1123-iT daTariRebuli werilis pasuxs. masSi naTq­
vamia: `gTxovT, moavlinoT usafrTxoebis mTavar sammarTveloSi kavkasi-
is gaTavisuflebis mizniT daarsebuli qarTuli sazogadoebis erT_erTi
xelmZRvaneli, princi maCabeli, romlis Sesaxebac bolo dros berlinidan
Sesabamisi informacia miviReT~ (BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. EUM,2,Şb, Dosya #22/
Gömlek #3).
aRsaniSnavia, rom osmaleTis generaluri Stabi mizanSewonilobis far­
glebSi saWirod Tvlida legionis gamoyenebas Savi zRvis regionSi par­
tizanebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul samxedro operaciebSi (Bay, 2015:88). es
dasturdeba Sinagan saqmeTa ministris TalaaTis mier janikis muTesarifis
saxelze gagzavnili depeSiT. depeSis TariRia: 1916 wlis 10 oqtomberi.
igi aris pasuxi janikis muTasarifis 1916 wlis 05 oqtombris depeSaze.
dokuments axlavs faqsimile _ TalaT. masSi naTqvamia: `nebadarTulia le-
gionis wevrebis gamoyeneba partizanebis devnaSi. am saqmis saWiroebisTvis
aucilebeli Tanxis gacemaze Tanxmobis werili gadaegzavna generalur
Stabs~ (BOA, Fon Kodu, DH, ŞFR. Dosya #69,Gömlek #72).
momdevno dokumenti legionis iaraRiT momaragebasTan aris dakavSire­
buli da warmoadgens osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros usafrTxoebis
mTavari departamentidan janikis mxaris muTesarifisadmi gagzavnil depe­
Sas. igi aris pasuxi janikis muTesarifis 1916 wlis 12 noembris depeSaze.
zemoaRniSnuli depeSis TariRia 27 noemberi 1916 w. depeSas xels awers
Sinagan saqmeTa ministri TalaaTi. dokuments axlavs faqsimile _ TalaT.
masSi naTqvamia: `legionma moiTxova iaraRi mesame armiidan. muTesarifs
genStabidan am moTxovnaze Tanxmobis pasuxi gaegzavna~(BOA, Fon Kodu, DH.
ŞFR, Dosya #70/Gömlek #222).
1916 wlis seqtemberSi osmaleTis xelisuflebam aRar CaTvala mizanSe­
wonilad legionis arseboba. 1916 wlis noembersa da dekemberSi fon loso­
vi da vehib faSa Suamdgomlobdnen qarTuli legionis TurqeTidan gawvevas
(svaniZe,1992:6). qvemoT moyvanili dokumenti warmoadgens legionis wevre­
bis osmaleTis teritoriidan evropaSi gadasvlis da gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb
instruqcias. depeSa gadagzavnilia sagareo saqmeTa saministros mTavari
sammarTvelos kancelariidan Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi. werils Tan

_ 143 _
erTvis Semdegi Sinaarsis mokle ganmarteba: qarTveli leo kereseliZis
SveicariaSi gamgzavrebasTan dakavSirebiT misTvis Sesabamisi nebarTvis ga­
cemis Sesaxeb. depeSa aris sruliad saidumlo. xels awers sagareo saqmeTa
ministris saxeliT misi mrCeveli. dokumentis TariRia: 09 ianvari 1917 weli
(danarTi 2). faqsimile ar ikiTxeba. depeSaSi naTqvamia: `osmaleTis paspor-
tis mqone qarTvelis, baton leo kereseliZis SveicariaSi gamgzavrebasTan
dakavSirebiT berlinis sagareo saqmeTa saministro veranair winaaRmde-
gobas ver xedavs. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, saelCos pozicia aRniSnuli
pirovnebis gamgzavrebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatulia berlinSi osmale-
Tis saelCodan 02 ianvars 1917 gamogzavnil telegrafSi. SveicariaSi maTi
gamgzavrebis gamo unda dadgindes maTi identoba. aseve, im pirovnebebisac,
visi wasvlac pirveli rigis aucileblobaa, es pirovnebebi Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros specialuri nebarTvis safuZvelze unda gaemgzavron. xolo
sxvebi, romlebic mokavSire an neitraluri qveynebis gavliT unda Cavid-
nen SveicariaSi, maTi gamgzavreba unda moxdes sakonsuloebis saSualebiT,
aseve maT unda gadaixadon telegrafis Tanxa, amis Semdeg miecemaT gamg-
zavrebis ufleba, moxdeba maTi pasportebis vizireba da maTi wasvlac am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad moxdeba. yve-
laferi sakonsuloebSi unda Segrovdes da mieces oficialuri saxe. xolo
isini, romlebic ar imyofebian osmaleTSi an ucxo qveynebSi cxovroben,
aseT SemTxvevaSi gamgzavrebis msurvelebma unda warmoadginon adgilo-
brivi policiis mier maTi pirovnebis identobis Sesaxeb mokvlevis sabuTi,
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miecemaT maT pasportis vizireba. xolo maT, vinc
ufro adre gavida osmaleTidan da garkveuli periodi cxovrobdnen sxva-
gan, SveicariaSi wasvlisas unda gaiaron Cveulebrivi procedurebi. sael-
Cos pasuxad gaegzavna, rom SemdegSi msgavs sakiTxebSi nebarTvis gareSe ar
emoqmeda~ (BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. EUM,5,Şb, Dosya #32/Gömlek #43).
1919 wlis 21 da 22 ianvriT daTariRebuli dokumentebi exeba musio mo­
zelis stambolSi gamgzavrebas.
pirveli dokumenti warmoadgens janikis muTesarifis mahmud raSidis de­
peSas Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi. masSi naTqvamia: `stambolis saelCodan9
mosuli mowvevis Sesabamisad, samsunSi germaniis konsulis moadgile musio
mozeli da misi Tanmxlebi piri aleqsandre reSune10 barfi gemiT `yizil ir-
maRi~ stambolSi gamgzavrebis nebarTvas iTxoven. gTxovT, saTanado rea-
girebas~ (BOA, Fon Kodu: DH. EUM. 5. Şb. Dosya #53, Gömlek #26).
momdevno dokumenti aris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros usafrTxoebis mTa­
vari sammarTvelos saswrafo da dadebiTi pasuxi janikis muTasarifisadmi:
`Tqveni 1919 wlis 21 ianvris werilis pasuxad gacnobebT, rom musio moze-
lis da misi Tanmxlebis gamomgzavreba nebadarTulia~ (BOA, Fon Kodu: DH.
EUM.5. Şb. Dosya #53, Gömlek #26).

9 igulisxmeba germaniis saelCo stambolSi.

10 adgilis dazianebis gamo, `reSune~ sworad ver iqna amokiTxuli.

_ 144 _
 daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli legionis saqmianoba osma­
leTSi jer kidev srulad Seswavlili ar aris. vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli doku­
mentebis samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotana gaamdidrebs saqarTvelo_Turqe­
Tis urTierTobebis istoriis sakiTxebs.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

grZeliZe 1995, grZeliZe r., saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli

komiteti 1914_1918 ww., Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,
1995.
svaniZe 1995, svaniZe m., 1914 wels osmaleTsa da saqarTvelos ganTa­
visuflebis komitets Soris dadebuli saidumlo xelSekruleba, qarTu­
li diplomatia (weliwdeuli), 2, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
Tbilisi, 1995.
samSoblo 1992, svaniZe m., qarTuli legioni osmaleTSi pirveli msoflio
omis dros, gazeTi samSoblo, #7_10, 10 ivlisi, 1992.
Yılmaz 2008,Yılmaz R., Birinci Dünya Savaşı Başlarında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kafkasya
Siyaseti, OAKA, Cilt:3, Sayı:6, 2008.
Sarısaman 2002, Sarısaman S., Trabzon Mıntıkası Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa Heyet-i İdaresinin
Faaliyetleri ve Gürcü Lejyonu, TTK, XIII. Kongre Bildirileri, Ankara, 2002.
Bay 2015, Bay A., Birinci Dünya Savaşında Gürcü Lejyonu Ve faaliyetleri, Kradeniz
İncelemeleri Dergisi, (Sayı 18), Ankara, 2015.
Çolak 2001, Çolak M., Alman Belgelerinde Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Trabzon’da Gürcü
Lejyonunun Kurulması ve Faaliyetleri, Trabzon ve Çevresi, Uluslararası Tarih-Dil-Edebiyat
Sempozyumu Bildirileri, c.I, 3-5 Mayıs, Trabzon, 2001.
BOA, Fon Kodu DH. SYS, Dosya #3/Gömlek #17.
BOA, Fon Kodu DH. ŞFR, Dosya #47/Gömlek #96,96-1.
BOA, Fon Kodu DH. ŞFR, Dosya #48/Gömlek #319.
BOA, Fon Kodu DH. EUM, 2, Şb, Dosya #71/Gömlek #5.
BOA, Fon Kodu DH. EUM, 2, Şb, Dosya #1/Gömlek #40.
BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. ŞFR, Dosya #495/Gömlek #63.
BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. ŞFR, Dosya #56/Gömlek #9.
BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. ŞFR, Dosya #60/Gömlek #64.
BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. EUM,2,Şb, Dosya #22/Gömlek #3.
BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. ŞFR, Dosya #70/Gömlek #222.
BOA, Fon Kodu, DH. EUM,5,Şb, Dosya #32/Gömlek #43.
BOA, Fon Kodu: DH. EUM.5. Şb. Dosya #53, Gömlek #26.
BOA, Fon Kodu: DH. EUM. 5. Şb. Dosya #53, Gömlek #26.

_ 145 _
 danarTi 1. 1916 wlis 07 ianvari. osmaleTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
usafrTxoebis mTavari sammarTvelodan trapizonis valis da janikis mu­
Tasarifis saxelze gagzavnili depeSa.

_ 146 _
 danarTi 2. 09 ianvari 1917 weli. instruqcia legionis wevrebis osmale­
Tis teritoriidan evropaSi gadasvlis da gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.

_ 147 _
 Roin Kavrelishvili
PhD in History, Professor
Ardahan University

Taghi Salahshour Hasan Kohal

PhD student
Ardahan University

SOME TURKISH DOCUMENTS ABOUT THE CAUCASUS AND

GEORGIAN LEGION
Summary

The documents discussed in the article are official correspondence between the
Ottoman Ministry of Internal Affairs, the regional administration of Trabzon, the Gen-
eral staff of the Ottoman Army, the Ministry of Ottoman Communication and Samsun’s
administration. The documents dated back to 1914-1916 reveal the plans of the Otto-
man’s authorities (already involved in the World War I) in the Caucasus in general and
in Georgia in particular. It also shows the Ottoman authorities’ attitude towards the
Georgian Legion set up on the Ottoman territory.
According to the documents, the administration of Trabzon region was required to
find some people who knew the coastline between Poti and Sokhumi well and had
been contrabandists in the past. They also had to find some people knowing internal
regions of Georgia, Dagestan and Ekaterinodar, some Georgian Christians and about
100 people, who were able to wage guerrilla warfare in the Caucasus mainland. In the
document it is also indicated that the preparation and armament of this army would
be carried out by the Ottoman regular army. Some parts of the documents refer to the
readiness for the rebellion in the Caucasus against Russia, to the information gained by
the Ottoman secret service about decisions made by the Russian Duma on the military
commitment of shepherds and Muslim population living in the border regions of Russia.
Documents related to the Georgian Legion include the departure of Leo Kereselidze
to Europe with the Ottoman passport, the activities of German Consulate in the East
Black Sea Coast and its relationship with the Georgian Legion, the membership of Geor-
gian Muhajirs in the Ottoman legion and salaries paid to their families.
According to the instructions of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Talaat Pasha, the
legion was to be provided with proper material assistance; it should be given a hand in
overcoming bureaucratic objections, however, it was highlighted that those Georgians
working in governmental agencies and directly involved in supporting the legion, had
only to operate according to the state’s interests. Otherwise, the local authorities had
the right to carry out disciplinary measures against such persons. According to the in-
struction, the legion should only remain as a military formation and should not become
a political organization in any way.

_ 148 _
 niko qelbaqiani
magistri iranistikaSi
londonis aRmosavleTmcodneobisa da
afrikanistikis skola, londonis universiteti

iranis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika:

sabWoTa intervencia iransa da amierkavkasiaSi

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis imperias didi gavlena hqonda iranze.

1907 wlis rusul-britanuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT, CrdiloeTi irani, ispa­
hanis CaTvliT, ruseTis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, pirveli msoflio omis
ganmavlobaSi ki rusuli okupaciis qveS imyofeboda. Sesabamisad, 1917 wlis
revolucias, gansakuTrebiT ki imave wels bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebas,
iranzec udidesi gavlena hqonda. sabWoTa ideologia antiimperializms qa­
dagebda, romelic iranisTvis aqtualur sakiTxs warmoadgenda.
Tumca ruseTis samoqalaqo omis dawyebisas bolSevikebi ruseTis saz­
Rvridan Sors iyvnen. kavkasiaSi, romelic ruseTis mTavari damakavSirebeli
gza iyo iranTan, 1918 wlis maisSi sami respublika Camoyalibda. 1920 wels
ki swored kavkasia iqca iranSi sabWoTa intervenciis mTavar forpostad.
1920 wlis aprilSi baqos dacemidan erTi Tvis Semdeg wiTeli armiis flo­
ti SeiWra enzeliSi, kaspiispira gilanis provinciis saporto qalaqSi da
gilanSi moqmedi jangalielTa moZraobis liderma mirza quCeq-xanma iranis
sabWoTa socialisturi respublika gamoacxada.
sagulisxmoa, rom pirvel sabWoTa-iranul SeTanxmebas 1921 wlis 26 Te­
bervals moewera xeli, Tbilisis dacemidan erT dReSi1. garda amisa, SeTanx­
mebamde 5 dRiT adre, 21 Tebervals samxedro meTaurma reza-xanma2 Teiran­
Si gadatrialeba moawyo da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo. SeTanxmeba sabWoTa
jarebis iranidan gayvanas iTvaliswinebda, Tumca iranis ssr wlis bolomde
ganagrZobda arsebobas gilanSi, sanam Sida konfliqtebisa da arasakmarisi
sabWoTa mxardaWeris gamo sabolood ar daemxo. sabolood, SeTanxmebis
ratificireba 1921 wlis dekemberSi moxda, 1922 wlis ianvarSi Sahma mas
xeli moawera.
maSindeli istoriuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, faqtobrivad,
iranis ssr-m mxolod berketis roli Seasrula sabWoTa politikaSi iranis
mimarT. Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa ruseTi cdilobda, caristuli imperi­
alisturi politikis Setrialeba warmoeCina. moskovma gaauqma 1907 wlis
SeTanxmeba da sanavTobo koncesiebis politikis dasruleba gamoacxada,
rac ZiriTadad iranze britanuli gavlenis Sesamcireblad iyo mimarTu­
1 Tumca moZiebul literaturaSi am or movlenas Soris raime saxis pirdapiri kavSiri ar das­
turdeba.
2 reza-xani SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda reza Sahis saxeliT, rodesac 1925 wels sabolood daasru­
la yajarTa dinastia da Tavi fehlevianTa dinastiis pirvel Sahad gamoacxada.

_ 149 _
li. am nabijebs miesalmnen iranelebi da bolSevikebis mimarT dadebiTadac
ganewyvnen. Tumca samoqalaqo omis iranis teritoriaze gavrcelebasa da
sabWoTa intervenciasTan erTad eWvebi axali ruseTisadmi gamZafrda.
garda amisa, sainteresoa sabWoTa Zalebisa da im iraneli amboxebulebis
urTierTobebi, romlebmac iranis ssr gamoacxades. sabWoTa xelmZRvane­
lobaSi am wamowyebisadmi erTgvari damokidebuleba ar iyo. intervencias
umetesad mxars uWerda stalinisa da orjonikiZis frTa, lenini, trocki
da sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari georgi CiCerini iranis ssr-s eWvis
TvaliT uyurebdnen. amasTanave, `gilanis respublikis~ Sida konfliqtebi
skeptikosTa eWvebs amyarebda.
sabolood, sabWoTa ruseTis ZiriTadi mizani iranTan SeTanxmebis sas­
wrafo gaformeba iyo, raTa sakuTari usafrTxoeba uzrunveleyo da Semd­
gomi SesaZlo nabijebis dasatoveblad garkveuli safuZveli Seeqmna. ro­
gorc ukve vaxsene, SeTanxmebas 21 Tebervlis gadatrialebis Semdeg moewera
xeli, romelmac, savaraudod, xelis mowera daaCqara, Tumca iranis mejlisma
SeTanxmebis ratifikacia mxolod sabWoTa jarebis gasvlis Semdeg moaxdina.
amasTanave, gilanel amboxebulebTan SeTanxmebis pirobebi aravis ar ganuxi­
lavs, rac amyarebs im mosazrebas, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam iranis ssr
mxolod da mxolod berketad gamoiyena iranTan mimarTebiT.
es kvleva emyareba ramdenime avtoris naSroms, Tumca, samwuxarod, am
Temaze mravali naSromi ar moipoveba. avtorebs Soris gansakuTebiT aRsaniS­
navia Saqeri (1995), romelsac mravlismomcveli naSromi aqvs dawerili iranis
ssr-ze. garda amisa, volodarskis (1994) aqvs gamokvleuli adreuli sabWoTa
urTierTobebi samxreTel mezoblebTan, xolo geniss (2000) kargad aqvs aRwe­
rili iranSi sabWoTa intervenciis qronikebi. amasTanave, Saqeri (1995) ukmayo­
filebas gamoTqvams rogorc mis mier Catarebuli kvlevis dros sabWoTa ar­
qivebis miuwvdomlobaze, aseve istoriis gayalbebis mcdelobebze ZiriTadad
stalinis periodSi, radganac am intervenciaSi CarTul bolSevikTa umetesoba,
maT Soris iraneli komunistebic, swored stalinur represiebs emsxverplnen.

adreuli sabWoTa-iranuli urTierTobebi

Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg bolSevikebma caristuli imperialistu­
ri politikisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli politikis warmoCena daiw­
yes. iranTan mimarTebiT leninma 1907 wlis rusul-britanuli SeTanxmebis
gauqmebisa da yovelgvar privilegiaze uaris Tqmis piroba dado (Volodarsky
1994). rusul-britanuli SeTanxmeba irans gavlenis zonebad hyofda, orive
imperias mxolod Tavis zonaSi SeeZlo koncesiebis mopoveba (Abrahamian 2008).
yofili caristuli privilegiebis daTmoba sabWoelTa xelSi mTavari ide­
ologiuri iaraRi iyo, rasac mohyva kidevac dadebiTi gamoxmaureba iranSi.
1917 wlis dekemberSi ain ad-doules kabinetma sabWoTa ruseTi aRiara kidec
oficialurad (Volodarsky 1994). prosabWoTa ganwyobebi antibritanul senti­
mentebs emTxveoda, miT umetes, maSin rodesac britaneTis gavlena pirveli

_ 150 _
msoflio omis bolos ara marto mTlian iranze, aramed axlo aRmosavleTzec
vrceldeboda. iyo SemTxvevac, rodesac qerbalis mujTahidebma3 bolSevikebi
`islamis megobrebadac~ ki gamoacxades (Abrahamian 2008:49). garda amisa, bol­
Sevikebma iranis okupaciis dasrulebis pirobac dades. sagulisxmoa, rom
1910-ian wlebSi irans regularuli armia ar hyavda da arsebuli regularu­
li SenaerTebic rusul kazakTa sardlobas emorCileboda.
Tumca sabWoelebs iranelebis moTafvlaze metad britaneTze zewola
hqondaT miznad. britanelTaTvis rusebis mier kapitulantur uflebebze
uaris Tqma imas niSnavda, rom iranelebs maTTvisac SeeZloT analogiuri
moeTxovaT, rac moxda kidec. premierministrma mosToufi al-mamaleqma4
britanelebs mosTxova, formalurad SeerTebodnen sabWoelebs 1907 wlis
SeTanxmebis gauqmebaSi, xolo Semdegma premierministrma samsam as-salTanem
caristuli ruseTis mier dadgenili `damamcirebeli~ SeTanxmebebi gauqme­
bulad gamoacxada (Volodarsky 1994:18). Tumca britanelebi ar apirebdnen
iranze uaris Tqmas. britanelebma aiZules iranis axali mTavroba premier­
ministr vosuy od-doules meTaurobiT, rom xeli moewera 1919 wlis ara­
popularul britanul-iranul SeTanxmebaze (Bast 2012). britanulma Zalebma
daiwyes iranis sruli okupacia.
sabWoTa strategia antibritanul sentimentebs efuZneboda, romelsac
unda Seemcirebina britanuli gavlena iranze. jarebis gayvana warmatebu­
li nabiji iyo, miT umetes, rom bolSevikebi iranSi jarebs mainc ver da­
tovebdnen 1918 wels. am dros ki britanuli jari iranidan gasvlas namd­
vilad ar apirebda. kidev erTi nabiji koncesiebis daTmoba iyo, romelTa
umetesobac mainc caristuli epoqis biznesmenebs ekuTvnodaT. koncesiebis
daTmoba 1921 wlis SeTanxmebaSic aisaxa, romelic yvela caristul kon­
cesias irans uTmobda (Volodarsky 1994). Tumca am guluxv nabijs mohyva aq­
tiuri Zalisxmeva, rom arc sxva saxelmwifoebs mieRoT msgavsi uflebebi.
magaliTad, sabWoelebi mtkiced ewinaaRmdegebodnen xoStarias koncesiebis
vinmesTvis gadacemas. es koncesia akaki xoStarias gadaeca 1916 wels, Tum­
ca mejliss5 misi ratifikacia ar hqonda gakeTebuli (Mirfendereski 2001).
Tumca xoStariam am koncesiisgan xeiri mainc naxa da igi `anglo-sparsul
navTobis kompanias~ mihyida, ramac sabWoTa-britanuli dava warmoSva. bri­
tanelebi im faqtsac ki iyenebdnen, rom xoStaria qarTveli iyo, miuxedavad
imisa, rom koncesiis gacemisas saqarTvelo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar
iyo. maSindelma premierministrma (1921 wlis noemberi) yavam as-salTanem
orives argumentebi uaryo, radgan Tu ratifikacia momxdari ar iyo, e.i.
arc koncesia arsebobda, da Sesabamisi koncesiebi ukve amerikul `Standard
Oil~-s mihyida (Volodarsky 1994). koncesiebis Sesaxeb sabWoelTa daJinebuli
moTxovnebi ki iranelTaTvis caristuli politikis gagrZelebas hgavda da

3 umaRlesi Siiti sasuliero pirebi.

4 1910-ian wlebSi iranSi premierministrebi swraf-swrafad icvlebodnen.
5 iranis parlamenti.

_ 151 _
bolSevikebis keTilismyoflobis imijs vnebda (Volodarsky 1994).
aseT ganwyobas xels uwyobda 1921 wels iranSi sabWoTa elCi Teodor
rotSteini, romelic aseve aqtiurad ereoda iranis Sida politikur cxovre­
baSi. mas aqtiuri urTierToba hqonda presasTan da xSirad gazeTebSi sabWo­
Ta saelCodan miwodebuli masalebi ibeWdeboda. rac ar unda ucnauri iyos,
mas xSirad stumrobda britanelTagan mxardaWerili reza-xanic, romelsac
gadatrialeba ukve mowyobili hqonda da nel-nela Zalauflebas ixveWda
(Volodarsky 1994). Tumca rotSteinis winamorbedmac bevri kavSiris damyareba
moaxerxa ufro rTul 1918-1919 wlebSi. ivan kolomiicevis elCoba ruseTis
samoqalaqo omis im periods emTxveoda, rodesac bolSevikebs yvelaze metad
uWirdaT. iranis mTavroba didxans iyenebda im faqts, rom kolomiicevis mi­
vlinebis werilze xeli stefan Saumians6 hqonda mowerili, da ar aRiarebda
kolomiicevs elCad. Tanac am dros iranSi aqtiurad moqmedebda rusi ka­
zakebis razmebi, romlebic mudmivad Tavs esxmodnen sabWoTa delegacias.
1918 wlis noemberSi maT saelCo daarbies, Tumca kolomiicevma moaxerxa
mokavSire iranelebTan Tavis Sefareba, moskovSi gamgzavreba da ukve moskov­
Si xelmowerili mivlinebis weriliT iranSi dabruneba momdevno wels. dab­
runebidan ramdenime dReSi igi kazakebma mokles (Cronin 2012).
ruseTis samoqalaqo omma didi gavlena moaxdina adreul sabWoTa-iran­
ul urTierTobebze. omis pirvel wlebSi jer kidev arsebobda caristuli
ruseTis warmomadgenloba iranSi, romelic warmatebiT axerxebda sabWoTa
warmomadgenlobis legitimaciisTvis Ziris gamoTxras. garda amisa, rusi ka­
zakebis razmebi vsevolod staroselskis meTaurobiT aqtiurad moqmedebd­
nen iranis teritoriaze. sabWoTa elCsa da saelCoze Tavdasxmebis garda,
1920 wels isini gilanSi bolSevikur intervenciasac ebrZodnen. imave wlis
agvistoSi man iranel komunistebsa da jangalielTa Soris uTanxmoeba ga­
moiyena da misma rusul-iranulma Zalebma raSTi7 da mazandarani8 aiRes
(Sicker 1988). Tumca samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikebis winsvlasTan erTad iranis
rusuli kazakuri SenaerTebi britanul Zalebs daeqvemdebara.
garda amisa, swored samoqalaqo omi gaxda bolSevikebis iranSi SeWris sa­
babi. 1920 wlis aprilSi baqos aRebis Semdeg general denikinis Zalebma enze­
lisken daixies, xolo enzelize Tavdasxma baqos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayo­
fad iyo saWiro. manamdec ukve iranis mTavroba ufrTxoda moaxloebul wiTel
armias. intervenciamde premierministrma vosuy ad-doulem britanelebs ka­
vkasiur respublikebSi dabrunebac ki sTxova (Bast 2012), Tumca loid jor­
jis politika amas aRar iTvaliswinebda. irani TviTonac cdilobda kavkasi­
ur respublikebTan kavSiris damyarebas. baqoSi gagzavnes seied zia ad-dini9

6 stefan Saumiani sxva baqoel komisrebTan erTad 1918 wlis seqtemberSi daxvrites.
7 gilanis provinciis dedaqalaqi.
8 iranis kaspiispira provincia, gilanis aRmosavleTiT.
9 seied zia ad-din (TabaTabai) 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis gadatrialebis Semdeg mcire xniT pre­
mierministri gaxda.

_ 152 _
iranis elCad azerbaijansa da saqarTveloSi. Tumca aRiarebis procesi baqos
gasabWoebam CaSala (Mirfendereski 2001). sxva mniSnvlovani urTierTobebi iransa
da kavkasiis respublikebs Soris saxelmwifoebriv doneze ar Semdgara.

iranis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika

rac Seexeba iranis ssr-s, anu `gilanis respublikas~, aq unda aRiniSnos,
rom sabWoTa intervenciam mxari dauWira ukve moqmed jangalielTa10 moZ­
raobas, romelsac xelmZRvanelobdnen mirza quCeq-xani, dabadebuli gila­
nis dedaqalaq raSTSi, da ehsanola-xani, dabadebuli mazandaranis dedaqa­
laq sariSi (Genis 2000). quCeq-xani gavleniani da popularuli lideri iyo
gilanSi, mas monawileoba hqonda miRebuli konstituciur revoluciaSic
(Chaqueri 1995). 1918 wlidan igi ukve akontrolebda gilanis garkveul naw­
ilebs. jangalielTa moZraobis popularoba emTxveoda xelisuflebisadmi
ukmayofilebas, romelic gamZafrda 1918-1919 wlebis SimSilobiT (Keddie
2003). quCeq-xani bolSevikebs bunebriv mokavSired miaCndaT, britanelebi­
sadmi misi mtkice winaaRmdegobis gamo. amitomac enzelis aReba bolSe­
vikebma swored mas amcnes, xolo man ramdenime dReSi lenins gaugzavna
depeSa, romelSic werda, rom man iranis ssr gamoacxada `raSTisken gzaze~
(Volodarsky 1994). sagulisxmoa, rom man swored iranis da ara gilanis ssr
gamoacxada, radgan es ar iyo separatistuli moZraoba. mas bolSevikuri
safrTxis gamoyeneba Teiranis asaRebad undoda (Chaqueri 1995).
miuxedavad am enTuziazmisa, moskovSi iranis socialistur revoluci­
aze azri gayofili iyo. ukve enzelis operaciis Semdeg CiCerini mkacrad
afrTxilebda sabWoTa Zalebs, rom enzelis ar unda gascdenodnen da `qa­
laqi unda darCeniliyo sparseTis suverenitetis qveS~ (Volodarsky 1994). in­
tervencias ZiriTadad kavkasieli bolSevikebi uWerdnen mxars, stalini da
orjonikiZe _ kavbiuros xelmZRvaneli. garda amisa, `iranbiuro~ swored
kavbiuros daqvemdebarebaSi iyo da masSi Sediodnen: sergo orjonikiZe, na­
riman narimanovi, elena stasova, budu mdivani da anastas miqoiani (Chaqueri
1995). stalinis gegmebSi gilanis sabWoTa respublikis aRiarebac Sedioda,
romelsac CiCerini `stalinis gilanis respublikas~ uwodebda (Volodarsky
1994:41). iranis ssr-is dacemis Semdeg stalini ganrisxebuli iyo, rom
`CrdiloeT sparseTis gasabWoebisa da aneqsiis~ gegmebi Cauvarda bolSeviki
liderebis mxardaWeris ararsebobis gamo (Chaqueri 1995:367).
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis skepticizmi gamarTlebuli iyo. TviTon or­
jonikiZec aRniSnavda, rom `sparseTSi aranairi sabWoTa mmarTveloba ar
iyo~, xolo moskovSi Tvlidnen, rom quCeq-xanis mTavroba `burJua-naciona­
listi~ da `komunizmisgan Sors~ iyo (Volodarsky 1994:39). quCeq-xani marTlac
ar iyo komunisti da komunisturi propagandis gavrcelebasac ewinaaRmde­
geboda (Sicker 1988). sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobisTvis irani komunisturi rev­
oluciisTvis mzad ar iyo. trocki Tvlida, rom gilanis respublika Zne­

10 `jangal~ sparsulad tyes niSnavs, xolo `jangali~ _ aq: tyeSi gavardnils.

_ 153 _
li SesanarCunebeli iqneboda, maSin roca sabWoTa azerbaijanic safrTxeSi
iyo11 (Volodarsky 1994). CiCerini Tvlida, rom mosamzadebeli samuSaoebis ga­
reSe revolucia SeuZlebeli iyo, xolo leninis azriT, revolucia qveyanas
britanelebs Caugdebda xelSi (Sicker 1988). ase rom, leninisa da CiCerinis
politika Teiranis centraluri xelisuflebisadmi iyo mimarTuli, xolo
SeTanxmebis gaformebis Semdeg `gilanis respublika~ ukve dabrkolebad
iqca sabWoTa-iranul urTierTobebSi.
garda amisa, zogadi situacia gilanSi sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis azrs
ufro metad amyarebda. iranis ssr-is mTeli moklexniani istoria Sida kon­
fliqtebiT aris datvirTuli. miuxedavad sabWoTa respublikis liderobisa,
rogorc ukve iTqva, quCeq-xani komunisti ar yofila. jangalielTa memarcx­
ene frTas ehsanola-xani meTaurobda, xolo axaldaarsebuli iranis komu­
nisturi partia (ikp), romelic jangalielebTan koaliciaSi iyo, quCeq-xans
revoluciis SeferxebaSi adanaSaulebda (Chaqueri 1995). azrobrivi sxvadasx­
vaoba dapirispirebaSic gadaizarda. 1920 wlis ivlisSi komunistebma quCeq-
xans gadatrialeba mouwyves, Tumca 1921 wlis maisSi isev Sevidnen koalici­
aSi jangalielebTan. Saqeris azriT (1995), gadatrialeba iranbiurom moawyo,
romelic Semdeg amas uaryofda. amasTanave, verc `gaerTianebulma frontma~
gaZlo didxans, radgan 1921 wlis seqtemberSi ukve quCeq-xanma moawyo ga­
datrialeba, romlis drosac ikp-is bevri wevri daiRupa, maT Soris parti­
is lideri heidar-xan amoRli. maleve SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba moxda
quCeq-xanisa da ehsanola-xanis momxreebs Soris (Volodarsky 1994). quCeq-xani
gilanis mTebSi gaiqca, sadac maleve daiRupa, xolo ehsanola-xanma baqos
Seafara Tavi, jangalielebi ki reza-xanis ZalebTan damarcxdnen.
amave periodSi sabWoTa ruseTs molaparakebebi dawyebuli hqonda dasav­
leTTan. savaWro molaparakebebi dawyebuli iyo britaneTTan, romlebic
dasrulda kidec 1921 wlis martis SeTanxmebiT. samoqalaqo omiT dasus­
tebuli sabWoTa ruseTisTvis es molaparakebebi mniSvnelovani iyo, ami­
tomac sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba sakuTar imijs ufrTxildeboda. stalinis
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, 1920 wlis noemberSi politbiurom miiRo gad­
awyvetileba `saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da sparseTis winaaRmdeg nebismieri
intervenciisgan Tavis Sekavebis Sesaxeb~ (Genis 2001:324). iranSi intervenci­
is gamarTlebis mizniT, CiCerini sabWoTa ruseTis CarTulobasac ki uary­
ofda da iq myof wiTel armias sabWoTa azerbaijans miawerda, romelzec
TiTqos `moskovs aranairi gavlena ar hqonda~ (Mirfendereski 2001:113).
iranis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis erT konteqstSi xseneba sagulisx­
moa im TvalsazrisiT, rom swored imave wlis noemberSi daiwyo somxeTis
gasabWoeba. 1921 wlis TebervalSi wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi SemoiWra
(Lang 1962), maSin rodesac 1921 wlis bolosTvis wiTeli armia iranidan
piriqiT gamovida. iranis msgavsad, kavkasiaSi intervenciis aqtiuri momxree­
bi da xelmZRvanelebi stalini da orjonikiZe iyvnen, maSin, rodesac lenini

11 1920 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis respublikebi gasabWoebuli ar iyo.

_ 154 _
da sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba, britaneTTan SesaZlo konfrontaciis gamo,
kavkasiis dauyovnebliv gasabWoebaze fexs iTrevdnen (Genis 2000). Tumca am
msgavsebebTan erTad, ZiriTadi gansxvavebebic unda gamoiyos: lenini da Ci­
Cerini sulac ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen kavkasiis gasabWoebas, isini ubralod
naCqarev gadawyvetilebas eridebodnen (Genis 2000). garda amisa, saWiroa
iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo da somxeTi ruseTis imperiis yofili teritoriebi
iyo da maTi aneqsia iranis romelime teritoriis aneqsiaze bevrad advili
iqneboda. amasTanave, gilanis iranisgan gamoyofa arc iranis ssr-is mizani
ar iyo, swored amitom erqva mas `iranis~ da ara `gilanis ssr~. Sesabamisad,
iranis ssr ganwiruli iyo moskovidan arasakmarisi mxardaWeris gamo.

1921 wlis sabWoTa-iranuli SeTanxmeba

rogorc ukve iTqva, moskovis ZiriTadi yuradReba SeTanxmebis gaforme­
bisken iyo mimarTuli. bolSevikebisTvis mTavari mizani samxreT sazRvrebis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa iyo, xolo iranelTaTvis _ sabWoTa inter­
venciis dasruleba. molaparakebebze premierministrma vosuy ad-doulem
moSaver al-mamaleqi gagzavna 1920 wlis meore naxevarSi. sabWoTa taqtika
caristuli poziciebis daTmobas iTvaliswinebda, Tumca xelsayrel dros
potenciuri nabijebisaTvis safuZvlis momzadeba aseve prioritetuli iyo
(Sicker 1988). 1921 wlis SeTanxmebis me-5 da me-6 muxlebi swored am poten­
ciur nabijebs iTvaliswinebda. es muxlebi sabWoTa ruseTs iranSi jarebis
Seyvanis uflebas aZlevda, Tuki iranis teritoriidan mas safrTxe dae­
muqreboda (Mirfendereski 2001). 1941 wels stalinma swored es muxlebi ga­
moiyena, rodesac mokavSire britaneTTan erTad iranis okupacia moaxdina.
sabWoTa-iranul SeTanxmebas 26 Tebervals daCqarebiT moewera xeli mas
Semdeg, rac moskovSi reza-xanis 21 Tebervlis gadatrialebis ambavi mi­
vida, raTa am gadatrialebas SeTanxmebis gaformebisTvis xeli ar SeeSa­
la (Genis 2000, Bast 2012). sagulisxmoa, rom gilanSi SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb,
faqtobrivad, araferi icodnen da arc molaparakebebSi iyvnen CarTuli
(Genis 2000). ase rom, SeTanxmebis gaformebis Semdeg iranis ssr mxolod
da mxolod gamoyenebuli berketi iyo, romelic ubralod dabrkoleba iyo
SeTanxmebis ratifikaciisaTvis. marTlac, iranis mejlisma swored `gilanis
respublikis~ damxobis Semdeg moaxdina SeTanxmebis ratifikacia.
iranis ssr 1921 wlis bolos daemxo, Tumca rodesac 1941 wels ssrk
kidev erTxel SeiWra iranSi, `gilanis respublikidan~ politikur aspar­
ezze aRaravin iyo darCenili. is iraneli komunistebi da jangalielebi,
romlebic reza Sahis represiebs sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoeqcnen, kavbiurosa
da iranbiuros umetes wevrTan erTad stalinur represiebs emsxverplnen12
(Chaqueri 1995). faqtobrivad, 20 wlis Semdeg iranis ssr-sTan dakavSirebuli
pirebidan politikur asparezze mxolod stalini iyo darCenili, romel­
sac stalinuri istoriografia mTel kavkasiaSi revoluciuri moZraobebis

12 maT Soris baqoSi mcxovrebi ehsanola-xanic.

_ 155 _
wamyvan Zalad aRiarebda (Yazdani 2012).
sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabWoTa-iranul urTierTobebSi iranis
ssr-m mxolod berketis roli Seasrula, Tumca amierkavkasiis gasabWoe­
bis saqmeSi gilanSi intervenciam wiTeli baqos usafrTxoeba uzrunvel­
yo, ramac, faqtobrivad, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis respublikebis bedic
gadawyvita. miuxedavad im msgavsebebisa, rom iranSic da amierkavkasiaSic
sabWoTa intervenciis moTaveni, faqtobrivad, erTi da igive bolSevikebi
iyvnen, `gilanis respublikis~ SenarCuneba maSindeli sabWoTa ruseTisTvis
prioritets ar warmoadgenda. amas Tan erTvoda jangalielTa moZraobis
araseparatistuli xasiaTi da Sida konfliqtebi rogorc iranis komunistur
partiasTan, aseve TviTon jangalielTa Soris. adreuli sabWoTa-iranuli
urTierTobebis mTavari Sedegi ki 1921 wlis sabWoTa-iranuli SeTanxmeba
gaxda, romelic aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi fonad gasdevda urTierTobebs
ssrk-sa da irans Soris.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Abrahamian, E., & dawsonera., 2008. A history of modern Iran. Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press
Bast, O. (2012). Duping the British and outwitting the Russians: Iran’s foreign policy,
the `Bolshevik threat,~ and the genesis of the Soviet-Iranian Treaty of 1921. In: Cronin,
S. Iranian-Russian encounters: empires and revolutions since 1800. Milton Park, Abingdon,
Oxon; New York, N.Y.: Routledge
Chaqueri, C., 1995. The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921: Birth of the trau-
ma. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press
Cronin, S. (2012). Deserters, Converts, Cossacks and Revolutionaries: Russians in Ira-
nian Military Service, 1800-1920. In: Cronin, S. Iranian-Russian encounters: empires and
revolutions since 1800. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, N.Y.: Routledge
Genis, V., 2000. Krasnaia Persiia: Bol’sheviki V Giliane 1920-1921: Dokumental’naia
Khronika (Russian), n.p.: Middle Eastern & Central Asian Studies
Keddie, N. R., & Richard, Y., 2003. Modern Iran: Roots and results of revolution. New
Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press
Lang, D. M., 1962. A modern history of Georgia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Mirfendereski, G., 2001. A diplomatic history of the Caspian Sea. New York: Bas-
ingstoke: Palgrave
Sicker, M., 1988. The bear and the lion: Soviet imperialism and Iran. New York: Praeger
Volodarsky, M. I., 1994. The Soviet Union and its southern neighbours Iran and Afghan-
istan, 1917-1933. Ilford: Frank Cass
Yazdani, S. (2012). The Question of the Iranian Ijtima’iyun-e ‘Amiyun Party. In:
Cronin, S. Iranian-Russian encounters: empires and revolutions since 1800. Milton Park,
Abingdon, Oxon; New York, N.Y.: Routledge

_ 156 _
 Niko Kelbakiani
Master of Arts in Iranian Studies, SOAS, University of London

THE SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF IRAN:

SOVIET INTERVENTION IN IRAN AND TRANSCAUCASIA

In May 1920, a month after Baku turned red, the Soviet fleet descended upon En-
zeli, a port in northern Iran. With the support of the Soviet forces the head of Jangali
movement Kuchek-Khan declared the Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (SSRI), which
existed till the end of 1921 in Gilan Province. However, according to the Soviet-Iranian
Agreement, signed on February 26, 1921, Bolsheviks had to withdraw their forces from
Iran. Without foreign support “Red Persia” torn with internal conflicts, ceased existence.
While the Bolsheviks were leaving Iran, they were succeeding in Sovietization of
Transcaucasia, even though there were disagreements on both interventions in the So-
viet leadership. Moreover, “Iranburo” was created under “Kavburo” (Caucasus Bureau)
and was dealing with the intervention. Interestingly, its leading members were: Sergo
Orjonikidze, a famous Georgian Bolshevik, Nariman Narimanov, later the leader of Sovi-
et Azerbaijan, Budu Mdivani, later the leader of Soviet Georgia, Elena Stasova, and An-
astas Mikoyan, a famous Armenian Bolshevik and an associate of Stalin and Orjonikidze.
The aim of this article is to compare these two cases and assert why the Bolshe-
viks retreated from Iran, when they succeeded in Sovietizing Transcaucasia. This article
discusses not only “Gilan Republic” itself, but also early Soviet-Iranian relations, which
had great influence over these events.
This article asserts that:
• Bolshevik seizure of power had great impact over history of Iran, as in the 1910s
Iran was under a partial colonial regime of Russia and Britain. First ‘anti-imperialist’ steps
of the Soviet Russia, such as renunciation of oil concessions and withdrawal of forces
changed the status-quo and earned Bolsheviks some sympathies in Iran. However, spill-
over of the Russian Civil War and invasion in Gilan damaged Moscow’s reputation;
• The Soviet leadership disagreed over the SSRI: Stalin and Orjonikidze insisted
on continuing the intervention, while Lenin, Trotsky and Georgy Chicherin were suspi-
cious of the SSRI. Furthermore, the continuous inner conflict in Gilan did not facilitate
to creation of a stable government and proved Iran was not ready for a communist
revolution from the Marxist point of view;
• The main goal of the Soviet leadership was to reach an agreement with Iran,
which was eventually signed on February 26, 1921; however, the Iranian Majlis only rat-
ified it after the withdrawal of the Soviet forces. The agreement was not discussed with
the “Gilan Republic” at all, thus, it was only used as a leverage in the relations with Iran;
• Finally, the experiment of “Red Persia” was doomed to fail, as the Bolsheviks
lacked resources for it. However, the “Gilan Republic” played a vital role in signing the
1921 Soviet-Iranian Agreement as well as in the full Soviet occupation of Transcaucasia.

_ 157 _
 zurab bragvaZe
istoriis doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

pirveli respublikis brZolebi damoukideblobisaTvis

(tabaxmelis #4 sangris arqeologiuri kvleva)

2018 wels saqarTvelos pirvel respublikas erTi saukune Seusrulda.

am movlenasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos prezidentis sarezervo fondis
dafinansebiT, general giorgi mazniaSvilis saxelobis axalgazrduli le­
gionis iniciativiTa da Cveni uSualo SesrulebiT, 2017 wlis seqtemberSi
ganxorcilelda #4 sangaris arqeologiuri Seswavla.
tabaxmelis #4 sangari gaiWra pirveli msoflio omis dros, 1914 wels
da miznad isaxavda Tbilisis dacvas osmaleTis armiis SesaZlo Semotevis
SemTxvevaSi.
sangarma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina 1921 wlis TebervalSi
TbilisisTvis brZolebis dros. rogorc cnobilia, TbilisisTvis brZo­
la bolSevikur ruseTsa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sei­
araRebul Zalebs Soris gadamwyveti brZolaa da mimdinareobda 1921 w. 16-24
Tebervals. aRniSnul oms `tfilisis operaciis~ saxeliTac moixsenieben.
qarTul istoriografiaSi is ufro cnobilia kojor-tabaxmelas brZolebis
saxeliT, radgan kojorsac da tabaxmelasac gadamwyveti roli ekisreboda
Tbilisis dacvaSi. am brZolebis tragikuli Sedegebi kargadaa cnobili da
masze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT, mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi general giorgi kvinitaZis saerTo sardlobiT erTi
kviris manZilze gmirulad icavdnen dedaqalaqis misadgomebs, magram me-11
wiTeli armiis ricxobrivma upiratesobam iZulebuli gaxada qarTveli me­
brZolebi, poziciebi daetovebinaT da ukan daexiaT, ramac, saboloo jamSi,
pirveli respublikis dasasrulic gamoiwvia.
1921 wlis 16 Tebervlis dilas ruseTis me-11 armiis nawilebi saqar­
Tvelos teritoriaze SemoiWrnen. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze, sof.
taba­xmelamde Seiqmna soRanluRis fronti, romelsac sardlobda gener­
ali giorgi mazniaSvili. mis gankargulebaSi iyo 2500 xiSti, 5 saartile­
rio batarea, 1 javSnosani matarebeli da 2 javSan transportiori. ta­
baxmeladan kojramde frontis xazis dacva daevala general aleqsandre
andronikaSvils (sur. 17). aqve ganlagda Tbilisis samxedro saswavleblis
razmi (160 iunkeri da 350 kadeti) (sur. 19) polkovnik aleqsandre CxeiZis
(sur. 18) meTaurobiT. tabaxmelis damcvelebma gansakuTrebiT isaxeles Tavi
1921 wlis 19 Tebervals, rodesac bolSevikebma Seteva wamoiwyes tabaxme­
las mimarTulebiT, magram Tbilisis samxedro saswavleblis razmis Zlier
winaaRmdegobas waawydnen da ukan daixies.

_ 158 _
 1921 wlis Semdeg tabaxmelis #4 sangarma, bunebrivia, funqcia dakarga
da misi gamoyeneba saswavlo kuTxiTac ki aRar momxdara. miuxedavd imisa,
rom tabaxmelis brZolebidan 96 weli gavida, sangris konturebi kargad iyo
SemorCenili (sur. 1). gaTxrebis dawyebisTanave cxadi gaxda, rom sangari
amoWrili iyo kldis dedaqanSi da Sesabamisad, igi Rrma ar unda yofiliyo.
Cvens winaSea e.w. martivi tipis sangari, romelic gaTxrilia 116 metris
sigrZeze da aqvs zigzagis forma (sur. 2; sur. 15; sur.16). sangris Tavsa
(dasavleTiT) da boloSi (aRmosavleTiT) fiqsirdeba blindaJebi. swored
isini gamoirCeva siRrmiT da maTi siganec TvalSisacemia danarCen TxrilT­
an SedarebiT. aRmosavleTi blindaJis zomebia: sigrZe _ 5.2 m.; sigane _ 3.4
m.; siRrme _ 1.1 m. (sur. 3). dasavleTis blindaJi SedarebiT mcire zomebisaa:
sigrZe _ 4 m. sigane _ 3 m. siRrme _ 0.45 m. (sur.4). orive blindaJi, iseve
rogorc mTlianad sangari, gaTxrilia kldovan qanSi.
rogorc aRiniSna, sakuTriv sangris Txrili zigzagiseburad miemarTe­
ba aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken. Txrilis siRme 30 sm-ia; sigane 1-1.20 m.
(sur. 2). sangris Txrili alag-alag SeWrilia da es viTareba ganpirobebu­
lia mowinaaRmdegis poziciebisTvis cecxlis ukeT gaxsnis mizniT. am mona­
kveTebSi sangris sigane 2 m-s aRwevs (sur. 5). dasavleTis blindaJidan 26
m-is aRmosavleTiT sangari sagrZnobladaa gafarToebuli (zomebi 4X3 m.
siRrme _ 55 sm.). Tumca, misi realuri funqcia am etapze ver davadgineT.
marTalia, igi moyvanilobiT waagavs blindaJs, magram 116 metris sigrZis
sangarSi sami blindaJis arseboba mizanSewonilad ar unda yofiliyo (sur.
6). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom Tavdapirve­
lad sangari swored am monakveTamde iyo gaTxrili da 1921 wels mas miemata
26 metri dasavleTi blindaJis CaTvliT da swored maSin miiRo sangarma
is saxe, ra formiTac dRemdea SemorCenili. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
meoTxe sangari gaTxrilia strategiulad sakmaod moxerxebul adgilze _
amaRlebul borcvze, saidanac kargad kontroldeba didi areali da kargi
xilvadobis pirobebSi Cans qvemo qarTlis mozrdili teritoriebi, anu is
adgilebi, saidanac mosalodneli iyo mtris Tavdaxma (sur. 2).
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis procesSi dadginda ramdenime detali. kerZod,
gairkva, rom aRmosavleTi blindaJidan 55 metris daSorebiT mdebareobda
sameTauro punqti da savele telefoni (sur. 7; sur. 15; sur. 16). aseTi fiqris
safuZvels iZleva aq oTxkuTxa nivTebis aRmoCena, romlebic dafarulia
cinkis Txeli firfitebiT. firfitebs Soris sivrce Sevsebulia gudroniT
da Sekrulia dazeTili qaRalldiT (sur. 9). aRniSnuli artefaqtebi war­
moadgens galvanuri elementis nawilebs, savele telefonis kvebis wyaros
[Нелюбин 2013:118-119]. satelefono wertilidan dasavleTiT 18 metris daS­
orebiT sangris Txrili 4 m-is sigrZeze sagrZoblad iyo CaRrmavebuli (70-
80 sm.). aq dafiqsirda mWidebisa da vaznebis gansakuTrebiT didi raodenoba
(sur. 8). aqve aRmoCnda uniformis nafleTebi da sasignalo SaSxanis gasroli­
li masra. uniformis nafleTebi warmoadgens molurjo feris naWers (sur.
10). swored am feris forma emosaT qarTvel iunkrebs da maTi fragmen­
_ 159 _
tebis aRmoCena SeiZleba imas mianiSnebdes, rom am monakveTze xelCarTu­
li brZolebic mimdinareoba. sakmaod saintereso artefaqtebia sasignalo
maSxalis hilzis fragmentebi (sur. 11). amiT iunkrebi SesaZloa daxmarebas
iTxovdnen mtris moulodneli Tavdasxmis gamo. aqve dafiqsirda samxedro
Ceqmis rkinis nalic, Tumca konkretulad vis ekuTvnoda igi, qarTvel me­
brZols Tu bolSevik okupants, amis dadgena Wirs.
naxsenebi artefaqtebis garda, TvalSisacemia sabrZolo vaznebisa da SaSxanis
klipebis (mWidebis) simravle. vaznebs Soris gvxvdeba rogorc gausroleli
(sur. 13), aseve _ gasrolili masrebi (sur. 14). isini ZiriTadad ameriku­
li, britanuli, germanuli da rusuli warmoebisaa. maTi kalibris zomebi
araerTgvarovania. britanuli warmoebis masrebis kalibris zomaa 7.7×5.6
mm., xolo rusulis _ 7.62X5.4 mm. inglisuri vaznebi damzadebulia Semdeg
qarxnebSi:
Birmingham Metal and Munitions Co1 d a Kynoch&Co.Witton2; amerikuli warmoe­
bis vaznebi umeteswilad sami firmisaa: Peters Cartridge Company, Kings Mills,
Ohio3, United States Cartridge Company Lowell, Massachusetts4 da Remington Arms
Company5. es vaznebi damzadda programiT For Russia da miewoda ruseTis
saimperio armias pirveli msoflios omis dros.
germanuli da avstriuli warmoebis vaznebi ekuTvnis kompaniebs Deutsche
Waffen und Munitionsfabriken AG. Karlsruhe6 da Hirtenberger AG.7 damzadda rusu­
li kalibrisTvis 7.62X5.4. ruseTis imperiaSi damzadebuli calebi peter­
burgisa8 da luganskis9 qarxnebSia warmoebuli.
tabaxmelis #4 sangarSi aRmoCenili TiTqmis yvela vazna gamoSvebulia
1905_1917 wlebSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas SaSxanis klipebTan (mWidebTan) da­
kavSirebiTac. mWidebis absoluturi umravlesoba inglisuri firmis `li
enfildis~ produqciaa10. Tumca, ramdenime cali iaponuri firmis `arisak­
as~ warmoebulia11 (sur. 14). da bolos unda aRvniSnoT kidev ori artefaq­
ti. esenia Sinelis Rili da SaSxanis nawili, romelic warmoadgens luisis
firmis SaSxanis Camkets (sur.12) [Grant. 2014].
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis procesSi mopovebulia sul sul 182 artefaq­

1 https://www.gracesguide.co.uk

2 http://www.leedsengine.info/leeds/histgbat.asp
3 http://www . peters Cartridge Company. us
4 http://abandonedonline.net/locations/industry/peters-cartridge-company
5 https://www.remington.com
6 http://www.lugerlp08.com
7 http://www.hirtenberger.com/en
8 http://www.imha.ru
9 http://www.lcw.lg.ua
10 http://candrsenal.com/rifle-short-magazine-lee-enfield-mk-v
11 http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/arisaka1.html

_ 160 _
ti. maTgan: masra 38 cali, gausroleli vazna 5 cali, mWidi (markeri) 115
cali, savele telefonis elementi 16 cali, Sinelis Rili 1 cali, SaSxanis
Camketi 1 cali, sasignalo maSxalis masra 2 cali, iunkrebis uniformis 3
naWeri da samxedro Ceqmis nali 1 cali.
rogorc aRiniSna, tabaxmelis meoTxe sangari siRrmiT ar gamoirCeoda
da rogorc arqeologiuri gaTxrebis procesSi gairkva, igi saTanadaod
aRWurvilic ar iyo. amasTan dakavSirebiT niSandoblivia general giorgi
kvinitaZis mogonebebi, rom Tbilisis gasamagreblad gamoiyo 10 milioni
maneTi [kvinitaZe 1954; 14], magram, miuxedavad amisa, 1921 wlis ruseT-saqa­
rTvelos omisaTvis, kojor-tabaxmelas monakveTze arsebuli sangrebi
sakmaod cud mdgomareobaSi iyo. 1921 wlis 18 Tebervals pozicia daaT­
valiera iunkerma mixeil dadianma da SemdgomSi aRniSnavda, rom `sangrebi
saSinel mdgomareobaSi iyo. niaRvrebisgan Carecxili sangrebi Zalian cota
mfarvelobas uwevdnen msrolelebs. didi gansxvaveba ar iyo Sig vijeqiT,
Tu trial mindorze viweqiT. miuxedavad amisa, skola am sangrebSi ganawil­
da~ [dadiani 2007; 20]. iunkeri da SemdgomSi franguli armiis polkovniki
nikoloz (kukuri) ToxaZis TqmiT ki, `es iyo ubralo Txrilebi, niaRvrebis
kalapoti, zogjer sul gaveranebuli da uvargisi~ [ToxaZe 1981; 60].
sangrebis daucvel da cud mdgomareobas adasturebs 1921 wlis omis
dros samxedro skolis meTauri polkovniki (emigraciis wlebSi poloneTis
armiis brigadis generali) aleqsnadre CxeiZec [CxeiZe 1933; 32]. TavdacviTi
poziciebis problemurobas aseve adastureben iunkrebi _ nikoloz maTikaS­
vili da mixeil kvaliaSvilic, romlebic werdnen, rom TovliT dafaruli,
gayinuli miwis sangrebad da Znelad misadgom poziciebad gadaqceva did
jafas moiTxovda, Tumca misive mtkicebiT iunkrebma moaswres mtris gamo­
Cenamde sangrebis, sadarajo punqtebis, tyviamfrqvevTa sadgomebis mowyoba
da SeniRbva [maTikaSvili.kvaliaSvili 1990. 12-13].
Catarebulma arqeologiurma kvleva-Ziebam savsebiT daadasutura yvela
zemoT Tqmuli mogonebebis siswore da obieqturoba.
istorikos d.silaqaZis da oficer p.gigauris varaudiT, tabaxmelis
meoTxe sangris zomebidan gamomdinare, uSualod sangrebSi, savaraudod,
erTi an ori aseuli unda yofiliyo ganTavsebuli [silaqaZe. gigauri 2017],
sangris ukan ki, marjvena mxares, 23 Tebervlidan ganlagebuli iyo saartile­
rio batareis oceuli leitenant mesxiSvilis meTaurobiT [CxeiZe 1933. 49-50].
aseTi iyo tabaxmelis #4 sangris arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi. eqs­
pediciis TiToeul monawiles miaCnia, rom am saqmiT mokrZalebuli pativi
miago im gmir mebrZolebs, romlebic sakuTari sicocxlis fasad icavdnen
saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da Tavisuflebas.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia is realobac, rom tabaxmelis meoTxe sangari
arqeologiurad Seswavlili pirveli sabrZolo obieqtia saqarTveloSi.
ar gamovricxavT, am faqtma dasabami misces CvenSi bataluri arqeologiis
ganviTarebas da axlo Tu Soreuli warsulis sxva sabrZolo adgilebis ar­
qeologiur kvleva-Ziebas.
_ 161 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

dadiani 2007. mixeil dadiani. rac maxsovs. publikacia moamzada giorgi

mamuliam. Jurnali Tanamemamule. #3 (24). parizi 2007
ToxaZe 1981. nikoloz (kukuri) ToxaZe. warmoTqmuli sityva, qarTuli
saTvistomos krebaze, parizSi, 1971 wlis 19 marts. dapyrobis 60 wlisTavi.
parizi 1981
kvinitaZe 1954. giorgi kvinitaZe. Cemi pasuxi. parizi 1954
maTikaSvili. kvaliaSvili 1990. nikoloz maTikaSvili, mixeil kvaliaSvi­
li. iunkrebi. Tbilisi 1990
silaqaZe. gigauri 2017. dimitri silaqaZe, paata gigauri, tabaxmelas #4
sangris istoria da sangarze Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sede­
gebis mniSvneloba http://legionerebi.com/angarishi.html
CxeiZe 1933. aleqsandre CxeiZe. samxedro skola. Jurnali mxedari. #13.
parizi 1933
Grant 2014. Grant, Neil, The Lewis Gun. Oxford. 2014
Нелюбин 2103 Нелюбин Л.Л. Иллюстрированный военно-технический словарь.
Москва 2013
https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Birmingham_Metal_and_Munitions_Co
https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Birmingham_Metal_and_Munitions_Co, Kings Nor-
ton Metal Co; Birmingham
http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F161545
http://www.leedsengine.info/leeds/histgbat.asp
http://www . peters Cartridge Company. us
http://abandonedonline.net/locations/industry/peters-cartridge-company
https://www.remington.com
http://www.lugerlp08.com
http://www.hirtenberger.com/en/
http://www.imha.ru/1144536250-sankt-peterburgskiy-patronnyy-zavod.html#.WbmCz7I-
jHIU
http://www.lcw.lg.ua/index.php/en/
http://candrsenal.com/rifle-short-magazine-lee-enfield-mk-v/
http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/arisaka1.html

_ 162 _
 Zurab Bragvadze
Professor
Caucasus University

THE FIRST REPUBLIC BATTLES FOR INDEPENDENCE

(Archaeological Research of Tabakhmela Rampart N4)

In 2018 Georgia celebrates the 100 anniversary of the first republic. For this occa-
sion the General Mazniashvili State Young Legion archeological excavations were carried
out at Tabakhmela rampart N4. Excavations were financed by the Reserve Fund of the
President of Georgia. Archaeological researches were conducted under my direction.
Even after 96 years from the Tabakhmela battle, the trench outlines were well visi-
ble. It was clear from the beginning of the excavations that trench was cut in the rock
layer of a cliff, which meant it couldn’t be deep. Before us lays the so called 116-meter
long, zigzag shaped, plain trench.
It is worth mentioning that Tabakhmela rampart N4 is the first archeologically stud-
ied battlefield in Georgia. We do not exclude the possibility that this precedent will
encourage development of Battlefield archaeology in Georgia, and other battlefields
from the distant or near past will be studied from archeological perspective.

sur. 1 sangris konturebi

_ 163 _
 sur. 2 sangris xedi

sur. 3 aRmosavleTis blindaJi

_ 164 _
 sur. 4 dasavleTis blindaJi

sur. 5 sangaris SeWrili adgilebi

_ 165 _
sur. 6 sangris gafarToebuli adgili

sur. 7 sameTauro punqti

_ 166 _
sur. 8 xelCarTuli brZolis adgili

sur. 9 savele telefonis elementebi

_ 167 _
sur. 10 iunkrebis uniformis nafleTebi

sur.11 sasignalo SaSxanis hilzebi

sur. 12 `luisis~ SaSxanis Camketi

sur.13 gausroleli vaznebi

_ 168 _
sur.14 iaponuri `arisakas~ mWidebi

sur. 15 sangari 3D

_ 169 _
 sur. 16 sangris aqsionometria

sur.17 generali aleqsandre andronikaSvili sur. 18 polkovniki al.CxeiZe

_ 170 _
sur.19 tabaxmelis brZolebis qarTveli iunkrebi

_ 171 _
 cisana bibileiSvili
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi
qeTevan davriSevis SemoqmedebaSi

zogjer literaturuli nawarmoebic SeiZleba istoriuli movlenebis

amsaxvel pirvelwyarod mogvevlinos da amis kargi magaliTia qarTuli war­
momavlobis frangi mwerlis, qeTevan davriSevis (davriSaSvili) Semoqmedeba.
qeTevan davriSevi daibada 1965 w. parizSi. misi didi babua de­dis mxridan
iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis
ministri noe xomeriki, mamis mxridan ki ioseb davriSaSvili, stalinis sa­
varaudo naxevarZma. gamoqveynebuli aqvs 20-ze meti nawarmoebi bavSvebisa
da axalgazrdobisTvis, romlebSic xSirad moqmedeba safrangeTSi emigri­
rebul qarTul ojaxSi xdeba; aris araerTi romanis avtori. 2010 w. qeTevan
davriSevma gamoaqveyna romani `Savi zRva~, romelic iTargmna germanul,
qarTul, italiur, holandiur da Svedur enebze da daimsaxura `feminas~,
`landernos~, `princi morisis~ premiebi. 2016 wels ki `sxva iosebi~, romel­
sac `de magos~ (Deux Magots) literaturuli premia mieniWa. Cven aq mis mxo­
lod oTx nawarmoebs `daupatiJebel stumars~, `sarkmels~, `Sav zRvasa~, da
`sxva iosebs~ SevexebiT, romelTa personaJebic safrangeTSi emigrirebuli
qarTvelebi arian.
moTxrobaSi `daupatiJebeli stumari~ avtori gadmogvcems emigrirebul
ojaxSi dabadebuli bavSvebis qedmaRlur da zizRnarev damokidebule­
bas saqarTvelodan Casuli maTi Tanatoli bavSvis mimarT. dascinian mis
ier-saxes, Cacmulobas. miaCniaT, rom mas `sabWoTa kavSiris suni asdis~1, ma­
gram male rwmundebian, rom is arafriT Camouvardeba da xSirad gacilebiT
Rirseulia, vidre maTi frangi megobrebi.
romanSi `Savi zRva~ avtorma mxatvrulad gadmogvca dedamisis ojax­
is istoria. ojaxi tiflisSi cxovrobda. mTavari gmiris, Tamunias mama, _
romlis prototipic noe xomerikia, _ noe Jordanias mTavrobis soflis
meurneobis ministri iyo. nawarmoebSi zedmiwevniT kargadaa asaxuli gasu­
li saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTareba da datrialebu­
li movlenebi. `erTmaneTTan qarTulad vsaubrobdiT, es ojaxis ena iyo,
ardadegebis. skolaSi rusulad unda gvelaparaka. aseTi iyo wesi. qarTuli
ZaRlebis enaao, gviTxra maswavlebelma. Tu am akrZalvas davarRvevdiT,
mkacrad gvsjidnen~.2 am mtkivneul sakiTxs igi sxva romanSic miubrunde­
ba. avtori mogviTxrobs, rogor gaemgzavra mTeli mTavroba da masTan er­
Tad misi ojaxi emigraciaSi. erT Rames romanis mTavari gmiri, Tamuna mama­

1 K.Davrichewy, On ne t’attendait pas, p.27

2 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, Tb., 2012, gv.8-9

_ 172 _
miss daelaparaka da maTi saubari im epoqis WeSmariti suraTia. `pirvelad
melaparaka rogorc dids, 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos erovnulma krebam
damoukidebloba gamoacxada. es namdvili movlena iyo. saukuneze meti xani
qveyana rusebs hqondaT aneqsirebuli[....]. 1919 wlis TebervalSi arCevne­
bi Catarda. oc wels gadabijebul yvela mamakacsa Tu qals SeeZlo xmis
micema. social-demokratiuli partia xmebis 85%-iT gavida. mamaCemi sof­
lis meurneobis ministrad daniSnes. noe Jordania prezidenti gaxda. maT
winaSe uzarmazari amocana iyo, ramdenime TveSi mniSvnelovani reformebi
wamoiwyes. melaparaka reformebze soflis meurneobaSi, romlis avtoric
Tavad gaxldaT da ramac ajanyeba da risxva gamoiwvia. Zvel Tavadaznauro­
bas miwebi CamoarTves da glexebsa da wvril memamuleebs dauriges. esaa so­
cializmis safuZveli, _ amixsna man. miTxra, rom tyeebi, saZovrebi da didi
mamulebi erovnul sakuTrebad gamocxadda, rac xels uwyobda warmoebis,
vaWrobis ganviTarebas. reformam rvasaaTiani samuSao dRe daawesa, eklesia
gamijna saxelmwifosgan da sasuliero ganaTleba amoiRo skolebidan. [...]
mesaubra maT mudmiv sifxizleze, raTa axal mTavrobas SeZleboda qvey­
nis momavlis uzrunvelyofa. Zalian bevrs undoda misi ganadgureba. Tur­
qebs, ruseTis jars, bolSevikebs, mTel qveyanas rom moedvnen. igi amayi
iyo da dasavleTis demokratiis mxardaWeris imedi hqonda~.3 aRwerilia 13
seqtembris zeimi baTumSi. `13 seqtemberi baTumSi dResaswauli iyo. mTav­
roba evropuli demokratiis delegatebs maspinZlobda. qalaqi droSebiT,
gvirgvinebiT, yvavilebiT iyo morTuli. quCebSi xalxi Relavda, cekvav­
da da mReroda. [...] gavyeviT xalxs, plakatebs rom iqnevdnen warwerebiT
`qarTuli demokratia miesalmeba evropuli demokratiis mesveurebs~ an
`gaumarjos internacionals, gaumarjos socializms~ [...]. ucxoelebi, bel­
gieli, ingliseli, frangi da germaneli politikosebi gembanze avidnen.
maT patriotuli simRerebiT, sadRegrZeloebiTa da SeZaxilebiT Sexvd­
nen. sityviT gamosulT bolo ar uCanda~4. da mere ukve safrangeTSi _ ` ...
araferi dakarguli ar aris. imitom wamovediT, rom SevZloT Cveni qvey­
nisTvis, TavisuflebisTvis brZolis gagrZeleba. gavagrZelebT kidec da
ufro Zlierebi davbrundebiT~.5 safrangeTSi Casulebi erTxans marselSi
cxovrobdnen, mere ki mTavrobam levilSi Sato SeiZina da iq dabinavdnen.
`kviraobiT Satos darbazSi, an Tu kargi amindi iyo gareTac, didi sufra
iSleboda. Cvens qeifebze bevri xalxi iyrida Tavs, emigrirebuli moxuce­
bi da axalgazrdebi, levileli da parizeli qarTvelebi. ismeboda saqa­
rTvelos gaTavisuflebis sadRegrZeloebi. Tu Cveni Tamadebi yovelTvis
erTsa da imave politikur platformaze ar idgnen, rogorc Cans, Sors
gadmoxvewilebi am sakiTxSi erTsulovanni iyvnen~.6 erT-erT aseT Sexvedra­

3 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, Tb., 2012, gv.46-47

4 iqve, gv. 48-49
5 iqve, gv. 70
6 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, Tb., 2012, gv. 75

_ 173 _
ze _ `safrangeTis qarTuli asociaciis Tavmjdomarem sityva warmosTqva,
adRegrZela samSoblo, Tavisufleba, brZola. erovnuli simRera wamoiwyes.
viTarebam sazeimo saxe miiRo. mere simRerebma da cekvebma kidev ufro xal­
isiani gaxada igi [...].7 Tumca, aseT Sekrebebs arc partiuli uTanxmoebebi ak­
lda, erTmaneTs adanaSaulebdnen saqarTvelos aneqsiaSi. `Cven vibrZodiT,
zogi Cvengani awames kidec. Sexede, axalgazrda kacia da cali xeli ara aqvs.
vin awama? qarTvelebma, misma Tanamemamuleebma, revoluciis saxeliT~ [...]
esec mware simarTlea. niSandoblivia fraza _ `aq imdeni dapirispirebuli
partiaa, ramdenic qarTveli safrangeTSi~8. arcTu ise iSviaTad, ojaxis
wevrebi sxvadasxva politikur platformaze idgnen da saqme xelCarTul
Cxubamdec misula. roca bolSevikebma mTeli saqarTvelo daikaves, Tamunas
mama saqarTveloSi dabrunda `revoluciis gasagrZeleblad~. safrangeTSi
emigrantebis axali talRa Cavida, zogma rZisa da mawvnis maRazia gaxsna,
zogma mZRolad daiwyo muSaoba. mamamisi ar dabrunebula. rogorc viciT,
arc saqarTveloSi Camosuli noe xomeriki dabrunebula ukan. Tamuna aseve
emigrirebul erT rus ebrael gogonas daumegobrda. sainteresoa qarTuli
da araqarTuli emigraciis damokidebuleba emigraciis faqtisadmi da maTi
molodinebi: `Cveni gadasaxleba da Cveni saTvistomo maTsas ara hgavs. maSin,
roca Cven dabrunebas velodebiT, isini fexs ikideben~.9 bevri qarTveli ap­
atridad darCa, pasporti ar auRia `maT TavianTi Cemodnebi daalages, zed
dasxdnen da arasodes gauxsniaT~10, ambobs romanis erT-erTi gmiri da es
faqtic realuria. amis gamo ramdenime qarTveli xandazmul asakSi SeWirve­
bul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda da abondanSi, moxuc da usaxsro emigrantTa
TavSesafarSi Tu arpaJonis saavadmyofoSi mouwia sicocxlis dasruleba.
sainteresoa meore msoflio omTan dakavSirebuli ambebic. `bevri qa­
rTveli Caewera ucxour legionSi safrangeTis dasacavad. apatridebis md­
gomareoba frangul jarSi Sesvlis saSualebas ar aZlevdaT. zogi winaaRm­
degobis moZraobaSi Caeba [...]. badri or ebrael gogonas malavda vezineSi.
mTeli weli masTan iyvnen [...]. 1941 w ivnisSi, roca germaniam ssrk daipyro
namdvilma dilemam iCina Tavi. safrangeTTan solidarobisa da jer mefis
ruseTTan, mere bolSevikebTan brZolas zogma qarTvelma germanuli uni­
formis morgeba da ruseTis frontze brZola arCia. minda vifiqro, rom
arc ise bevri maTgani aRmoCnda ararusul frontze, nacistebTan~.11 `pa­
triotuli grZnobis, sakuTari Tavisadmi erTgulebis gamo bevrma qarT­
velma Caicva germanuli uniforma. amas araferi aqvs saerTo nacistebTan
[...] Cemi qmari qarTvel tyveebs uvlida, bevri ram gaakeTa maTTvis.12

7 iqve, gv.113
8 iqve, gv. 8-9
9 iqve, gv.95
10 iqve, gv.101
11 iqve, gv.172
12 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, Tb., 2012, gv. 188

_ 174 _
 romanis personaJTa umravlesobis prototipi realurad arsebobda.
_ `90 wlis asakSi babu sariviT gaWimulia. Tma, rac SemorCa, yoraniviT
Savi aqvs, warbebic, oRond erTi xania warbebis SeRebva aviwydeba xolme.
eleganturi kostiumi da palto ecva, yelsaxvevi ekeTa. Tavis qudSi ar­
avisa hgavda. [...] vfiqrob qarTul miwaze, mudam Tan rom daaqvs manqanis
sabarguliT. am miwas mas Semdeg inaxavs, rac 12 wlis biWi safrangeTSi
Camovida. [...]netav babus Tavisi saqarTvelos garda sxva ramec uyvars? Cven
mxolod imitom xom ar vuyvarvarT, rom Cvens ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxlia?
[...] misi xaTriT davdivar qarTuli cekvis gakveTilebze, dResaswaulebsa
da safrangeTis qarTuli saTvistomos naZvis xeebze. [...] babus dedam Tavi
moikla cota xniT adre, vidre iZulebuli gaxdeboda qveyana daetovebina.
mindoda moeTxro CemTvis amis Sesaxeb, megona rom 80 wlis Semdeg SeeZ­
lo...~.13 aq avtori fotografiuli sizustiT gvixatavs babuamisis, viqtor
xomerikis portrets. `erTmaneTs rom Sexvdnen, bebia 16 wlis iyo, bretanu­
li keTilSobili ojaxidan, romelmac yvelaferi dakarga. babuas wyalobiT
qarTul emigracias SeeTvisa da aRar miutovebia. dRes bebia misi sakmaod
mniSvnelovani nawilia. dedaCemis da misi debis gaCenis Semdeg babum bebia
miatova. bebiaCemi ambobs, rom arasodes unania misi wasvla. SeuZlia uamra­
vi mizezi CamoTvalos, ris gamoc is yvelaze uaresi qmaria. ar mesmis, ra
saerTo hqondaT odesme. dRes saqarTvelo aqvT saerTo da cxadia, Cvenc~.14
da marTlac, levilSi ramdenime qarTveli frang qalze iyo daqorwinebuli.
isinic, ise SeeTvisnen qarTul saTvistomos, rom zog maTgans `qarTvelebi
TavianT ojaxze axloblebad eqcnen~.15
_ mama ilia melia. `mama melia qarTuli saTvistomos TvalsaCino adamiani,
iZulebuli gaxda meTxuTmete raionSi gadasuliyo. axali eklesia erTi Seno­
bis sardafSia ganTavsebuli. yvelafris miuxedavad, es maTi eklesiaa. zogi
ar Takilobs iq jvrisweras. iq xvdebian erTmaneTs wirvamde an wirvis Sem­
deg. erTmaneTs exvevian, gulSi ikraven da maslaaToben. levilis sasaflaoze
wasvlamde iq atareben sulis mosaxseniebel panaSvids qarTvel mgalobelTa
gundis TanxlebiT, romelic, ZiriTadad, moyvarulebisgan Sedgeba~.16
eqimi valiko (igive personaJi gvxvdeba `sarkmelSic~ gv. 12-13), `romel­
ic saqarTveloSi eqimi iyo da Cven Semdeg Camovida parizSi [...]. wasvlisas
cota fuli Cumad Caacura bufetze dadgmul larnakSi [.... ] ase gvexmareba
xolme~.17
- `emigrantTa meore Taobam Camoayaliba cekvis ansambli, romelic gas­
trolebze dadioda provinciul qalaqebSi da patara darbazebSi gamodio­

13 K.Davrichewy, On ne t’attendait pas, p. 10-20

14 iqve, gv. 35-36
15 J. xabuliani, usaqarTvelod darCenili qarTvelebi, Tb., 2013, gv.85
16 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, Tb., 2012, gv.125-126; mama ilia melias Sesaxeb ix. agreTve, J. xabulianis
dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 93-97
17 iqve, gv.150

_ 175 _
da. erTxel parizSic iyvnen, elises mindvrebis TeatrSi.~ am ansambls SoTa
[abaSiZe] xelmZRvanelobda, romelsac `sarkmelSic~ vxvdebiT18. sainteresoa
SoTas portreti _ `SoTa eleganturi kaci iyo, sariviT gaWimuli. usaz­
Rvro moTminebiT aswavlida. wlebma ieri ver Seucvala. iseTive RirsebiT
atarebda erTsa da imave gacveTil quds, gaqeqil paltos~ 19. cnobilia, rom
SoTa Zveleburi nivTebis moyvaruli yofila da ar vici ras Soulobda,
magram meZvelmaneebTan dadioda qarTuli nivTebis SesaZenad.
- levili. `levilSi aris saxli, Satos rom eZaxian, parki da parizel
qarTvelTa sasaflao. mxolod amis SeZena SeZles safrangeTSi rom Camov­
idnen, esRa darCaT. aq xvdebian erTmaneTs dResaswaulebze, iq midian roca
kvdebian [...] es mniSvnelovani adgilia qarTuli emigraciisTvis. [...] xval
levilSi mivdivarT erTi moxuci qarTvelis dakrZalvaze, Zalian rom mi­
yvarda.[...] dakrZalvaze mTeli qarTuli kolonia iqneba. mere, Tu ar iwvi­
mebs, sufra gaiSleba xeebis qveS.~20
- nawarmoebSi vxvdebiT kargad cnobil anTaZeebis restorans `oqros
sawmisi~, romelic parizSi, monparnasis sadgurTan iyo da dResac bevrs
axsovs. `kviraobiT naTesav-megobrebs vxvdebodiT `oqros sawmisSi~. orma
Zmam, romelTa Tvalwinac gavizardeT, gaxsna es patara qarTuli restora­
ni. misi daxurvis dRes igi bevri Cvenganis ganuyofeli nawili iyo. kacebi
Tavgadakluli TamaSobdnen xolme iq nards. roca Cveni Svilebi cdilobd­
nen TavianTi megobrebisTvis saqarTvelo gaecnoT, iq mihyavdaT. iq namd­
vil qarTul kerZebs Seeqceodnen, qarTulad saubrobdnen da ara rusu­
lad, usmendnen mravalxmian simRerebs, didi yanwebiT svamdnen Rvinos. xiT
mopirkeTebul, kavkasionis fotoebiTa da qarTuli xanjlebiT dafarul
kedlebSi qarTveli rusSi aravis ereoda. bevri afasebda am Zmebis gulTbil
Sexvedras, romlebsac anekdotebi, qaTinaurebi da iumoriT savse sadRegr­
Zeloebi ar eleodaT~.21 imave qarTul restoranzea saubari `sarkmelSic~,
oRond saxelis miuTiTeblad.22
- romanis erT-erTi personaJis, badris prototipi avtoris babua,
daviT davriSaSvilia. man adreve miatova ojaxi da sxva qali SeirTo, ro­
melTanac eqvsi Svili eyola. 60-ian wlebSi igi col-SvilTan erTad saqarT­
veloSi dabrunda, mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutSi muSaobda
da gmirTa moedanze cxovrobda. magram, ramdenime weli TbilisSi cxovre­
bis Semdeg kvlav safrangeTs daubrunda. misi vaJi, arCili dRes qarTuli
saTvistomos mRvdelia. badris (anu d. davriSaSvilis) droebiTi dabrune­
ba saqarTveloSi, rac realuri faqtia da albaT, bevrsac axsovs, romanSi
Semdegnairadaa aRwerili: `werilebi iSviaTad modioda, isic gaxsnili da

18 q. davriSevi, sarkmeli, Tb., 2013, gv.36. ix. agreTve J. xabuliani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 98
19 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, gv. 178
20 K.Davrichewy, On ne t’attendait pas, p. 88
21 iqve, gv.182-183
22 q. davriSevi, sarkmeli, Tb., 2013, gv. 25

_ 176 _
albaT, cenzuragamovlili. iyo ramdenime satelefono zari, magram ucbad
gvTiSavdnen. [...] badris Segnebuli hqonda ase Sors rom midioda? ipovna
Tavisi saqarTvelo danarCen msoflios mowyvetil im qveyanaSi? aTi wlis
Semdeg, roca ssrk-dan dabrunda, _ didi brZola dasWirda ukan dasabrune­
blad, imizezebda safrangeTSi dabadebul sam bavSvs, _ Tqva, rom es Sesan­
iSnavi wlebi iyo. materialuri mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi ukeTesia, vidre
danarCen sabWoTa kavSirSio. soflis meurneoba, hava, tradiciebi qveyanas
ufro saamurs xdis mosaxleobisTviso. miuxedavad amisa, mis ojaxs Tvalebi
scvioda savse vitrinebis danaxvaze~.23
sainteresoa badris (anu daviTis) mamis, iosebis saxe. igi mefis ruseTis
policias gaqceoda, mis dabadebamde dautovebia saqarTvelo. Tavidan Zalian
aqtiuri kaci yofila, mere politikuri xazinis qurdi, stalinad wodebuli
goreli ioseb juRaSvilis bavSvobis megobari Tu savaraudo naxevarZma. [...]
badris mamas sZulda social-demokratebi, menSevikebi, inteligencia, zom­
ieri Sexedulebebis mqoneni da snobebi~.24 sanam badri saqarTveloSi iyo, mis­
ma SviliSvilebma gadawyvites babua gaecnoT. `icodnen, rom yoveldRe, erT­
sa da imave dros dadioda viqtor hiugos moedanze mdebare ludxanaSi. erT
dilas Causafrdnen. erTi SexedviT icnes Cafskvnili, welSi gamarTuli, ul­
vaSa asakovani kaci sqeli TmiT. Tavaziani saxiT ise SeukveTa naxevari kaTxa
ludi, mimtanisTvis arc Seuxedavs da gazeTSi Cargo cxviri. SviliSvilebi
uyurebdnen, magram miaxloebas ver bedavdnen. raRac saWmeli SeukveTa, ori
saaTis Semdeg ise wavida, rom SviliSvilebma nabijic ki ver gadadges misken.
TavianTi SekiTxvebi TavianTvisve daitoves da dakmayofildnen gaurkveve­
li literaturuli niWis, magram anekdotebiT savse misi wignebis kiTxviT
stalinTan gatarebuli misi bavSvobis, misi teroristuli da revoluciuri
qmedebebis Sesaxeb, sanam mefis policias safrangeTSi gaeqceoda~.25
swored am personaJs miuZRvna romani `sxva iosebi~, romelSic qeTevan
davriSaSvili XIX-XX ss. saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebis fonze gad­
mogvcems ori iosebis, ioseb davriSaSvilisa da ioseb juRaSvilis bavSvo­
bisa da axalgazrdobis wlebis ambebs. `biWebi ise hgavdnen erTmaneTs, Zmebi
gegonebodaT~,26 Tumca, bunebiT gansxvavebulebi iyvnen da verc erTmaneTs
itandnen. `ubanSi boroti enebi datrialda, aravis sjeroda, rom bavSvis
mama beso iyo. qeTos savaraudo sayvarlebs miawerdnen, maT Soris dami­
anesac~.27 sosos goris samrevlo saswavleblis dasrulebis Semdeg swavla
tiflisis seminariaSi unda gaegrZelebina.
`iosebic [davriSaSvili] gorSi gaizarda, momaval stalinTan, mis sa­
varaudo naxevarZmasTan erTad. is bankebis mZarcveli, yaCaRi, kavkasieli

23 q. davriSevi, Savi zRva, gv.191

24 iqve, gv.160
25 iqve, gv.192
26 q. davriSevi, sxva iosebi, Tb., 2018, gv.6
27 iqve, gv.37

_ 177 _
revolucioneri, aviaciis erT-erTi pioneri iyo. mere, 1914 wels safran­
geTSi daiwyo muSaoba. iyo saidumlo agenti, marta riSaris megobari Tu
sayvareli. wignebi dawera Tavis, rogorc pilotis saqmianobaze, mere av­
tobiografiuli moTxroba ucnauri saTauriT, romelic yvelas abuCad ig­
debda: `ah, ramdens vxalisobdiT Cems Zmakac stalinTan erTad~. is wignis
gamocemamde gardaicvala parizSi, martodmarto, 1975 wels.28
tiflisSi, kolejSi swavlisas iosebi daumegobrda lev rozenfelds,
romelic mogvianebiT leon kamenevi gaxdeba, sabWoTa triumviratis wevri
stalinsa da zinovievTan erTad. colad SeirTavs trockis das. iosebi misi
revolucionerobis pirveli wlebis mowme gaxdeba.
erTxel, tiflisSi iosebi SemTxveviT gadaeyreba sosos, romelic sem­
inariaSi swavlobda da sadac lado kecxoveli da kamo petrosiani gaic­
no. soso mouyveba seminariaSi gamefebul viTarebas. `erTma axalgazrda
qarTvelma klasSi Cveni erT-erTi maswavlebeli mokla, rusifikatori,
romelmac qarTuls ZaRlebis ena uwoda. [...] gasvenebaSi marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis meTaurma dawyevla eri, romelsac mkvleli ekuTvnoda. marSalma
yifianma gaaprotesta da gadaasaxles. cimbirSi, sakanSi Tavi moikla. misma
dakrZalvam qalaqSi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. [...] mTeli mosaxleoba quCaSi ga­
movida. `sisxli rom ar daiRvara, _ ganagrZobda soso, _ es mxolod yofili
generlis, poet WavWavaZis mefisnacvalTan SuamdgomlobiT moxda.29
aq avtori aSkarad gulisxmobs 1886 w. tiflisis sasuliero seminariis
reqtoris, Cudeckis mkvlelobas, ris gamoc eqzarxosma pavlem qarTveli
eri dawyevla. dimitri yifianma saprotesto werili gaugzavna da saqarTve­
los datoveba moTxova. amis gamo Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da imave wels
stavropolSi (da ara cimbirSi) gadaasaxles, sadac Tavi ki ar mouklavs,
RamiT, mZinare mokles. verc al. WavWavaZe iSuamdgomlebda mefisnacval­
Tan, radgan im droisaTvis ukve ormoci wlis gardacvlili iyo. nawarmoeb­
Si moxseniebulia rkinigzis depos ostati aliluevi, romlis qaliSvilic
stalinma mogvianebiT colad SeirTo.
romanSi didi adgili eTmoba iosebisa da sosos urTierTobas so­
cial-demokratebTan, gaficvebs baTumSi. 1903 w. koba gaacimbires, iosebi
ki parizSi gagzavnes saswavleblad.
safrangeTidan dabrunebuli iosebi `sando axalgazrdebs~, niWier lit­
erators Salva amirejibsa da momavali saqarTvelos respublikis dam­
fuZnebeli krebis wevrs spiridon kedias ukavSirdeba.30 noe Jordanias so­
cial-demokratebs ukve menSevikebi erqvaT. isini daupirispirdnen iosebs,
romelic glexTa amboxebis mowyobas apirebda. gansakuTrebiT ki momavali
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis soflis meurneobis ministri noe
xomeriki aumxedrda. `noe menSevikebis saukeTeso propagandisti iyo. 1921

28 q. davriSevi, sxva iosebi, Tb., 2018, gv.69

29 iqve, gv.100-102
30 iqve, gv. 151

_ 178 _
wels erTaderT vaJTan erTad parizSi emigrirebuli samSobloSi rom dab­
runda, bolSevikebma daxvrites~.31 esec realuri faqtia.
droebiT afxazeTSi, dasTan gaxiznuli iosebi iqac agrZelebs revolu­
ciur saqmianobas. mogvianebiT, devnil sososac mouwevs afxazeTisTvis Ta­
vis Sefareba. amitomac, `beria Tavis werilebSi stalins miawers iosebis
mier soxumSi mowyobil manifestacias. savaraudoa, rom es berias SeTxzuli
erTaderTi ambavi ar unda iyos~.32
koba Zarcvavs iaraRis maRaziebs, iosebi mdidar burJuebs aterorebs
da fuls sZalavs. magram, am meTodebma male Tavi amowura da salaroebis
Sesavsebad sxva gza unda enaxaT. kobas xalxi gzaze gavarda, daiwyo Sei­
araRebuli Zarcva, banditizmi. am saqmeebs kamos miaweren, Tumca iosebi
amtkicebda, rom Tu jgufis saTaveSi kamo idga, misi sulisCamdgmeli koba
iyo [...]. roca koba stalini gaxdeba, velosipedze Semomjdar kamos sat­
virTo manqana gaitans da erT sxva, Zvel gorel amxanags daxvreten [...] `ada­
mianobis natamalic ar gaaCnia, ase rom xocavs Zvel da erTgul amxanagebs?~
_ ekiTxeboda sakuTar Tavs iosebi mowiful asakSi. albaT, isini warsulis
arasasurveli mowmeebi iyvnen~.33 analogiuri `Tavidan moSorebebis~ mTeli
seria iyo 30-50-ian wlebSi.
daiwyo bankebis SeiaraRebuli Zarcva. `Tavis mogonebebSi trocki zog
operacias leonid krasins miawers, duSeTis xazinis Zarcvas ki _ kobas.
Tumca, es iosebis razmis namoqmedari iyo. operacia, romliTac mTeli
sicocxle iamayebs. misi dagegmva da Sesruleba iseTi srulyofili iyo,
rom wveTi sisxlic ar daRvrila. dRisiT, mzisiT, maT mniSvnelovani Tanxa,
375000 rubli gamosZales duSeTis xazinas, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas gar­
nizoni icavda~.34
romanSi saubaria 1905 wlis 17 oqtombris manifestze da mis Tanmdev
movlenebze tiflisSi, rasac aseve ioseb juRaSvils miaweren, radgan orive
iosebia, erTi asakis da orive revolucioneri.
moxseniebulia general griaznovze Tavdasxmis faqtic,35 represiebi da
ganxeTqileba qarTul sazogadoebaSi.
sainteresoa `fragmenti safrangeTis policiis prefeqturis rapor­
tidan~,36 romelic 1927 wlis 17 ivlisiT TariRdeba. masSi wvriladaa gad­
mocemuli iosebis biografia, mis mier miRebuli jildoebi da saqmianoba.
`konstantinopolSi yofnisas davriSevs mniSvnelovani politikuri
sabuTebi unda SeeZina 50 000 frankad. es sabuTebi, rogorc Cans, aSkarad
miuTiTebdnen, rom safrangeTis komunisturi partiis xelmZRvanelebma [...]

31 q. davriSevi, sxva iosebi, Tb., 2018, gv.152

32 iqve.
33 iqve, gv. 173
34 iqve, gv.174
35 iqve, gv.197
36 iqve, gv.216

_ 179 _
mniSvnelovani subsidireba miiRes bolSevikebisgan. safrangeTSi dabrunebu­
li davriSevi gamocxadda me-2 biuroSi da aRniSnuli sabuTebi gadasca.[...]
ucnobia, rogor warimarTa es saqme. me-2 biuroSi am sabuTebis gadacemis
faqts ar uaryofen, magram araviTar axsna-ganmartebas ar iZlevian maT
Sesaxeb.[...] dauviwyaria is samsaxuri, romelic man [i.d.] safrangeTs gauwia
rogorc moxalisem, Semdeg rogorc me-2 biuros agentma~.
30-ian wlebSi iosebTan wiTeli armiis generali mivida da stalinis
saxeliT ssrk-Si dabruneba SesTavaza satyeo meurneobis xelmZRvanelad,
magram iosebma uariT gaistumra.
1948 wels, roca Sin brundeboda, erTma mowifuli asakis mamakacma SeaT­
valiera da gauRima. iosebma bavSvobis megobari, daviT maWavariani icno.
daviTi TurqeTSi cxovrobda. maT bevri isaubres, iosebma gaando rusi gen­
erlis SeTavazeba. aRmoCnda, rom analogiuri SeTavazeba werilobiTi saxiT
d. maWavariansac miuRia. gadawyvites erTad daeweraT mogoneba `im kacze,
romlisac msoflioSi yvelaze metad eSinodaT, yvelaze metad sZuldaT da
yvelaze metad uyvardaT~. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg iosebma Seityo, rom davi­
Ti `Tavis ubadruk oTaxSi naxes sawolze damxobili, Cacmuli, qudic exura.
TviTmkvlelobad miiCnies. daviTTan erTad stalinis werilic gaqra~. 37 d.
maWavarianis pirovneba da misi sikvdilis garemoebebic realuri faqtia.
1953 w. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg iosebi gaTavisuflda, xma amoiRo,
interviuebs iZleoda, gaixsena maTi SesaZlo sisxliT naTesaoba. martom
daiwyo daviTTan erTad Cafiqrebul xelnawerze muSaoba.
qeTevan davriSevis oTxsave nawarmoebSi asaxulia qarTuli tradicie­
bi, romlebsac ase saTuTad inaxavda qarTuli emigracia _ qarTuli ena,
stumarTmoyvareoba, urTierTTanadgoma, samzareulo, Tamadis instituti,
Tu nardis TamaSi, saSobao naZvis xisa Tu 26 maisis dResaswaulebis aRniSvna
levilSi, romelic, avtors Tu davesesxebiT, `erTi didi ojaxiviTaa.~ aqve
davZendiT, rom levilSi adesasac wuravdnen felamuSis gasakeTeblad da
ilia TayaiSvilis gamarTuli Tonec hqondaT. arc ise iSviaTi iyo mcire­
odeni Tanxis mqoneTa mier parizidan Catanili sursaTiT gamarTuli sakvi­
rao sadilebi, romlebic Sefaruli daxmareba iyo imisTvis, rom zog moxuc,
sxvaze Raribsa da uqonel qarTvels erTxel mainc esadila normalurad da
cota sursaTic darCenoda.38
ganxiluli nawarmoebebi metnaklebad aRadgenen Cvens istoriul war­
suls, mis socialur Tu ekonomikur mowyobas. SesaniSnavad asaxaven bevri
ojaxisTvis nacnob, mtkivneul istorias, sabWoTa xelisuflebis damok­
idebulebas emigrantebis saqarTveloSi darCenili naTesavebisadmi. yur­
adReba fokusirebulia emigrantTa yofasa da cxovrebis wesze. es aris
TviTmxilvelebisgan mopovebuli da ojaxSi Semonaxuli fasdaudebeli
cnobebi qarTuli emigraciis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas,

37 q. davriSevi, sxva iosebi, Tb., 2018, gv.228

38 ix. J. xabuliani, usaqarTvelod darCenili qarTvelebi, Tb., 2013, gv.59-60

_ 180 _
rom qeTevan davriSevis zemoT aRniSnuli nawarmoebebi ara mxolod mxat­
vruli nawarmoebebia, aramed realuri cxovrebis literaturul WrilSi
asaxvis mcdelobacaa da istoriul pirvelwyaros utoldebian.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

K. Davrichewy, On ne t’attendait pas, L’école des loisirs, Paris, 1999, 95 p.

qeTevan davriSevi, sarkmeli, ustari, Tbilisi, 2013, 58 gv.
qeTevan davriSevi, Savi zRva, ustari, Tbilisi, 2012, 204 gv.
qeTevan davriSevi, sxva iosebi, artanuji, Tbilisi, 2018, 237 gv.
Jaklin xabuliani, usaqarTvelod darCenili qarTvelebi, ustari, 2013, 193 gv.

Tsisana Bibileishvili
Professor
Caucasus University

GEORGIA AND THE GEORGIANS IN

KETEVAN DAVRISHEV’S MASTERWORKS
Summary

The main characters of Ketevan Davrishev’s (Davrishashvili) writings _ “An Uninvited

Guest”. “The Dormer Window”, “The Black Sea” and “Another Joseph” _ are Georgians
who immigrated to France. The real life of the Georgian community in France is shown
on the background of historical events taking place in Georgia (and later in France)
at the beginning of the twentieth century. These works can be regarded as historical
sources.

_ 181 _
 ediSer jafariZe
socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

mixeil musxeliSvili - qarTveli emigranti mecnieri

evrointegraciis saTaveebTan

naSromis mizania parizSi moRvawe, qarTuli emigraciis pirveli tal­

Ris TvalsaCino warmomadgenelis mixeil musxeliSvilis Semoqmedebis, misi
mecnieruli, politikuri da kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavala-gacnoba,
samecniero wreebSi mimoqceva da misi farTo samsjavroze gamotana.
msoflioSi cnobili profesori, iuristi, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli,
saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialisti, politikuri da sazogado moRvawe,
evropis xalxTa kongresis prezidenti, `federaluri evropis moZraobis~
centraluri komitetis wevri, evropis formirebis internacionalu­
ri centris biuros vice-prezidenti, evropis universitetTa asociaciis
damaarsebeli da generaluri mdivani, mTamsvleli, mecnieri da `akademiuri
palmis~ jildos kavaleri mixeil musxeliSvili daibada 1903 wlis 8(21)
ivliss qalaq TbilisSi.
mixeil musxeliSvilis ojaxi ganTqmuli yofila Zvel TbilisSi. mama _
vaxtangi solomonis Ze musxeliSvili, cnobili ofTalmologi da akaki wer­
eTlis piradi eqimi iyo. deda _ natalia mirzaSvili metad keTili, saT­
no da lamazi qali yofila. eqimis ojaxSi oTxi vaJi izrdeboda. oTxivem
umaRlesi ganaTleba sazRvargareT miiRo: levan musxeliSili cnobili is­
torikosi da arqeologi iyo, akademikos daviT musxeliSilis mama. giorgi
musxeliSvili cnobili inJineri, romelic samxreT afrikaSi profesiuli
muSaobisas daiRupa, xolo solomon musxeliSvili cnobili eqimi gaxda,
romelic 1934 wlamde parizSi moRvaweobda.
vaxtang musxeliSvilis oTxive vaJi TbilisSi, levandovskis gimnaziaSi
swavlobda da is oTxivem warCinebiT daamTavra. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg
mixeil musxeliSvili midis 1921 wlis oqtombridan (18 wlis) jer giotin­
genisa da miunxenis, Semdgom ki parizis da lionis universitetebSi saswav­
leblad, sadac iRebs umaRles iuridiul ganaTlebas. 1929 wels daasrula
sorbonis universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti saerTaSoriso samarTlis
specialobiT. sorbonis universitetSive daamTavra erTwliani `agregasin~
(sakandidato gamocdebi), miiRo kandidatis xarisxi da muSaoba daiwyo ama­
ve universitetis saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutis privat-docentad,
xolo paralelurad 1932-33 wlebSi igi leqciebs kiTxulobda parizis uni­
versitetis saerTaSoriso gamokvlevaTa umaRles institutSi.
piradad mixeil musxeliSvilis ojaxis Sesaxeb bevri cnoba ar mogve­
poveba, nekrologebidan mxolod ramdenime cnobas movuyareT Tavi. mixeil

_ 182 _
musxeliSvilis meuRle ulamazesi ukraineli qalbatoni iyo _ saxelad nina,
romelic brwyinvaled saubrobda rusulad. maTTan erTad cxovrobda ni­
nas asakovani deda natalia lisenko. maT sakuTari Svili ar hyavdaT, Tum­
ca hyavdaT frangi Svilobili nikola sambari, romelic daojaxebuli iyo
(m. musxeliSvilis gardacvalebis Semdgom samZimars acxadebdnen gazeTebSi
qalbatoni nina musxeli, qalbatoni natalia lisenko da nikola sambari
meuRliT).
rogorc aRvniSneT, m. musxeliSvili emigraciaSi 1921 wels wavida, roca
moxda saqarTvelos aneqsia sabWoTa ruseTis mier. igi ver egueboda ar­
sebul mdgomareobas da sruliad daufaravad akritikebda mas, saintere­
soa misi iuridiuli Sefaseba, sadac man 1783 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos
traqtats saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dasasruli uwoda. aman gamoi­
wvia m. musxeliSvilis politikuri devna da misi istoriografiis srulad
gaqroba-amoZirkva saqarTveloSi bolSevikTa mier. Tumca maszed fragmen­
tulad mainc moipoveba garkveuli saxis informaciebi emigrantul Jur­
nalebSi, 1 sadac vkiTxulobT, rom m. musxeliSvili iyo mudam mgznebare,
ficxi temperamentis kaci, dauRalavi mkvlevari da maZebari, mCxrekavi, rac
gamoixateba imaSi, rom igi ver kmayofildeboda mxolod iurisprudenciiT
da aqtiur monawileobas iRebda politikur saqmianobaSic.
garda amisa, m. musxeliSvilis pirovnul daxasiaTebas vxvdebiT agreTve
baton ilia tabaRuas naSromSi. mas detalurad aqvs aRwerili maTi Sexve­
dra parizSi, 1961 wlis maisSi. igi wers, rom2 `m. musxeliSvili iyo maRali,
axovani, simpatiuri da rainduli Sesaxedaobis kaci. musxeliSvils piradad
vicnobdi, rodesac 1961/62 saswavlo wlebSi safrangeTSi, parizSi muSaobis
dros, arqivebsa da biblioTekebSi strasburgSi Cavedi. erTxel saRamos mis
binaze davureke, movaxsene vinc viyavi da Sexvedra vTxove. pasuxi, romel­
Sic didi siTbo igrZnoboda, iyo mokle, `Tu gnebavT, axlave gelodebiT~.
mivedi, damxvda TviTon da misi meuRle. miReba iyo Zalian gulTbili, vax­
Sami, saubari..., batoni mixeili aRmoCnda uaRresad sasiamovno, momxibla­
vi pirovneba, mravali enis mcodne (qarTuli, rusuli, franguli, ingli­
suri, germanuli), saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso politikis
namdvili didi specialisti, Rrmad erudirebuli. daveswari mis leqciebs
strasburgis universitetSi frangul da inglisur enebze. am enebze ise
Tavisuflad, mWevrmetyvelurad da oratorulad kiTxulobda leqciebs,
rom TiToeuli am enis qveynis mkvidri gegonebodaT. leqciebs zepirad
yovelgvari Canawerebis gareSe, oratorulad sasaiamovno maneriT kiTxu­
lobda. Cveni saubris dros sul detalebSi mekiTxeboda saqarTvelos am­
bebs. mas yvelaze metad ufro ainteresebda qarTvelis (sabWoTa moqalaqis)
uflebrivi mdgomareoba. CemSi gaoceba gamoiwvia sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis
misma Rrma codnam. visac m. musxeliSvilTan urTierToba honda yvela miu­
1 Jurnali `kavkasioni~, 1965 w., t. X, parizi. gv.166
2 saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan. evropisa da amerikis samecniero-
kvleviTi instituti. t. 1, mecniereba, 1994

_ 183 _
TiTebdnen mis maRal kulturaze, elegantobaze, gulwrfelobaze, saqmis­
admi erTgulebaze, maRal erudiciaze, adamianebTan saerTo enis gamonax­
vis iSviaT Tvisebaze, keTilSobilebasa da mis Tbil damokidebulebaze ko­
legebTan da studentebTan.~3
mixeil musxeliSvili 1935-48 wlebSi muSaobda kairos samarTlis fran­
guli skolisa da kairos universitetis jer eqstraordinalur, Semdgom ki
ordinarul profesorad. 1946-48 wlamde iyo amave universitetis samarT­
lis kaTedris gamge da aseve egviptis xelisuflebis mrCveveli saerTaSor­
iso samarTlisa da politikur mecnierebebis mimarTulebiT. amis Semdgom
mixeili dabrunda safrangeTSi da 1948 wlidan sicocxlis ukanasknel wle­
bamde iyo strasburgis iuridiul da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis
wamyvani profesori.
1948-1949 wlebSi mixeil musxeliSvilma Seqmna ssrk-isa da aRmosavleT
evropis (e.w. socialisturi) Semswavleli samecniero kvleviTi centri. 18
weli saTaveSi edga mas, romelsac Semdgom `musxelis~4 (safrangeTis re­
spublikis oficialur gazeTSia cnoba, sadac weria, rom kairos frangu­
li skolis profesorma Michel Mouskhelishvili-ma mimarTa kairoSi iusticiis
saministros, misi gvaris Secvlis Taobaze. universitetis profesorma mix­
eil musxeliSvilma Seicvala gvari da is iwodeba dReidan miSel musxe­
lad, Michel Mouskell) centri uwodes (exlac musxelis centri hqvia). `musx­
elis~ centri warmoadgenda politologiisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis,
sovetologiis dargis erT-erT mniSvnelovan centrs safrangeTSi, sadac
muSavdeboda evrointegraciisa da evropuli sazRvrebis moSlis idea. igi
iyo pirveli qarTveli da erT-erTi pirveli politikuri moRvawe msof­
lioSi, romelmac evrogaerTianebis da evropuli sazRvrebis moSlis idea
wamoayena da daicva. amis politikuri da samarTlebrivi xedva asaxulia mis
monografiaSi `evropis federalizmis struqtura~. amave centrSi daarsa
saerTaSoriso samecniero krebuli, romelSic aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen
msoflioSi cnobili mecnierebi: JorJ kedeli, rober mosse, gui ero, anri
Sambri da mravali sxva. profesorma amave centrSi gamosca ori krebuli,
romelsac uZRvis misi vrceli winasityvaoba, orive tomma maleve hpova
saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba msoflios wamyvan mecnierTa wreebSi.5 amitoma­
caa, rom m. musxeliSvili dRemde rCeba politologiis franguli skolis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan da wamyvan liderad. xolo musxelis centrSi misi
redaqciiT da TanaavtorobiT gamocemuli politologia-samarTalmcod­
neobis dargis fundamenturi ortomiani monografia, dResac dasavleTis
politologTa samagido wignad iTvleba.
saintereso mosazrebebia asaxuli agreTve evropuli federaciis momava­

3 saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan. evropisa da amerikis samecniero-

kvleviTi instituti. t. 1, mecniereba. 1994, gv. 129
4 Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise #73. 1944 wlis 31 agvisto
5 gazeTi `figaro~, 2.ÍÍÍ., 1965

_ 184 _
li formisa da misi gaerTianebis Sesaxeb musxeliSvilis naSromebSi. frang­
ma gamomcemlebma Jan fransis biionma da Jan luk prevelma moiZies, Sekribes
da erT wignad gamosces 1930-40-50-ian wlebSi musxeliSvilis mier dawerili
statiebi, saerTo saTauriT `konfederacia da federacia~. anotacia wignis
Sesaxeb evromoqalaqis Jurnalis 2012 wlis 20 ivlisis nomerSi6 gvamcnobs
federalizmis raobas: „federacia es aris suverenitetis cneba, romelic
asafuZvlebs gansxvavebas federaciasa da konfederacias Soris. konfed­
eracia efuZneba xelSekrulebas, federacia ki-konstitucias. konfedera­
cia qveynebis gaerTianebaa, federacia ki amasTan erTad individebis sazo­
gadoeba. federaciaSi kanoni dominirebs Zalaze. federacia aRWurvilia
uflebamosilebiT, romlis ganxorcielebac aRar an ar aris mizanSewonili
federirebul samelmwifosaTvis (Tavdacva, sagareo politika, ekonomiku­
ri politika da a.S). uflebamosilebaTa gadanawileba xdeba sufsidiarul
principebze: federirebuli saxelmwifoebi floben yvelainair uflebamo­
silebas, romelic ar iyo formalurad miniWebuli federaluri saxelm­
wifosaTvis. es uflebebi ganekuTvneba nacionalur, regionalur, kan­
tonalur (Sveicaria) saqmeebs, romelTa gangebac TviT maT srulyofilad
SeuZliaT (ganaTleba, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba,
saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebi, sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba da a.S.). musx­
eliSvili Tavis naSromSi wers, rom federalizmSi `Zalasa da Tavisufle­
bas Soris nacionaluri avtonomia morigebulia sazogado wesrigis mor­
CilebasTan. wevri-saxelmwifoebis sakonstitucio avtonomiis, samTavrobo
dawesebulebebis, zemdgomlobis, kavSiris survilebis formirebaSi monaw­
ileobis, kompetenciebis gadanawilebis da arbitraluri xasiaTis feder­
aluri sasamarTlos dawesebis saSualebiT.“ miSel musxeli aseve saubrobs
federalur konstituciaze da aRniSnavs, rom igi unda iyos mokle da Se­
mogvaTavazos `saerTo ideali“. ra iqneba es ideali evrokavSirisaTvis?!
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom Tanamedrove evrokavSiris konstitucia
dgas mixeil musxeliSvilis mier dawerili konstituciis fundamental­
ur principebze. m. musxeliSvilma, gaston stefanTan erTad 1949 wels
dawera evropuli konstitucia, sadac gawerilia politikuri da socia­
luri demokratiis principebi, rac dafuZnebulia mSvidobaze da socia­
lur samarTalze federaciis erTianobaSi da federaciuli saxelmwifoebis
sxvadasxvaobaSi. musxeliSvili ganmartavs, rom Tu `konstituciam miiRo
garkveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri logika, is Semoitans fede­raciaSi
ganxeTqilebis sxvadasxva motivebs, romelTac SeeZlebaT fataluri dis­
kusiebis provocireba kavSiris SenarCunebaze~. marTlac Zneli warmo­
sadgenia, rom federaciis konstitucia iRebs garkveul ekonomikur da
socialur ideologias wevri-saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebis dapirispirebis
riskis fasad, evropeli xalxis demokratiuli kontrolis qveS myof fed­
eralur moZraobazea damokidebuli iseTi arCevanis gakeTeba, romelsac
6 jonaTan levegli, miSel musxeli. konfederacia da federacia: antiTeza. La Taurillon _ evro­
moqalaqis Jurnali, 2012. 20 ivnisi

_ 185 _
SeeZleba Semdgomi arCevnebis mimdinareobis Seryeva. dRes im siZnelis wi­
naSe, rasac evropis doneze gadawyvetilebis miReba hqvia, kavSiris konfed­
eraluri bunebis gamo, mTavrobebi cdiloben gadawyvetilebaTa konsti­
tucionirebas, magaliTad sabiujeto xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic
ar unda iyos konstituciuri xasiaTis. Cven moxaruli viqnebiT davrCeT
maastrixtis SeTanxmebis farglebSi. es mdgomareoba faqtobrivad aris aR­
iareba umweobisa, romelic, pirvelyovlisa, gamowveulia kavSiris cudi
mmarTvelobisagan. dasasruls igi werda, rom `unda gamovideT evropuli
realobebidan da federalizmi SeuTavsoT am realobebs. evropa ki ar unda
daeqvemdebaros federalistur principebs, aramed ufro federalisturi
principebi unda moergos evropul realobas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom evro­
puli federa­lizmis forma kidev gamosagonebelia.~ naSromis dasasruls,
igi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs federaciuli principis moqnilobas da simdidres,
romelic iTvaliswinebs `yvela rTul da mgrZnobiare de faqto situaciebs.
eWvs gareSea, rom evropuli federacia ar miiRebs formas, adaptirebuls
Zlier individualizmTan da misi Semqmneli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis
xangrZliv istoriasTan. amitom aris, rom SeiZleba apriori iTqvas, rom
evropuli federacia ar iqneba arcerTi manamde arsebul federaluri
sistemis msgavsi. es iqneba faqtobrivad erTi suverenuli saxelmwifo sx­
vebs Soris, erTi etapi msoflio federaciisaken, romelic erTaderTi sa­
Sualeba iqneba federalizmis sruli realizaciisa omis logikis univer­
saluri gadaWris gziT, romelic Sedegia saxelmwifoebis suverenitetisa,
misi usasrulo mSvidobis logikiT Secvla da samarTlis gabatoneba Zal­
momreobaze.~
mixeil musxeliSvili aqtiurad monawileobda adgilobriv da saerTaSo­
riso konferencia-kongresebis muSaobaSi. igi yovelTvis saintereso da
vrceli moxsenebebiT gamodioda evrointegraciis da erTiani evropuli
sazRvrebis moSlis iniciativiT, evropis saerTo bazris Seqmnis da erTiani
evropuli ganaTlebis sistemis modernizaciis ideiT. gansakuTrebiT unda
aRiniSnos misi moxseneba da istoriuli gamosvla 1950 wlis 6 agvistos
evrokonferenciaze strasburgSi, romelic Catarda misi uSualo inicia­
tiviT. evrokonferenciis gaxsnis wina dRes, evropis 8 qveynis 300-ze metma
studentma, evrogaerTianebis mgznebare iniciatoris mixeil musxeliSvilis
da sami sxva momxre profesoris winamZRolobiT, moSala safrangeT-germani­
is sasazRvro infrastruqtura da aRmarTa erTiani evropis droSa. `Cven
mxolod patara koconi davanTeT, didi cecxli exla strasburgSi unda
gaCaRdes, rom evropuli gulebic ainTos...., Tqva maSin m. musxeliSvilma.
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia agreTve misi gamosvla da iniciati­
va saerTo evropuli bazris Seqmnis Sesaxeb briuselSi,7 1958 wlis 23-27
aprils briuselSi msoflio gamofenis C.E.C.A-s pavilionSi Sedga evropel
profesorTa asociaciis morigi kongresi, romlis muSaobis dRis wesrigSi

7 Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #28-29, gv.43-44

_ 186 _
iyo ori sakiTxi: evropis saerTo bazari da evropis saerTo dawesebulebe­
bi. moxsenebebi exeboda evropis ekonomikuri mTlianobis iuridiul bunebas
da mis saerTo aspeqts, mis fsiqologiur mxares. m. musxeliSvilma ki vrce­
li moxseneba waradgina, evropis saerTo bazris Seqmnis, misi integraciis
(mTlianobis) Sesaxeb da mis samarTlebriv aspeqtebze, romelmac didi ga­
moxmaureba hpova, rogorc adgilobvriv ise saerTaSoriso presa-publika­
ciebSi. igi miiCnevda, rom evropis gaerTianebis Sedgom unda moxdes evro­
pis bazris gaerTianeba, rac gaadvilebda savaWro kavSirebs qveynebs Soris
da Seqmnida erTian sabazro sistemas evropis kontinentze. evropis saerTo
bazris sistemis Seqmna xels Seuwyobda evropuli qveynebis gaerTianebas da
gaerTianebis Semdgom misi saerTo simtkicis SenarCunebas.
1948-51 wlebSi m. musxeliSvili sauniversitetTaSoriso federaciis
prezident-damaarsebelia. 1952 wlidan igi iyo evropel profesorTa aso­
ciaciis generaluri mdivani. 1952 wlis 25 seqtembers parizSi Seiqmna spe­
cialuri komisia,8 romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen m. musxeliSvili, m. ore,
s. bergstoni, a. nikuraZe, g. miSo, al. marki, r. norTi da sxva. am komisias
unda SeemuSavebina debuleba evropel profesorTa asociaciis Sesaqmne­
lad, xolo 1955 wlis seqtemberSi q. triestSi moiwvies kongresi, romelSic
warmodgenili iyo 18 qveynis 120 warmomadgeneli. aq Seiqmna evropel pro­
fesorTa asociacia, romlis mizani iyo evropuli inteleqtualuri da kul­
turuli erTianobis organizaciis da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. triestis
kongresze mTavarma momxsenebelma miSel musxelma Tqva, rom axla dadga
sakiTxi evropelTa inteleqtualuri da kulturuli erTobis gaerTianebis
Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom triestis kongresis mizani iyo evropis
qveynebis umaRles saswavleblebSi erTiani evropuli swavlebis meTodebis
Camoyalibeba, evropis umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesor-maswavlebelTa
da studentTa daaxloeba, gonivruli urTierTobebis ganviTareba. es ig­
ivea, rasac dRes boloniis procesi gulisxmobs, romlis mizania evropu­
li qveynebis ganaTlebis sistemebis daaxloeba da harmonizacia, erTiani
evropuli sivrcis Seqmna umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. triestis kongresze
Seiqmna evropel profesorTa asociacia da ganxiluli iqna sakiTxebis sa­
fuZvlianad SemuSavebisaTvis komisiebi, asociaciis prezidentad arCeul
iqna profesori v. aranjo-ruizi-linCeis erovnuli akademiis prezidenti
italiidan, vice-prezidentad profesori s. dempfi-miunxenidan, aseve pro­
fesorTa saWos wevri al. nikuraZe germaniidan da generalur mdivnad pro­
fesori m. musxeliSvili safrangeTidan.
m. musxeliSvili aqtiurad monawileobda safrangeTSi `erTiani evropis
warmomadgenelTa arCevnebSi, iyo Jurnal `evropis formirebi~-s redaqciis
komitetis wevri da Jurnal `socialisturi azris~ damaarsebeli da re­
daqtor-gamomcemeli.
1953 wlis 10 agvistos oficialurad daarsda strasbugSi `evropuli

8 Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #21-22. gv. 27-29, 1-5, 7-8.

_ 187 _
qarTuli moZraoba~, romlis sulisCamdgmeli da iniciatori aseve mixeil
musxeliSvili iyo. `qarTul-evropuli moZraobis~ sainiciativo wrem daar­
sa samdivno Semdegi SemadgenlobiT: al. jinWaraZe, k. salia, m. alSibaia,
v. cxomeliZe. samdivno xelmZRvanelobda moZraobis muSaobas yrilobis
mowvevamde. `evropuli qarTuli moZraobis~ sapatio Tavmjdomared arCeul
iqna profesori mixeil wereTeli, xolo sapatio wevrad grigol robaqiZe.
`evropul qarTuli moZraobas~ safuZvalad daedo 1953 wlis 7 aprils, q.
miunxenSi Sekrebili damfuZnebeli krebis mier SemuSavebuli da damtkice­
buli Semdegi wesdeba: 1. qarTvelTa Soris evropis saxelmwifoTa kavSiris
da masSi suverenuli, demokratiuli saqarTvelos Sesvlis aucileblobis
ideis gavrceleba. 2. gacnoba ucxoelTaTvis, rom saqarTvelo mudam iyo
sulierad da kulturulad nawili evropisa da surs gaxdes misi wevri.
am mizanTa misaRwevad, igi ukavSirdeba kavkasiel mezobelTa da evropis
sxva erTa evropul moZraobebs. moZraobis wesdebaSi xazgasmulia, rom `qa­
rTul-evropuli moZraoba~ ar iyo kuTvnileba romelime partiisa an jgu­
fisa. masSi monawileobis miReba SeeZlo nebismier qarTvels, ganurCevlad
religiuri mrwamsisa da politikuri Sexedulebebisa, vinc aRiarebda saqa­
rTvelos suverenobas da iziarebda evropis mTlianobis ideas.9
miSel musxeli 1954 wlidan iyo evropis universitetTa asociaciis
damaarsebeli da orjer arCeuli generaluri mdivani. amave wlebSi politi­
kur mecnierebaTa saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis damaarsebeli, mecnieruli
presis saerTaSoriso kavSiris (am kavSiris vice prezidenti iyo kalistrate
salia) da sxva uamravi samecniero Tu sazogadebrivi gaerTianebis wevri.
cnobil mecniers xSirad iwvevdnen leqciebis wasakiTxad msoflios sx­
vadasxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris norvegiaSi, italiaSi, aSS-Si, skandinaviis
qveynebSi, holandiaSi, SveicariaSi da sxva.
m. musxeliSvili 1954 wels miwveuli iyo The American Friends Service Com-
mittee–s mier aSS-Si leqciebis wasakiTxad. profesorma waikiTxa moxsenebe­
bi CrdiloeT amerikis yvela did qalaqsa da univeristetSi, politikur
da diplomatiur wreebSi, religiur sazogadoebebSi. mis leqciebs yvelgan
uamravi xalxi eswreboda. vaSingtonSi erT mis moxsenebaze movidnen mTe­
li diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis kulturul seqciaTa xelmZRvanele­
bi. iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg igi gaemgzavra skandinaviaSi oslosa da up­
salas universitetebis miwveviT. moxsenebis Tema iyo evropis civilizaciis
krizisi da evropis kulturis gacocxlebis aucilebloba.10
m. musxeliSvilis statiebi da naSromebi ibeWdeboda frangul, german­
ul, inglisur enebze. `Monde Nouveau~ , Trvaux et Enquetes krebulebSi, aseve
nino da kalistarte salias parizSi gamomaval qarTul JurnalSi `bedi qa­
rTlisa“. esenia: `saqarTvelo da evropa~, `erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebi­
saTvis~, `ruseTi ar aris evropa~, `damonebul erTa wamomadgenlobisaTvis~,

9 Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~ #15, 1953 wlis seqtemberi, gv.30-31.

10 Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~ 1954 wlis #17, gv 30

_ 188 _
`ssrk anu miTi bednier erebze~, `proletariatis diqtatura saxelmwifo
leviaTanSi~, `sabWoTa federalizmi~, `erovnebebi da lingvistika ssrk-Si~,
`iuridiuli buneba sabWoTa kavSirSi~ da mravali sxva.
mixeil musxeliSvilis pirveli, yvelaze cnobili da popularuli naS­
romebia gamocemuli frangul enaze, esenia: 1. Michel Mouskheli. L’equite
en Droit International Modern. Paris. 1933; 2. Michel Mouskheli. Autonomie. 1934;
3. Michel Mouskheli. Le Plebiscite de la Sarre. 1933 (pirveli sami naSromi ga­
mosvlisTanave miSel musxelma didi siyvaruliTa da enTuziazmiT 1933 we­
lis maisSi gamougzavna Tavis dedas warweriT `Cem sayvarel da Zvirfas de­
dikos saxsovrad misi sayvareli Svilisagan~, romelic daculia musxeliS­
vilebis pirad arqivSi); 4. Michel Mouskheli. La theorie juidique de l’Etat federal:
60 fr. (J.Pedone) 1931 (18 ivlisis #457 wels `axali literatura~-Si parizis
samecniero JurnalSi cnobaa, rom gamovida musxelis naSromi federaluri
saxelmwifos iuridiuli Teoria); 5. Michel Mouskhely, Gaston Stefani, `Draft of
a European Federal Constitution~ 1948.
m. musxeliSvili gatacebuli iyo alpinizmiT, is xSirad dadioda
salaSqrod. 1964 wlis 16 ivliss erT-erTi asvlis dros italiis alpebSi,
aostas xeobaSi mwverval sevinis dapyrobis Semdeg, daSvebisas igi kldidan
Camovarda da tragikulad daiRupa. ufro detaluradaa frangulad aRw­
erili gardacvalebis mizezi nekrologSi, romlis Targmani aseTia: m. musx­
eli 1964 wlis ivlisis dasawyiSi gaemgzavra strasburgidan vale d’aostaSi
italiaSi, evropis federalizmis universitetSi leqciebis wasakiTxad. igi
amas yovelwliurad akeTebda ardadegebis dros. man gadawyvita, rom jer
asuliyo italiis alpebSi, servenis masivSi `didi tornalinis mwvervalze
(3.378 m), xolo Semdeg Casuliyo qalaq aostaSi da leqciebi waekiTxa, romel­
ic mdebareobs CrdiloeT italiis alpebSi safrangeTisa da Sveicariis saz­
RvarTan. mas axlda sami pirovneba: misi frangi Svilobili vaJi, holandie­
li megobari Jan vesternbroeki, romelic aseve leqciebs kiTxulobda qa­
laq aostas universitetSi da erTi germaneli studenti. `1964 wlis 11
ivliss diliT m. musxeliSvili avida mwvervalze da ukan dabrunebisas fexi
dausxlta da gadaiCexa kldeze. Zalzed sainteresoa am ubeduri SemTxvevis
aRwera batoni Jan vesternbroekis mier, romelic detaluradaa frangul
nekorolgSi gadmocemuli. samSabaTs Cven diliT davtoveT valturmanSi.
`didi tornalinis~ mwvervalze asvlis Semdgom visauzmeT da suraTebi ga­
daviReT. amindi iseTi kargi iyo, rom samwuxarod ukan davbrundiT mxolod
dRis sam saaTze, rodesac ukve yinuls dnoba daewyo. Cven viyaviT naxevar
gzaze, tornalinis did da patara mwvervalebs Soris, rodesac gzaze pro­
fesori waborZikda da fexi dausxlta. ramdenadac Cven TokebiT ukve aRar
viyaviT erTmaneTTan gadabmuli, Cven arafris gakeTeba aRar SegveZlo, Tu
ara marto gveyvira, `buCqebs moeWideT~, man verafers mosWida xeli da
pirdapir gadaecva 150 metridan cicabo SiSvel kldeze~. profesoris mxle­
belni maSinve gaeSuren valturmanSTan axlos mdebare patar sofel Seneil­
isaken da uxmes maSvelebs. maSvelebis mobilizebas da iq misvlas aTi saaTi
_ 189 _
dasWirda, ra drosac profesori ukve gadracvlili ipoves da misi cxedari
aostaSi Camoasvenes. am ubeduri SemTxvevis gagebis Semdgom musxeliSilis
meuRle qalbatoni nina Camovida aostaSi da misi cxedari strasburgSi
gadaasvena, sadac misi dasaflaveba moxda 17 ivliss, paraskevs, 16 saaTze
strasburg-robertsos CrdiloeT sasaflaoze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom misi
dasaflaveba moxda orTodoqsuli wesiT da am mesias xelmZRvanelobda mama
Jan arnu. vinaidan musxeliSvils sakuTari Svili ar yavda (Tu ar CavTliT
mis frang Svilobils), tradiciisamebr misi kubo Caasvena saflavSi misma
yofilma uaxloesma eqvsma studentma.
m. musxelisSvilis dakrZalvas mTeli universiteti daeswro, samglovia­
ro sityva warmosTqva strasburgis universitetis reqtorma d. f. anJelos­
ma, profesorma a. vielma da iuridiuli fakultetis dekanma, profesorma
ruaerma. aseve evropis sabWos generaluri mdivnis moadgilem pol modinma.
orive profesorma gansakuTrebiT aRniSna miSel musxelis sikeTe, sisadave,
sulieri keTilSobileba, inteligentoba, cocxali xasiaTi da mgznebareba,
rac namdvilad axasiaTebda am qarTvel kacs, romelic ver moeswro Tavisi
mSobliuri universiteti daemSvenebina.11
61 wlis mecnieris dakargvam didi sinanuli gamoiwvia mTel evropaSi. es
Cans franguli wamyvani gazeTebis `mondis~ da `figaros~ furclebidan, sa­
dac vkiTxulobT... `piradi vaJkacoba da SemarTeba, gasaocari enTuziazmi,
inteleqtualuri simdidre Seadgenda, xasiaTis siZlieresa da nebisyofis
simtkicesTan erTad, am SesaniSnavi pirovnebis Tvisebebs. evropis universi­
tetTa da evropul moZraobaTaTvis es aunazRaurebeli danaklisia. miSelis
dakrZalvam gviCvena, Tu raoden didi pativiscemiT da siyvaruliT sarge­
blobda igi kolegebsa da studentebSi. misi saxiT Cven davkargeT naTeli
gzis da maRali kvalifikaciis profesori, sulierebiT, keTilSobilebiT
da gonierebiT gamorCeuli....
aseve vkiTxulobT gazeTi `figaro~-Si,12 rom niWieri profesoris siyvar­
uli da pativiscema imdenad didi iyo, rom musxeliSvilis gardacvalebis
wlisTavze orma romaelma studentma 23 wlis jani rutma da 22 wlis karlo
gracianim mon blanze erTiani evropis droSa aRmarTa, erTiani evropisaT­
vis mxurvale mebrZolis saxelis ukvdavsayofad. maT es diadi qcevis aqti,
sayvareli strasburgeli profesoris xsovnisadmi miuZRvniaT.

mixeil musxeliSvilis Sromis Sedegi

evrokavSirSi gasawevrianeblad jer kidev bevri gamowveva arsebobs, magram
arc Tu ise miuRwevadia da saamisod qmediTi nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia. Cven
vimedovnebT, rom evropuli erebis ojaxs saqarTveloc male SeuerTdeba. m.
musxeliSvilis Semoqmedebis mizani da natvrac swored es iyo, saqarTvelo
yofiliyo demokratiuli da evropuli yaidis qveyana. man saamisod parizSi
11 Revue de Kartvelologie. #45/46. Paris. gv.184/86
12 Figaro, 12.08.1965

_ 190 _
da briuselSi Cauyara safuZveli evropuli ideebis damuSavebas da evropuli
samarTlis safuZvlebs (evrokavSiris fundamentur konstitucias) _ adami­
anis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. 1950 wlis 6 agvistos stras­
burgSi, evrokonferenciis gaxsnis wina dRes, evropis 8 qveynis 300 ze metma
studentma, evrogaerTianebis mgznebare iniciatoris mixeil musxeliSvilsa
da sami sxva momxre profesoris winamZRolobiT, moSala safrangeT-germani­
is sasazRvro infrastruqtura da aRmarTa erTiani evropis droSa, `Cven
mxolod patara koconi davanTeT, didi cecxli exla strasburgSi unda gaC­
aRdes, rom evropuli gulebic ainTo...., Tqva maSin m. musxeliSvilma.
diax saqarTvelo evropulia, Tavisi kulturiT, istoriiT, religiiTa da
Tavisufali miswrafebebiT. amitomacaa, rom evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis
mier droulad moxda amis gacnobiereba-aRiareba da saqarTvelos vizal­
iberalizaciis implementacia. es iyo istoriuli momenti saqarTvelosa da
qarTveli xalxisTvis.
vizaliberalizacia warmoadgens saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris
aRmosavleT partniorobis programis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebul urT­
ierTobaTa erT-erT mTavar Sedegs.
amdenad, dRes vizaliberalizaciis miReba erTgvarad warmoadgens mixe­
il musxeliSilis evrogaerTianebis oTxi ZiriTadi koncefciis nawils,
romelic maSinve gulisxmobda: evropuli qveynebis gaerTianebas (evropuli
kavSiri, konfederacia), evropis saerTo bazris Seqmnas, evropis qveynebs
Soris sazRvrebis moSlas, evropis erTiani ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmnasa
da harmonizacias. aqedan bolo or koncefciaSi saqarTvelo ukve aqti­
urad monawileobs, danarCeni ki kvlav rCeba qveynis mTavar gamowvevad.
vimedovnebT, rom warmatebuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT saqarTvelo male
SeuerTdeba did evropul ojaxs.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

m. musxeliSvili, qarTul-evropuli moZraobis gamocema, parizi, 1952

m. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo da evropa, parizi, 1953
saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan. evropisa da
amerikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, t. 1, mecniereba. 1994
saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan. evropisa da
amerikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, t. 2, mecniereba. 1995
Jurnali `kavkasioni~ 1965 w. t. X, parizi
Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #15, 1953, seqtemberi
Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #17, 1954
Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #18, 1954
Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #21-22
Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #24-25, 1957
_ 191 _
Jurnali `bedi qarTlisa~, #28-29
fr. Jurnali `mond nuvo~, #89-90, 1955
Jurnali La Taurillon, 2012, 20 ivnisi
gazeTi `figaro~, 2.ÍÍÍ. 1965
Figaro, 12.08.1965
Journal Officiel de la Republique Francaise #73. 1944 wlis 31 agvisto
Revue de Kartvelologie. # 45/46. Paris. Figaro, 12.08.1965
Berdiev. Les sources et le sens du communism russe
Preface au livre de G.Jorre, L’URSS,la terre et les homes.1946
Ils’agit de la terminologie de Sir Harold Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality

Edisher Japharidze
PhD in Social Sciences
Georgian Technical Univcersity

MIKHEIL MUSKHELISHVILI _ GEORGIAN EMIGRANT SCIENTIST

AT THE OUTSET OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Summary

Georgia has always been aspiring to Europe. Today it is thoroughly pursuing the path of
western orientation. From the very first days of European civilization Georgia participated
in development of spiritual, cultural, political and economic formations constituting the
essence of European life. The Georgians became Europeans when the country converted
into Christianity and became a part of Hellenistic world and a sharer of Roman and Greek
civilizations. Georgia has significantly contributed to European creative work. In this respect
it is important to highlight a Georgian emigrant professor’s merits in the development and
formation of the European Union.
Mikheil Muskhelishvili was the first Georgian European to preach the idea of the Euro-
pean Union and of erasing frontiers among European countries. He formed the European
Center of scientific research and study in Strasburg named “Muskheli” Center (where it is
operating under the name) to study issues of European integration. After the War he put
forward the idea of uniting Europe into a federation. He maintained federalism was not
only the necessity enabling the Europeans to survive but also was a guarantee of peace and
prosperity of Europe and freedom and integrity of human race… as he wrote in his work
“The structure of Europe’s Federalism”.
Even before Jean Monnet founded the EU, M. Muskhelishvili had published a few works
about European confederation. While Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet were merely
talking about uniting Europe, M. Muskhelishvili was publishing articles on the same subject
in the leading newspapers and magazines of his time and was actively participating in the
processes of creating the European Union.

_ 192 _
 In August, 1950, in Strasburg, Mikheil Mouskheli with his students and supporters of Eu-
ropean Union demolished France-German frontier infrastructure and hoisted the common
European flag. M. Muskhelishvili also talked about common European market and common
European educational system which meant today’s Bologna process. The aim was to bring
the educational systems of European countries together and create common European
higher educational system.
On February 2, 2017 as a result of successful reforms carried out by Georgian Democratic
Government, Georgia got EU visa liberalization (VLAP _ Visa Liberalisation Action Plan). We
hope it will mark the beginning of Georgia’s integration process into the European Union.
Visa liberalization is one of Mikheil Mouskheli’s four main concepts of creating the Euro-
pean Union, for which he fought. The concept at that time meant creating the Union of Eu-
ropean Countries (EU, Confederation), of European common market, demolishing borders
among European countries and creating and harmonizing common European educational
system. Georgia has already participated in the last two concepts. We hope that the country
will continue carrying out successful reforms and will return to the European family where
it truly belongs.

_ 193 _
 maia patariZe
istoriis doqtori
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli

roland spanderaSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis fulis muzeumi

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis ucnobi fuladi

niSnebi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis da
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebidan

1917 wlidan amierkavkasiaSi sakmaod mZime politikuri situacia Seiqm­

na. ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg, daiSala amierkavkasiis
sagangebo komiteti (Особый Закавказский Комитет), 15 noembridan ki axlad­
Seqmnilma amierkavkasiis komisariatma daiwyo regionis marTva. ruseTis
saimperio xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Seqmnilma ekonomikurma kolafs­
ma mZimed imoqmeda amierkavkasiis regionzec, mimoqcevis arxebSi sakmaod
Semcirda naRdi fulis masa, sabolood ki deficitic Seiqmna. 1918 wlis
29 ianvars amierkavkasiis komisariatma daamtkica debuleba bonebis Ses­
axeb, imave wlis 5 Tebervlidan ki mimoqcevaSi gamovida 1,3,5,10,50 da
100-maneTiani bonebi, romelTac Semdgom 250 maneTiani nominali daemata.
[dundua...2003:114] kavkasiaSi im dros Seqmnil ekonomikur situacias kar­
gad asaxavs cnoba: `mTavrobas kidev ar gamourkvevia Tavisi politikuri
mdgomareoba ruseTis farglebSi. man TviTon ar icis, ra ekuTvnis saerTo
saxelmwifo qonebisa da valisagan. oqros rezervze xom laparakic zedme-
tia. aseT pirobebSi ramdenime milioni maneTis gamoSveba kursis katastro-
fas gamoiwvevs, ise rom, kavkasieli momxmarebeli albaT adre moeswreba im
bednier dRes, roca wyvili fexsacmeli ramdenime aTasi eRireba, rogorc
es safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros iyo~ [qaRaldis...2007:14]. 1918 wlis
10 Tebervals TbilisSi mowveul iqna amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlobiTi
organo seimi, romelmac sakmaod xangrZlivi yoymanis Semdeg amierkavkasiis
ruseTisgan CamoSorebis iuridiuli gaformeba gadawyvita. 9 aprils seimma
damoukideblobis deklaracia miiRo da amierkavkasia damoukidebel, fed­
eraciul respublikad gamoacxada. kavkasiasa da ruseTSi samxedro-politi­
kuri situacia mkveTrad Seicvala, federaciaSi Semavali mxareebi sxvadasx­
va politikuri orientaciis momxreebi aRmoCndnen, ramac, sabolood, 1918
wlis 26 maiss amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis daSla gamoiwvia.
[javaxiSvili, 1998:5]. am periodSi saqarTveloSi mimoiqceoda ruseTis impe­
riis droindeli saxelmwifo bankis mier emisirebuli kupiurebi, ruseTis
droebiTi mTavrobis droindeli fulis niSnebi, amierkavkasiis bonebi. zo­
gierTi qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba damatebiT uSvebda lokalur banknotebs

_ 194 _
an Cekebs, romelic SezRuduli mimoqcevis arealSi brunavda [Airapetian,
2009:81,127].
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom sxdomaze saqarTvelo
damoukidebel, demokratiul respublikad gamoacxada. mTavrobas saTaveSi
Caudga noe ramiSvili, romelic maleve noe Jordaniam Secvala. finansTa
da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministrad giorgi Juruli dainiSna, romelic 1919
wels Secvala misma moadgilem konstantine kandelakma. 26 maiss erovnuli
sabWos sxdomaze miiRes gadawyvetileba fulis niSnebis Taobazec, kerZod
sabWos dadgenilebiT, mimoqcevaSi darCa amierkavkasiis bonebi da Semd­
gomi emisia somxeTisa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebTan SeTanxmebiT ganexor­
cielebinaT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb saintereso pasaJia k.kandelakis mogonebeb­
Si: `pirveli didi sakiTxi, mTavrobas rom daudga finansiur-ekonomikur
sferoSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvelsave dRes dauyonebliv
mosagvareblad, iyo fulis, anu ukeT rom vsTqvaT fulis niSnis sakiTxi,
mxolod istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, maSindeli mdgomareobis naTlad war-
modgeniT, SeiZleba gagebul iqnas am sakiTxis mTeli simwvave. Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, damoukidebeli saxelmwifosaTvis fulis niSnis gamocema da
isic qaRaldis fulis niSnis, TiTqos sul ubralo saqme unda yofiliyo.
Cven ki vsargeblobdiT jer `amierkavkasiis boniT~ Semdeg `saqarTvelos
boniT~ da rogorc pirveli, ise meore ruseTis maneTTan (ruseTis saxel-
mwifo sakredito bileTTan) iyo dakavSirebuli. marTalia marto Cven ar
vyofilvarT aseT mdgomareobaSi. baltiis qveynebSi da poloneTSic sa-
kuTari fulis sistemis da sakuTari fulis niSnebis SemoRebamdis gvari-
an didxans-xmarebaSi iyo rusuli maneTi. ratom moxda es CvenSi? jer unda
gavixsenoT is mZime politikuri, sruliad gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba,
romelSiac Cven vimyofebiT. es mdgomareoba moiTxovda, rom yovelgvari
garTuleba Sinauri cxovrebaSi, Tundac sul mcire yofiliyo igi Tavidan
agvecilebina; winaamdeg SemTxvevaSi aramc Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifoe-
brivi damoukideblobas, aramed TviT xalxis fizikur arsebobas safrTxe
moeloda~ [kandelaki, 1960:60].
1918 wlis ivnisSi daarsda `qarTuli fulis fondi~, romelic momava­
li qarTuli fulis garanti unda gamxdariyo. SemomwirvelTa Soris iyvnen
kaTolikos-patriarqi kirioni, mwerlebi, sazogado moRvaweni. 1918 wlis
ivlisSi gamocxadda qarTuli bonis dizainis konkursi, komisiam sabolood
mxatvar ioseb Sarlemanis eskizebi SearCia [javaxiSvili,1998:9]. 1918 wlis
ganmavlobaSi parlamentSi mimdinareobda diskusia fulis niSnebis damza­
debis Sesaxeb, maSindeli politikuri speqtri ar iyo erT azrze. qarTuli
bonis simyarisa da ekonomikis gajansaRebisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobam
germanuli bankebidan 1918 wlis agvistoSi aiRo sesxi. wlis bolos saqarT­
velo-somxeTis omis dros garTulda ekonomikuri situacia da garkveul­
wilad fulis niSnebis deficiti Seiqmna, miuxedavad imisa, rom amirkavka­
siis bonis sabeWdi eqspedicia TbilisSi iyo ganlagebuli. 1918 wlis 24

_ 195 _
dekembers saqarTvelos parlametma miiRo dadgenileba saxelmwifo saxazi­
no erTwliani 5% obligaciebis gamoSvebisa, riTac Seecada xazinaSi naRdi
fulis masis mozidvasa da darezervebas.
1919 wlis 11 ivliss saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma krebam gamosca dekreti
#101 `saqarTvelos bonis gamocemis Sesaxeb~:
1. neba mieces saqarTvelos mTavrobas gamosces saqarTvelos respub­
likis boni samasis milion maneTisa.
2. saqarTvelos respublikis boni gamoices droebiT, vidre SemoRebul
iqnebodes saqarTvelos respublikis sakuTari fuli, romlis saSualebiT
boni gamosyidul unda iqnas.
3. saqarTvelos boni uzrunvelyofilia saqarTvelos respublikis
qonebiT.
4. saqarTvelos respublikis sazRvrebSi saqarTvelos respublikis bo­
nis miReba savaldebuloa ruseTis fulis niSnebisa da amier kavkasiis bonis
Tanabrad.
5. saqarTvelos respublikis boni gamoices erTis, samis, xuTis, aTis,
ocdaxuTis, ormocdaaTis, asis da xuTasis maneTis kupirebisa.
6. saqarTvelos respublikis boni damzadebul unda iqnas finansTa mi­
ni­stris gankargulebiT da gadaeces tfilisis xazinas Sesanaxad da xmare­
bisaTvis gamosaSvebad [saqarTvelos..., 1990:290].
1919 wlis ivlisSi bonebis emisiis ganxorcielebisas saqarTveloSi Se­
darebiT stabiluri politikur-ekonomikuri situacia iyo, magram, amis
miuxedavad, arsebobda garkveuli tipis sabotaJi, imdroindeli sabanko
sferodan, radgan ar arsebobda jer saxelmwifo banki. amis Sesaxeb sakmaod
saintereso cnoba mohyavs konstantine kandelaks: `ra Tqma unda, bankebis
warmomadgenlebis mtruli ganwyoba am sakiTxSi erTgvar sabotaJs war-
moadgenda. gamowveuls ara fulis sakiTxTan viwroT dakavSirebul, ar-
amed malul politikur xasiaTis motivebiT... maT winaaRmdeg represiebiT
gamosvlas Zalian mavne Sedegi moyveboda swored fulis niSnisaTvis: Cven
sakuTari, erovnuli, sabanko aparati ar mogvepoveboda da yvela CvenSi
arsebuli sakomercio bankebi araqarTveli bankirebis xelSi imyofeboda~
[kandelaki, 1960:60]. qarTuli bonis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis periodSi, mTav­
robam SeimuSava metad moqnili midgoma, yvela meanabres SeeZlo misi kuT­
vnili anabris Tanxa, misTvis sasurveli valutiT gaenaRdebina, iqneboda es
ruseTis imperiis rublebi, amierkavkasiis boni Tu qarTuli boni. amis Sesa­
xeb konstantine kandelaki igonebs: `saqarTvelo bonis gamoSvebis dRes,
dilidanve auarebeli xalxi miawyda saxelmwifo bankis karebs, bevri imaT-
gani albaT raime skandalis molodinSi, xolo didi iyo gakvirveba, roca
bankis karebze sruliad moulodneli gancxadeba waikiTxes: `saqarTvelos
boni Tavisuflad xurdavdeba ruseTis sakredito bileTebze da amier-kav­
kasiis bonzeo~ imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es gancxadeba ubralo deklara-
cia ar iyo, kasirebi ekiTxebodnen klientebs: `romeli niSniT gsurT fulis
miReba _ qarTuliT, nikolozis~ Tu `amirkavkasiiso~? ... aTi dRis Semdeg
_ 196 _
bankis klienturas arc ki ainteresebda, Tu romeli niSniT miscemdnen mas
fuls _ saqarTvelos, amierkvakasiis Tu ruseTis. xma gavarda, saqarTvelos
axali fulis da winad arsebul rusis da amierkavkasiis fulis niSnebs So-
ris araferi gansxvaveba yofilao! da es xma sakmarisi iyo, raTa sazogadoe-
baSi arsebuli SiSi gamqraliyo da saqarTvelos bons sazogadoeba ndobiT
mopyroboda~ [kandelaki, 1960:70]. 1919 wels moxda 1,3,5,10,50,100 da 500
maneTis nominalis qarTuli bonis emisia, aseve 1919 welsve damatebiT mox­
da 50 kapeikis nominalis bonis emisiac. 1920 wels daemata 1000 da 1921 wels
5000 maneTis nominalis bonebi.
50 kapeiki _ lurji Ria qarvisferze _ 57X39 mm
1 maneTi _ yavisferi vardisferze _ 77X53 mm
3 maneTi Ria mwvane/muqi mwvane/moyviTalo _ 89X60 mm
5 maneTi _ yavisferi da muqi mwvane Ria qarvisferze _ 115X74 mm
10 maneTi _ yavisferi da Calisferi muq vardisferze _ 120X77 mm
50 maneTi _ yavisferi/iisferi/Ria mwvaneze _ 134X88 mm
100 maneTi _ Ria da muqi mwvane Calisferze _ 156X101 mm
500 maneTi _ vardisferi, Savi muq cisferze _ 163X102 mm
1000 maneTi _ muqi/Ria mwvane, yavisferi Ria qarvisferze _ 163X102 mm
5000 maneTi _ iisferi, Ria/muqi yavisferi/vardisferi muq Calisferze
_ 175X105 mm.
yvela qarTul bonze gamosaxuli iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis gerbi, aseve saxelmwifos meTaurisa da finansTa ministris faq­
simileebi. bonebze iyo warwerebi: `saqarTvelos respublikis boni~, `miReba
savaldebuloa Tanabrad ruseTis saxelmwifo sakredito bileTisa~, `yalbi
bonis damzadebisaTvis an gasaRebisaTvis damnaSave daisjeba sisxlis samar­
Tlis wesiT~. warwerebi datanili iyo aseve rusul da frangul enebze.
qarTuli bonebi srulad Seesabameba, regionSi im droisaTvis mimoqceul
qaRaldis fuls, rogorc teqnikuri, ise vizualuri parametrebiT. 500,1000
da 5000-maneTiani bonebis nawili dabeWdilia WvirniSnian qaRaldze, dabali
nominalebi ki srulad uWvirniSno qaRaldze.
1919 wlis 11 ivlisidan 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlamde saqarTvelos demokra­
tiulma mTavrobam moaxdina qarTuli bonebis 5 emisia, jamSi 18 miliard 400
milioni maneTis odenobiT.
Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgens, saqarTvelos erovnuli muze­
umisa da korneli kekeliZis xelnawerTa erovnul centris fondeb­
Si daculi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mier emisire­
buli fuladi niSnebis kvleva da dRemde ucnobi egzempliarebis
klasifikacia, maTi Sedareba dRemde cnobil erTeulebTan, maTi vizua­
luri da teqnikuri Seswavla da samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotana, rac,
Cvenis azriT, metad mniSvnelovania qarTuli bonistikis istoriisa da
saqarTvelosa da zogadad kavkasiis ekonomikuri istoriis Sesaswav­
lad. kerZod, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis, simon janaSias saxelobis

_ 197 _
saqarTvelos muzeumis istoriis koleqciebSi1 daculia qarTuli bonebi:
50-kapeikiani, 1-maneTiani, 3-maneTiani, 5-maneTiani seriuli nomrebiT e-0096
da ev-0009; 10 maneTiani seriuli nomriT dv-0011; 100-maneTiani seriuli
nomriT a-0065; 500 maneTiani seriuli nomrebiT: rS-0089, rq-0077, rf-0033;
5000-maneTiani seriuli nomrebiT: as-0032, bo-0070, aC-0083, by-0051. aseve
1919 wlis 1000-maneTiani 5% saxazino obligacia seriuli nomriT b-00893.
qarTuli bonebi daculia aseve korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawer­
Ta erovnuli centrSi, kerZod, karlo inasariZis2 fondSi (misi anderZis
Tanaxmad, misi arqivi gadmoeca saqarTvelos, kerZod xelnawerTa erovnul
centrs). warmodgenilia ruseTis droebiT mTavrobis droindeli dauWre­
li bonebi, e.w. `Sitebi~ da aseve sabanko tradiciiT formirebuli qarTuli
bonebi, kerZod: 1920 wlis emisiss 1000 da 1921 wlis emisiis 5000-maneTiani
qarTuli bonebi. 1000-maneTiani seriuli nomriT sn-0048; 5000-maneTiani,
seriuli nomrebiT: aa-0018; aa-0039; aa-0049; aa -0061; aa-0062; aa-0063 da aa-
0066.
savaraudoa, rom 1921 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis mier
emigraciaSi wasvlisas xazinidan naRdi fuli waiRes, raTa daefinansebinaT
emigraciaSi wasvla, moegvarebinaT yofiTi problemebi, damoukideblobis
aRdgenis mere ki, ukan dabrunebulT esargeblaT Semdeg zemoT aRniSnuli
kupiurebiT. karlo inasariZis arqivSi daculi bonebi mcire nawili iqnebo­
da im raodenobidan, rac waiRes levilSi. kvlevisas CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi
iyo, 1000-maneTiani bonis 70 furceli da 5000-maneTianis 600 furceli,
sul TanxiT 3 milion 70 aTasi maneTi. 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi
moqmedi kursis zusti monacemebi ucnobia CvenTvis, magram cnobilia 1920
wlis 15 dekembris gacvliTi kursi, romlis Tanaxmadac 1 inglisuri gir­
vanqa sterlingi udrida 18 000 qarTul maneTs. Cven mier zemoT naxsenebi
Tanxa, 170,5 girvanqa sterlings warmoadgens.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier moxda
saqar­Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupacia. 1921 wlis 17 marts,
q.baTumSi Seikriba damfuZnebeli kreba da daadgina `mTavroba sazRvarga­
reT gaxiznuliyo da iq ganegrZo brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRsadgenad~. 1921 wlis 18 marts saqarTvelos demokratiulma mTavrobam
da politikurma mesveurebma datoves baTumi da konstantino­polis gavliT

1 madlobas movaxsenebT saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis TanamSromels, magda gabri­

WiZes gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

2 qarTveli politikuri moRvawe, mwerali da Jurnalisti. 1963-1984 wlebSi xelmZ­

Rvanelobda radio `Tavisuflebis~ qarTul redaqcias. iyo levilis biblioTekis
xelmZRvaneli. emigraciaSi moqmedi saqarTvelos socialur-demokratiuli
partiis wevri da Jurnal `mesame dasis~ gamomcemeli. qarTuli emigraciuli Jur­
nalistikis moRvawe. madlobas movaxsenebT xelnawerTa erovnuli centris Ta­
namSromels, manuCar guncaZes gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

_ 198 _
parizSi Cavidnen da CasvlisTanave Seudgnen saqmes. evropis wamyvan saxel­
mwifoebs, ingliss, safrangeTs, italiasa da evropis sxva saxelmwifoebs
1921 wlis aprilSi daegzavnaT saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis
memorandumebi, romelSic moiTxovdnen sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg xmis
amaRlebas. 12 maiss ki qarTvelma diplomatma zurab avali­Svilma mimarTa
erTa ligis mTavar mdivans. qarTveli moRvawe moiTxovda erTa ligis sabWos
sxdomaze ganxiluliyo sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis okupacia da Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis ga­
moyeneba [Ciqava, 2011:18,19]. 1922 wels genuis konferencias, saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam gaugzavna mimarTva, romliTac kon­
ferenciis mesveurTagan saqarTvelos Selaxuli, kanonieri uflebebis aR­
dgenasa da sabWoTa ruseTisgan saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebas moiTxovda.
amave konferenciaze ar dauSves emigraciaSi myofi saqarTvelos mTavro­
bis wevrebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da emigraciaSi myofi
mTavrobis ukan dabruneba TandaTan bundovani xdeboda.
CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra odenobis Tanxa iqna emigraciaSi waRebuli, es
iyo mxolod xazinidan gatanili Tanxa Tu piradi danazogebic? magram xel­
nawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi bonebi calsaxad aris sabanko wesis Ta­
naxmad formirebuli da unda vivaraudoT, rom saxelmwifo xazinidan aris
waRebuli. CvenTvis jerjerobiT ucnobia, Tu rodis moxda es bonebi kar­
lo inasariZesTan? gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom ar dasrule­
bula arqivis damuSaveba. xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi karlo inasariZis
da sxva emigraciaSi myofi sazogado moRvaweebis arqivis damuSavebis Sem­
deg, meti dokumenti da masala aRmoCndeba pirveli respublikis ekono­
mikuri istoriis Sesaxeb. savaraudoa, rom rogorc levilis biblioTekis
xelmZRvaneli, am statusiT moxda k.inasariZis arqivSi pirveli respublikis
bonebi, romelic asaxavs emigraciaSi myofi mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis ideas da warmoadgens 1918-1921
wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ekonomikuri istoriis
erT mokrZalebul furcels.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

kandelaki konstantine, erovnuli meurneoba, w 2, parizi. 1960 weli, 223 gv.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli
1918-1921 wlebi, `iverTa mxare~ Tbilisi. 1990 weli, 496 gv.
fuli saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, meore gadamuSavebuli
gamoSveba, Semdgenlebi: Tedo dundua, giorgi dundua, niko javaxiSvili
da ana erisTavi, Tbilisi. 2003 weli, 180 gv.
qaRaldis fuli saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, Tbilisi, 2007
weli, 38 gv.
Ciqava ioseb, Jordanias mTavrobisa da erovnuli Zalebis moRvaweoba saqa­
_ 199 _
 rTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis (1921-1933w.w),~geoidi~ Tbili­
si, 2011 weli, 317 gv.
javaxiSvili niko, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis bonebi (1919-
1921), saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, Tbilisi, 1998 weli, 64 gv.
Arutiun Airapetian, Marcelo Gryckiewicz, TRANSCAUCASIAN BANKNOTES, H.Gientl Ver-
lag& Publikations service Gmbh, Regenstauf, 2009, 352 pages

Maia Pataridze
PhD in History
Senior research Fellow, Georgian National Museum

Roland Spandershvili
Money Museum of National Bank of Georgia

THE UNKNOWN BANKNOTES OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

FROM THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM AND NATIONAL
MANUSCRIPT CENTRE’S FUNDS
Summary

After declaring independence of Georgia on May 26, 1918 Transcaucasian temporary

money remains in circulation on the territory of Georgia. In June, 1918 `Georgian Mon-
ey Fund~ was set up, which had to ensure stability of the future Georgian currency.
In July 1918 competition was announced for creating money design. Finally sketches
designed by painter I. Sharleman were selected. Pursuant to the #101 decree of 11
July, 1919 of Founding Council of Georgia, the government ordered to issue temporary
money _ Georgian Bones. The Issuer was the Ministry of Finance.
The aim of our conference paper is to study cash nominees of the first Republic of
Georgia (1918-1921) particularly Georgian banknotes and treasury banknotes preserved
in the historical collections of Georgian National Museum. Also, we will discuss the
Bones preserved in Karlo Inasaridze fund in the archive of Korneli Kekelidze National
Centre of Manuscript.
In our publication we use the archival and memorable written sources. Visual and
technical study of the presented Bones has great importance for further research of
Georgian bonistic history as well as for economic history of Transcaucasia.

_ 200 _
 naTia kenWiaSvili
Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi enaTmecnierebis mimarTulebis doqtoranti
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

politikuri ritorika 1918-1921 wlebis

qarTuli politikuri diskursis mixedviT
Cveni kvlevis sagani saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis pe­
riodis politikuri ritorikis sakiTxia.
Tumca, sanam uSualod sakiTxis mimoxilvis procesze gadavidodeT, aucile­
belia ganvmartoT ramdenime termini:
1. politikuri diskursi aris politikuri metyvelebis erT-erTi for­
ma, romelic miemarTeba politikosebis an politikuri institutebis me­
tyvelebas, romelic umTavresad ama Tu im regionSi mimdinare politikur
movlenebsa da situaciebs ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom politi­
kuri diskursis leqsika, aseve Jargoni, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva diskursis
leqsikisagan. politikuri metyvelebis yovel aqts aqvs garkveuli mizani da
samoqmedo gegma, warmoaCinos Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebani da dadebiTi
gavlena iqonios msmenelze argumentaciuli struqturebis meSveobiT.
1.1. politikuri metyveleba aris politikuri diskursis qvedargi, ro­
melic miemarTeba gadawyvetilebebis miRebasa da konkretuli mosazrebebis
Camoyalibebas. umetesad mas aqvs monologis saxe da winaswar aris momza­
debuli profesionalebis mier. sxvadasxva profesional politikosebs gansx­
vavebuli warmodgenebi da azrebi aqvT. TumcaRa, TiTqmis yovel maTgans aqvs
unari efeqturad wardgens farTo auditoriis winaSe. maTi sametyvelo te­
qstis mizania, gavlena moaxdinos masebze (Charteris-Black J., 2014: xiii).
2. politikuri mWevrmetyveleba1 aris mWevrmetyvelebis erT-erTi dar­
gi, romelsac miekuTvneba moxseneba socialur-politikur Temaze, saan­
gariSo moxseneba, sxdomebze warmoTqmuli sityvebi, politikuri mimoxil­
va, saprogramo sityva, saagitacio sityva, prezidentebis sainauguracio
sityvebi, memorandumze warmoTqmuli/gagzavnili sityva, winasaarCevno
mimarTva da a.S.
2.1. moxseneba SeiZleba iyos socialur-politikur, ekonomikur, kul­
turul-saganmanaTleblo da sxv. Temebze.
2.2. saangariSo moxseneba (konferenciebze, sxdomebze) oficialuri piris
mier warmoTqmuli sityva, romelic afasebs, ajamebs gaweul samuSaoebs,
warmatebebsa da naklovanebebs. saangariSo moxsenebaSi exebian agreTve mo­
mavlis amocanebsac.
1 `mWevrmetyveleba~ aris sinonimuri termini `ritorikisa~, romelic aqtiurad enacvleba mas
Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi. Cveni dakvirvebiT, `mWevrmetyveleba~ ufro didi
tradiciis matarebeli termini aRmoCnda qarTul samecniero literaturaSi; termin `mWevrme­
tyvelebas~ iyenebs qarTvel mecnierTa umetesoba, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, saWirod miviCnevT,
Tanamedrove tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, upiratesoba mivaniWoT `ritorikis~ gamoyenebas aR­
niSnul statiaSi.

_ 201 _
 2.3. mimoxilva aris sajaro sityva, romelSic mimoxilulia nebismieri
movlena, moqmedeba mcire droSi.
2.4. samitingo sityva mkveTrad politikuri xasiaTisaa. eZRvneba sazogadod
saWirboroto sakiTxebs. samitingo sityva SeiZleba iyos vrcelic da moklec.
2.5. saagitacio sityva miznad isaxavs ganmartos da ganavrcos msmeneleb­
Si mniSvnelovani politikuri mowodeba an lozungi.
politikuri mWevrmetyvelebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania programuloba,
e.i. saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelis, politikuri partiis lideris sityva ma­
Tive moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove politikur mWevrmetyvelebad miiC­
neva saxelmwifos, partiisa da politikuri jgufebis liderTa sityvebi
(kaWaxiZe v., 1980: 134).
politikur orators pirobiTad ori ZiriTadi sarbieli aqvs: sagareo
da saSinao. Sesabamisad, mWevrmetyveleba gamoiyeneba orive sferoSi.
politikuri mWevrmetyveleba `moqmedebis sivrcis mixedviT erT-erTi
yvelaze masStaburia, xolo faqtebsa da sagnebze msjelobisas `mizanSe­
wonilobis kategoriiT~ _ yvelaze SeboWili. amitom politikuri orato­
ris sajaro gamosvlaSi kvlav rCeba informaciis gasaidumloebis, cnobebis
gauvrceleblobis saWiroeba. `saxelSekrulebo~, `samokavSireo~ komunike,
Tanamegobrobis, Tanamezoblobis gamocxadeba ar zRudavs dazvervis, kon­
trdazvervis, samrewvelo dazvervisa da socialuri informaciis Semkreb
oficialur Tu araoficialur samsaxurebs niadag awarmoon maTTvis saint­
ereso cnobebis mopoveba~ (kaWaxiZe v., 1997: 132-133).
politikuri ritorikisTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia is, rom `oratoris
sajaro sityva, mizanSewonilebiTi metyveleba: Tqmisa da araTqmis SerCeva,
stilisturi xerxebis zomierad xmareba, mimikis, tonalobis, Jestikulaciis
met-naklebad, mdgomareobis Sesabamisad gamoyeneba mWevrmetyvelebis yoveli
dargis winaSe dgas, magram ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom arc erT dargs ar
moeTxoveba iseTi sifrTxile da windaxeduleba movlenebis Sefasebisa da gan­
Wvretis dros, rogorc politikur mWevrmetyvelebaSi. swored amitom xSirad
politikuri oratorebi miniSnebiT, gadakrulad, qaragmulad gamoTqvamen az­
rebs an saerTod Tavs ikaveben Tqmisagan, ris gamoc maTi sityva Taviseburi,
sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli, SezRudulic ki Cans~ (kaWaxiZe v., 1997: 132).
enisa da politikis urTierTkavSiris kvleva ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos axal
mimarTulebad. igi saTaves aristoteledan iRebs, romelic adamians `poli­
tikur arsebad~ ganixilavs. rogorc ambobs: `Cven swrafad gadavediT aris­
toteledan Tanamedrove periodisken, politikuri urTierTobebis mikro as­
peqtebidan enebis makro aspeqtebze. yovel etapze ki davinaxeT, rom politika
ejaxeba enobriv sakiTxebs da rom es sakiTxebi varirebs sityvebis SerCevi­
dan enis arCevamde − sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dawyebuli mcire detalebis
garCeviT sityvebisa da frazebis doneze da enobrivi politikiT damTavrebu­
li~ (Chilton, P., 2004: 14). Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi mis midgomebs ganixilaven,
rogorc enis Tvisebas, ganaviTaros politikuri Sexedulebani da msmenels

_ 202 _
miawodos is im saxiT, ra saxiTac surs es mTqmels. enis am kuTxiT Seswavlam
gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba SeiZina socialur procesebSi, magaliTad, is­
eTebSi, rogorciaa arCevnebi, winaasaarCevno kampaniebi, sainauguracio sityve­
bi, yrilobebi, mimarTvis sityvebi da sxv. yovel maTganze zegavlenas axdens
sxvadasxva elementi: erTi mxriv, mTqmelis lingvisturi unarebi, warmodgene­
bi, politikuri Sexedulebebi, xolo, meore mxriv, msmenelis damokidebulebe­
bi, politikuri identoba da aseve, pragmatuli garemo.
enis, rogorc politikuri iaraRis Seswavla did interess iwvevs sxva­
dasxva disciplinis mkvlevarebs Soris, ufro metic, TviT interdisci­
plinarul kvlevis saganadac SegviZlia ganvixiloT. politikuri diskursis
enobriv analizs Seiswavlis iseTi mimarTulebebi, rogorebicaa politiku­
ri mecnierebebi, politikuri ritorika, sociolingvistika, anTropologia,
gamoyenebiTi lingvistika da sxv.
politikuri ritorikis farglebSi mkvlevrebi atareben sxvadasxva
saxis kvlevas, raTa gamoavlinon politikuri enis sxvadasxva aspeqti.
magaliTad iseTebi, rogoricaa pragmatika, ritorika, sametyvelo aqti,
sintaqsi, leqsikografia, adgilobrivi semantika, eqspresiuli struq­
turebi, diskursis kritikuli analizi. `miuxedavad imisa, rom ritorik­
is sagani namdvilad ukavSirdeba weriT da zepir metyvelebas, empiriuli
kvlevebi zogadad xorcieldeba meTodologiuri progresisgan damou­
kideblad, komunikaciis analizSi~ (Condor S., Tileaga C., Billig M., 2013:
3). politikuri gamosvlebis Seswavla mravali kuTxiT aris SesaZlebe­
li. am SemTxvevaSi, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis periodis politikuri diskursis analizi politikuri ri­
torikis WrilSi.

istoriuli viTareba
saqarTvelos teritoriaze pirveli demokratiuli respublika 1918
wlis 26 maiss Seiqmna ruseTis imperiis daSlisa da 1917 wlis revoluci­
is Semdeg. xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo iyo parlamenti (damfuZnebe­
li kreba), xolo aRmasrulebeli organo − ministrTa kabineti (mTavroba),
romelic angariSvaldebuli iyo parlamentis winaSe. 1918 wlis saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis pirveli mTavroba koaliciuri iyo da
mis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa
ministri − noe ramiSvili (social-demokrati), sagareo saqmeTa ministri −
akaki Cxenkeli (social-demokrati), samxedro saqmeTa ministri − grigol
giorgaZe (social-demokrati), finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri
− giorgi Juruli (erovnul-demokrati), iusticiis ministri − Salva ale-
qsi-mesxiSvili (socialist-federalisti), saxalxo ganaTlebis ministri −
giorgi lasxiSvili (socialist-federalisti); miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis
ministri − noe xomeriki (social-demokrati), mimosvlis gzebis ministri −
ivane lorTqifaniZe (socialist-revolucioneri).

_ 203 _
 1919 wlis martSi Catarda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, romlis Se­
degadac damfuZnebelma krebam Secvala erovnuli sabWo. damfuZnebel
krebaSi social-demokratiuli partiis gamarjvebis Semdeg, mTavroba
mxolod am partiam daakompleqta: mTavrobis Tavmjdomare − noe Jordania
(social-demokrati), Sinagan saqmeTa, samxedro da saxalxo ganaTlebis min­
istri − noe ramiSvili (social-demokrati), sagareo saqmeTa da iustici­
is ministri − evgeni gegeWkori (social-demokrati), miwaTmoqmedebisa da
Sromis ministri − noe xomeriki (social-demokrati), finansTa da vaWro­
ba-mrewvelobis ministri − konstantine kandelaki (social-demokrati).

mecnieruli siaxle da Rirebuleba

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis faqts didi isto­
riuli Rirebuleba eniWeba. prof. d. SveliZis sityvebiT: `saqarTvelos
pirveli respublikis periodi, istoriuli xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT,
drois mciredi monakveTia, magram is marTlac Taviseburi `igavis~, `patara
oqros xanis~ saxiT darCa TanamedroveTa da momdevno Taobebis xsovnaSi~
(SveliZe d., 2013: 5). Tumca sabWoTa batonobis 70-wliani periodis ganmav­
lobaSi akrZaluli iyo 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos istoriis obieqturi
Seswavla. xolo mas Semdeg, rac `borotebis imperia~ daiSala, qarTul is­
toriografiaSi daiwyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis istoriis
kvlevis intensiuri procesi.
1918-1921 wlebis qarTveli politikosebis sityvieri samoRvaweo as­
parezis Seswavla Zalze sayuradReboa, Tundac im mizezis gamo, rasac
d. SveliZe aRniSnavs Tavis wignSi: `XX saukunis qarTuli politikuri eli­
tis pirveli Taobis samoqmedo periodi 1890-1921 wlebi gaxldaT. aqedan,
1890-1917 wlebSi qarTveli revolucioner da patriot politikosebs ruse­
Tis imperiis sivrceSi uxdebodaT moRvaweoba, 1917-1921 wlebSi ki − damou­
kidebel amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi~ (SveliZe d., 2012: 297). amdenad,
am periodis politikuri metyveleba arsobrivad sxva tipis Tematikas moi­
cavs da upirveles yovlisa _ qveynisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.
dResdReobiT mniSvnelovanwilad Seswavlilia am periodis esa Tu is
sakiTxi, maT Soris, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianoba, saparla­
mento kanonmdebloba, socialur-politikuri viTareba, saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis mdgomareoba, politikuri partiebis
saqmianoba da a.S. Tumca saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis istoriis
mkvlevrebi calsaxad miuTiTeben im faqtzec, rom am periodis Seswavlas ar
eTmoboda saTanado yuradReba sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis ganmavlobaSi,
magaliTad, g. SaraZe aRniSnavs: `samwuxarod, 70-wliani komunisturi re­
Jimis gamo, ara mxolod farTo sazogaodebisTvis, aramed TviT am sakiTx­
iT dainteresebuli specialistebisTvisac ki TiTqmis ucnobi iyo 1918-
21 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Seqmnisa da qarTuli
diplomatiis istoria. ucnobi iyo aseve im pirTa vinaobac, romelTac sul

_ 204 _
samiode wlis ganmavlobaSi SesZles moecvaT mniSvnelovani geografiuli
areali da xmamaRla emcnoT msofliosTvis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis arsebobis istoriuli uflebis Sesaxeb~ (SaraZe g., 2003:
3). miuxedavad dRevandeli aqtiuri dainteresebisa aRniSnuli istoriuli
epoqiT, bolomde Seswavlili mainc ar aris mTeli rigi sakiTxebi.
winamdebare kvleva warmoadgens saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
periodis (1918-1921 ww.) politikuri diskursis lingvisturi Seswavlis cdas
da imis dadgenas, Tu ra qmnida am drois politikur ritorikas.
sakvlev teqstebad aviReT qarTvel politikosTa 1918-1921 wlebis sa­
jaro gamosvlis sityvebi, maT Soris: mixeil maCablis sityva, Tqmuli saqa­
rTvelos parlamentSi miwis sakiTxze, 1918 wels; noe Jordanias sityva,
warmoTqmuli damfuZnebeli krebis sadResaswaulo sxdomaze saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRiarebis gamo, 1920 wlis 14 ianvars; 1921 wlis 28 Teber­
vals, quTaisSi Catarebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomis an­
gariSi2, romelic gazeTma `erTobam~ gamoaqveyna 1921 wlis 2 marts. sxdom­
aze sityviT gamovidnen mTavrobis Tavmjdomare karlo CxeiZe, mTavrobis
Tavmjdomaris moadgile grigol lorTqifaniZe da fraqciaTa warmomadgen­
lebi (Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili, nikifore imnaiSvili, ivane gobeCia, spiridon
kedia, ivane gomarTeli), romelTa gamosvlis sityvebi Semoklebuli saxiTaa
dabeWdili. bolos ki erToblivad momzadda `mimarTva qarTveli xalxisad­
mi~ da `mimarTva dasavleTis qveynebis parlamentisadmi~ da a.S.
zepiri gamosvlis sityvaTa garda, aRniSnul periodSi aseve momzadda
ramdenime mimarTva, romlebic ar ekuTvnis erT romelime politikoss, an
partias, aramed gunduri muSaobis Sedegia da gamoxatavs mTavrobis saerTo
poziciasa da ideologias da ganekuTvneba politikur mWevrmetyvelebas.
amitom, sakvlev teqstTa sias emateba am ori mimarTvis teqstic.
winamdebare kvleva mimarTuli iyo imisken, rom srulad mogvecva yvela
im mniSvnelovani politikuri figuris sajaro sityva, romelic qmnida im­
droindel qarTul politikas.
kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia 1918-1921 ww.-is sajaro gamosvlis sityvaTa ra­
odenobrivi kvlevis meTodi, kerZod, kontent-analizi. am SemTxvevaSi, kon­
tent-analizis obieqti gaxda sajaro gamosvlebis Sinaarsi. dasawyisisTvis
Cven SevimuSaveT kategoriaTa jgufi, e.w. ZiriTadi Temebi:
• politikuri toponimebi (qveynebi/qalaqebi/regionebi), romlebic
figurirebs sajaro gamosvlis sityvebSi;
• aqtualuri problemebi qveyanaSi;
• politikuri mimdinareobebi, moZraobebi da partiebi;
• specifikuri socialuri urTierTobebi da a.S.
Cven aRvricxeT raodenobrivad, Tu ramdenjer gvxvdeba esa Tu is Tem­
aturi erTeuli: moxmarebuli sityvis sixSire da sxv. aman saSualeba mogvca,
migveRo gansazRvruli raodenobrivi monacemebi, romlebic daeqvemdebara

2 teqstebis udidesi nawili stenografiuli saxiTaa Cawerili.

_ 205 _
kompiuterul damuSavebasa da statistikur analizs. miRebuli Sedegebis
safuZvelze davadgineT, Tu ra xasiaTis, RirebulebiTi orientaciis, ide­
ologiis (msoflmxedvelobis) sainformacio masalasTan gvaqvs saqme.

politikuri ritorikis nimuSebis dargobrivi da

Janrobrivi klasifikacia
1918-1921 ww.-is qarTveli politikosebis sajaro gamosvlebi politikur
mWevrmetyvelebis dargs ganekuTvneba, xolo Janrobrivad − sityvis Janrs3.
sakuTriv politikuri mWevrmetyvelebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania pro­
gramuloba, e.i. saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelis, politikuri partiis lideris
sityva maTive moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (kaWaxiZe v., 1980: 134).

politikuri ritorikis nimuSebis moculoba, struqtura da Tematika

Cven mier Seswavlilia politikuri ritorikis nimuSebi moculobis,
struqturisa da Tematikis TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze mcire moculobisaa
mimarTva dasavleTis qveynebis parlamentisadmi, 1921 wlis 28 Tebervals
(nimuSi 9), 218 sityviT, xolo yvelaze didi _ noe Jordanias sityva, Tqmuli
parlamentis sxdomaze 1918 wlis 9 noembers (nimuSi 2), 3439 sityviT (tabu­
la 1).

tabula 1.
metamonacemebi

nimuSebi sityvebi paragrafebi simbolo

nimuSi 1 2114 36 16192
nimuSi 2 3439 41 24993
nimuSi 3 980 13 6779
nimuSi 4 734 32 5635
nimuSi 5 1161 21 8114
nimuSi 6 1037 13 8100
nimuSi 7 691 14 5202
nimuSi 8 268 11 2146
nimuSi 9 218 11 1786

3 ix. vrclad n. kandelaki, qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba: Zeglebi da masalebi, xelovneba, Tbilisi, 1958

_ 206 _
 rac Seexeba Tematikas, politikuri mWevrmetyvelebis nimuSebSi yuradRe­
ba gamaxvilebulia iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa glexebis sakiTxi, saomari
moqmedebebi, miwis sakiTxi, brZola TviTgadarCenisaTvis, soflis meurneoba,
samxedro sakiTxi, Tavadaznauroba, demokratia, municipalizacia, saqarT-
velos damfuZnebeli kreba, bolSevizmi, osmaleTis safrTxe, muSaTa klasi,
ltolvilebi (qarTveli, somexi, berZeni ltolvilebi, Tumca yvelaze meti
adgili swored somex ltolvilebs eTmoba, radgan es gaxldaT yvelaze
aqtualuri problema imdroisaTvis), kerZo sakuTreba, presa (imdroisaTvis
yvelaze xSirad saubaria somxur, qarTul da rusul presaze), miwis dekreti,
socialistebi, socializmi, propaganda, agitacia da a.S. amdenad, kvlevam
aCvena, rom qarTvel politikosTa sajaro gamosvlis sityvebSi gamoiyofa
is ZiriTadi Tematika, romlebzedac TiToeuli politikosi met-naklebad
amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
rogorc kvlevam aCvena, politikosTa sajaro gamosvlis sityvebi Tav­
ianTi moculobiT, struqturiT da TematikiTa gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisa­
gan, Tumca yvelaze metad mainc Tematur siaxloves avlenen, rac sakiTxTa
aqtualizebiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas: Cveni mizani iyo Segveswavla politikuri
ritorika 1918-1921 wlebis qarTuli politikuri diskursis safuZvelze.
winamdebare tabulaSi (ix. tabula 2) naCvenebia is Temebi, romlebic 1918-
1921 wlebis politikur metyvelebaSi met-naklenad mimoixileboda da dal­
agebulia sixSiruli gamoyenebis mixedviT. Cven ganvixileT sajaro gamosv­
lis sityvebis Tematika da miviReT saerTo suraTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli
Temebi iyo aqtualuri da rogor icvleboda ama Tu im TemasTan dakavSire­
biT politikosTa damokidebuleba da xedva, raze keTdeboda aqcenti da
romeli Tema miecemoda daviwyebas.
monacemebis analizma gviCvena, rom qarTveli politikosebi cdilo­
ben moicvan gansxvavebuli politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri da sxva
sakiTxebi, Tumca yoveli problematikis mTavari Tema metwilad mainc saqa­
rTveloa. amdenad, meti adgili eTmoba saSinao politikas, vidre sagare­
os. politikosebi cdiloben mokled aRweron imdroindeli realoba da Se­
mogvTavazon problemaTa gadaWris efeqturi gzebi.

_ 207 _
 aRsaniSnavia, rom politikosTa sajaro gamosvlebSi umetesad saubaria
awmyoze da arsebul mdgomareobaze da naklebi yuradReba eTmoba saqarT­
velos warsulsa da momavals; isini aqtiurad aanalizeben da aqvT swrafi
reagireba mimdinare politikur movlenebze da siRrmiseulad afaseben ama
Tu im problemur sakiTxs, argumentirebulad scemen pasuxs politikur
Zalebs da amisTvis aqtiurad iyeneben adgilobriv Tu kavkasiis regionis
presas, rac metyvelebs qarTvel politikosTa profesionalizmsa da maT
mobilizebul moqmedebaze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arse­
bobis am xanmokle periodSi.
sajaro gamosvlis sityvebSi gamoyenebuli politikuri toponimika six­
Sirulad Semdeg suraTs gviCvenebs (ix. tabula 3):

_ 208 _
 politikuri toponimikidan, dasaxelebulia Semdegi qveynebi: azerbaija-
ni, aSS, belgia, germania, didi britaneTi/inglisi, estoneTi, Turqistani, ita-
lia, latvia, osmaleTi, poloneTi, ruseTi, safrangeTi, saqarTvelo, serbeTi,
somxeTi, sparseTi, ukraina, Cernogoria (ix. tabula 4), xolo qalaqebidan: ax-
alqalaqi, baqo, gori, ekaterinodeldi, erevani, Tbilisi / Tfilisi / tfilisi,
lenqorani, liucerni, moskovi, parizi, rostovi, trapizoni, quTaisi, xaSuri,
aseve naxsenebia afxazeTi, guria, duSeTi, TianeTi, imereTi, kaxeTi, tambovi,
yarabaxi, cimbiri; ufro msxvili geografiuli dasaxelebebidan naxsenebia:
azia, dasavleT evropa, dasavleTi, evropa.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

_ 209 _
 saintereso Sedegi mogvca terminebis _ `ruseTi~, `sabWoTa ruseTi~,
`bolSevikuri ruseTi~ _ gamoyenebis sixSirulma maCvenebelma, romlis
mixedviTac, am periodis politikur metyvelebaSi dominirebs pirveli maT­
gani, xolo `sabWoTa ruseTi~, `bolSevikuri ruseTi~ jer araa politikur
metyvelebaSi damkvidrebuli da gavrcelebuli formebi (ix. tabula 5).

1918-1921 wlebis qarTuli politikuri diskursi mravalferovan suraTs

gviCvenebs; am drois politikur ritorikas qmnidnen sxvadasxva politikuri
partiis warmomadgenlebi: social-demokratebi, socialist-federalistebi,
socialist-revolucionerebi da sxv. Tumca, politikuri niSnis miuxeda­
vad, aqcenti mainc keTdeboda saerTo Temebze.
am drois politikur diskursSi naxsenebia Semdegi politikuri
mimdinareobebi, partiebi da terminebi: anarqia, bolSevizmi, bolSevikuri
ruseTi, burJuazia, burJuaziuli partia, germaniis demokratia, germaniis
revolucia, dasavleT evropis proletariati, demokratia, demokratiuli
saqarTvelo, evropis muSaTa klasi, evropis revolucia, evropuli demokra­
tia, imperializmi, internacionalizmi, kapitalizmi, kapitalistebi, kon­
servatizmi, kontrrevoluciuri politika, liberalebi, marqsizmi, nacio­
nal-demokratebi, nacionalizmi, nacionalistebi, oqtombris revolucia,
proletariati, revo­ lucia, ruseTis demokratia, ruseTis muSaTa klasi,
rusuli bolSevizmi, rusuli imperializmi, saerTaSoriso demokratia,
saqarTvelos proletariati, somexi nacionalistebi, somxeTis demokratia,
somxuri nacionalizmi, social-demokratebi, socializmi, socialiste­
bi, socialist-revolucionerebi, socialist-federalistebi, socialuri
revo­lucia, feodalizmi, qarTuli proletariati.
aRniSnulma monacemma cxadyo, rom qarTveli politikosebis 1918-1921
wlebis politikur ritorikaSi yvelaze aqtiuri Temebi dajgufebulia
samxedro Tematikis irgvliv. esenia: brZola TviTgadarCenisaTvis, saomari
moqmedebebi, samxedro sakiTxi, xolo danarCeni Temebi cvalebadi sixSiriT
aris warmodgenili sajaro gamosvlis sityvebSi.

_ 210 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

kandelaki n., qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba: Zeglebi da masalebi, xelovneba,

Tbilisi, 1958
kaWaxiZe v., sasamarTlo mWevrmetyveleba, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi,
1980
kaWaxiZe v., mWevrmetyveleba: politikuri, sasamarTlo, samxedro, akademiu­
ri, samqadageblo, sazeimo, samgloviaro, Tbilisi, 1997
SaraZe g., saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublika da sagareo
politika, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro, Tbilisi, 2003
SveliZe d., gza dasavleTisaken: publikaciebis krebuli, universali,
Tbilisi, 2012
SveliZe d., damoukideblobis 1028 dRe: saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis
yoveldRiuri matiane (1918-1921), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlo­
ba, Tbilisi, 2013
Cveni saqme marTali saqmea da man unda gaimarjvos: damfuZnebeli krebis sx­
doma quTaisSi 1921 wlis 28 Tebervali, red. m. macaberiZe, saqarTvelo,
politologiis instituti, Tbilisi, 2009
Charteris-Black J., Analysing political speeches: Rhetoric, discourse and metaphor, Pal-
grave Macmillan, New York, 2014
Chilton, P. Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. London: Routledge, 2004
Condor S., Tileaga C., Billig M., Political rhetoric, Loughborough University Institutional
Repository, Oxford University Press, 2013

TandarTuli simboloebi da Semoklebani:

[...] − saTauri, romelic ar erTvoda original teqsts.

teqstebi:

1. nimuSi 1 _ mixeil maCabeli, [sityva, Tqmuli saqarTvelos parlamen­

tSi miwis sakiTxze, 1918 wels];
2. nimuSi 2 _ noe Jordania, [sityva, Tqmuli parlamentis sxdomaze 1918
wlis 9 noembers];
3. nimuSi 3 _ noe Jordania, [meore sityva, Tqmuli parlamentis sxdom­
aze 1918 wlis 9 noembers];
4. nimuSi 4 _ noe Jordania, [sityva, Tqmuli damfuZnebeli krebis sa­
dResaswaulo sxdomaze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis gamo,
1920 wlis ianvris 14];
5. nimuSi 5 _ karlo CxeiZe, [sityva Tqmuli quTaisSi Catarebuli saqa­

_ 211 _
rTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze, 1921 wlis 28 Tebervals];
6. nimuSi 6 _ grigol lorTqifaniZe, [sityva Tqmuli quTaisSi Catare­
buli saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze, 1921 wlis 28 Teber­
vals];
7. nimuSi 7 _ Salva aleqsi-mesxiSvili, nikifore imnaiSvili, ivane go­
beCia, spiridon kedia, ivane gomarTeli, [fraqciaTa warmomadgenlebis ga­
mosvlebi quTaisSi Catarebuli saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis sxdoma­
ze, 1921 wlis 28 Tebervals];
8. nimuSi 8 _ [mimarTva qarTveli xalxisadmi, 1921, 28 Tebervals];
9. nimuSi 9 _ [mimarTva dasavleTis qveynebis parlamentisadmi, 1921, 28
Tebervals].

Natia Kentchiashvili
PhD student
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

POLITICAL RHETORIC ACCORDING TO THE 1918-1921

GEORGIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE
Summary

In terms of studying Georgian political rhetoric, linguistic analysis of political discourse

of the period of the First Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) is of great importance. Our
goal is to analyze Public speeches of political figures: Noe Zhordania, Karlo Chkheidze,
Grigol Lortkipanidze, Mikheil Machabeli etc. in the context of political rhetoric.
The main task of the study was to determine how the political rhetoric of the First
Republic of Georgia was created. The words of the public speech of the politicians differ
according to their structure, subject and volume, but they are closely related with their
topic, which can be explained by the relevance of these issues. Various professional
politicians are of different opinions. However, almost each of them has the ability to
effectively present a broader publication. The aim of their texts is to influence the
masses. Political speeches can be studied in many ways but in this case, our goal was to
highlight the current issue in the public speech of politicians. The methodology of the
research is based on the content analysis of the words of Georgian politicians in 1918-
1921. We have identified thematic groups that reflect the current and the problematic
political situation of our country. The survey gave us a general picture of the topics’
relevance and politicians’ attitude and vision to the subject matter of any particular
topic, which topic would draw attention and which would be forgotten.
Data analysis revealed that Georgian politicians are trying to address different polit-
ical, social, economic, etc. issues, though the topics are not too diverse and the main
focus is made on Georgia. Thus, more space is given to domestic policy rather than

_ 212 _
foreign. Politicians are trying to briefly describe the reality and provide effective ways
of problem solving.
In addition, the above mentioned data revealed that the political speeches of Geor-
gian politicians of 1918-1921 mainly deal with peasants issues, hostilities, land issue,
fight for self-sustaining, agriculture, military issues, nobility, democracy, municipality,
the founding council of Georgia, Bolshevism, Ottoman threat, workers’ class, Armenian
refugees, private property, press, land decree, socialists, socialism, propaganda, agita-
tion etc. Each of these issues is presented in the politicians’ speeches and the rest of
the themes are presented at a variable frequency in the political discourse of this time.
Politicians are trying to correctly assess the political reality of the day and provide you
with the most effective ways of problem solving. It is noteworthy that most of the
politicians’ speeches deal with the present and there is a little room for the future or
the historical past of our country. They actively analyze and have a quick response to
the ongoing political developments and make a deep discussion on controversial issues,
arguably respond to political forces demonstrating professionalism of Georgian politi-
cians and their mobilized action during short existence of the first Democratic Republic
of Georgia.

_ 213 _
 sergo vardosaniZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Teologiis doqtori, profesori
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis
qarTuli universiteti

sekularizmis eklesiuri da saero gageba saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921)

1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobis

aRdgenas sixaruliT Sexvda da sruli mxardaWera aRuTqva saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebelma samociqulo eklesiam. tfileli mitropoliti leon­
ide da arqimandriti nazari saqarTvelos eklesiis saxeliT daeswrnen am
istoriul movlenas yofili mefisnacvlis sasaxleSi. 1918 wlis 2 ivniss
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma uwmidesma da unetaresma
kirion II-m Tavisuflebis moedanze gadaixada samadlobeli paraklisi. ma­
gram sul male saero da sasuliero xelisuflebs Soris gaCnda garkveuli
uTanxmoebani, romelic TandaTan gaZlierda. saqarTvelos edemokratiuli
respublikis mesveurT miaCndaT, rom qveyanaSi dasavluri demokratiuli
institutebi unda gaZlierebuliyo. maTi xedviT sekularul sazogadoe­
baSi sarwmunoebas Tavisi mkacrad gansazRvruli sivrce unda hqonoda da
arasodes ar yofiliyvnen Careuli saero saqmianobaSi. kaTolikos-patri­
arqi leonide da sakaTalikoso sabWo ki miiCnevda, avtokefalia aRdgenil
saqarTvelos eklesias sWirdeboda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saero xe­
lisuflebis Tanadgoma, magram Tanadgomis nacvlad miiRes Seviwroeba. ka­
Tolikos-patriarqma leonidem sakaTalikozo sabWos sxdomaze ganacxada:
`Cveni mTavroba socialisturia da principulad ver Seguebia eklesias,
Tanaxma var, diaxac daSordnen erTmaneTs, magram gaSorebaSic, savaldeb­
uloa samarTlianoba da Cvenc marto samarTlian gayofas vTxoulobT
saxelmwifosgan~.1
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisufleba mainc Tavisi
gziT midioda da agrZelebda eklesiisa da saxelmwifos daSorebis poli­
tikas. maTi dadgenilebiT sakaTolikosos CamoarTves saeklesio saswav­
leblebis Senobebi, qoneba, aseve miwaTmoqmedebis saministros winadadebiT
eklesias CamoerTva miwebi, saTibebi, wisqvilebi, tyeebi, gauqmda rkinigzaze
mRvdlis Tanamdeboba. `ver gagvigia, raT dagvayenes kanonis gareT? monas­
trebSi, eklesiebSi adamianebi cxovroben da riT iarsebon maT Tu miwa ar
eqnaT? vin upatronebs gelaTs, martvils, Semoqmeds, alaverds, daviT ga­
rejs, SuamTas, bodbes, SiomRvimes, qvaTaxevs, mcxeTas? romeli saxelmwifo
saqme unda gamovides Cveni berebis SimSilisgan gawyvetiT da Cveni qveynis
saamayo istoriuli naSTebis ganzrax dangreva-ganadgurebiT?~2 _ gulis­
1 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, mitropolit leonides fondi #6443. gv. 2

2 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, mitropolit leonides fondi, gv. 3

_ 214 _
wyromiT kiTxulobda kaTalikosi leonide.
rogorc saarqivo Canawerebidan irkveva, 1919 wlis maisSi, uwmidesi da
unetaresi leonide piradad Sexvda mTavrobis Tavmjdomares noe Jordanias
da dawvrilebiT moaxsena saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis pozici­
is Sesaxeb, magram mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisgan mxolod sityvieri daxmareba
miiRo realurad ki arc erTi sakiTxi ar gadaWrila.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTi­
erToba kidev ufro daiZaba mas Semdeg, rac mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe
Jordanias 1920 wlis gankargulebiT, ukeT dacvis sababiT, gelaTis da
jruWis monastris ganZi CamoerTva eklesias da gadatanil iqna saxelmwifo
xazinaSi, amis Sesaxeb kaTolikos-patriarq leonides depeSiT acnoba qu­
TaTelma mitropolitma nazarim. ganrisxebulma kaTolikosma mTavrobis
Tavmjdomarisadmi gagzavnil werilSi kategoriulad moiTxova saeklesio
ganZis kvlav gelaTSi dabruneba. magram mTavroba amis gakeTebas ar apireb­
da. rodesac darwmunda kaTolikosi leonide imaSi, rom xelisufleba mtki­
ced idga Tavis poziciaze, man noe Jordanias axali saprotesto weriliT
mimarTa, romelSic mkacrad dagmo mTavrobis damokidebuleba saqarTve­
los marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT da mTavrobis Tavmjdomare pira­
dad daadanaSaula movlenebis ase dramatulad ganviTarebis gamo. `Tqven
Seufereblad SeexeT da SeuracxyaviT morwmuneTa svindisi, im xalxisa, ro­
melic eklesiis ezodan gamosuli fexs ibertyavs, wmida adgilis mtveri
ar gamyveso. romelic eklesiis ezoSi napovn lursmans xels ar hkidebs,
RvTisa ariso, Tqven abuCad igdebT rodesac mis salocav da saTayvano
wmida nawilebiT savse xatebs, jvrebs da barZim-feSxumebs tyemlis tyl­
apebis yuTebSi ayrevinebT ubralo sainebis msgavsad Tqvengan gagzavnil
saero pirs. gana es TqvenTvis mxriT sxvisi svindisis Segineba ar aris?
morwmuneTaTvis da brZolaSi gamosawvevi xelTaTmanis gadageba ar aris?
nuTu Tqven warmogidgeniaT, rom amgvar profanacias morwmune qarTvel­
ma apatiebs da SearCens vinmes? sastikad scdebiT. gelaTSi danTebulia
Tqvengan iseTi cecxli, romelic Tu axlave Tqveni xeliT ar CaaqreT sul
Cqara caSi avardnili Wiakokonas wiTlad SeRebavs mTel saqarTvelos... am
qveynad yvelafers sazRvari aqvs: ukanaskneli saqcieliT Tqven Saraze das­
viT qarTuli eklesiis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi~.3 am werilidan kargad Cans,
rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaresa
da sruliad sasqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs Soris TanamSromlobis
yvela gza gadaketa. kaTolikos-patriarqs kidev erTxel mouxda mTavro­
bis TavmjdomaresTan dapirispireba, 1920 wlis noembris bolos mTavrobis
sxdomaze kaTolikos-patriarq leonidesa da sakaTolikoso sabWos wevrebi
moulodnelad mividnen da Semdegi gancxadeba gaakeTes: `movediT TqvenTan
raTa gagimeoroT Cemi, saeklesio uzenaesi organos da quTaisis mRvdelm­
Tavris daukiTxavad Tqvenma rwmunebulma gelaTidan quTaisis xazinaSi ga­

3 sergo vardosaniZe, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide, Tb., 2014 w., gv.64-65

_ 215 _
daitana eklesiiis siwmideni. amis gamo me gicxadebT uRrmes guliswyromas
da usastikes gakicxvas.
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare: me vwyvet sxdomas, saqarTvelos eklesia damou­
kidebeli da Tavisufali ar aris, is jer saxelmwifosgan gamouyofelia,
ver SevqmniT saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifos. rac Seexeba saeklesio nivTebs,
isini Seadgenen saxelmwifo sakuTrebas da saxelmwifos saqmea, sad Seinaxav
mas.
kaTolikosi leonide _ me vasruleb Cems saRmrTo movaleobas, Cven mx­
olod is gvindoda gagvego, rom saeklesio nivTebs Tqven saxelmwifo sa­
kuTrebad TvlidiT... naxvamdis~.4
miuxedavad amisa, 1921 wlis TebervalSi, rodesac bolSevikuri saokupa­
cio jarebi gaafTrebiT utevdnen Tbiliss, kaTolikos-patriarqma leonidem
samxedro taZarSi panaSvidi gadaixada brZolis velze daRupuli iunkerebis
sulis saoxad da qadagebisas mxari dauWira saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobas. imave wlis 22 Tebervals sagangebod Seikriba saka­
Tolikoso sabWo, sadac imsjeles Seqmnil viTarebaze da saeklesio siw­
mideTa dacvis sakiTxebze. gadawyda sionisa da sveticxovelis siwmideTa
quTaisSi gadatana. ai, aseTi iyo im samwuxaro dapirispirebis istoria, ma­
gram amas hqonda Tavisi mizezebi. Tu kargad gavvicnobierebT saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis politikas, naTlad Cans, rom
maTTvis saqarTvelos eklesia ar iyo gansakuTrebuli rolis da mniSvne­
lobis institucionaluri organizacia. jer kidev 1918 wlis 6 seqtembris
kanoniT maT Tamar mefis saxelobis qalTa saostato seminaria CamoarTves
eklesias,5 imave wlis 13 seqtembris gadawyvetilebiT Tbilisis, goris, xo­
nis, soxumis sasuliero seminariebi gamocxadda saxelmwifo sakuTrebad.6
1919 wlis 17 ivnisis kanoniT gauqmda saeklesio uqme dReebi: mirqma, didi
paraskevi, aRdgomis mesame dRe, samSabaTi sulTmofenoba, feriscvaleba,
miZneba, RvTismSobloba, mirqma, jvarTamaRleba, RvTismSoblis taZrad mi­
yvaneba, samagierod uqme dReebad gamocxadda axali weli, ruseTis didi
revoluciis pirveli dRe 12 marti, internacionalis dResaswauli 1 maisi
da damoukideblobis aRdgenis dRe 26 maisi.
1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miRebuli konstituciis 142-e muxliT `saxel­
mwifo da eklesia gancalkevebulni da damoukidebelni arian~. muxli 143.
`arcerT sarwmunoebas ar aqvs upiratesoba~, muxli 144. `xarjis gaReba
saxelmwifo xazinidan da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Tanxebidan sarw­
munoebriv saqmeTa saWiroebaze akrZalulia~ 7
ase esmodaT sekularizmi maSindel saero xelisuflebas, rac sasuliero
xelisuflebisTvis miuRebeli iyo da kidev erTi sevdiani istoriis gagr­

4 sergo vardosaniZe, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide, Tb., 2014 w., gv.65-66
5 ix. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Tb., 1991, gv.61
6 ix. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Tb., 1991, gv.63
7 ix. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli. Tb., gv.483

_ 216 _
Zeleba, 1921 wlis 11 marts saqarTvelos saeklesio da samuzeumo siwmidee­
biT datvirTuli kreiseri `ernest renani~ baTumidan gavida... am ganZis
kvlav samSobloSi dabrunebis Sansebi TiTqmis nulis toli iyo, magram 1945
wels ganZi, i.stalinis CareviT, saqarTveloSi dabrunda. xolo sionis da
sveticxovlis is ganZi, romelic kaTolikos-patriarq leonides brZanebiT
saidumlod gadaitanes quTaisSi da damales mitropolit nazaris saepisko­
poso saxlis sardafSi, romlis adgilmdebareoba bolSevikuri saokupacio
xelisuflebis adgilobriv warmomadgenlebs Seatyobina p.c... 1923 wlis
25 aprils, quTaisis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris lorTqifaniZis, partiuli
mdivnis baxtaZis, politbiuros ufrosis kuWuxiZis, rwmunebulebis cire­
kiZis, keTilaZis da Toduas TandaswrebiT amoiRes. aq iyo sruliad saqa­
rTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis rva oqros mitra briliantis TvlebiT
moWedeli, oqros barZim-feSxumebi, sapatriarqo kverTxebi, kunkul-bart­
yulebi.. romelnic xelisuflebam myar valutaze gayida damSeulTaTvis
sursaTis SesaZenad... iqneb sjobda is siwmindeebic ucxoeTSi gaetanaT, ma­
gram dRes advilia amaze msjeloba, maSin ki rTuli da Zneli gadasawyveti
iyo, ufro metic, rodesac eqvTime TayaiSvili sakaTalikozo sabWos sxdom­
aze umtkicebda maT, rom bolSevikebi saeklesio ganZs gaitacebdnen da um­
jobesi iyo misi ucxoeTSi gadatana, aRSfoTebiT uaryves misi winadadeba...
samwuxaroa, magram sionis da sveticxovlis siwmindeebi da ganZi samudamod
daekarga STamomavlobas.

Sergo Vardosanidze
Doctor in History, Professor
St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

ECCLESIASTICAL AND SECULAR UNDERSTANDING OF SECULARISM IN

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA IN 1918-1921
Summary

The ecclesiastical policy of the government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia

was based on the experience of European countries and implied separation and full
independence from the state. But leaders of the Georgian Apostolic Orthodox Church
(Catholicos-Patriarch Leonid) didn’t agree with the Government’s ecclesiastic policy and
legislative acts (Religion Content) adopted by it and considered them unacceptable.
Thereby a serious confrontation between ecclesiastic and secular authorities began at
the detriment of both _ the state and the Georgian Apostolic Orthodox Church.

_ 217 _
 Tengiz verulava
medicinis akademiuri doqtori, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori
jandacvis politikisa da dazRvevis institutis direqtori
CafiZis gadaudebeli kardiologiis centris uwyveti ganaTlebis
skolis direqtori

jandacvis sistema
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodSi (1918-1921)

mimdinare wlis 26 maiss Sesrulda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aR­

dgenis 100 wlisTavi. 1918 wlis 26 maisiT daiwyo Tvisobrivad axali etapi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv aRmSeneblobaSi. daibada XX saukunis evro­
puli tipis, axali, saparlamento demokratiuli saxelmwifo.
arsebobis xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi qveynis mTavrobam SeZlo
mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis gatareba: ganaxorciela sasamarT­
lo reforma, Camoayaliba adgilobrivi marTvis organoebi, profesiuli
kavSirebi, miiRo respublikis konstitucia.
1918-1921 wlebSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mokle periodis um­
Tavres movlenas warmoadgenda universitetis daarseba. 1918 wlis 26 ian­
vars (Zveli stiliT) daviT aRmaSeneblis xsovnis dRes, 13 saaTsa da 20 wuT­
ze gaixsna Tbilisis universiteti. es iyo pirveli erovnuli universiteti
ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel kavkasiaSi. universitetis daarse­
baSi didia ivane javaxiSvilis wvlili. profesorTa sabWom universitetis
pirvel reqtorad airCia petre meliqiSvili.

samedicino ganaTleba
1918 wlis 27 Tebervals universitetis profesorTa sabWos sxdomaze
gadawyda samkurnalo fakultetis Seqmna. imave wlis 17 ivniss profesorTa
sabWos sxdomam, romelsac eswreboda `qarTvel eqimTa da bunebismetyvelTa
sazogadoebis~ Tavmjdomare spiridon virsalaZe, miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom
seqtembris TveSi gaxsniliyo sabunebismetyvelo-samaTematiko da samedici­
no gaerTianebuli fakulteti. profesorTa sabWo aRniSnavda: `samkurnalo
fakulteti aucilebelia universitetisaTvis, am fakulteteze Cveni xalxis
Svilebis ltolva yovelTvis Zlieri iyo. misi Seqmna niSnavs did gamarjvebas
am saqmisa~. gaerTianebuli fakultetis pirvel sxdomas, romelic Catarda
1918 wlis 20 oqtombers, eswrebodnen p. meliqiSvili, a. benaSvili, a. naTiSvi­
li, ar. xaraZe, z. yanCaveli, sp. virsalaZe, i. TikanaZe da g. muxaZe. amas garda,
sxdomas eswrebodnen prof. iv. javaxiSvili da i. yifSiZe.
1919 wlis 29 aprils universitetis samedicino fakultetis pirvel dekanad
arCeul iqna aleqsandre naTiSvili. igi Semdgom arCeul iqna universitetis pir­

_ 218 _
vel proreqtorad saswavlo-samecniero nawilSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1918 wlis 15
noembers Tbilisis universitetis samedicino fakultetze aleqsandre naTiSv­
ilma waikiTxa pirveli leqcia adamianis normul anatomiaSi.
universitetis daarsebis pirvelive wlebidan samedicino fakulte­
tze moRvaweobdnen: novorosiis (q. odesis) universitetis damsaxurebu­
li profesori petre meliqiSvili, medicinis doqtorebi _ spiridon vir­
salaZe, grigol muxaZe, ivane TikanaZe, eqimebi __ mixeil winamZRvriSvili,
Salva miqelaZe. Semdgom wlebSi maT SeuerTdnen: xarkovis universitetis
prozeqtori, medicinis doqtori aleqsandre naTiSvili (1919 w.), yirimis
(simferopoli) universitetis profesori, medicinis doqtori aleqsandre
aladaSvili, xarkovis baqteriologiuri institutis mecnier-TanamSrome­
li svimon amirejibi, novorosiis (q. odesa) univeristetis privat-docenti
ivane beritaSvili, ekaterinoslavis (axlandeli dnepropetrovskis) univer­
sitetis profesori nikoloz kaxiani, xarkovis univeristetis privat-do­
centi, medicinis doqtori varlam moseSvili (1919 w.), moskovidan _ mixeil
asaTiani, petrogradidan _ medicinis doqtori aleqsandre maWavariani,
moskovis universitetis privat-docenti, medicinis doqtori gabriel Ram­
baraSvili (1920 w.), odesis samedicino institutis profesori, farmaciis
magistri iovel quTaTelaZe, novorosiis (q.odesa) univeristetis profe­
sori, medicinis doqtori svimon gogitiZe (1921 w.) da odesis samedicino
universitetis prozeqtori, doqtoranti vladimer JRenti (1922 w.). maT
mier Camoyalibda qirurgiis, Terapiis, mean-ginekologiis, kardiologiis,
farmakologiis da sxva mimarTulebebis qarTuli samedicino skolebi, rom­
lebmac udidesi roli iTamaSes rogorc saqarTveloSi samedicino mecnier­
ebis ganviTarebaSi, aseve axalgazrda samedicino kadrebis momzadebaSi.
1920 wlisaTvis universitetis samedicino fakultetis profesor-mas­
wavlebelTa saerTo ricxvi udrida 138-s, maT Soris iyo 21 profesori, 5
docenti, 3 privat-docenti.
studentebi saswavlo praqtikas gadiodnen mixeilis saxelobis saavad­
myofoSi, olRas saxelobis sabebio institutSi, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis
Tbilisis saavadmyofoSi da sxv. aRniSnuli saavadmyofoebi warmoadgenda
universitetis bazas da amasTanave saukeTeso saSualeba iyo, rom studen­
tebs Rirseuli ganaTleba mieRoT.
universitetis garda, qveyanaSi Seiqmna samedicino personalis mosamza­
debeli moklevadiani kursebi. 1918 wels simon amirejibma daaarsa medikos
laborantTa mosamzadebeli eqvsTviani fasiani kursebi. aseTi kursebis
mizans warmoadgenda iseTi deficituri kadrebis momzadeba, rogoricaa:
eqimi-laborantebi, provizorebi, umcrosi provizorebi, mowyalebis debi.

jandacvis sistemis marTva

1918 wlis noemberSi Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi Seiqmna samedici­
no-sanitariuli departamenti, romelic ganagebda qveyanaSi janmrTelobis

_ 219 _
dacvis saqmes. departamenti jandacvis sferoSi erTian, koordinirebul da
centralur principze damyarebul xelmZRvanelobas axocielebda. depar­
tamentis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze dainiSna simon jafariZe. samedicino-san­
itariuli departaments eqvemdebareboda veterinaruli momsaxureba.
1920 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma p. WiWinaZem
dasamtkiceblad waradgina brZanebis proeqti saqarTvelos samedicino-sani­
taruli departamentis bazaze janmrTelobis departamentis Seqmnis Taoba­
ze. Tavis moxsenebaSi ministrma p. WiWinaZem didi adgili dauTmo qveyanaSi
jandacvis mdgomareobis sakiTxs. igi gansakuTrebiT xazs usvamda malariis,
tuberkulozisa da sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom farTo RonisZiebebi Catarda partaxtiani tifis ep­
idemiis winaaRmdeg, dadebiTi Sedegebis ver miaRwies. proeqtis Tanaxmad,
aRniSnuli gamowveuli iyo sxvadasxva samedicino dawesebulebis arakoor­
dinirebuli qmedebebiT. igi moiTxovda yvela samedicino dawesebulebis
axladSeqmnili janmrTelobis departamentisadmi daqvemdebarebas. kanoni
janmrTelobis departamentis daarsebis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 1920 wlis
13 ivliss. janmrTelobis departamentis Tavmjdomared dainiSna spiridon
virsalaZe. departamentis movaleobas Seadgenda qveynis janmrTelobis
dacvis sistemis muSaobis warmarTva. janmrTelobis departamentis pasux­
ismgeblobaSi Sedioda:
a) respublikis yvela samedicino-sanitariuli organizaciebis saqmiano­
baze zedamxedveloba;
b) sakarantino sakiTxebi;
g) tuberkulozis, malariis, qoleris, Wiris, tifis, sqesobrivi gziT
gadamdebi da sxva daavadebebis marTva;
d) eqspertizis sakiTxebi;
e) samedicino-sanitariuli statistikis Catareba;
v) saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis dasasvenebeli kurortebis saeqimo sanitar­
iuli marTva;
(z) saafTiaqo da farmacevtuli sakiTxebi;
T) samedicino-sanitariuli kanonis Sesrulebaze monitoringi, samedici­
no-samecniero sakiTxebis SemuSaveba.
departaments marTavda sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen qvede­
partamentebis ufrosebi. sabWos xelmZRvanelobda departamentis ufrosi.

samedicino dawesebulebebis qseli

qveynis teritoria dayofili iyo mazrebad, olqebad, qalaqebad. mazra
warmoadgenda yvelaze msxvil administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls. Se­
sabamisad, iniSnebodnen samazro, saolqo, saqalaqo eqimebi. geografiuli
da epidemiologiuri Taviseburebebis gamo TiToeul regioni moiTxovda
gansxvavebul midgomas. svaneTi gamoirCeva maRalmTianobiT da endemuri
Ciyvis problemebiT. Sesabamisad, svaneTis mxares gansakuTrebuli yuradRe­

_ 220 _
ba eqceoda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas axalqalaqze, romelic aseve gamoirCeva
maRalmTianobiT da erovnuli da aRmsareblobiTi TaviseburebebiT.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samkurnalo qseli dayofili
iyo 3 seqtorad:
a) saxelmwifo samedicino dawesebulebebis qseli;
(b) municipaluri samedicino dawesebulebebis qseli;
g) kerZo samedicino dawesebulebebis qseli.
garda aRniSnuli seqtorebisa, qveyanaSi samkurnalo saqmes emsaxureboda
kerZo praqtikis mwarmoebel eqimTa korpusic.
1919 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 45 saavadmyofo
1200 sawolze. TbilisSi arsebobda 17 saeqimo ubani, xolo quTaisSi _ 13.
axali samedicino dawesebulebebi Seiqmna foTSi, ozurgeTSi, axalqalaqsa
da svaneTSi.
jandacvis sistemis erTeuls warmoadgenda samkurnalo-meTvalyure
sadgurebi da adgilebi. samedicino-sameTvalyureo sadgurebi ganixilebo­
da rogorc sanitarul-epidemiologiuri sadgurebisa da ambulatoriuli
momsaxurebis erTgvari nazavi.
1920 wlis noemberSi miRebul iqna dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT saxel­
mwifos finansuri daxmareba unda gaewia adamianTa calkeul jgufebisT­
vis. kerZod, omSi daRupulTa ojaxebisTvis, epidemiebTan brZolis dros
daRupulTa ojaxebisTvis, Sromis unardakargul saeqimo personalisTvis
(eqimebs _ 15000 man., xolo ferSlebs _ 10000 man. aRniSnuli Tanxa maT sa­
Sualo wliur xelfass Seesabameboda). brZanebas xels awerda saqarTvelos
damfuZnebeli krebis jandacvis komitetis Tavmjdomare, cnobili eqimi
ivane gomarTeli.
damoukidebel saqarTveloSi samedicino momsaxureba ar iyo ufaso,
Tumca, saxelmwifo cdilobda fasiani samedicino momsaxurebis realur,
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomarebis adekvatur cifrebamde dayvanas,
rac fasebis ganaxevrebiT gamoixata. am mxriv, quTaisi iyo pirveli qalaqi,
sadac mosaxleobisTvis ufaso samedicino daxmarebis gaweva gamocxadda.
am praqtikis pionerad gvevlineba quTaisis cnobili eqimi samson Tofuria.
misi saavadmyofo ufasod emsaxureboda mosaxleobas. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia,
rom soxumSi gaixsna pirveli muSaTa afTiaqi, romelic wamlebs mosaxleo­
bas ufasod awvdida.

wiTeli jvris erovnuli organizacia

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dad­
ga sakiTxi wiTeli jvris erovnuli organizaciis Seqmnisa. 1918 wlis 11
seqtembers Catarda saqarTvelos wiTeli jvris sazogadoebis damfuZne­
beli kreba. krebas eswrebodnen noe Jordania (mTavrobis Tavmjdomare) da
grigol giorgaZe (samxedro ministri). kreba gaxsna wiTeli jvris saer­
TaSoriso komitetis warmomadgenelma, eqimma mixeil zandukelma. ruseTis

_ 221 _
wiTeli jvris mTeli qoneba, rac Tavmoyrilia saqarTveloSi, gadaeca qa­
rTul wiTel jvars. wiTeli jvris sazogadoebam TbilisSi didi mTavris
quCaze gaxsna saavadmyofo, romelic ufasod emsaxureboda mosaxleobas.
wiTeli jvris sazogadoebasTan daarsda mowyalebis debis sazogadoeba,
romlis debulebis Tanaxmad, mowyalebis debs moeTxovebodaT da evalebo­
daT qarTuli enis codna.

saafTiaqo saqme
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWebo­
da saafTiaqo saqmesac. 1918 wels Camoyalibda saqarTvelos farmacevt­
Ta sazogadoeba. 1918 wlis dekembers Catarda saqarTvelos farmacevtTa
sazogadoebis yriloba. yrilobaze miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba saqarTve­
loSi farmacevtuli saqmis axleburad, drois moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad war­
moebaze. rekomendacia mieca qveyanaSi kerZo afTiaqebTan erTad saqalaqo
(municipaluri) afTiaqebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas.

Jurnal-gazeTebi
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi daarsda qarTuli
samedicino Jurnal-gazeTebi. 1919 wels gamoica pirveli samedicino peri­
oduli Jurnali `eqimi~. saredaqcio kolegiis gancxadebiT, igi warmoadgen­
da saqarTvelos eqimTa da erovnuli samecniero sazogadoebis gamocemas,
`samecniero-sazogadoebriv samedicino Jurnals~. 1918 wlis ianvarSi ga­
moica `saqarTvelos eqimis TanaSemweTa sazogadoebis~ axali yovelTviu­
ri Jurnali `eqimis TanaSemwe~. 1919 wels gamovida yovelTviuri Jurnali
`farmacevti~. 1920 wels gamovida `WleqTan mebrZoli sazogadoebis~ Jur­
nali `Wleqi da masTan brZola~, romelic gamodioda or kviraSi erTxel.
jandacvis organizaciis sakiTxebi qveyndeboda municipalur JurnalebSi:
`eroba da qalaqi~, `Cveni qalaqi~.
saxelmwifo cdilobda mosaxleobaSi aemaRlebina sanitariuli ganaTle­
ba. ganaTlebis ministris brZanebiT gadawyda saganmanaTleblo samkurnalo
wignakebis dabeWdva: `qarTvel eqimebs kargad moexseneba, Tu ra umweo md­
gomareobaSi imyofeba Cveni xalxi saeqimo daxmarebis mxriv. sxvaTa Soris,
es garemoebac xels uwyobs xalxSi aTasgvari crurwmenebis gavrcelebas,
rasac, samwuxarod, mkvidraT aqvs gadgmuli fesvebi ara Tu soflebSi, _
qalaqebSiac ki. gasaWiris dros xalxi garbis marCielTan, rom misgan gaigos
Tavisi awmyo da momavali. mokled rom movsWraT, Cveni xalxis umravlesoba
jer kidev bneliT aris moculi, da ase iqneba, sanam misi social-poli­
tikuri mdgomareoba ar Seicvleba. magram dRevandel pirobebSic ki ker­
Zo Taosnobas didi sargeblobis motana SeuZlia. amitom qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis samwignobro seqciam ganizraxa,
dabeWdos mTeli rigi samkurnalo wignakebisa... wignakebi unda daiweros
mecnierulad da mdabiurad, rom gasagebi iyos saSualo mkiTxvelisaTvis.
_ 222 _
 amgvarad, 1918-1921 wlebSi, drois mokle periodSi saqarTvelos jandacvis
sistemaSi ganxorcielda mniSvnelovani reformebi. damoukidebeli saqarTve­
los respublikis mTavrobam qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad daiwyo jandacvis
saxelmwifo doneze organizeba da marTva, samedicino reformasTan dakav­
Sirebuli proeqtebis finansuri da moraluri mxardaWeris ganxorcieleba,
erovnuli samedicino kadrebis momzadeba. SeiZleba Tamamad imis aRniSvna,
rom janmrTelobis dacvis dargSi ganxorcielebulma reformebma sakuTari
wvlili Seitanes qveyanaSi civilizebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa
da demokratiuli sazogadoebis damkvidrebis saqmeSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

verulava T., jandacvis politika, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,

Tbilisi, 2016 w.
JRenti v., gelbaxiani p., tatiSvili i. medicinis ganviTareba saqarTve­
loSi da qarTveli eqimebi, Tbilisi, 1971
Sengelia m., qarTuli medicinis istoria, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1981
Sengelia m., Ziebani qarTuli medicinis istoriidan, Tbilisi, mecniereba,
1981
Sengelia m., renesansi da Zveli qarTuli medicina, Tbilisi, sabWoTa
saqarTvelo, 1985
Sengelia r., qorCilava j., xidaSeli l., asaTiani n. janmrTelobis dacvis
organizacia saqarTveloSi, gaz. `medicina~, 29 maisi, 1993, gv. 3
Sengelia r., jandacvis organizacia damoukidebel saqarTveloSi,
Tbilisi, 2001
gamyreliZe a., vasaZe o., saqarTvelos janmrTelobis dacva saukuneTa
mijnaze, Tbilisi, 2003
saakaSvili m., gelaSvili a., saqarTvelos medicinis istoria. Tbilisi.
`saqmedgami~ 1956, t. II
jorbenaZe a., sajaro gamosvla saqarTvelos damoukideblobis me-80
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze, 1998 w.
jorbenaZe a., sajaro gamosvla Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
daarsebidan me-80 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil RonisZiebaze, 1998 w.
gerzmava, o., sazogadoebrivi jandacva da menejmenti, Tbilisi, Tbili­
sis saxelmwifo samedicino universiteti, 2012
uruSaZe, r., sazogadoebrivi jandacva, Tbilisi, 2002 w.
Verulava T., Kalandadze, T. Health Care System in Georgia. Tbilisi, Metsniereba, 2001

_ 223 _
 Tengiz Verulava
PhD in Medcine, Professor
Ilia State University

THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM OF THE PERIOD OF

GEORGIAN INDEPENDENCE (1918-1921)
Summary

May 26, 1918 is the most important date in the history of Georgia. In the short period
of Independence of Georgia in 1918-1921, founding Tbilisi State University was one of
the greatest events. It was the first National University in Georgia and the whole Cauca-
sus. On February 27, 1918, a Medical Faculty was founded at the Georgian University. It
became the center where many well-known Georgian medical scientists were educated.
In November 1918 Medico-Sanitarian Department at the Ministry of Internal Affairs
was established, the head of which was appointed Simon Japaridze.
Georgia was divided into districts, regions and cities. Correspondingly were assigned
district, regional and city doctors. Approach to each region was different. Special atten-
tion was paid to Svaneti and Akhalkalaki. The network of the medical institutions was
divided into 3 sectors:
• Network of state medical institutions;
• Municipal medical institutions;
• Private medical institutions;
Special attention was paid to pharmacies. There were two types of pharmacies: city
(municipal) and private.
In February of 1920 the Minister of Internal Affairs, Mr. Chichinadze submitted a
draft decree of establishment of the Department of Health on the basis of the Medi-
co-sanitarian Department. The draft was approved in July 13. Mr. Spiridon Virsaladze
was designated the Head of Department.
The Department of Health was responsible for:
• Supervision over the activities of all medico-sanitary institutions of the Republic;
• Issues of quarantine;
• TB, malaria, cholera, plague, STDs, typhus and other diseases;
• Expertise issues;
• Conducting medico-sanitarian statistics;
• Sanitary management of recreational zones of state importance;
• Issues of pharmacy and pharmaceuticals;
• Monitoring of the correct accomplishment of medical-sanitary law, elaboration
of medical-scientific questions.
According to the data of 1919 there were 45 hospitals for 1200 beds in Georgia, 17
medical stations in Tbilisi and 13 in Kutaisi. New medical institutions were established
in Poti, Akhalkalaki, and Svaneti region. Medical-supervisory stations are considered
as units of health care system and were a kind of mixture of sanitary-epidemiological

_ 224 _
stations and ambulatory services.
The first medical journal `The Doctor~ was published in 1919. In January 1918, a
new monthly journal `Doctor’s assistant~ was issued. In 1919 was published monthly
journal `working pharmacist~. In 1920 biweekly journal `Tuberculosis and Preventive
Medicine~ was published.
Thus, in 1918-1921, during the short period, significant reforms were implemented
in the Georgian healthcare system. The Government of the Republic of Georgia started
to organize and manage health care at the state level for the first time in the coun-
try’s history, implement financial and moral support of the projects related to medical
reform and prepare national medical staff. The reforms implemented in the field of
health care have contributed to the development of civil and democratic society in the
country.

_ 225 _
 Valery Modebadze
Professor
St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND GEORGIA IN 1918-1921

After the declaration of independence, the Democratic Republic of Georgia faced

many problems with its northern neighbor. Both the Red Army and the White Army were
equally hostile to the idea of independence of Caucasus and its people were forced to
fight against them on the battlefield as well as on the diplomatic front. During the Rus-
sian Civil War, Soviet Russia could not dispatch enough troops to Caucasus in order to oc-
cupy the Democratic Republic of Georgia. Therefore, it was offering financial, political and
military support to separatist forces in Georgia. With the help of Soviet Russia, separatist
forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia organized many uprisings against the Democratic
Republic of Georgia. Soviet Russia was also offering assistance to all anti-Georgian organi-
zations: the Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party, the Russian
National Council of Transcaucasia, the Russian clergy of Tbilisi, the Russian National Coun-
cil of Batumi and Sukhumi, etc. The Soviet Russia helped these organizations to organize
revolts against the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The aim of these anti-government
revolts was to overthrow the government and establish a Soviet rule in Georgia.
After defeating General Denikin and the White forces, Soviet Russia approached
Caucasus and renewed its subversive activities in the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
The Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party was doing every-
thing it could to organize `peasants’ and workers’ rebellion~ in Georgia. With the help
of Soviet Russia, this organization supported Ossetian separatists and local rebels in the
fight against the Georgian government. The aim of this article is to analyze conflicts
between Russia and Georgia in 1918-1921. The article also describes the occupation
of Georgia by the Red Army and its consequences. This research is based on historical
method. Conflicts that took part between Russia and Georgia are analyzed in detail by
using the above mentioned method.

INTRODUCTION _ THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

The Caucasian states managed to free from the Russian imperial dominion in the
early 20th century. The Russian Revolution of 1917 triggered the disintegration process
of the Russian Empire. The Caucasian states took advantage of this situation and grad-
ually gained independence from Russia. On April 22, 1918 an independent state _ The
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was established. This state was short-
lived. It soon ceased to exist and after one month of its foundation, Caucasian states
declared their independence. Four independent states emerged in Caucasus: Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Armenia and the Mountainous Republic of North Caucasus. The Moun-
_ 226 _
tainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus officially became an independent state on
May 11, 1918. By the end of May of the same year, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia
declared their independence. The government of independent Georgia under the lead-
ership of Noe Zhordania tried to promote the idea of the unity of Caucasus and began
to lay foundations for this unity. The government of Democratic Republic of Georgia
carried the policy of establishing close cultural, economic and military contacts with the
Caucasian states. This was particularly evident in the attitude of Georgian government
towards Azerbaijan. Common geostrategic interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan and
Democratic Republic of Georgia promoted establishment of close ties between these
states. Especially important was the cooperation between Azerbaijan and Georgia in
the military sphere. In 1919 these two countries signed a military agreement for three
years and formed a military alliance against the common enemy. In the summer of
1919 the North Caucasus was conquered by the `white general~ Anton Denikin. Af-
ter this event Russia approached the borders of Georgia and Azerbaijan. This forced
Georgia and Azerbaijan to sign a military-defensive treaty on June 16, 1919, according
to which they had to give a joint response to a possible military aggression from the
third party (Beka Kobakhidze, 2011). Since gaining independence, Democratic Republic
of Georgia established also close relations with the Mountainous Republic of North
Caucasus. Georgians were aware that strong and independent North Caucasus was also
a guarantee of stability and independence of Georgia. The Mountainous Republic of
North Caucasus was a buffer zone between Georgia and Russia. Therefore, Democratic
Republic of Georgia supported the Mountainous Republic of North Caucasus morally,
politically and financially (Giorgi Arkania, 2016).

CONFLICTS BETWEEN GEORGIA AND RUSSIA

The Democratic Republic of Georgia since its foundation had very strained relations
with Soviet Russia. Soviet Russia actively supported separatist movements in Abkhazia
and South Ossetia in order to weaken independent Georgia and draw it back into Russia’s
orbit. In 1918 Bolsheviks organized an uprising in Abkhazia to demand establishment of
Soviet rule in Abkhazia and the unification of Abkhazia with Russia. Bolsheviks established
a military-revolutionary committee of Abkhazia, created the Red Army, occupied Sokhumi
and declared Abkhazia a Soviet Republic. After these events, the military-revolutionary
committee of Abkhazia appealed for help to Soviet Russia. Soviet Russia sent approxi-
mately 2000 Kuban Cossacks to Abkhazia. Cossacks defeated Georgian troops stationed in
Abkhazia and entered Sokhumi (Vakhtang Peradze & Levan Mumladze, 2008).
Bolsheviks created a similar problem in Inner Kartli, where they established the
National Council of South Ossetia in 1917. Since its foundation this body began confron-
tation with the Georgian National Council. Ossetian separatists demanded incorporation
of South Ossetia into Soviet Russia and obtained support from Russia’s political elites.
Ossetian and Abkhazian separatists became especially active after Georgia’s declaration
of independence (May 26, 1918). For Soviet Russia the independence of Georgia was
unacceptable and the Soviet government began to support actively separatist forces in
_ 227 _
Georgia. Because of the ongoing civil war, Soviet Russia was unable to dispatch enough
troops to Georgia and occupy the Georgian territories in 1918-1920. Therefore, it was
doing everything it could to strengthen the Fifth Column in Georgia (Abkhazian and
Ossetian separatists, Russian population in Georgia). Initially this activity was controlled
by the Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party which was estab-
lished in October 1917 and later _ by the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee
of the Russian Communist Party. In these anti-Georgian organizations especially active
were the following Bolsheviks: Phillippe Makharadze, Sergei Kirov, Stephan Shaumian,
Sergo Orjonikidze and others. These people received orders from Lenin and Stalin and
acted according to them (Vakhtang Peradze & Levan Mumladze, 2008).
Intrusive activities were performed against the Democratic Republic of Georgia by
following organizations: The Russian National Council of Transcaucasia, the Russian cler-
gy of Tbilisi, the Russian National Council of Batumi and Sukhumi. The above mentioned
organizations actively collaborated with all anti_ Georgian forces.
After the restoration of independence, the government of the Democratic Republic
of Georgia tried to solve the Abkhazian issue peacefully. For this reason, it reached an
agreement with the Abkhaz People’s Council on June 8, 1918. This agreement granted
Abkhazia wide autonomy. For Abkhazian separatists the above mentioned agreement
was unacceptable. They demanded complete independence of Abkhazia and separation
of this land from Georgia. Because of their radical demands, solving Abkhazian problem
peacefully became virtually impossible. The Georgian army under Major General Giorgi
Mazniashvili defeated Kuban Cossacks and the armed forces of Abkhazian separatists
and in June 1918 entered Sokhumi. The Georgian armed forces advanced northward
along the Black Sea coastline and liberated Gagra from enemies. On July 2, 1918 they
took Adler, on July 6 _ Sochi, on July 26 _ Tuapse. Soviet Russia showed a hostile
attitude towards the restoration of Georgian jurisdiction in Abkhazia.
Soviet Russia managed to organize the first serious anti-state uprising against the
Democratic Republic of Georgia in the summer of 1918 in Dusheti. The Caucasian Re-
gional Committee of the Russian Communist party sent some Bolsheviks and military in-
structors to Dusheti in order to organize a rebellion against the Democratic Republic of
Georgia. They began recruiting peasants into military units and armed them with guns
(Alexandra Artilakva, 1948). The military_revolutionary headquarters of rebel peasants
was established. The rebels attacked Georgian officials and military units in several vil-
lages and killed some Georgian soldiers. The rebels established contacts with the Terek
Soviet Republic and obtained military support from this republic. The Terek Soviet Re-
public sent specially trained forces under the command of Sasha Gegechkori in order to
help the rebels fight against the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The Russian army had
also plans to enter Georgia and occupy Dusheti and Tbilisi. The Soviet Russia’s plans
were thwarted by the vigorous actions of the Georgian regular army and the Georgian
People’s Guard. The Georgian army managed to defeat the rebels who were forced to
flee to the North Caucasus and found refuge in Terek Soviet Republic (Vakhtang Peradze
& Levan Mumladze, 2008).

_ 228 _
 The anti-government revolts took place in 1918 in Shorapani, Sachkhere, Racha _
Lechkhumi and Mingrelia. The uprising in Sachkhere was organized with the help of Os-
setian Bolsheviks under the command of Isaac Kharebov. In 1918 the Georgian people’s
guard and the Georgian army quelled the revolt of Ossetian separatists who refused to
pay taxes to the Georgian government. In 1918 there were numerous uprisings among
the Ossetian peasants who refused to pay taxes to Tbilisi. On March 15, 1918 the
Ossetian peasants began an armed revolt against the Georgian government. The rebels
managed to hold off an offensive by Georgian People’s Guard punitive detachment
commanded by an ethnic Ossetian officer, Kosta Kaziev. The rebels occupied the town
of Tskhinvali on March 19, 1918. The Georgian People’s Guard regained the control of
Tskhinvali on March 22, 1918. The revolt was finally quelled by the Georgian armed
forces and harsh repressive measures were established in the region.
During the Russian Civil War, Bolsheviks were unable to control all southern regions
of Russia. Kuban Cossacks took advantage of this situation and declared independence
from Soviet Russia on February 16, 1918. They established The Kuban People’s Repub-
lic which included all the territory of the former Kuban Oblast of the Russian Empire.
The real power in South Russia was in the hands of the Volunteer Army under the
leadership of Gen. Mikhail Alekseev. On September 25, 1918 the Georgian government
decided to begin negotiations with the above mentioned forces over the border issues.
From the Russian side, the commanders of the Volunteer Army and representatives of
the Kuban Republic participated in negotiations. The Democratic Republic of Georgia
was represented by Minister of Foreign Affairs Evgeni Gegechkori and General Giorgi
Mazniashvili. The Command of the Volunteer Army and the Kuban Republic formally
recognized the Democratic Republic of Georgia, but accused it of capturing Russian
territories. Russians considered even the Georgian territories (Sochi and Gagra) as an
integral part of Russia. The Georgian side tried to prove that Russian claims were
groundless but Russians did not change their opinion. The parties could not reach an
agreement on border issues and could not agree on who was to hold power on the
strip of territory between Sochi, Tuapse and Gagra (General Giorgi Mazniashvili, 2014).
The Russian volunteer army tried to separate Abkhazia from Georgia and began offer-
ing support to Abkhazian separatists in October 1918. On October 10, the Georgian gov-
ernment announced dissolution of the Abkhaz People’s Council and decided to hold new
elections in Abkhazia. The Russian Volunteer Army was dissatisfied with this decision and
in December 1918 started preparations for the invasion of Abkhazia. In 1919 the Russian
Volunteer Army under the command of Denikin entered Abkhazia and occupied the Gagra
region. The territorial integrity of Georgia was in danger. On June 14, 1919 the Government
of Georgia appealed to the Paris Peace Conference for help, but in vain. At that time, British
troops were stationed on the territory of Georgia and British military representatives provid-
ed a peaceful solution to the Abkhazian conflict. British military representatives decided to
send one of their detachments to Abkhazia which would serve as a barrier between Georgia
and the Denikin’s army. The British Major-General Corey drew a demarcation line, which
the Volunteer Army was prohibited to cross. This time Denikin respected the new frontier,
which ran along the river Bzyb (South of Gagra) (Charlotte Hille, 2010).
_ 229 _
 Since the beginning of 1919 Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Com-
munist party tried to trigger new revolts in Georgia. In the same year, the organizers
of the rebellion were arrested, but armed demonstrations still took place in Lagodekhi,
Signagi, Poti, Gori, Senaki, Samtredia, Chokhatauri, Ozurgeti and Akhalkalaki. Despite
the attempts of Bolsheviks to destabilize the country, these revolts failed to gain the
popular support. The Georgian government easily quelled these local revolts.
After defeating the volunteer army under General Denikin, Soviet Russia renewed its
subversive activities in the Democratic Republic of Georgia since January 1920. The Cau-
casian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party called on the population of
the region to a massive revolt in order to establish the Soviet rule. This time Bolsheviks
hoped that workers would organize uprisings and overthrow the Georgian government.
But their dreams were not realized and their plan proved fruitless. Bolsheviks did not
enjoy popular support in Georgia and could not win hearts and minds of the local people.
On March 15, 1920 the Caucasian Regional Committee of the Russian Communist party
appealed on behalf of workers of the Caucasus to Soviet Russia and requested assistance.
The same body adopted the resolution of the establishment of the revolutionary commit-
tee in South Ossetia and began recruiting troops in Vladikavkaz, which is the capital of
modern-day North Ossetia. On May 6, 1920 the Revolutionary Committee of South Ossetia
declared a Soviet republic in the Roki area on the Russian-Georgian border. The Red Army
from Vladikavkaz crossed into Georgia and supported local rebels in the fight against the
Georgian armed forces in the Java district. In the summer of 1920, the government of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia sent a large military unit to South Ossetia and suppressed
the rebellion. The Georgian People’s Guard under Valiko Jugheli managed to defeat the
insurgents in a series of hard-fought battles (Vakhtang Peradze & Levan Mumladze, 2008).
In April 1920 Soviet Russia’s Red Army invaded Azerbaijan. A few months later
Armenia was conquered by the Red Army. After the occupation of Azerbaijan and
Armenia, Soviet Russia developed plans for invading Georgia. But, at that time Soviet
Russia was at war with Poland and was unable to launch a war against Georgia. For this
reason, Soviet Russia decided to postpone the occupation of Georgia and establish dip-
lomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Georgia. On May 7, 1920 the Treaty
of Moscow was signed between Soviet Russia and the Democratic Republic of Georgia
in which Soviet Russia recognized the territorial integrity of Georgia and refused to in-
terfere in its domestic and foreign affairs. In the first two articles of the Treaty, Soviet
Russia unconditionally recognized the independence of Georgia and recognized it as
the subject of international law (Maia Burdiashvili, 2013). After signing this agreement
diplomatic relations were established between these two countries. England played a
major role in signing this agreement, calling for both sides to settle the relationship.
The Treaty of Moscow did not settle strained relations between Soviet Russia and
the Democratic Republic of Georgia, however. Because of the war with Poland, Soviet
Russia was forced to stop temporarily its aggressive policy towards Transcaucasia. By
signing this treaty, the Georgian government hoped to win some time to prepare for
the upcoming war with Russia. Western countries refused to provide the military-polit-

_ 230 _
ical assistance to Georgia. On July 4, 1920 British troops left the territory of Georgia.
After the withdrawal of British troops, the Democratic Republic of Georgia was left
alone and was forced to rely only on its own resources in the upcoming fight against
the Bolsheviks. Although the Russian Bolsheviks recognized Georgia’s independence,
they planned and intended to overthrow the government of the Democratic Republic
of Georgia. The treaty of Moscow was merely a delaying tactic on the part of Russians
who, at that time, were mainly concerned about an uneasy war against Poland.
After the nine months of fragile peace, in February 1921, Bolsheviks decided to
launch a final offensive against the Democratic Republic of Georgia, on the pretext of
supporting `peasants’ and workers’ rebellion~ in the country. The start of massive at-
tack on Georgia was preceded by a Soviet `People’s Uprising~ against the Government
of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, mainly in Lori province, populated by Arme-
nians. At the same time the border clashes occurred in the town of Zakatala which was
claimed by Soviet Azerbaijan.
Georgians fought heroically against the invaders. But, small Georgian army could
not halt for a long time a large and well equipped Red Army, which was attacking Geor-
gia from all directions. After heavy fighting the Red Army defeated Georgian troops.
Soviet forces under the command of Orjonikidze took Tbilisi and declared the Georgian
Soviet Socialist Republic on 25th of February 1921. The rest of the country was overrun
within three weeks and finally, Soviet rule was established in Georgia. Turkey took ad-
vantage of this situation and occupied a large portion of southwest Georgia, a fact that
was acknowledged by the treaty of Moscow, signed between Russia and Turkey and the
Treaty of Kars, signed between Turkey and Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republics. In
this treaty Ataturk and Lenin reached an agreement that divided the region of Meskheti
into two. The Soviet government forced Georgia to cede vast territories to Turkey. Larg-
er part of Meskheti was given to Turkey, while Georgia retained Adjara and Samtskhe
_ Javakheti region. In other words, under this treaty, Georgia returned the regions of
Artaani (Ardahan), Artvini (Artvin) and Oltisi (Oltu) to Turkey. The total territory equaled
to 12,115 square kilometers with the population of 164,000 (Valeri Modebadze, 2010).
Soviet rule was harsh and inflicted heavy losses on the Georgian state: Georgia
was forced to cede territories to its neighboring republics. In 1920 the total area of
Georgia equaled to 83.000 square kilometers. Georgia lost many territories that formed
an inseparable part of Georgian state and its total area was reduced to 69,700 square
kilometers. In addition, Soviet Union established autonomous republics in Georgia that
became later major source of ethno-political conflicts.
Russia viewed Georgia as its former colony and as its zone of influence. Therefore,
the independence of Georgia was unacceptable for Russia. Both the Red Army and the
White Army were equally hostile to the idea of Georgian independence. They fought
against the Democratic Republic of Georgia very frequently. The Kremlin did everything
it could to draw Georgia back into Russia’s orbit.

_ 231 _
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_ 232 _
 samarTali

irakli iremaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
biblioTekis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Semswavleli
centr-biblioTekis xelmZRvaneli

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli

krebis arCevnebi: saarCevno sistema,
politikuri subieqtebi, saarCevno kampania da Sedegebi

demokratiuli saxelmwifos politikuri institutebis mSeneblobis gzaze

demokratiuli saarCevno sistema da arCevnebi erT-erT fundamentur in­
strumentad miiCneva. demokratiuli arCevnebis politikuri daniSnuleba
bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo saukunis win, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,
roca ganviTarebul evropul saxelmwifoebSic moqalaqeTa did nawils, gan­
sakuTrebiT ki qalebs saxelmwifos marTvis procesSi monawileoba ezRude­
bodaT. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mier miRebuli
damoukideblobis aqtiT, safuZveli Caeyara damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mSeneblobas. respublikis arsebobis dasawyisi­
danve naTeli iyo, rom qarTul demokratias, respublika uamravi gamowvevisa
da problemebis pirobebSi unda aeSenebina (voitinski, 2018, gv. 188).
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis modelebis Sesaxeb qarTuli politikuri speq­
tris ZiriTadi nawilis simpaTiebi parlamentarizmisaken iyo mimarTuli.
demokratiuli respublikis yvelaze popularuli politikuri lideri noe
Jordania 1918 wlis agvistoSi respublikis mmarTvelobis sistemaze msje­
lobisas, evropuli qveynebis gamocdilebis gaazrebis Sedegad, calsaxad
usvamda xazs respublikis politikuri modelis mSeneblobis mTavar prin­
cips _ `erTia Zala-ufleba _ erTia misi warmomSobi wyaro _ xalxi. ukanask­
neli Tavis mowodebas anxorcielebs sami gziT: kanonmdeblobiT, adminis­
tratiuli da sasamarTlo.~1
axladSeqmnili demokratiuli respublikis sakanonmdeblo organos
funqcia itvirTa erovnulma sabWom, romelic kohabitaciis wesiT dakomp­
leqtda 1917 wlis noembris saqarTvelos erovnul yrilobaze da 26 maisis
Semdeg Seivso qarTuli partiebis wevrebiT (bendianiSvili, 2001, gv. 137).
erovnulma sabWom izruna sakanonmdeblo organoSi yvela politikuri Tu
eTnikuri jgufisaTvis adgilebis proporciul ganawilebaze. 1918 wlis 13

1 noe Jordania, social-demokratia da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo organizacia, gaz. `erToba~,

1918, #184,185,192,193

_ 233 _
seqtembers daamtkica kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec sabWos eTnikuri um­
ciresobis warmomadgenlebisTvis daemata 26 mandati, romelic respubli­
kis mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis proporciuli iyo (saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1990, gv. 84-
109).

mzadeba arCevnebisTvis
sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebisaTvis mzadeba, faqtobrivad, damou­
kideblobis gamocxadebis pirvelive TveebSi daiwyo. 1918 wlis zafxulidan
muSaobdnen saarCevno kanonmdeblobaze (cinaZe, 2011, gv. 312). saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis parlamentma (1918 wlis 8 oqtombridan erovnul
sabWos saxeli Seecvala) 1918 wlis 22 noembers daasrula muSaoba saarCevno
kanonmdeblobaze da miiRo _ `debuleba damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisa~.
kanonSi im periodis demokratiuli politikuri sistemis araerTi gamor­
Ceuli elementi iyo warmodgenili. pirveli Tavi gansazRvravda _ `dam­
fuZnebel krebas Seadgenen wevrebi, arCeuli mcxovrebTa mier sayovelTao
_ ganurCevlaT sqesisa, Tanasworis, pirdapiris da farulis xmis micemiT
proporciuli warmomadgenlobis wesisamebr~. II Tavi ki gansazRvravda _
`damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs respublikis
orive sqesis moqalaqes, Tu arCevnebis dRisTvis oci weli SesrulebiaT.
reguliarul jarSi Caricxuls aqvs mxolod pasiuri saarCevno ufleba~
(saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebu-
li, 1990, gv. 84-109). saarCevno kanonmdeblobaSi mciredi Sesworebebi 1919
wlis ianvarSi ganxorcielda. saarCevno kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, arCevne­
bi proporciuli sistemiT Catardeboda, mTeli respublika erTmandatian
olqad ganisazRvra. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis savaraudo TariRad
1919 wlis gazafxuli ganixileboda, Tumca saerTaSoriso politikuri ga­
mowvevebidan gamomdinare, romelic parizis samSvidobo konferencias uka­
vSirdeboda, damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis TariRad 1919 wlis 14-16 Te­
bervali ganisazRvra.2
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis organizebisaTvis parlamentma centra­
luri saarCevno komisia Seqmna, romelSic yvela saarCevno politikuri su­
bieqtis warmomadgeneli Sevida, komisiis 21 wevridan 10 social-demokra­
tiul partias warmoadgenda. komisias social-demokrati aleqsandre
lomTaTiZe xelmZRvanelobda, komisiis Tavmjdomaris amxanagis (moadgilis)
postebs socialist-revolucioneri ivane gobeCia da socialist-federal­
isti Tedo Rlonti ikavebdnen. mdivnis posti social-demokratma ana solo­
RaSvilma daikava, xolo komisiis finansebis gankargva erovnul-demokrat
giorgi gvazavas daevala.3 saarCevno komisiam Camoayaliba saqalaqo, samaz­
ro da saubno saarCevno komisiebi, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom aiRo val­

2 scsa, f. 1834, aRw.1, saq. 19

3 scsa, f. 1834, aRw.1, saq. 74

_ 234 _
debuleba winasaarCevno procesebisa da arCevnebis mSvidobianad warmarT­
vasTan dakavSirebiT. parlamentis dadgenilebiT Sinagan saqmeTa ministr
noe ramiSvils unda gamoeca dekreti policiisa da administraciul mox­
eleTa mxridan saarCevno procesSi CarTvis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.4
centralurma saarCevno komisiam 1919 wlis ianvarSi daamtkica arCev­
nebis procedurebi da saubno saarCevno komisiis moqmedebis wesebi. komisiis
gadawyvetilebiT, TiToeuli politikuri subieqtis saarCevno biuletenze,
amomrCevelTaTvis gasagebad warmodgenili iqneboda sakandidato saarCev­
no sia. TiToeuli amomrCeveli ki faruli arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg
saarCevno yuTSi agdebda erTi konkretuli partiis biuletens (xvadagiani,
2016, gv. 19). 1919 wlis ianvris bolosaTvis centralur saarCevno komisi­
aSi daregistrirda 15 saarCevno subieqti, romelTac saarCevno nomrebi
Semdegnairad ganisazRvra: #1 saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa
partia; #2 saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia; #3 saqarTvelos
socialist-revolucionerTa partia; #4 somexTa revolucionuri feder­
acia `daSnakcuTiuni~; #5 saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa sarevo­
lucio partia; #6 saqarTvelos musulmanTa erovnuli sabWo; #7 saqarT­
velos radikal-demokratiul glexTa partia; #8 saqarTvelos erovnuli
partia; #9 saqarTvelos socialist-federalistTa maSvralTa partia; #10
SoTa rusTavelis jgufi; #11 damoukidebelTa (upartioTa) kavSiri; #12
borCalos mazris musulmanebi; #13 ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa
partia; #14 `estetiuri liga patriotebisa~; #15 elinTa demokratiuli
partia.5 saarCevno siebSi jamSi 600 kandidati iyo warmodgenili, sakandida­
to siebSi 6 politikur subieqts jamSi 26 qali kandidati hyavda warmodge­
nili (iremaZe, WanturiZe, 2017, gv. 31). 1919 wlis Tebervlis dasawyisSi cen­
tralurma saarCevno komisiam arCevnebisTvis mzadeba daasrula, daibeWda
saarCevno biuletenebi qarTul, rusul da azerbaijanul enebze, partiebis
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. partiaTa nawilma Tavadve dabeWda biuletenebi,
saarCevno komisiam SemdgomSi beWdvis xarjebi aunazRaura.

saarCevno subieqtebi
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi yvela politikur subieqts SeeZlo
monawileobis miReba, maT Soris respublikisadmi arcTu keTilganwyo­
bil ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partias, komunistur partias,
daSnakcuTiunsa da sxv. arCevnebSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada komu­
nisturma partiam, Tumca am periodSi maT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Soris
didi gavlena ar hqondaT (Kautsky, 1921, pp 71-72).
arCevnebSi monawileobas iRebda arsebiTad 1892 wlidan moqmedi so­
cial-demokratiuli partia, romelic instituciurad 1903 wlidan rsdmp-is

4 arCevnebis garSemo, gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~. 1919, #30

5 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis sakandidato siebi, gaz. `saqarTvelos respub­
lika~, 1919, #25

_ 235 _
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, 1918 wlis noemberSi oficialurad gamoeyo rsd­
mp-is amierkavkasiis saolqo komitetsa da kvlav damoukidebel partiad gar­
daiqmna (bendianiSvili, 2001, gv.138-140). qarTuli social-demokratia, Tavi­
si Teoriuli safuZvlidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro axlos idga evropul
social-demokratiasTan, vidre rsdmp-Tan. qarTuli social-demokratiis
liderebi social-demokratiuli ideologiis mamamTavrebTan uSualo kav­
SirSi imyofebodnen (jonsi, 2007, gv. 82-83).
1890-iani wlebidan moyolebuli social-demokratebi qarTul poli­
tikur speqtrSi dominant adgils ikavebdnen. ruseTis oTxive saxelmwifo
saTaTbiros arCevnebi qarTul olqebSi partiam didi upiratesobiT moigo,
damajereblad imarjva 1917 wlis ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevneb­
Sic. partias erovnul sabWoSic umravlesoba hqonda mopovebuli. parti­
is saarCevno siaSi, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri
jgufis warmomadgeneli iyo Seyvanili.
social-demokratiuli partiis Semdgom Tanabari gavleniT sargeblobda
memarcxene, 1904 wels Seqmnili socialist-federalisturi sarevolucio
partia da 1917 wels Camoyalibebuli erovnul-demokratiuli partia. sfp
Tavisi damaarseblis arCil jorjaZis ideologiur doqtrinas efuZneboda
(SveliZe, 1993, gv. 54-89). daarsebidan maleve sdp-is Semdeg yvelaze gavleni­
an politikur subieqtad iqca, met-naklebi warmatebiT gamodioda ruseTis
saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebze, 1918 wlis maisidan erovnul sabWoSi
sididiT meore fraqcia hqonda da koaliciur mTavrobaSi or mniSvnelovan
saministros _ saxalxo ganaTlebisa da iusticiis _ xelmZRvanelobda.
saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia 1917 wels oficialurad
dafuZnda, Tumca partiis ZiriTadi birTvi ilia WavWavaZesTan erTad poli­
tikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
muSaobda. memarjvene politikur flangze edp, faqtobrivad, erTaderT
mZlav politikur subieqts warmoadgenda. 1917-1918 wlebis ganmavlobaSi
edps-s gamoeyo ori radikaluri memarjvene fraqcia radikal-demokrati­
uli da nacionalisturi (erovnuli), romlebic calke politikur partie­
bad formirda da 1919 wlis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze damoukideb­
lad warsdgnen (bendianiSvili, 2001, gv. 140-141). 1918 wlis ganmavlobaSi edp
erovnul sabWoSi sididiT mesame fraqcias qmnida da koaliciuri mTavro­
bis finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis saministros marTavda.
XX dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi garkveuli gavleniT sargeblobda social­
ist-revolucionerTa partia, romelic Tavidanve rusuli partiis orga­
nizacias warmoadgenda. 1918 wlis ivnisSi eserTa qarTuli organizacia da­
moukidebel politikur partiad Camoyalibda. 1918 wlis maisidan erovnul
sabWoSi fraqciiT iyo warmodgenili da koaliciur mTavrobaSi gzaTa da kav­
Sirgabmulobis saministros marTavda (bendianiSvili, 2001 gv. 139-140).
ZiriTadi partiebis garda, arCevnebSi rsdmp iRebda monawileobas, ro­
melic qarTuli organizaciis gamoyofis Semdeg, faqtobrivad, sruliad
ureitingo politikur Zalas warmoadgenda.
_ 236 _
 arCevnebSi monawileobda 1890 wels TbilisSi daarsebuli somxeTis rev­
oluciuri federaciis `daSnakcuTiunis~ saqarTvelos organizacia. 1918
wlis somxeT-saqarTvelos omis Semdgom periodSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi
daSnakcuTiunisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobebi gaizarda, Tumca partias gav­
lena hqonda eTnikurad somexi moqalaqeebiT dasaxlebul arealebSi (xvada-
giani, 2016, gv. 25-26).
arCevnebSi eTnikurad azerbaijanelebiT dakompleqtebuli ori politi­
kuri subieqti monawileobda _ saqarTvelos musulmanTa erovnuli sabWo
da borCalos mazris musulmanebi. garda amisa, saarCevno subieqtad dareg­
istrirda elinTa (berZenTa) demokratiuli partia.
gansakuTrebiT saintereso precendents warmoadgenda 2 saarCevno subi­
eqti -estetiuri liga patriotebisa da upartioTa kavSiri. romelTa sieb­
Sic qarTveli inteleqtualebi iyvnen warmodgenili. upartioTa kavSiri
aerTianebda _ kote afxazs, ivane javaxiSvilsa da sxv., estetiuri liga ki
_ tician tabiZes, lado gudiaSvilsa da sxv.6

saarCevno kampania
1919 wlis TebervalSi, garda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisa, daniSnu­
li iyo Tbilisis qalaqis sabWos xmosanTa arCevnebi, romlis TariRad 2
Tebervali iyo gansazRvruli, 1919 wlis ianvris dasawyisidanve TviTmmarT­
velobisaTvis aqtiuri saarCevno samzadisi hqondaT gaCaRebuli partiebs
(kvaracxelia, 2014, gv. 69-87). 1919 wlis ianvris Sua ricxvebidan partiebma
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisTvis daiwyes mzadeba. garda amomrCevlebTan
Sexvedrebisa, mitingebisa da saarCevno saRamoebisa, saarCevno samzadisis
mTavari xazi partiul presaze gadioda (iremaZe, WanturiZe, 2017, gv. 64-79).
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs arCevnebSi aqtiuri monawileobisken mouwodeb­
da respublikis mTavroba da misi oficialuri presis organo gazeTi `saqa­
rTvelos respublika~. vrcel statiebSi saubari iyo damfuZnebeli krebis,
demokratiul procesebSi moqalaqeTa monawileobisa da arCevnebis mniSvn­
elobaze. gazeTis gverdebs msxvili SriftiT amSvenebda mowodeba _ `saqa-
rTvelos respublikis moqalaqeno, Tqven xelTaa Tqveni qveynis bedi! Tqven
unda gamosWedoT saqarTvelos Tavisufali cxovreba! moqalaqeno! 14, 15 da 16
Tebervals saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebia! emzadeT arCevnebi-
sTvis!~.7 uSualod arCevnebis dReebSi ki gazeTi vrcel mowodebebs aqveyneb­
da _ `14, 15 da 16 Tebervals saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebia!
moqalaqeno! am dRes unda gadaswydes saqarTvelos bedi! Tqven TviTon unda
gamosWedoT igi! saqarTvelos erTi didi mterTagani iqneba arCevnebisadmi
gulcivoba! am sabediswero momentSi, rodesac mravali mteri gars gvarty­
ia da sikvdiliT gvemuqreba, saqarTvelos moqalaqeno, Tqven unda gasceT
maT Sesaferisi pasuxi! iq sadac saWiroa _ iaraRiT xelSi da iq, sadac sityvaa

6 scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 1, saq. 86-87

7 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1919, #29

_ 237 _
_ sityviT. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi Tqven unda gamosTqvaT Tqveni
mtkice survili da udreki neba saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis
da demokratiuli weswyobilebebis dasacavad. erT wuTsac ar daiviwyoT,
rom damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi udidesi movlenaa Cveni eris cxovre­
baSi! arCevnebis dReebSi arc erTi ar darCeT Sin! yvelam miaSureT saarCevno
yuTebs! arc erTma ar dahkargoT xma!~.8
partiaTa presis organoebi saarCevno periodSi mudmivad beWdavda saagi­
tacio masalebs. ibeWdeboda partiis sakandidato siebi, sadac saxelisa da
gvaris gaswvriv xSirad kandidatebis profesia da sxva mcire biografiuli
informaciebi iyo datanili. social-demokratiulma partiam, gamomdinare
iqidan, rom araerT presis saSualebas marTavda, ufro farTod gaSala
saarCevno kampania. sdp mowodebebsa da plakatebs qarTul, somxur, ru­
sul da azerbaijanul enebze beWdavda.9 1919 wlis 22 ianvars gamoaqveyna
saarCevno programa, romliTac partia amomrCevels sTavazobda partiis
politikur gegmebs, partiis damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno platforma
efuZneboda partiis mier ganvlil 25-wlian politikuri brZolis gamoc­
dilebasac.10 partiuli presis gverdebze winasaarCevno periodSi xSirad ibe­
Wdeboda satiruli leqsebi mowinaaRmdegeebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT xSiri
iyo satiruli leqsebi memarjvene edp-is misamarTiT. social-demokrati­
uli partiis saarCevno kampaniisas mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda lideris
faqtorsac, noe Jordania satirul leqsebSi `moxuc homerad~ an msgavsad
dadebiT konteqstSia warmodgenili.11
memarjvene erovnul-demokratiuli partia, saarCevno kampanias mitinge­
biT, diskusiebiT, saRamoebisa da presis saSualebiT marTavda. gazeT `saqa­
rTveloSi~ saarCevno periodSi gverdebi eTmoba giorgi gvazavas, spiridon
kediasa da sxva liderTa vrceli mimarTvebs. ibeWdeba sloganebi, saarCevno
nomeri, partiis wevrebisa da moqalaqeebisadmi mimarTvebi da mowodebebi.12
gazeTi saarCevno kampaniisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs sdp-is saarCevno kampan­
iaSi kanondarRveviT monawile pirebze, memarcxene partiebis mier amomrCe­
velTa motyuebasa da TavianTi ideologiuri platformis upiratesobaze.
socialist-revolucionerTa partia, sxva partiebis msgavsad, aqtiurad
iyenebda presis organos, gazeT `Sromas~, romelSic saarCevno periodSi
mudmivad ibeWdeboda sakandidato siebi, mowodebebi, saarCevno nomeri slo­
ganebTan erTad da satiruli leqsebi sdp-isa da edp-is Sesaxeb. gansakuTre­
biT aqtiurad mouwodebda partia glexebs, kerZod ibeWdeboda mowodeba _
`soc-rev. partia moiTxovs miwas miwis muSebisaTvis, Tavisuflebas yvelasa­
Tvis. is sastik brZolas ucxadebs mTel kapitalistur wyobilebas muSaTa

8 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1919, #36

9 gaz. `erToba~, 1919, #31
10 damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno platforma, gaz. `erToba~, 1919, #16
11 gaz. `erToba~, 1919, #26
12 gaz `saqarTvelo~, 1919, #34

_ 238 _
sabolood ganTavisuflebisaTvis. gaumarjos sias #3!~.13 partiam 1919 wlis
12 Tebervals amomrCevlebs saarCevno platforma gaacno.14
socialist-federalisturi partia amomrCevlebs gazeT `saxalxo saq­
misa~ da `socialist-federalistis~ gverdebidan axsenebda partiis mier
ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganvlil brZolis gzas.15 saarCevno kam­
paniis warmoebisas ZiriTad aqcents miwis reformaze akeTebda. standar­
tulad ibeWdeboda mowodebebi gazeTis pirvelive gverdebze. partiam 1919
wlis 26 ianvars amomrCevlebs saarCevno platforma warudgina.16
sididiT meore memarjvene politikuri Zala saqarTvelos erovnu­
li partia, saarCevno kampanias ZiriTadad partiuli presis `sali kldis~
saSualebiT axorcielebda. gazeTi beWdavda partiul sias, gamoaqveyna
saarCevno programac. partia winasaarCevno kampaniisas gansakuTrebiT akri­
tikebda sdp-s da edp-s. gazeTis wina gverds amSvenebda plakati, romelSic
glexi erovnuli partiis saarCevno nomriT `8~ ebrZoda `#1~-s muSis for­
miT da `#2~-s inteligentis formiT.17
sxva partiaTa saarCevno kampania ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebiT aqtiuro­
biT, radganac maT presis organoebi an saerTod ar hqondaT, an garkveuli
stabilurobiT ver gamoirCeoda. gamonaklis warmoadgenda daSnakcuTiuni.

arCevnebis Sedegebi
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi samxedro moqmedebebis gamo gadaido ax­
alcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi, aseve politikuri sirTuleebis gamo
soxumis olqsa da borCalos mazraSi. klimaturi pirobebis gamo arCevnebi
gadaido maRalmTianeTSi _ svaneTis mazraSi da duSeTis mazris nawilSi
(iremaZe, WanturiZe, 2017, gv. 93).
centralurma saarCevno komisiam miiRo 16 qalaqisa da 13 mazris saarCev­
no komisiebis mier Sedgenili oqmebi da gamosca Semajamebeli oqmi. 14-
16 Tebervals arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo registrirebul amomrCevel­
Ta daaxloebiT 60%-ma.18 aqtivoba gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo ozurgeTis
mazraSi, sadac registrirebul amomrCevelTa 80%-ze meti gamocxadda
saarCevno ubnebze. ozurgeTis mazraSi xmaTa 95% social-demokratiulma
partiam miiRo.19 centralurma saarCevno komisiam, arCevnebSi monawileTa
saerTo raodenobisa da damfuZnebeli krebis mandatebis saerTo raode­
nobis mixedviT gansazRvra saarCevno metri, romelic krebaSi 1 mandats

13 gaz. `Sroma~, 1919, #20

14 saarCevno platforma damfuZnebeli krebisTvis, gaz. `Sroma~, 1919, #33
15 gaz. `socialist-federalisti~, 1919, #21
16 saqarTvelos mSromel xalxs, gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1919, #441
17 gaz. `sali klde~, 1919, #31
18 scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 67
19 scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 52

_ 239 _
udrida, am ricxvma 3759 Seadgina.20 damfuZnebel krebaSi mandatebi 4 poli­
tikurma subieqtma moipova: #1-109, #2-8, #3-5, #5-8. saarCevno komisiam
9 martis sxdomaze mandatebis ganawilebis Sesabamisad daazusta krebis ar­
Ceul wevrTa siac.21
1919 wlis agvistosa da 1920 wlis gazafxulze ori damatebiTi arCevnebi
gaimarTa. pirveli _ borCalos, axalqalaqis, axalcixis, svaneTisa da duSe­
Tis mazrebSi, meore _ ki soxumis olqsa da sxvadasxva mazrebisa da qalaqebis
gamotovebul ramdenime ubanSi.22 mandatebis ganawileba orive damatebiTi
arCevnebis dros Seicvala. damatebiT arCevnebisas krebaSi kidev ori axali
partia iqna warmodgenili #4 _ 3 da #8 _ 2 mandatiT. 1920 wlis maisis
mdgomareobiT mandatebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda: #1-102, #2-8, #3-6,
#4-3, #5-9, #8-2.23

daskvna
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis arCevne­
bi, respublikis 1028-dRiani arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, araerT demokratiul
da instituciur reformasTan da progresul konstituciis SemuSavebasTan
erTad, erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda. qarTulma
politikurma speqtrma da respublikis moqalaqeebma, mravali politikuri
dabrkolebisa da samxedro safrTxeebis miuxedavad, SeZles demokratiuli
arCevnebis organizeba. am arCevnebSi yvela politikur subieqts SeeZlo
monawileoba da Tavisufali saarCevno kampaniis warmoeba. aseve CarTuli
iyo respublikis yvela moqalaqe, sqesis, eTnikuri da religiuri kuTv­
nilebis miuxedavad.gansakuTrebiT mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda saarCev­
no subieqtebi ideologiuri da instituciuri TaviseburebebiT, marTalia,
politikur speqtrSi calsaxad memarcxene-centristuli da memarcxene
partiebi dominirebdnen, Tumca memarjvene speqtric farTod iyo warmod­
genili_ memarjvene-centristulidan radikalurad nacionalisturamde.
mniSvnelovani iyo arCevnebSi eTnikur umciresobaTa partiebis monawileo­
ba. saarCevno kampania, faqtobrivad, sruli TavisuflebiT sargeblobda da
imdroisaTvis, partiebis xelT arsebuli resursebidan gamomdinare, sakmad
farTod iyo gaSlili. saarCevno kampaniaSi satiris roli mniSvnelovani gax­
lda da amas politikur oponentTa Soris gansakuTrebuli komfrontacia
ar gamouwvevia. mniSvnelovani aspeqti iyo aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis
enebze, gansakuTrebiT memarcxene partiaTa, saarCevno masalebis arseboba.
rac Seexeba arCevnebis Sedegebsa da social-demokratiuli partiis amgvar
dominirebas, es mxolod respublikis 9-Tviani arsebobis Sedegs ar war­
moadgenda, partiis eleqtoraruli kapitali, faqtobrivad, 25 wlis ganmav­
20 scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 67
21 scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 17
22 scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 17
23 iqve.

_ 240 _
lobaSi dagrovda da ruseTis imperiul reJimis pirobebSic ki daaxloebiT
70-80% mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. zogadad, politikur speqtrSi memarcx­
ene partiebis amdagvari dominireba da amomrCevelTa 93%-iani mxardaWera
am periodis saqarTvelos ganvlili gzisa da socialur-politikuri kon­
teqstidan gamomdinareobda.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

bendianiSvili, al. (2001). saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921 ww.),

Tbilisi: mematiane
voitinski, v. (2018). qarTuli demokratia. Tbilisi: Tsu-gamomcemloba
iremaZe, i. WanturiZe, s. (2017). pirveli sayovelTao demokratiuli arCevne­
bi damoukidebel saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: Tsu, cesko, IFES
kvaracxelia, m. (2014). qalaq Tbilisis TviTmmarTveloba (1917-1921ww.) (sa­
doqtoro naSromi). Tbilisi: saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universiteti
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,
(specredaqtori v. SaraSeniZe, Semdgeneli _ e. gurgeniZe). (1990). Tbili­
si: iverTa mxare
SveliZe, d. (1993). politikuri partiebis warmoSoba saqarTveloSi. nakveTi
1, federalistebi. Tbilisi: arsi
cinaZe, z. (2011). saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis 1919 wlis arCevnebi,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqa­
rTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi. t. IV, Tbilisi
xvadagiani, i. (2016). saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba 1919. Tbilisi:
sabWoTa warsulis kvlevis laboratoria
jonsi, s. f. (2007). socializmi qarTul ferebSi. social-demokratiis ev­
ropuli gza, Tbilisi: ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis ga­
momcemloba
gaz. erToba, 1919, #16. damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno platforma
gaz. erToba, 1919, #26
gaz. erToba, 1919, #31
gaz. sali klde, 1919, #31
gaz. saqarTvelo, 1919, #34
gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1919, #25. saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kre­
bis arCevnebis sakandidato siebi
gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1919, #29
gaz. saqarTvelos respublika, 1919, #36
gaz. Sroma, 1919, #20
gaz. Sroma, 1919, #33. saarCevno platforma damfuZnebeli krebisTvis
gaz. socialist-federalisti, 1919, #21. saqarTvelos mSromel xalxs.
scsa. f. 1834, aRw.1, saq. 19
_ 241 _
scsa, f. 1834, aRw.1, saq. 74
scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 1, saq. 86
scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 1, saq. 87
scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 52
scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 17
scsa, f. 1834, aRw. 2, saq. 67
Kautsky, K. (1921). Georgia: a Social-Democratic Peasant Republic _ Impression and
Observations. London: International Bookshops

Irakli Iremadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Library
Head of Center-Library for the Study of Democratic Republic of Georgia

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA _ THE CONSTITUENT

ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS: ELECTORAL SYSTEM, POLITICAL SUBJECTS,
ELECTION CAMPAIGN AND ELECTION RESULTS
Summary

The Legislative Branch of the Democratic Republic of Georgia _ The Constituent As-
sembly Election was an important event in the political life of Georgia. The Democratic
Republic of Georgia managed to hold free, general and democratic elections with all
political subjects. The process of elaboration of election legislation, pre-election cam-
paign and the election process was conducted in a completely democratic and free
political regime. Political subjects carried out the election campaign with the help of the
party press office to demonstrate election programs, slogans and political biographies.
One of the most important things in the elections was political satire, caricaturing and
mocking opponents.
Final election results largely reflected the existing interrelation of political powers.
Despite the dominance of one party, losing parties voiced no criticism.
The prepared work represents the complete chain of the process related to elections
and political trends. It is based on the existing research, materials preserved in National
Archives of Georgia and periodic editions of the Democratic Republic of Georgia.

_ 242 _
 giorgi lacabiZe
kavkasiis samarTlis skolis doqtoranti
kavkasiis universiteti

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo

pirveli respublikis saqarTveloSi (1918-1921 ww.)

1. nafic msajulTa institutis daarseba

saqarTvelos pirvelma demokratiulma respublikam arasruli sami weli
iarseba (1918-1921) da mniSvnelovani kvali datova Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.
misi memkvidreoba dRevandeli qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis fasdaudebeli
gamocdileba da siamayis sagania. 26 maisi, saqarTvelos pirveli konsti­
tuciis miReba, iunkerTa gmiroba da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruse­
Tis meTerTmete armiis TbilisSi Semosvla. es is faqtebia, romlebic saqa­
rTvelos TiToeulma moqalaqem kargad icis, Tumca Tavisuflebis es mcire
periodi jer kidev moiTxovs Seswavlas.1
saqarTvelos droebiTma mTavrobam mmarTvelobis dawyebisTanave gada­
wyvita sasamarTlo reformis Catareba, romelic Tavidanve moiazrebda
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoRebas. pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqti, sa­
dac am institutis Sesaxeb gaiJRera, iyo 1917 wlis 21 seqtembers miRebu­
li `sasamarTlo dawesebulebis debuleba~. mogvianebiT saTanado cvlileba
SemuSavda `sisxlis samarTlis warmoebis wesdebaSi~. 1919 wlis 17 ianvars ki
miiRes `kanoni nafic msajulTa SemoRebisa~. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo
Sedgeboda erTi mosamarTlisgan (sxdomis Tavmjdomare), 12 ZiriTadi da 2
saTadarigo msajulisagan.2 miuxedavad amisa, yvela es norma ganxorcielda,
rodesac 1919 wlis 17 ianvars parlamentma miiRo lakoniuri kanoni `nafic
msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoRebis Sesaxeb~. igi iusticiis saministros akis­
rebda valdebulebas, Seedgina nafici msajulebis kandidatTa sia.3
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos resublikis 1920 wlis
23 aprilis droebiTi kanoniT ki nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos debule­
baSi Sevida droebiTi cvlilebebi, romlebic nafic msajulTa socialur
garantiebs Seexeboda. sasamarTlos sxdomaSi monawileobis misaRebad ga­
mowveul nafic msajuls gacdenisaTvis miecemoda dRiuri sargo 150 mane­
Ti, aseve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo gzis xarjic. `manamde, sanam es cvlileba
ganxorcieldeboda, nafic msajuls, romelic iq ar cxovrobda, sadac saqme

1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis masalebi `saqarTvelos pirveli respublika~ gv.4 http://www.

archives.gov.ge/uploads/other/2/2784.pdf (ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 01.02.2018)
2 ix: http://www.msajuli.ge/index.php?m=796 (ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 02.02.2018)
3 doliZe., a., `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo saqarTveloSi da misi Sesabamisoba adamianis ufle­
baTa evropul konvenciasTan~, adamianis uflebebi da samarTlis uzenaesoba, (red: korkelia, k.)
2013, gv.4

_ 243 _
irCeva, gacdenisaTvis miecemoda dRiurad 5 man. da gzis xarjad versze _
25 kap. xolo vinc iq cxovrobda, sadac saqme irCeva, miecema dRiurad 3
man. iusticiis saministros ki am xarjebis dasafarad damatebiT finansebi
gamoeyo. es cvlileba aseve iTvaliswinebda nafic msajulis dajarimebas
`arakanonieri mizeziT sasamarTloSi gamoucxadeblobisaTvis.~4
1920 wlis agvistos gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom `mTel
sesiaSi sami-oTxi sxdoma Tu Semdgara. es xdeba imitom, rom ar iReben sa­
Tanado zomebs, rom naficmsajulni gamocxaddnen sxdomaze. damfuZnebelma
krebam gasamjelo gaadida TuTxmet Tumnamde sxdomaze da dauswreblobi­
saTvis kidev jarima gaadida aTas maneTamde.~5
am cvlilebidan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom moqalaqeebs marTlmsaju­
lebis ganxorcielebis procesSi sazogadoebis aqtiuri monawileobis roli
ar hqondaT gacnobierebuli, an maTi damokidebuleba ar iyo pozitiuri
nafic msajulTa institutis mimarT da isini xSirad Tavs aridebdnen moqa­
laqeobrivi valdebulebis Sesrulebas.
nafic msajulTa monawileobiT gadasawyvet saqmeebze Tavjdomaris
uflebas warmoadgenda dRiuri sargos daniSvna, ara marto nafic msaju­
lebisaTvis, aramed maTTvisac, vinc sasamarTloSi iyo dabarebuli da visac
kanoniT hqonda sargos miRebis ufleba.6
1919 wlis 18 seqtembers pirvelad gaimarTa nafic msajulTa yriloba,
romelsac sul 57 nafici msajuli daeswro. yrilobis gaxsnas aseve daes­
wrnen iusticiis ministri r. arseniZe da departamentis direqtori g. Jor­
dania, romlebmac sityviT mimarTes nafic msajulebs.

2. nafic msajulTa debulebis mimoxilva

saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosa da saqarTvelos respublikis mTav­
robis mier 1919 wlis 17 ianvars miRebuli iqna debuleba `nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos SemoRebis Sesaxeb.~7 am kanonis mixedviT, nafic msajulad unda
SerCeuliyo orive sqesis piri, romelic a) iyo saqarTvelos respublikis
moqalaqe. respublikis moqalaqeobas gansazRvravda calke debuleba `saqa­
rTvelos demokratiuli respublikis moqalaqeobisa (qveSevrdomobisa).~ am
debulebis mixedviT saqarTvelos moqalaqed iTvleboda piri, romelic Ca­
we­rili iyo romelime administraciul erTeulSi; b) aseve, nafici msajuli
unda yofiliyo 25 wels miRweuli piri, romelic iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqe,
flobda saxelmwifo enas da aranakleb erTi weli cxovrobda saqarTveloSi.
nafic msajulad yofna ar SeeZlo imas, vinc adre a) nasamarTlevi iyo, b) sa­
samarTlos ganaCeniT samsaxuridan daTxovnili iyo, g) gadamxdeluunaros da
4 saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos resublikis 1920 wlis 23 aprilis droebiTi
kanoni http://www.msajuli.ge/index.php?m=796 (ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 07.02.2018)
5 iqve
6 ix: nafic msajulTa debulebis me-13 muxli
7 beJaSvili T., meiSvili z., `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo _ warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis mokle
istoria~ Tbilisi., saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo., 2012., gv.17

_ 244 _
fizikuri naklis mqone pirebs ( brma, yru, munjsa da SeSlils).
nafic msajulTa siaSi ar SeiZleboda SeeyvanaT samRvdeloebis warmo­
madgeneli, sasamarTlos TanamSromeli, prokuraturis muSaki, saxelmwifo
bankis xazinadari da molare, rkinigzis da fosta-telegrafis ufrosebi,
sakarantino dawesebulebaTa moxeleni, guberniis, mazrisa da soflis ko­
misari da misi TanaSemwe, miliciis moxeleebi, samxedro da sazRvao uwyebis
calkeuli TanamSromlebi.
`nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoRebis Sesaxeb~ mesame muxli aseve
iTvaliswinebda nafic msajulTa amosarCevad mudmivi da droebiTi siis
Seqmnas. nafic-msajulTa saerTo sia unda Sedgeniliyo qalaqebSi _ qalaqis
gamgeobebSi da mazrebSi _ mazris saerobo gamgeobisagan. saerTo sia unda
Sedgeniliyo yovel wels da unda damTavrebuliyo araugvianes pirvel
ivniss. xolo morig siaSi yoveli wlisaTvis Setanili unda yofiliyo sxva­
daxva qalaqebSi gansxvavebulad. mag: TbilisSi _ 1200 piri, quTaisSi _ 1000
piri, soxumSi _ 800 piri, xolo is teritoriul erTeulebSi, sadac nafic
msajulTa sxdomebi weliwadSi sam sesiaze metjer ar tardeboda _ 60 piri.
saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sistemis Taviseburebebi Zi­
ri­Tadad efuZneba anglo-amerikul models, romlis mixedviT, msajulebad
SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCeva 12 moqalaqe; process uZRveba erTi profesion­
ali mosamarTle, Tumca, piris braleulobasTan dakavSirebiT verdiqtis
gamotanis eqskluziuri uflebamosileba mxolod nafic msajulebs aqvT.8
`wminda nafic msajulTa modelisgan~ gansxvavebiT, e.w. `Sereul model­
Si~, mosamarTle nafic msajulebTan erTad monawileobs verdiqtis gamota­
naSi. 1919 wlis 17 ianvars, miRebuli `nafic msajulTa sasamarTloebis Se­
moRebis~ Sesaxeb kanoniT meore Tavis meTerTmete muxli pirdapir ambobda,
rom `damnaSaved cnobilisaTvis sasjelis dadeba nafic-msajulebma unda
gadawyviton TavmjdomaresTan erTad,~ e.i. pirveli respublikis saqarTve­
loSi moqmedebda `wminda nafic msajulTa modeli~ da mosamarTlisagan da­
moukideblad wyvetdnen braldebulis damnaSaved cnoba-arcnobis sakiTxs.

3. nafic msajulTa mier ganxiluli saqmeTa mimoxilva

nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo amJamindeli, Tanamedrove modelisagan
gansxvavebuli stiliT saqarTveloSi _ nafic veqilTa sabWos statusiT
1919-21 wlebSic moqmedebda.
gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, romelic saxelisuflo gamocemas
ekuTvnoda, mkiTxvels periodulad awvdida informacias am institutis
SemoRebasTan dakavSirebul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebze, axali sistemis
sasamarTlos amoqmedebis Semdeg ki Tavad nafic msajulTa SemadgenlobiT
ganxilul sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos pir­
veli sxdomis Taobaze gazeTi iuwyeboda: `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos

8 SvangiraZe T., CxaiZe g., nafici msajulebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos
adamianTa uflebaTa qseli, 2016, gv. 5

_ 245 _
pirveli sxdoma 1919 wlis 8 marts gaimarTa. gansaxilveli hqondaT ori
saqme qurdobis Sesaxeb. 33 nafic msajulTa kandidats Soris 14 qalia, 25
qarTveli, 5 somexi da 3 rusi. msajulTa Soris Tanaxmad kanonisa sxdomaze
12 msajuls irCeven, Tormetidan ki erTs mamasaxlisad~.9
erT-erTi saqme, romelic 1920 wlis 3 marts sasamarTlom nafic msaju­
lTa sabWos monawileobiT ganixila, iyo saxelmwifo Teatris diriJor sam­
uel stolermanis saqme. samuel stolermans bralad meuRlis, aleqsandras
mkvleloba edeboda. `martis 3-s sagangebo sasamarTloSi daiwyo ganxilva
stolermanis saqmisa, romelsac brali edeba colis mkvlelobaSi. saqmis
viTareba Semdegi iyo: ianvris 15-s 1920 wels diliT, saxelmwifo Teatris
diriJorma samoel aleqsandres Ze stolermanma Tavis binaze, sasamarTlos
quCaze, ori gasroliT mohkla coli aleqsandra fedotis asuli,~10 _ 1920
wels rubrikaSi `sasamarTlo~ `saqarTvelos respublikam~ stolermanisTis
nafic msajulTa sabWos mier verdiqti gamoaqveyna. nafic msajulTa sabWom
stolermanis mier Cadenili danaSauli ganixila, rogorc ganzraxi mkvle­
loba, ris gamoc is uvado Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT unda dasjiliyo, magram
nafic msajulTa sabWom is gaamarTla. gaiTvaliswina stolermanis mdidari
musikaluri buneba, Rvawli da damsaxureba imdroindeli saqarTvelos wi­
naSe, misi mZime cxovreba da is tirania, romelSic mas uwevda yoveldRi­
urad moRvaweoba da ris gamoc, Zaladobis msxverpli aRmoCnda da ramac
miiyvana danaSaulis Cadenamde.
1920 wlis 3 ivniss sasamarTlom nafic msajulTa monawileobiT ganixila
mkvlelobisa da yaCaRobis saqme da sasikvdilo ganaGeni gamoutana bral­
debuls, Tumca aministiis kanoniT sikvdilis dasja patimrobiT Seecvala.
erT-erTi yvelaze didi saqme, romelic naficma msajulebma ganixiles,
iyo Salva maRlakeliZis da sxvebis saqme. maRalakeliZis da sxvaTa saqmis
ganxilva TiTqmis ori kvira grZeldeboda da amitom es procesi, im perio­
dis marTalmsajulebis muSaobaSi, yvelaze xangrZlivad CaiTvala. saxelm­
wifo moxeleebs braldeba ramdenime muxliT hqondaT wardgenili _ xazinis
fulis gaflangva, yalbi dokumentebis gamoyeneba da movaleobis gadame­
teba. `xangrZlivi TaTbiris Semdeg nafici msajulni TavianTis ganaCen­
iT maRalkeliZes da aznaurovs amarTleben, xolo danarCenebs damnaSaved
scnoben da patimarTa gamasworebel razmSi gagzavnas usajaven: CaCibaias _ ori
weliwad naxevriT, xolo iuSkeviCs, xoStarias da Sengelias _ weliwad nax­
evriT. samoqalaqo saCivars sasamarTlo akmayofilebs. braldebulni CaCibaia,
iuSkeviCi da Sengelia winaswar gamoZiebis dros eqvs-eqvsi Tve isxdnen cixeSi,
magram sasamarTlos ganaCeniT es dro maT sasjelSi ar CaeTvlebaT~.11
gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ nafic msajulTa institutis Temas mniSvnelo­
vani adgili aqvs daTmobili. aq detaluradaa gadmocemuli nafic msajulTa
9 uzenaesi sasamarTlo http://www.msajuli.ge/index.php?m=797 (ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli
07.02.2018)
10 iqve
11 iqve

_ 246 _
sasamarTlos irgvliv arsebuli problemebi. magaliTad, erT-erTi proble­
ma, romelic aRniSnul gazeTSia dasaxelebuli, aris nafic msajulTa siebis
arasrulad, arasworad Sedgena. `TviT tfilisSic ki ver SeudgeniaT sa­
Tanado sisruliT da sisworiT siebi da xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac nafici
msajuli gamoiricxeba sasamarTloSi siidan, vinaidan wera-kiTxva ar icis,
an ar icis qarTuli ena.~ aseve yuradReba iyo gamaxvilebuli iseT faqteb­
ze, rogoricaa sxdomis gadadeba im mizeziT, rom nafici msajulebi ar
cxaddebodnen procesebze da es iwvevda zedmet xarjs. `aris iseTi SemTx­
veva, rom sesia daniSnuls dros ver gaixsna, ver gaixsna igi verc meore
dRes, yovel SemTxvevaSi tfilisSi unda iyos miRebuli yoveli zoma, rom
ase ar gaRidebodes sxdomebi, Torem garda marTlmsajulebis siswrafis
interesebisa aq ilaxeba Cveni Raribi xazinis interesebic: modian mowmeebi,
romelTac eZleva gzis xarjebi, agreTve eZleva gasamrjelo im msajulT,
romelnic modian sxdomebze da Tu saqmeebi ase xSirad gadaido da sesiac
ki ver dainiSna, didi xarjebi mouva xazinas.~
gazeTis erT-erT nomerSi naTqvami iyo, rom aseve kargi iqneboda nafic
msajulTa sasamarTlos samoqalaqo saqmeebic ganexila. `olqis sasamarT­
loebSi nafic msajulTa instituti, romelic SemoRebulia, dRes mxolod
sisxlis samarTlis ganyofilebebSi moqmedebs. unda iqnes SemoRebuli samo­
qalaqo ganyofilebebSiac, rom yvela ZiebiT saqmeebi irCeodes maTi monaw­
ileobiT~.12
sabolood, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervls miRebuli saqarTvelos konstituciis
81-e muxliT ganisazRvra, rom mZime sisxlis samarTlisa da agreTve poli­
tikuri da beWdviTi danaSaulebisaTvis iarsebebda nafic msajulTa insti­
tuti, riTac am instituciis konstituciuri garantia Seiqmna da xazi gaes­
va imasac, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo sul ufro da ufro xSirad
miiCneva Zvir siamovnebad.13
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, unda iTqvas, rom nafic msajulTa sasamarT­
lo qarTuli sazogadoebis win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo da xazs usvamda im
faqts, rom qveyana win miiwevda da am institutis wyalobiT moqalaqeTa
samarTalSegneba ufro da ufro viTardeboda.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

beJaSvili T., meiSvili z., nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo _ warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis mokle istoria, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT­
lo, 2012
iorhendi l., nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo (dasavlur sistemis mimoxilva),
2012
12 iqve
13 iorhendi l., (red: wiqariSvili k.), `nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo (dasavlur sistemis mimoxil­
va)~, 2012, gv.17

_ 247 _
SvangiraZe T., CxaiZe g., nafic msajulebi sisxlis samarTlis procesSiT­
bilisi, saqarTvelos adamianTa uflebaTa qseli, 2016
gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~
gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~
doliZe, a., nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo saqarTveloSi da misi Sesabamiso­
ba adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan, adamianis uflebebi da
samarTlis uzenaesoba, 2013
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis masalebi `saqarTvelos pirveli respub­
lika~ gv.4 http://www.archives.gov.ge/uploads/other/2/2784.pdf (ukanasknelad
iqna gadamowmebuli 01.02.2018)
http://www.msajuli.ge/index.php?m=796 (ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli
02.02.2018)
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis da saqarTvelos resublikis 1920 wlis
23 aprilis droebiTi kanoni http://www.msajuli.ge/index.php?m=796 (ukanask­
nelad iqna gadamowmebuli 07.02.2018)
uzenaesi sasamarTlo http://www.msajuli.ge/index.php?m=797 (ukanasknelad
iqna gadamowmebuli 07.02.2018)

George Latsabidze
PhD student in Law
Caucasus University

JURY TRIAL IN THE FIRST REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA (1918-1921)

Summary

The Jury Trial, the function of which is involving ordinary citizens in adjudication
process, is a common phenomenon around the world.
The institution of Jury Trial is familiar for Georgia as it has been a part of Georgian
common law. In Khevsureti the so called `Rjuli~ comprising 4-12 most outstanding men
of the region (all of whom were elderly men except certain cases when young males,
for their particular merit, could also become members) was a part of judicial proce-
dures. It’s noteworthy that members of such a court were called the juries and heard
and adjudicated on each and every case (be it a theft, divorce, reconciliation, etc.)
according to old customs and traditions.14
Pursuant to the amendment made on February 6, 2004 a new form of judicial
procedures was introduced ensuring public involvement in the adjudication process.
In October 2009, the Parliament adopted a new Criminal Procedure Code introducing
the issue of setting up a jury trial; the institute came into force on October 1, 2010.
14 Bejashvili T., Meishvili Z., The jury trial _ a brief history of the origin and development, Tbilisi., The Supreme
Court. 2012, p .16

_ 248 _
Paragraph 5 of article 82 of the Constitution of Georgia stipulates the following: `in Law
courts Jury Trial is introduced in the instances prescribed by Law and follow prescribed
legal procedures.~ Earlier than that, the first steps of introducing Jury Trial in Georgia
were taken under the first Republic of Georgia. Namely, in 1919 the National Council
and the government passed a law on `the Jury Trial~ determining: the list of the cases
to be judged by jury trial, the procedures of hearing and duties and obligations of the
jury.
Article 81 of the Constitution of Georgia adopted on February 21, 1921 introduced
the Jury Trial to adjudicate on the felonious crimes as well as for political and print
crimes. However, after the Soviet annexation of 1921, the Soviet regime exterminated
all the institutions associated with independence and sovereignty of Georgia including
the Jury Trial, as a symbol of impartial and just justice. The Jury Trial never operated
in practice.
The aim of the present article is to review and analyze the legal foundations and
regulations according to which the Jury Trial was first introduced and put into operation
in Georgia in 1917-1921. It also deals with the first composition of the Juries and the
cases heard and verdicts reached.
The article uses formal-logical and analytical research methods, which allows reveal-
ing its positive and negative sides, problem analysis and reaching a rational conclusion.
As a conclusion the work summarizes the legal acts dealing with and regulating the
Jury Trial.

_ 249 _
 marina kobaxiZe
kavkasiis samarTlis skolis doqtoranti
kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

da misi istoriuli da samarTlebrivi zegavlena
dRevandeli saxelmwifos, rogorc damoukidebeli
saxelmwifo respublikis ganviTarebasa
da Camoyalibebaze

`sami weli demokratiuli respub-

likis arseboba ufro Zlieri iyo Tavi-
si gancdis intensiurobiT, vidre Cveni
monobis asi weli.~
konstantine gamsaxurdia

saqarTvelom ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dakar­

ga damoukideblad ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba. ruseTis imperia saqarTve­
los saukuneze met xans marTavda, rogorc imperiis Semadgenel nawils. igi
yovelmxriv aferxebda qarTuli iniciativebis ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela
sferoSi. es bunebrivic iyo, radgan saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli inicia­
tivebis ganviTareba qveyanas politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebis myar
safuZvels Seuqmnida, rac ruseTis intresebs ewinaaRmdegeboda.

me-19 saukunis bolodan mniSvnelovani movlenebi viTardeba Cveni qveynis
istoriaSi: batonymobis gauqmeba, kapitalistur urTierTobaTa ganviTare­
ba, politikuri partiebis Camoyalibeba _ gaaqtiureba da a. S. saqarTvelos
pirvelma demokratiulma respublikam arasruli sami weli iarseba da man
mniSvnelovani kvali datova Cveni qveynis istoriaSi. es movlena maSin ax­
ali epoqis dasawyisad miiCnies. axali epoqis, romelsac saqarTvelsoTvis
ganviTareba da mSvidoba unda moetana. Tumca, samwuxarod, movlenebis gan­
viTarebam sapirispiro gviCvena.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos mmarTelobis formis Seswavla da gaanalizeba war­
sulis gamocdilebisa da analizis gareSe warmoudgenelia. samarTlebrivi da
istoriuli gamocdilebis sistemuri analiziT SeiZleba saxelmwifoebrivi mniS­
vnelobis problemaTa gansazRvra da, Sesabamisad, misi prevencia. winamdebare
naSromi erTgvari Sexseneba iqneba imisa, rom Cven ara mxolod samarTalmem­
kvidreebi varT pirveli respublikisa, aramed dRevandeli qarTuli sazoga­
doeba da saxelmwifo swored im idealebis damkvidrebisaken unda iswrafvodes.
pirvelma respublikam mcire xans, sul raRac 1028 dRe iarseba, Tumca
gasaanalizeblad bevri iseTi sakiTxi dagvitova, rasac Tanamedroveoba­

_ 250 _
Sic ar daukargavs aqtualoba. es iyo demokratiuli respublika, romelmac
ruseTis imperiis yofil periferiaze, bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaze adre,
Caatara sayovelTao arCevnebi orive sqesis moqalaqeTa monawileobiT;
miiRo konstitucia; daafuZna saxelmwifo institutebi; SeimuSava kanon­
mdebloba.
mcire xniT miRweulma damoukideblobam mniSvnelovani kvali datova saqa­
rTvelos istoriis furclebze. saqarTvelo iyo pirveli qveyana amierkavka­
siaSi, romelmac damoukidebloba gamoacxada. aRsaniSnavia, rom eTnikur da
religiur sakiTxebSi tolerantobam da pluralizmma asaxva hpova damoukide­
blobis aqtsa da konstituciaSi; samoqalaqo omSi CarTul ruseTis yofil
imperiaSi, didi gaWirvebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelo simSvidis, stabiluro­
bisa da demokratiis kunZulad rCeboda; 1919 wels sayovelTao kenWisyriT
airCies damfuZnebeli kreba, romelic qarTveli xalxis demokratiul nebas
gamoxatavda. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is faqti, rom qalebma saarCevno xmis
ufleba saqarTveloSi miiRes ufro adre, vidre aSS-Si; demokratiul sawy­
isebze arCeuli da dafuZnebuli adgilobrivi TviTmarTveloba; saqarTve­
los konstitucia, romelic mowinave demokratiuli konstitucia iyo msof­
lioSi da romlis SemuSaveba moxda wamyvan evropel eqspertTa daxmarebiT.
qarTveli xalxi damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis yovelTvis ibrZoda,
Tumca yvela mcdeloba warumatebeli iyo. sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi,
ajanyebuli jgufebi, moazrovneebi, sazogado moRvaweebi da a.S. wlebis gan­
mavlobaSi cdilobdnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg gabrZolebas. damoukideblobis
mopoveba ar iyo martivi, amisaTvis saWiro iyo mTeli rigi etapebis gavla.
damoukideblobis mopoveba warmoudgenelia erovnuli cnobierebis Camoy­
alibebis, demokratiuli politikuri kulturisa da saerTo mzaobis gareSe.
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTvelos politikuri da kul­
turuli cxovreba did niadags amzadebda im movlenis­Tvis, romelic 1918
wlis 26 maiss moxda. damoukideblobamde, saqarTvelo jer qarTvelebis
cnobierebaSi gaerTianda, gaizarda da iqca demokratiul saxelmwifod.
swored warsulis damsaxurebaa, rom qarTveli xalxi mzad iyo damoukide­
blobisTvis, romelic saqarTvelos ase moulodnelad daatyda Tavs.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 100 wlis win, 1918 wlis 26 maiss
oficialurad Seiqmna. 2018 wlis 26 maiss am respublikis Seqmna aRniSna. mi­
uxedavad imisa, rom Seqmnidan sami wlis Semdeg, pirveli respublika sabWo­
Ta ruseTma daipyro da misi sruli aneqsia moaxdina, am sami wlis ganmav­
lobaSi saqarTvelos respublikam ara­erT warmatebas miaRwia.
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo, magram ar
iqneboda sakmarisi, Tu Semdgom swori nabijebi ar gadaidgmeboda. aucile­
beli iyo damoukideblobis SenarCuneba-ganmtkiceba. axalgazrda respub­
likis mTavrobas, mZime memkvidreobis pirobebSi, didi pasuxismgebloba
daekisra. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebas unda
daemtkicebina, rom qveyanas SeeZlo, rogorc Rirseul saxelmwifos, ekono­
mikuri da politikuri damoukideblobis pirobebSi arseboba. saqarTvelos
_ 251 _
istoriis es mokle monakveTi gamorCeulia imiT, rom aRdga 117 wlis winaT
gauqmebuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba da Camoyalibda damou­
kidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba; amasTanave, meTxuTmete saukunis Semdeg,
pirvelad warmoiSva erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo. ara samefo `ranTa da
kaxTa......~, aramed s a q a r T v e l o. aseve, am respublikam Semoitana da
warmatebiT danerga iseTi kategoriebi, rogoric iyo sayovelTao arCevne­
bi, qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba, erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebi, reli­
giuri pluralizmi da sxva mravali.
aRsaniSnavia 1918-1921 wlebis damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mmarTve­
lobis formis ganxilva. 1918 wlis 26 maiss erovnulma sabWos wevrebma
erTxmad miiRes `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis~ aqti, romlis Semdeg qa­
rTveli xalxi suverenuli uflebaTa matarebeli da saqarTvelo srul­
fasovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda.1 es gaxldaT pirveli samarT­
lebrivi aqti, romelmac gansazRvra droebiTi mTavrobis politikuri
pasuxismgebloba erovnuli sabWos, parlamentis winaSe.2 is warmoadgenda
sxvadasxva partiebis koalicias, saidanac Tanamdebobebis umravlesoba so­
cial-demokratebs hqondaT. Tavad erovnuli sabWo, romelmac saqarTve­
los damoukidebloba gamoacxada da mTavroba daamtkica, saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis sakanonmdeblo organos funqciis Semsrulebe­
li gaxda. erovnul sabWoSi warmodgenili iyo yvela moqmedi politikuri
partia, garda bolSevikebisa. maT Soris, erovnul sabWoSi warmomadgenlo­
ba hyavdaT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebsac. mogvianebiT,
1918 wlis 8 oqtombris dadgenilebiT, saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos saqa­
rTvelos parlamenti ewoda. amasTanave, damoukidebeli aqtis safuZvelze
mTavrobis wevrebi angariSvaldebulni da politikurad pasuxismgebelni
iyvnen saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis winaSe.3 damoukideblobis aqtiT
saxelmwifos politikuri mmarTvelobis formad aRiarebul iqna demokra­
tiuli respublika. saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mmarTvelobis forma
dasavleTis qveynebSi moqmedi konstituciebis mmarTvelobis sakvanZo prin­
cipebis Serwymis _ sinTeziis Sedegi iyo. daiwyo erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi
mSeneblobis procesi.4 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis
ideologiuri safuZveli iyo evropuli tipis demokratiuli socializmi,
rac principulad upirispirdeboda socializmis rusul models, bolSe­
vikur maqsimalizms. daiwyo TiTqmis yvela sferos reformireba da axali
saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis danergva. aRniSnuli periodisTvis saqarTvelo
1 aleqsandre bendianaSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921), Tbilisi, 2015
2 beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi
(mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kvleva), saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011
3 saqarTvelos pirveli respublika _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi http://www.archives.gov.ge/
uploads/other/2/2784.pdf (10.04.2018)
4 beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi
(mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kvleva), saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011

_ 252 _
maRali demokratiuli Rirebulebebis maCvenebel subieqts warmoadgenda
da regionSi gansakuTrebuli adgilis matarebeli iyo.5
1918-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos respublikaSi, iyo partiuli sistemis
Camoyalibebis mcdeloba. amasTanave, aRniSnuli wlebi parlamentarizmis is­
toriis sawyisad miiCneva. saqarTveloSi XII saukuneSi samefo aristrokateb­
sa da moqlaqeebs Soris SemuSavda idea, romelic iTvaliswinebda samefo
Zalauflebis SezRudvasa da parlamentis tipis xelisuflebis ganStoebis
Seqmnas. aRniSnuli idea, opoziciur liders, yulTu-arslans ekuTvnoda da
misi azriT, pirveli qarTuli parlamenti orpalatiani unda yofiliyo, ro­
melsac `darbazi~ da `karavi~ unda wodeboda. Tumca, samwuxarod, aRniSnu­
li idea mxolod da mxolod idead darCa da man, praqtikuli realizeba ver
hpova.6
parlamentarizmis istoria realurad saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi,
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos parlamentiT iwyeba, rodesac 1918 wlis 22 no­
embers saqarTvelos respublikis erovnulma sabWom damfuZnebelTa krebis
arCevnebis debuleba daamtkica, romelic damfuZnebelTa krebis partiuli
siebis mixedviT arCevas iTvaliswinebda. swored aRniSnuli debulebis sa­
fuZvelze, 1919 wels arCeul iqna damfuZnebelTa kreba, romlis Semadgen­
loba warmoadgenda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirvel umaRles sakanon­
mdeblo organos.7
saqarTvelo am periodSi saparlamento respublika iyo. rasakvirvelia,
mmarTvelobis es forma moklebuli iyo wminda parlamentarizmisaTvis damax­
asiaTebel principebs, rac gulisxmobda neitraluri politikuri figuris
_ prezidentisa da mTavrobis solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis uaryofas, par­
lamentis daTxovnas. Tumca, mTavrobis wevris individualuri politikuri
pasuxismgeblobis arsebobis gamo, igi garkveulwilad uaxlovdeboda sapa­
rlamento marTvis konstruqcias.8 sanam 1919 wlis saqarTvelos partiul
sistemaze vimsjelebT, aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom partiuli sistemis
ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli iyo istoriuli gamocdileba, romelic axlad
damoukideblobamopovebul saqarTvelos saerTod ar gaaCnda. qveynis par­
tiuli sistema Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtoria misi demokratiulobis gan­
viTarebis Sefasebisas, aseve mniSvnelovania sistemis tipi. damoukideblobis
aRdgenis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Gamoyalibda demokrati­
uli politikuri wyobac, romlis Sedegi iyo politikuri partiebis sistemis
formirebis mcdeloba. damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebisTanave, Camoy­
5 beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi
(mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kvleva), saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011
6 http://www.parliament.ge/ge/parlamentis-shesaxeb/parlamentisa-da-parlamentarizmis-shesaxeb-saqartve-
loshi-21 (10.04.2018)
7 iqve
8 beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi
(mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kvleva), saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011

_ 253 _
alibda parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli droebiTi koaliciuri mTavro­
ba. marTalia, aRniSnul mTavrobaSi adgilebis umravlesoba mmarTvel Zalas
_ social-demokratias ekava, magram opoziciis warmomadgeneli ministrebi
sakmaod did gavlenas axdendnen saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo politikis
gansazRvraSi.9 marTalia, ukve arsebobda garkveuli socialuri da politi­
kuri forma, magram saWiro iyo misi konstituciur da politikur formaSi
moqceva. amisaTvis ki, saWiro iyo damfuZnebelTa krebis mowveva. saqarTve­
los axal mTavrobas konstituciis SesamuSaveblad aucileblad sWirdebo­
da legitimacia da xalxisgan miniWebuli ufleba. garda amisa, arCevnebis
Catareba iyo udidesi gamowveva axladSeqmnili demokratiisTvis.10 erovnu­
li sabWo miiCnevda, rom aucilebeli iyo damfuZnebeli krebis Seqmna, rac
arCevnebis gziT unda momxdariyo. 1918 wlis 22 noembers saqarTvelos res­
publikis parlamentma daamtkica damfuZnebeli krebis debuleba `damfuZne­
beli krebis arCevnebisa~, romelic iTvaliswinebda sayovelTao, pirdapiri,
Tanaswori da faruli xmis micemiT damfuZnebeli krebis 130 wevris arCev­
as. arCevnebis Catareba evaleboda centralur saarCevno komisias, misdami
daqvemdebarebul saqalaqo, samazro da sasoflo sazogadoebaTa komisiebs,
romlebSic unda Sesuliyvnen im politikur partiaTa da sazogadoebrivi
organizaciebis wevrebi, romelnic waradgendnen deputatobis kandidatTa
siebs.
albaT, logikurad ismeva kiTxva, arsebobda Tu ara imdroindel saqa­
rTveloSi partiuli sisitema da ra roli Sasrula man qarTuli parla­
mentarizmis ganviTarebaSi. robert huSkornis ganmartebiT, `politikuri
partia aris im moqalaqeTa avtonomiuri jgufi, romelsac sajaro uwyebebi­
sa da samTavrobo organizaciebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, sakuTari kandi­
datebis dasaxeleba da arCevnebSi brZola surs~.11 aRniSnuli ki miuTiTebs
im faqtze, rom partiuli sistema Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis etapze
iyo. amasTanave, politikur partiebs gaaCndaT yvela is niSan-Tviseba, rac
partiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, rogoricaa struqtura,
partiuli programa, mizani, gegmazomieri ideologiuri xedva da gammijna­
vi xazebi _ politikuri partiebis mier SemuSavebuli xedvebi, principe­
bi da ideebi, romlebsac partiebi eyrdnobodnen mniSvnelovan socialur,
ekonomikur da politikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.12 amasTanave, imdroin­
del politikur partiebs axasiaTebdaT koleqtiuri identoba da organi­
zaciuli gamoxatuloba. magaliTad, klasobrivi Tu sxva sazogadoebrivi
dayofis asaxva partiis ZiriTad dokumentebSi.13 gammijnav xazs naklebi
9 aleqsandre bendianaSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika, (1918-1921), Tbilisi, 2015
10 iqve.
11 Richard s.katz and Wiliam Krotty, Handbook of Party Politics, SAGE Publications, London, 2006
12 Herbert Kitschelt, Party Politics, Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical
Propositions. Published by SAGE, Oct 1, 1995, Downloaded from ppq.sagepub.com at Oxford University Librar-
ies on January 19, 2013
13 iqve.

_ 254 _
strategiuli sakiTxebic qmnida. msgavsi Temebi partiebs or dapirispire­
bul banakad hyofda da amisda mixedviT nawildeboda eleqtoratic.
politikuri partiebis namdvili bumi 1919 wlis pirvel kvartalSi SeiniS­
neboda. ramodenime partia mxolod imitom Seiqmna, rom monawileoba mieRo
arCevnebSi da Tavisi warmomadgenlebi gaeyvana saqarTvelos damfuZnebelTa
krebaSi. isini winasaarCevno brZolaSi Caebnen Zvel, staJian partiebTan. zo­
gierT moRvawesa da politikoss partiebis simravle dadebiT movlenad, sazo­
gadoebis politikuri mowifulobis niSnad da mravalpartiuli demokratiad
miaCnda. faqtia, rom aRniSnuli xelisufebis parlamenturi brZola iyo.14
umravlesoba aseT Sexedulebas ar eTanxmeboda, vinaidan, maTi azriT,
`partiaTa simravle niSnavs sazogado moRvaweTa xelovnurad gamravlebas.
Cveni qveynisaTvis sakmarisia ramdenime partia, seriozuli, Zirgamdgari,
partia didi sakiTxebisaTvis mzrunavi da amitom saWirod migvaCnia karli­
kuri jgufebis mospoba, an maTi asimilacia romelime partiis mier~.15
pasuxi kiTxvaze, iyo Tu ara partiuli sistema Camoyalibebuli im perio­
dis saqarTvelos politikur asparazze? aucilebelia mokled ganvixiloT
is tipologiebi, romelic Jan blondelma Camoayaliba. blondeli gvTava­
zobs iseT partiul sistemas, rogoricaa orpartiuli, ornaxevarpartiuli
da mravalpartiuli sistemebi _ dominanti partiiT.16
TiToeul partias gaaCnda winasaarCevno programa, romelic mimarTuli
iyo amomrCevelTa ama Tu im segmentisken da romlis gatarebasac gegmavda
damfuZnebel krebaSi arCevis SemTxvevaSi.17
1919 wels Catarda saerTo-saxalxo, umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos
_ damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi. swored am dRidan iwyeba saqarTvlos
saarCevno istoria. Tumca, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is faqti, rom saqarT­
veloSi manamdec iyo parlamentarizmis Canasaxi. kerZod, 1917 wels mowveu­
li inerpartiuli sabWo, romelic SemdgomSi, 1918 wels, parlamentad gada­
keTda. marTlia, is ar yofila pirdapiri wesiT arCeuli parlmenti, Tumca
man didi wvlili Seitana damfuZnebeli krebis CamoyalibebaSi, romelmac
SeimuSava saarCevno kanonmdebloba.18 SegviZlia Tamamad aRvniSnoT, rom
im dros centraluri saarCevno komisia pirvel arCevnebs sruliad momza­
debuli Sexvda. 1918 wels daarsda pirveli saparlamento saarCevno komis­
ia, romelmac samarTlebrivi mniSvnelobis aqtebi SeimuSava. amasTanave, ar
SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom komisia dakompleqtebuli iyo moqmedi politi­

14 aleqsandre bendianaSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921), Tbilisi, 2015

15 iqve.
16 Herbert Kitschelt _ Party Politics, Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical
Propositions, Published by SAGE, Oct 1, 1995, Downloaded from ppq.sagepub.com at Oxford University Librar-
ies on January 19, 2013
17 iqve.
18 beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi
(mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kvleva), saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011

_ 255 _
kuri partiebis warmomadgenlebisgan, romelsac arCevnebi unda Caetarebina
proporciuli saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze.19 aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnul
arCevnebSi monawileoba orive sqesis amomrCevlebma miiRes; kandidatebad
daregistrirebuli ocamde qalidan ki damfuZnebel krebaSi xuTma qalma
daikava adgili; Tumca, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos winasaarCevno periodi,
romelic miuTiTebda imdroindel saqarTveloSi demokratiuli sistemis
arsebobaze. arCevnebSi monawile 15 politikuri subieqtidan damfuZnebel
krebaSi mxolod 4 moxvda. saboloo jamSi, damfuZnebeli kreba warmod­
genili iyo eqvsi fraqciiT. paradoqsia, magram im periodSi opiziciuri
partiis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTebdnen iseT sagangaSo tendenciaze, ro­
goricaa mmarTveli partiis mier winasaarCevno procesesisas saxelmwifo
resursebis gamoyenebaze. al. asaTiani (erovnul-demokratiuli fraqcia):
`warmomadgenlobiTi organos Seqmna... mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu saarCevno
muSaobis dros kanoni savaldebulod iqneba miCneuli da erTnairi uflebiT
iqnebian aRWurvili yvela partiebi. Tu kanons araviTari angariSi ar gae­
wia, `partiul ZalTa ganwobilebis sistemiT~, mmarTveli partia yovelTvis
moaxerxebs iseTi Sedegebis miRebas, rogoric esurveba~.20 aRsaniSnavia, wi­
nasaarCevno periodSi beWduri mediis roli, romelic saarCevno uflebis
mqone moqalaqeebs mouwodebda saarCevno siebSi gadaemowmebinaT sakuTari
Tavi da aucileblad wasuliyvnen arCvnebze da daefiqsirebinaT sakuTari
arCevani. vinaidan, `swored arCevnebis gziT moxdeboda imis Sefaseba da
gadasinjva, Tu ra gaukeTebiaT TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saTaveSi
mosul xelmZRvanelobas~.21
rodesac saubaria 1919-1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis mmarTvelobis formasa da samarTlebriv reJimze, ar SeiZleba
ganxiluli da gaanalizebuli ar iqnes saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia,
romelic damfuZnebelma krebam 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miiRo da man mxo­
lod 4 dRe iarseba.22 Tumca, istoriuli mniSvnelobiT, aRniSnuli faqti
miuTiTebs imaze, rom is upirispirdeboda TviTnebobas da gansazRvravda
samarTleriv saxelmwifos, sadac dasaSvebi da miRebuli iyo is, rac kon­
stituciiT dadgenil wesebs Seesabameboda. amasTanave, man imdroindeli xe­
lisuflebis SemzRudveli roli Seasrula.23
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas konstituciis miReba rTul
pirobebSi mouwia. saxelmwifos mTavar dokumentze muSaoba damfuZnebeli
krebis arCevisTanave daiwyo. damfuZnebelma krebam mesame sxdomaze, rome­
lic 1919 wlis 18 marts Catarda, airCia sakonstitucio komisia 15 wevris
19 aleqsandre bendianaSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921). Tbilis, 2015
20 iqve.
21 iqve.
22 1921 wlis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia http://constcourt.ge/ge/publica-
tions/books/1921-wlis-saqartvelos-demokratiuli-respublikis-konstitucia.page (10.04.2018)
23 marina kobaxiZe, parlamenti, aRmsarulebeli xelisufleba da saqarTvelos konstitucia, Jur­
nali `parlamenti~, Tbilisi, 2017, dekemberi

_ 256 _
SemadgenlobiT. saqarTvelos ruseTis wiTeli armia esxmoda Tavs, ris ga­
moc daCqarda konstituciis miRebis procesi. saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma
krebam, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals konstitucia erTxmad miiRo.24 saqarTvelos
konstituciis mmarTvelobis gza dasavluri tipis mmarTvelobis konsti­
tuciur modelebze gadis. unda aRiniSnos, rom sainteresod gadawyveti­
li mmarTelobis formis gamo, pirveli konstitucia iyo erT-erTi pro­
gresuli evropis kontinentze. garda amisa, igi im dros aRiarebda iseT
Rirebulebebs, rogoricaa: Tavisufleba, demokratia da samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo, romelTac dRevandeli evropa eyrdnoba.25 saqarTvelos kon­
stituciis proeqts gascnobia TvalsaGino britaneli politikuri moRvawe
ramsei makdonaldi, romelic miuTiTebda, rom qarTvelma xalxma aRniSnuli
konstituciis proeqtis SemuSavebiT mTel kacobriobas daumtkica, rom is
maRali samarTlebrivi kulturisa da politikuri Segnebis mqone eria.26
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi mkafiod aisaxa pirveli mTavrobis miznebi,
SeeqmnaT demokratiuli, ganviTarebuli, Tanaswor uflebebze orientire­
buli evropuli konstitucia, romelic mTels msoflioSi erT-erTi gamor­
Ceuli iyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
konstituciam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos konstituciona­
lizmis istoriisa da saqarTvelos saxewlmwifoebriobis ganviTarebaSi.27
marTalia, mas realurad arc erTi dRe ar umoqmedia, Tumca igi mniSvnelo­
van dokuments warmoadgens. misi aRdena orjer scades 1990-ian wlebSi. pir­
velad 1992 wlis 21 Tebervals, rodesac igi saqarTvelos samxedro sabWom
aRadgina, Tumca man mxolod sami dRe imoqmeda. meore mcdeloba iyo 1993
wels, rodesac saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisias daevala 1921 wlis kon­
stituciis axali redaqciis SemuSaveba, magram arc amjerad moxerxda misi
aRdgena. mis nacvlad miRebul iqna axali konstitucia, romelic daeyrdno
1921 wlis konstituciis ZiriTad principebs.28
samwliani damoukideblobis periodi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyro­
biT dasrulda da demokratia droebiT damarcxda Cvens qveyanaSi. saqarT­
velos mTavroba da damfuZnebeli krebis wevrTa umravlesoba 1921 wels em­
igraciaSi, safrangeTSi, wavida. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali
respublika warmoadgenda evropuli liberalizmis, parlamentarizmis, na­
cionalizmisa da socializmis saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebel Teoriul
nazavs. saqarTvelos social-demokratebi iyvnen pirvelebi evropaSi, rom­
lebmac realurad xorci Seasxa social-demokratiis liberalur da yvel­

24 firuz qazemzade, brZola amierkavkasiisaTvis 1917-1921, qarTuli wignis erovnuli centri,

gamomcemloba `poezia~, Tbilisi, 2016
25 oTar melqaZe, sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2002
26 beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi
(mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kvleva), saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011
27 iqve.
28 iqve.

_ 257 _
asaTvis Tanabar variants, imas, rac evropaSi 1960-1970-ian wlebSi gaCnda.
maT Camoayalibes mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistema, demokratiuli
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTeloba, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, ekonomikuri da
politikuri pluralizmi. aseve, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos erTmaneTisgan
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis faqtori.
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos parlamentma 1995 wlis
24 agvistos miiRo saqarTvelos konstitucia, romelic misi organizebuli
wyobis, Semadgeneli nawilebis SeTanxmebulebis, Tanmimdevrobisa da gan­
lagebis TavlsazrisiT, srulad pasuxobda demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel konstituciis moTxovnebs. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, saqarT­
veloSi politikuri Zalis cvlileba iwvevda konstituciis cvlilebas da
Sesabamisad, 1995 wlidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis cvli­
lebasTan erTad xdeba saqarTvelos konstituciis cvlileba. 1918-1921
wlebis damoukideblobis periodi dasrulda ruseT-saqarTvelos morigi
omiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dacemiT da ruseTis saok­
upacio reJimis damyarebiT. yvelaferi saqarTvelos gasabWoebisken midio­
da. erTaderTi problema is iyo, rom qarTvelebs amis survili ar hqondaT.
qarTvelebi mzad iyvnen nebismieri nabijis gadasadgmelad, oRond damou­
kidebloba SeenarCunebinaT. saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadadgoma da kapit­
ulaciaze xelmowera ar gamoucxadebia, xolo damfuZnebel krebas Tavi­
si uflebamosileba ar mouxsnia. es rom ase yofiliyo, maSin saqarTvelos
revkomis mier Zalauflebis aReba ruseTis agresiis miuxedavad, kanonier
saxes miiRebda da revkomi saqarTvelos mTavrobis samarTalmemkvidred iq­
ceoda. amitom samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo gaxda ruseTis
intervenciis msxverpli. ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos okupacia, Zalda­
tanebiTi gasabWoeba da faqtobrivi aneqsia. saqarTvelos axali xelisu­
fleba, ukanono revkomi, faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda koloniur adminis­
tracias da ruseTis saokupacio reJimis politikur subieqts. Cveni qveynis
istoria erTsa da imave adgilze brunavda da yvelaferi axlidan iwyeboda.
saukune gavida mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelma erma damoukidebloba movipov­
eT da misi mniSvneloba gaviTaviseT. magram, samwuxarod, mezobeli qvey­
nisaTvis, kvlav warmoudgeneli da amave dros, Znelad Sesagubelia Cveni
saxelmwifoebrivi Rirebulebisa da qarTveli xalxis istoriuli warsulis
mniSvnelobis monapovari. monapovari, romelsac damoukidebloba ewodeba
da romelic 21-e saukuneSi Znelad aRsaqmeli ar unda iyos civilizebu­
li TiTeuli saelmwifosaTvis. magram, samwuxarod dRes, am wuTas, maSin,
rodesac Tqven kiTxulobT am statias 1919-1921 wlis damoukidebeli saqa­
rTvelos istoriul-samarTlebriv warsulze, Cemi qveynis _ saqarTvelos
teritoriis 20% okupirebulia erTmorwmune mezobeli saxelmwifos mier...

_ 258 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

saqarTvelos konstitucia
oTar melqaZe, sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciuri samarTali, Tb.,
`merani~, 2002
firuz qazemzade, brZola amierkavkasiisaTvis 1917-1921, qarTuli wignis
erovnuli centri, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `poezia~, 2016
aleqsandre bendianaSvili, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921),
Tbilisi, 2015
stiven jonsi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika, 1918-1921, Jurnali
`Cemi samyaro~, Tbilisi , 2014 weli
saqarTvelos pirveli respublika _ saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi
beqa qanTaria, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pir­
vel konstituciaSi (mmarTvelobis dasavlur sistemebTan SedarebiTi kv­
leva). saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi, 2011
marina kobaxiZe, parlamenti, aRmsarulebeli xelisufleba da saqarTvelos
konstitucia, Jurnali `parlamenti~, dekemberi, Tbilisi, 2017
Richard s.katz and Wiliam Krotty _ `Handbook of Party Politics~. SAGE Publications.
London, 2006 year
Herbert Kitschelt _ Party Politics, Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist De-
mocracies: Theoretical Propositions. Published by SAGE, Oct 1, 1995, Downloaded
from ppq.sagepub.com at Oxford University Libraries on January 19, 2013
1921 wlis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia http://
constcourt.ge/ge/publications/books/1921-wlis-saqartvelos-demokratiuli-respublik-
is-konstitucia.page
http://www.archives.gov.ge/uploads/other/2/2784.pdf
http://www.parliament.ge/ge/parlamentis-shesaxeb/parlamentisa-da-parlamenta-
rizmis-shesaxeb-saqartveloshi-21

_ 259 _
 Marina Kobakhidze
PhD student in Law
Caucasus University

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA AND ITS HISTORICAL AND

LEGAL INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF THE
PRESENT-DAY GEORGIAN STATE AS AN INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC
Summary

The paper deals with the topic of independence of the First Republic of Georgia. The
relevance of the topic resonates with the 100th anniversary of independence on May
26, 2018. A thorough study of the history of the First Republic and its analysis in the
legislative framework is a much needed task.
The First Republic existed for a short period of less than three years, but has left
many issues to study and analyze that are relevant in modern times. This work rep-
resents an important step towards the studies of that period. A number of works and
numerous articles have been published regarding this issue; however, majority of them
are of historical character and are rarely analyzed from the legal perspective. Therefore,
the analysis presented in this work examines the details of 1919-1921 First Republic of
Georgia in the legal prism.
In the paper, the form of governance of the first republic is analyzed in details.
An attempt is made to establish election and party system and analyze the first con-
stitution, necessity of its adoption and its impact on today’s reality from the legal
perspective.
In order to achieve the purpose, the paper uses historical, legal and non-legal sourc-
es, archival materials unknown until recently and preserved in the National Archive of
Georgia and the National Library of Georgia. In addition, the paper includes Georgian
periodicals published during the existence of the First Republic containing a great deal
of information on the subject in question.

_ 260 _
 TaTia nikvaSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti

cira jananaSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti

damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi da politikuri

Tanacxovreba saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis efemerulma 1028-dRianma arsebobam

mniSvnelovani kvali datova saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rac aisaxa rogorc
socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, ise qveynis momavali ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebze. xanrgZlivi periodis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtiT,
saqarTvelo gaxda suverenuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, riTac qveyana
axali gamowvevebis winaSe aRmoCnda.
erT-erTi aseTi gamowveva xalxis mier umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos _ dam­
fuZnebeli krebis pirdapiri gziT arCeva warmoadgenda, radgan mas unda hqonoda
xalxis mxridan legitimacia, raTa msoflios saqarTvelo de-iure damoukidebel,
demokratiul saxelmwifod ufro martivad ecno. cxadia, damoukidebeli saqa­
rTvelos istoriaSi pirveli sayovelTao saparlamento arCevnebi mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs, gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTveloSi pirveli Tanamedrove
politikuri sistemis qveS, samxedro konfliqtis mimdinareobis paralelurad,
moqalaqeebs unda hqonodaT obieqturi SesaZlebloba, gamoevlinaT Tavisufali
neba, risTvisac mTavrobas uSecdomo nabijebi unda gadaedga.
am mxriv, axali epoqis fundamentad mogvevlina `debuleba saqarTvelos
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisa~, romlis analizic cxadyofs, Tu ra for­
miT aisaxa demokratiuli principebi saarCevno kanonSi. amasTan, politi­
kuri landSaftis gaTvaliswinebiT, mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgenda
winasaarCevno kampaniis warmoeba, romlis farglebSi gamovlenili xarveze­
bi arsebiTad metyvelebda politikur brZolis velze polarizaciasa da
`gancdis intensiurobaze~.
amgvarad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis erovnul-saxelmwi­
foebrivi mSeneblobis mravalferovani procesidan naSromi eZRvneba saqa­
rTvelos istoriaSi pirveli sayovelTao demokratiuli arCevnebisa da
Semdgomi politikuri Tanacxovrebis warmoCena-analizs, risTvisac gamoye­
nebulia induqciuri, deduqciuri, logikuri da kvlevis sxva meTodebi. naS­
romi saSualebas gvaZlevs, naTlad ganvsazRvroT, Tu raSi mdgomareobda
demokratiulobis kvintesencia qveyanaSi, romelic `ngrevis procesSi iSva.~1

1 nozaZe, v., gaz. `social-demokrati~, 1918 wlis 11 agvisto

_ 261 _
istoriuli eqskursi 1918 wlamde
saqarTvelom samwliani damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis sakmaod mwvave
gza gaiara. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam
mosaxleobaSi didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. amas cxadyofs 1907 wels haagis
saerTaSoriso konferenciaze qarTveli anarqistis, varlam CerqeziSvilis
iniciativa `qarTveli xalxis peticiis~ Sedgenaze, romelic saerTaSori­
so masStabiT adanaSaulebda ruseTs giorgievskis traqtatis darRvevaSi,
aneqsiaSi, 1905-1906 wlebSi `pogromebis~ mowyobaSi guriis teritoriaze
da iTxovda traqtatis muxlebis safuZvelze saqarTvelosTvis politiku­
ri avtonomiis miniWebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom peticias, romelsac sami
aTasamde xelmomweri hyavda, realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia, CerqeziSvilis
sityvebiT, `asi wlis Semdeg pirvelad iyo, rom qveynierebam saqarTveloze
dailaparaka~. aTi wlis Semdeg ki saqarTvelo erovnuli saxelmwifoebrio­
bis aRdgenis gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCnda.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saWiro iyo rogorc saSinao pirobebis,
ise xelsayreli sagareo viTarebis arseboba. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTve­
loSi aqtiurad mimdinareobda rusifikaciis politika, qarTvelma xalxma Se­
Zlo saerTo-erovnuli cnobierebis miRweva da amasTan, gaiTavisa demokrati­
is fundamenturi Rirebulebebi. 1917 wels amierkavkasia sabWoTa ruseTs
moswyda da daiwyo ruseTisgan faqtobrivi CamoSorebis procesi. Seiqmna `am­
ierkavkasiis seimi~, amavdroulad, amierkavkasia TurqeTis mier okupaciis
safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. aseT pirobebSi gamoyofis sakiTxi daCqarda: ba­
Tumidan saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosadmi gamogzavnil saidumlo werilSi
akaki Cxenkeli damoukideblobis gamocxadebas iTxovda: `uriskod araferi
ar keTdeba. saxelmwifo vis dauarsebia uriskod! saWiroa gambedaoba da
kidev gambedaoba!~ amrigad, damoukideblobis aRdgenaSi mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula 1917 wlis 22 noembers arCeulma erovnulma sabWom, romelic, faq­
tobrivad, xelisuflebis Canasaxs warmoadgenda. sabWo sabolood SeTanxmda,
rom mas, noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT, qveynis droebiTi parlamentis
roli Seesrulebina. Tuki 1908 wels daweril statiaSi `qarTveli xalxi da
nacionalizmi~ noe Jornadias miuReblad miaCnia saqarTvelos politikuri
avtonomiis moTxovna, mogvianebiT igi pozicias Seicvlis da saWirod cnobs
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebasac. seimis TviTlikvidaciis Sem­
deg. 1918 wlis 26 maiss gaixsna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos istoriuli
sxdoma. noe Jordaniam mokle Sesavali sityvis damTavrebis Semdeg `saqarT­
velos damoukideblobis aqti~ waikiTxa, romlis pirveli muxli gvauwyebda:
`amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarT­
velo sruluflebovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa~.

centraluri saarCevno komisia da damfuZnebeli krebis aqti

saqarTveloSi sruliad axali era daiwyo _ unda Seqmniliyo demokrati­
uli saxelmwifo, risTvisac aucilebeli iyo damoukideblobis SenarCune­
_ 262 _
ba-ganmtkiceba. swored demokratiuli principebis warmatebiT danergvis
gamovlinebaa is faqti, rom damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg erT-erT
mowinave sakiTxs samarTliani arCevnebis gziT xelisuflebis arCeva war­
moadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli sabWo, 1918 wlis Semodgomi­
dan ki _ saqarTvelos parlamenti, sazogadoebaSi legitimurad aRiqmeboda,
saWiro iyo xalxis mier pirdapiri gziT misi arCeva. 1917 wels Tbilisis
saqalaqo saTaTbiro arCevnebisas gazeTi `erToba~ werda: `qalaqis arCevne­
bi am Tavisuflebis dros aris generaluri repeticia damfuZnebeli krebis
arCevnebisTvis.~2
arCevnebis samzadisSi Seiqmna saarCevno komisia, romelmac SeimuSava
`debuleba saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebisa~. mniSvnelovania
aRniSnuli debulebis analizi, raTa warmoCindes, Tu rogor uzrunvelyof­
da saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT arCevnebis kanonierebis dacvas.
aqtis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebad arCeu­
li unda yofiliyvnen saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, ganurCevlad sqesisa da
erovnebisa, romlebic airCeodnen pirdapiri da faruli kenWisyriT pro­
porciuli principis safuZvelze. meore muxlis mixedviT, mTeli saqarT­
velo cxaddeboda erT saarCevno olqad, xolo arCevnebze xmis misacemad
respublika daiyofoda saarCevno ubnebad. me-2 Tavi saarCevno uflebas ex­
eboda. axlad aRmocenebuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fonze saarCevno
xmis ufleba mieniWaT orive sqesis moqalaqeebs 20 wlis asakidan, qonebrivi
cenzis miuxedavad, maSin, roca evropis qveynebSi qalis saarCevno uflebe­
bi jer kidev SezRuduli iyo. magaliTad, amave periodSi, did britaneTSi
qals saarCevno ufleba gaaCnda, Tu misi asaki aRemateboda 30-s da flobda
garkveul qonebas.3 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saarCevno ufleba erTmeo­
daT sasamarTlos mier sasjeldadebulebs, `giJebs an Wkuaze SeSlilebs~,
yru-munjebsa da sxvisi mzrunvelobis qveS myofebs. CamoTvlili gamonak­
lisebi SesaZloa logikurad aixsnas maSindeli socialuri fonisa da real­
uri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
debulebis mixedviT, damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis warmoebis xelmZ­
Rvaneloba evalebodaT sxvadasxva saarCevno komisias, maTgan mTavars ki
centraluri saparlamento saarCevno komisia warmoadgenda, romelSic sami
mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba arsebobda: komisiis Tavmjdomare, mdivani da
xazinadari. sainteresoa, rom am Tanamdebobidan 1 opoziciuri partiis _
erovnuli-demokratebis warmomadgenels eWira.4 csk yoveldRiur reJimSi
muSaobda: evaleboda Tvalyuris devneba damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis
msvlelobisaTvis, amtkicebda saarCevno ubnebs, iRebda sakandidato siebs,
nomravda, amowmebda da aqveynebda saarCevno ubnebSi, iTvlida saboloo
xmebs mTel respublikaSi Sedegebis gamosarkvevad da uzrunvelyofda mis
2 gazeTi `erToba~ 1917, N99
3 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/britain/votesforwomenrev_print.shtml>
4 pirveli sayovelTao damoukidebeli arCevnebi damoukidebel saqarTveloSi, cesko, Tsu, 19.
<http://history.cesko.ge/PDF/Brochure%20-%201918.pdf>

_ 263 _
saboloo gamoqveynebas, adgenda damfuZnebeli krebis arCeuli wevrebis
sias da sxva.5
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi igegmeboda 1919 wlis gvian gazafxul­
ze. Tumca dekemberSi komisiis winaSe iniciativiT wardga mTavrobis wevri,
Ss ministri noe ramiSvili, romelic csk-s arCevnebis daCqarebas sTxovda.
male ixsneboda versalis sazavo konferencia, sadac saqarTvelos del­
egacias unda hqonoda iuridiuli legitimacia. axali wlis dResaswaulze
csk-m daadgina arCevnebis TariRi _ 14,15 da 16 Tebervali.
debulebis meoTxe Tavis muxlebi Seexeboda saarCevno siebs, romlis mixed­
viT isini unda Semdgariyo yvela ubanze, cal-calke da gamoqveynebuliyo
arCevnebamde aranakleb 30 dRisa. moqalaqes ufleba hqonda saCivriT miemarTa
komisiisTvis. mexuTe Tavi Seexeboda damfuZnebeli krebis sakandidato siebs.
partiebs ufleba hqondaT erT koaliciaSi Sesvlisa, aseve, daculi iyo par­
tiebs Soris jansaRi konkurencia. meeqvse Tavis mixedviT xmis micema xdeboda
saarCevno baraTebiT, romlebic garegnulad erTnairi unda yofiliyo.
xazgasasmelia, rom saarCevno ubanze akrZaluli iyo yovelgvari saarCev­
no agitacia. saarCevno SenobaSi ar uSvebdnen SeiaraRebul pirebs da nasvam
amomrCevlebs. komisiis Tavmjdomares ufleba hqonda saWiroebis SemTxveva­
Si gamoeZaxebina milicia an jariskacebi. aq aRsaniSnavia debulebis mecxre
Tavi, romlis Tanaxmad pirebi, romlebic Seecdebodnen saarCevno procesi­
saTvis xelis SeSlas, iqnebodnen dasjilni. magaliTad, amomrCevelTa mosy­
idva nebismieri gziT da msgavsi darRvevebisTvis debuleba iTvaliswinebda
sasjelebs, rogorc datusaRebis, aseve fuladi sazRauris saxiT.6
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno
debuleba srulyofili, pluralistuli saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli
dokumenti iyo, romelic pirdapiri proporciuli gziT, damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos istoriaSi pirveli mravalpartiuli, sayovelTao arCevnebis
Catarebis fundamentad iqca.

saarCevno kampania
winasaarCevno kampania partiebs Soris met-naklebad Tanabar pirobebSi
mimdinareobda. ar izRudeboda sityvis Tavisufleba, saarCevno Sexvedrebi,
Tavisufali gadaadgileba da mitingebi _ miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo
saomar dapirispirebebSi imyofeboda.
saarCevno kampaniis farglebSi TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gamoicemoda ro­
gorc mmarTveli social-demokratiuli partiis gazeTi `erToba~, aseve
wamyvani opoziciuri partiebis gazeTebi: erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
`saqarTvelo~, saqarTvelos socialist-revolucionerTa partiis `Sroma~
da sxv. aqtiur saarCevno kampanias awarmoebda saqarTvelos nacionalis­
turi partia, romelic gansakuTrebiT mwvaved upirispirdeboda mmarT­

5 cinaZe, z., damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno debuleba, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, t. XV-XV, 223
6 iqve, gv. 224

_ 264 _
vel social-demokratebs.7 yvela partiisaTvis kritikis mTavari samizne ki
somxuri daSnakciuTuni gaxldaT, romelic somxeTTan samxedro eskalaciis
pirobebSi aSkarad antisaxelmwifoebrivi politikis gzas adga da aqamdec
xazi esmeboda am partiis `provokatorul da avantiuristul rols~8.
winasaarCevnod aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda saarCevno plakatebi, sadac datani­
li iyo politikuri liderebis fotoebi da saarCevno lozungebi. magaliTad,
social-demokratebis mimarTvebi ase JRerda: `omianobis xanaSi muSebma xangr­
Zlivi brZoliT mopovebuli uflebani yvelgan dakarges. social-demokratiam
saqarTveloSi moipova 8 saaTis samuSao dRe da uzrunvelhyo kavSirTa Tavi­
sufleba da Sromis dacva. xma mieciT muSaTa partiis sias!~ saarCevno kampani­
is warmoebisas partiebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen politikuri Tematikis leqsebs,
sadac xSirad qilikiTa da SarJiT moixseniebdnen oponentebs. am mxriv gansa­
kuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo gazeTi `erToba~. mTavrobis mowodebebi aqtiurad ibe­
Wdeboda mTavrobis oficialur organoSi gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikaSi~.
magaliTad, `Tqven unda gamosWedoT saqarTvelos Tavisufali cxovreba!~
winasaarCevno kampanias ar Cauvlia darRvevebis gareSe. gvardielebis mxri­dan
aRinusxa opoziciuri partiebis mxardamWerTa Seuracxyofis erTeuli faqtebi.
aseve, aRinusxa zogierT mazraSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mxridan saarCevno
saqmianobaSi xelis SeSlis mcdelobebi, razec csk dauyovnebliv reagirebda.9
aRniSnuli mcire xarvezebis analizisas aSkaraa, rom cvlilebebis
etapze myof saqarTveloSi arCevnebisadmi mkeTri emociuri damokidebule­
ba SeiniSneboda, rac dResac, 21-e saukuneSicaa damaxasiaTebeli. metic,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cifruli ganviTarebis epoqaSi ara mxolod saqarTve­
loSi, aramed, msoflioSi winasaarCevno agitaciam sxva, ufro mwvave da ara­
civiluri saxe SeiZina. aqedan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas, rom damfuZnebeli
krebis winasaarCevno kampaniam demokratiuli principebis dacviT Caiara.

arCevnebis procesi da darRvevebi

1919 wlis 2 ianvridan 14 Tebervlamde centralurma saarCevno komisiam
18 sxdoma gamarTa da uzrunvelyo saarCevno procesis srulyofilad warm­
arTvis yvela piroba. komisiis gadawyvetilebiT biuletenebi daibeWda qar­
Tul, rusul, somxur da TaTrul enebze. 27 ianvars, morig dResaswaulze,
csk-m daasrula da registraciaSi gaatara 15 politikuri subieqti. csk-
is muSaobasTan dakavSirebiT arCevnebSi monawile arc erTi politikuri
partiis mxridan ar gamoTqmula braldeba. 31 ianvars saqarTvelos parla­
mentma ukanaskneli sxdoma Caatara da uflebamosileba SeiCera.10

7 pirveli sayovelTao damoukidebeli arCevnebi damoukidebel saqarTveloSi, cesko, Tsu. <http://

history.cesko.ge/PDF/Brochure%20-%201918.pdf>
8 gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ 1918:N380
9 cinaZe, z., damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, Jurnali `istoriani~, 2013, #5/29
10 iremaZe, i., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, el.Jurnali CIVICUS N5, 13. <https://
issuu.com/cela.ge/docs/civicus_5>

_ 265 _
 arCevnebi 14-16 Tebervals Catarda, romelSic amomrCevelTa daaxloe­
biT 60%-ma miiRo monawileoba, rac sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia. uinston
CerCili ambobda: `cud xelisuflebas irCevs kargi xalxi, romelic ar da­
dis arCevnebze.~ kargad Cans, rom mosaxleobis did nawils kargad esmoda
da gaazrebuli hqonda Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi vali, raSic didi wvlili
Seitana winasaarCevno kampaniam.
ZiriTadi arCevnebi 13 mazrasa da 17 qalaqSi Catarda. saarCevno pro­
cesis mSvid viTarebaSi warmarTvisaTvis saarCevno komisiasa da Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros mudmivi miwer-mowera hqondaT. uamindobis, samxedro
viTarebisa da sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ramdenime adgilze gadaido, Tumca
mcire xanSi aq damatebiTi arCevnebi Catarda.11
erovnul-demokratebma da socialist-federalistebma damfuZnebeli
krebis arCevnebis kanoniereba da gamoqveynebuli Sedegebi eWvqveS daayenes.
maT aRniSnes, rom saarCevno komisiebis umravlesoba erTferovani iyo, maT­
Si mxolod social-demokratebi Sediodnen. isini gavlenas axdendnen amom­
rCevlebze, arasworad iTvlidnen xmebs. `erovnul-demokratiulma fraq­
ciam saWirod CaTvala am movlenebis aRniSvna, magram ara imisTvis, rom
damfuZnebeli krebis suverenoba uaryos, aramed imisTvis, rom es mZime
Sedegebi daviwyebuli ar iyos damfuZnebeli krebis mier maSin, rodesac
igi saarCevno kanonis SemuSavebas Seudgeba momavali parlamentisTvis.~12
miuxedavad imisa, rom opoziciuri partiebis gazeTebi saubrobdnen dar­
Rvevebze, yvela maTgani aRiarebda social-demorkatebis didi upirateso­
biT gamarjvebas.13

arCevnebis Sedegebi *
arCevnebis dasrulebis Semdeg, 9 marts damfuZnebeli krebis central­
urma saarCevno komisiam, samazro, saolqo da saubno saarCevno komisiebis
saarCevno oqmebis safuZvelze daamtkica arCevnebis Semajamebeli oqmi.
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebze mosul amomrCevelTa kanonieri xmebis
raodenoba iyo 616 150, Tumca arCevnebze mosulTa ricxvi Seadgenda 618
675 kacs. 2 525 amomrCevlis xma baTilad iqna cnobili.
damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi, Tavdapirvelad, 130 mandatidan 122 mandati
zomierad memarcxene da radikalurad memarcxene partiebma miiRes. memarjvene
erovnul-demorkatebma ki mxolod 8 mandati moipova da arCevnebSi mesame adgils
dasjerda. 1919-20 wlebis ganmavlobaSi damfuZnebeli krebis kidev 2 damatebiTi
arCevnebi Catarda. agvistosa da seqtemberSi arCevnebi gaimarTa soxumis olqSi,
axalcixis, axalqalaqis, borCalos mazrebSi, svaneTsa da TianeTSi. ganmeorebi­
Ti arCevnebis Sedegad sakanonmdeblo organo sabolood ase dakompleqtda:
11 saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivi. <http://www.archives.gov.ge/ge/
page/1919-wlis-saqartvelos-damfudznebeli-krebis-archevnebi1>
12 bendianiSvili, a., saqarTvelos pirveli respublika: (1918 _ 1921 ww. ), 153
13 ix. sqolio 6
* eyrdnoba erovnuli arqivis monacemebs.

_ 266 _
 `saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiam~ 109 mandati moipova;
`saqarTvelos social-federalista partiam~ _ 8 mandati; `saqarTvelos
erovnul-demokratiulma partiam~ _ 8 mandati; `saqarTvelos social­
ist-revolucionerTa partiam~ _ 6 mandati; `daSnakcuTiunma~ _ 3 mandati;
`saqarTvelos erovnulma partiam~ _ 2 mandati.
aRsaniSnavia, rom krebis wevrebi iyvnen orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi da
umciresobebi, kerZod: somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, rusebi, berZeni da ger­
maneli deputatebi.
saboloo oqmSi saarCevno komisiam, miuxedavad gamovlenili mciredi
darRvevebisa, arCevnebi demokratiulad miiCnia da Sedegebi daamtkica.
1919 wlis bolosaTvis damfuZnebeli kreba ukve eqvspartiuli gaxldaT.14
amasTan, saqarTvelo msoflioSi pirveli qveyana iyo, sadac xelisuflebis
saTaveSi social-demokratiuli partia movida. es arCevnebi imiTac iyo ga­
morCeuli, rom deputatebidan 5 qali iyo, `social-demokratiuli partiis~
wevrebi. es msoflios maSindel realobaSi udidesi miRweva iyo, rac xazs
usvamda saqarTveloSi qalTa gansakuTrebul rols politikaSi.

arCevnebis Semdgomi periodi - politikuri Tanacxovreba

1919 wlis 12 marts sasaxlis TeTr darbazSi, deputatebidan uxucesma _
silibistro jiblaZem saqarTvelos respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis pir­
veli sxdoma gaxsna15, romelzec prezidiumis mdivnad airCies social-de­
morkati qali, qristine SaraSiZe, rac mianiSnebs demokratiuli mmarTvelo­
bis Camoyalibebis sawyisebze, sadac yvela adamiani, ganurCevlad sqesisa,
Tanasworia.
damfuZnebeli krebis zogierT wevrs hqonda iniciativa, Seqmniliyo
prezidentis instituti, rasac cxare kamaTi mohyva. opoziciuri partiebi
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris uflebamosilebis gafar­
Toebasac. sabolood damfuZnebelma krebam uaryo gansakuTrebuli ufle­
bebiT aRWurvili prezidentis arCevis saWiroeba, Tumca, mizanSewonilad
miiCnia mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris uflebamosilebis sagrZnoblad gafarToe­
ba da misi saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT wardgena sxva saxelmwifoebisTvis.16
damfuZnebeli krebis meore sxdomaze erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo
respublikis Tavmjdomaris arCeva. social-demokratiulma fraqciam kandi­
daturad noe Jordania daasaxela. mas mxari dauWires erovnul-demokrateb­
mac, socialist-federalistTa da eserTa fraqciebma ki kenWisyraSi monaw­
iloeba ar miiRes. miuxedavad amisa, noe Jordania xmebis absoluturi
umravlesobiT airCies premierad.
social-demokratiul partias damfuZnebel krebaSi absoluturi umrav­

14 iremaZe, i., saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, el.Jurnali CIVICUS N5, 14. <https://
issuu.com/cela.ge/docs/civicus_5>
15 <https://pirvelirespublika.blogspot.com/2016/03/1919-12.html>
16 bendianiSvili, a,. saqarTvelos pirveli respublika: (1918 _ 1921 ww. ), Tbilisi, 2001, 155-156

_ 267 _
lesobis miRebis Sedegad ufleba hqonda erTpartiuli mTavroba Seeqmna da
asec moiqca, ramac gaaZnela politikuri partiebis konsensusi, opoziciis
konstruqciuli muSaoba, garkveuli siZneleebi Seqmna sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli organoebis saqmianobaSi. mmarTvel partiebsa da opozici­
ur mxares Soris es daZabuloba kargad gamoCnda mTavrobis deklaraciis
samomavlo programis ganxilvis dros.17 socialist-federalistebma da es­
erebma deklaracia marcxnidan gaakritikes, erovnul-demokratiulma fraq­
ciam ki memarjvene mxare daiWira. kidev ufro mkacrad gaakritika mTavro­
bis programa socialist-revolucionerTa fraqciam.
1919 wlis 25 aprils damtkicda damfuZnebeli krebis reglamenti, rom­
lis safuZvelze Catarda damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumis da mudmi­
vi komisiebis arCevnebi. mudmivi komisiebis Semadgenlobis damtkicebis
procesSic mwvave brZola gaimarTa deputatebs Soris.18 yvelaze rTulad
Sesasrulebeli saqme daekisra sakonstitucio komisias, romelic 1 weli
muSaobda saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqtis Sedgenaze da TiTqmis
igi­
ve dro dasWirda mis ganxilvas, rac damfuZnebeli krebis fraqcia­
Ta mwvave debatebis viTarebaSi mimdinareobda. saqarTvelos konstitu­
cia saboloo formiT 1921 wlis 22 Tebervals miiRes, wiTeli armiis Ta­
vdasxmidan meTerTmete dRes. igi efuZneboda msoflios demokratiuli
qveynebis modelebs, rac saqarTvelos warmoaCenda demokratiul qveynad,
am cnebis saukeTeso gagebiT. es konstitucia iyo 3-wliani damoukide­
blobis gvirgvini, amitom dasafasebelia damfuZnebeli krebis Sroma da is
wvlili, romelic maT saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi
kanonis SeqmnaSi Seitanes.
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom Tavisufali saqarTvelos pirvelma
demokratiulma arCevnebma TvalnaTlad aCvena meoce saukunis dasawyisis qa­
rTveli sazogadoebis politikuri kulturis maRali done. amaze metyvelebs
rogorc saarCevno aqtivoba, ise is samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi, rac arCevnebs
zurgs umagrebda. garda qalTa CarTulobisa, pasiuri da aqtiuri saarCevno
ufleba miecaT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomad­
genlebs. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebas gaazrebuli hqonda damfuZnebeli kre­
bis idea _ amomrCevels, ganurCevlad eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, organoSi war­
momadgeneli unda hyoloda. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelom warmatebiT
Caabara `demokratiis testi~. marTlac, es masStaburi arCevnebi Tanasworo­
bis, tolerantobisa da sxva humanisturi faseulobebis demonstrireba iyo
qveyanaSi, romelsac saukuneze didxans dakarguli hqonda saxelmwifoebrio­
ba da damoukidebloba, romelic sul ramdenime xnis win aRadgina.
moqalaqeTa xmebis mniSvnelovani nawili social-demokratiul partiaze
ganawilda, romelic sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos gavrcelebasa
da ekonomikuri demokratiis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad, rac mSromelTa ufle­

17 bendianiSvili, a,. saqarTvelos pirveli respublika: (1918 _ 1921 ww. ), Tbilisi, 2001, 157
18 iqve, 161

_ 268 _
bebis dacvasac gulisxmobda. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom mosaxleo­
bis didi interesi demokratiis gziT maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisken
iyo mimarTuli. miuxedavad imisa, 1921 wels damoukideblobis dakargvamde
partiebs Soris civi omi da daZabuloba grZeldeboda, rac mosalodnel­
ic iyo, isini mainc ibrZodnen ukeTesi saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisTvis. es
iyo progresuli qveyana, romlis xelisuflebaSi ar aRmoCnda politikuri
Zala, romelic rusebis mxareze gadavidoda.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

bendiaSvili, a. (2001). saqarTvelos pirveli respublika: (1918 _ 1921

ww.). Tbilisi
iremaZe, i. (2015). saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi. el.Jur­
nali CIVICUS N5
1917:N99). gazeTi `erToba~
(1918:N380). gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~
nozaZe, v. (1918). gazeTi `social-demokrati~
cinaZe, z. (2013). damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi. Jurnali `istoriani~
cinaZe, z. (2013-2014). damfuZnebeli krebis saarCevno debuleba. qarTu­
li wyaroTmcodneoba, t. XV-XV
gafrindaSvili, g. (2016). saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis (parla­
mentis) sxdomis gaxsna 1919 wlis 12 marts _ https://pirvelirespublika.blogspot.
com/2016/03/1919-12.html
saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros erovnuli arqivi. 1919 wlis saqa­
rTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi _ http://www.archives.gov.ge/ge/
page/1919-wlis-saqartvelos-damfudznebeli-krebis-archevnebi1
centraluri saarCevno komisia, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.
(2017). pirveli sayovelTao demokratiuli arCevnebi damoukidebel saqa­
rTveloSi. http://history.cesko.ge/PDF/Brochure%20-%201918.pdf
BBC History. Votes For Women. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/
mwh/britain/votesforwomenrev_print.shtml

_ 269 _
 Tatia Nikvashvili
BA student of Law, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Tsira Jananashvili
BA student of Law, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

ELECTIONS TO THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY AND POLITICAL

COEXISTENCE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
Summary

Ephemeral 1028 days of the First Republic of Georgia left a significant trace in the
history of Georgia that reflected on the socio-economic situation as well as prospects
of future development of the country. On May 26, 1918 pursuant to `the Act of State
Independence of Georgia~, Georgia became a subject of international law and thus
faced new challenges and opportunities for development.
The start of a new era is obviously impossible without elections, so after the inde-
pendence, the main issue was election of government in a fair way. Georgia should be
ready to pass a `test of democracy~, which meant legitimizing multi-party, universal
elections. It was decided to hold the elections of the Supreme Legislative Body of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia _ the Constituent Assembly.
While the amendments to the Constitution of Georgia in the reality of the XXI cen-
tury are still important for the issue of elections, the new epoch’s foundation was `the
provision of the election of the constituent assembly of Georgia~, which was deter-
mined by the universal, equal, direct and secret vote based on the proportional elector-
al system, popular in European countries. It is interesting to evaluate this provision by
taking into consideration democratic principles. It should be emphasized that both sexes
in the age group of 20 were granted the right to participate in the elections, which was
one of the progressive steps forward towards the democratization of the state.
The Democratic Republic was characterized by many parties, for it was necessary to
ensure effective political protection of the public interests. One of the significant chal-
lenges in the face of such a political pluralism was the pre-election campaign, during
which the deficiencies revealed essentially the role of the society at the stage of change
and, in general, the quality of democracy. Thus, it is important to analyze these gaps.
The elections began on February 14, 1919, and lasted for three days, with 15 par-
ties participating, and the mandates were allocated to six of them. Despite the fact
that newspapers of the opposition parties were actively speaking about the violations
revealed in the elections, all recognized the victory of social democrats with great
advantage. The government received the mandate from the Georgian population and
began to work on the political, socio-economic basis and on the first constitution in the
history of Georgia. During its two-year history, the Assembly adopted 126 laws, notably
on citizenship, agriculture, legal system, etc. That is why the election of the Constituent
Assembly is a significant step in Georgian political history.
The aim of our work is to evaluate Georgia’s political and legal aspects of this period, in
particular to assess elections and political co-existence. It is important to determine what was
the quintessence of democracy in the country that was `born in the process of destruction~.

_ 270 _
 ekonomika

medea zurabiSvili
kavkasiis ekonomikis skolis doqtoranti
kavkasiis universiteti

finansuri samyaro da saqarTvelos centraluri bankis

reformebi 1919-1921 wlebSi

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi momxdari transformaciis siR­

rmiT, masStaburobiTa da mravalmxrivobiT, 1918_1921 wlebi gansakuTre­
bul istoriul monakveTs warmoadgens saqarTvelosTvis. esaa saqarTvelos
pirveli demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis periodi. bunebrivia, saxel­
mwifoebriobis dacvisTvis qveyanas esaWiroeboda swori nabijebis gadadg­
ma, gansakuTrebiT finansuri da ekonomikuri politikis mimarTulebiT.
kvlevis mizania 1918_1921 wlebSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respub­
likis mTavrobis mier efeqturi fulad_sakredito da sabanko sistemis
formirebis mimarTulebiT dagegmili reformebis gaanalizeba, agreTve
imis dadgena, ramdenad swori da progresuli gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRe­
buli arsebuli saerTaSoriso praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT naSromSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos safinanso
sistemis mdgomareoba 1918_1921 wlebSi da am sferoSi arsebuli probleme­
bi. Seqmnili viTarebis gamosworebis mizniT miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mar­
Tebulobis kvlevis paralelurad, naSromSi gaanalizebulia Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier ganxorcielebuli reformebi, romel­
ic qveynis damoukideblobis xelmeored aRdgenisas, XX saukunis 90_iani
wlebis Semdgom daigegma. kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebulia SedarebiTi ana­
lizis, empiriuli kvlevis da statistikuri analizis meTodebi.
mocemuli sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla metad mniSvnelovania, vinaidan
dRemde aqtualuria saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.)
Catarebuli ekonomikuri reformebis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba.

saqarTvelos pirveli centraluri bankis gamowvevebi

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Seiqmna pirveli msoflio omis
(1914-1918) dasrulebis periodSi. omis Semdeg gamefebulma qaosma, qveynebs So­
ris moSala ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. omma msoflio ekonomikur ganviTare­
bas Zlieri dartyma miayena _ daeca warmoeba, imata inflaciam. Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelos mTavrobas umwvavesi finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis fonze unda
Seeqmna ekonomikis marTvis saTanado institutebis sistema, SemoeRo erovnu­
_ 271 _
li valuta, Camoeyalibebina finansuri politikis swori mimarTulebebi.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedi bankebis ricx­
vi sagrZnoblad gaizarda, Tumca maTi didi umravlesoba ruseTis msxvili
bankebis filialebisa da sxvadasxva sakredito organizaciebis warmomad­
genlobebisagan Sedgeboda. am periodSi Tbilisi kavkasiaSi finansuri kap­
italis centri iyo. aq Tavmoyrili iyo sxvadasxva sakredito dawesebule­
bebi: kavkasiis banki; Tbilisis savaWro banki; amierkavkasiis aqcioneruli
banki; fridonovis sabanko kantora; 20 sakredito sazogadoeba, ruseTis
bankebis ganyofilebebi, adgilobrivi ipoTekuri bankebi da sxva. Tumca
unda aRiniSnos, rom bankebs Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg amierkavkasiis
ruseTidan faqtiurad Camocilebis da ruseTSi bankebis nacionalizaciis
gamo klienturis fulis niSnebiT dakmayofileba uWirdaT. es ki sazoga­
doebaSi mRelvarebas da bankebisadmi undoblobas iwvevda.
am periodSi saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda ruseTis yofili saimperio
bankis Tbilisis ganyofileba, romlis ZiriTadi funqcia zarafxanidan Set­
anili fuladi niSnebis finansTa ministris direqtivebisamebr gankargva iyo.
is faqti, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobda struqtura, romelic sakuTar Tavze
aiRebda fulis mimoqcevisa da sxva sasicocxlo ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
saqmeTa regulirebas Zalian arTulebda finansuri sistemis funqcionirebas.
amitomac, jer kidev 1918 wlis 28 maiss saqarTvelos demokratiuli re­
spublikis mTavrobis sxdomaze gadawyda saqarTvelos centraluri bankis
daarseba, romelsac mieniWeboda saemisio ufleba. sakiTxi metad aqtualu­
ri iyo, radgan saxelmwifo bankze damokidebuli gaxda qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTareba. axali finansuri sistemis Seqmnis procesze muSaobisas aqti­
urad gamoiyeneboda ucxoeli specialistebis konsultaciebi.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos safinanso wreebis warmomadgenelTa az­
riT, centraluri banki Tvisebrivad axal principebze dayrdnobiT unda
dafuZnebuliyo. im periodSi saxelmwifo saemisio bankis ramodenime klasi­
kuri modeli arsebobda: srulad damoukidebeli, romelic funqcionirebs
saaqcio sazogadoebis saxiT (mag. inglisSi); wminda saxelmwifo (mag. ruseT­
Si); Sereuli (mag. germaniaSi).
inglisis modeli dawunebuli iqna im motiviT, rom arsebul situaciaSi
saxelmwifos ar SeeZlo fulis emisia da mimoqcevis regulireba srulad
gauSvas xelidan da savsebiT kerZo aqcionerebs gadasces.
ruseTis modeliT centraluri bankis saqmianobas mTlianad mTavroba
ganagebda. aseT dros mTavroba emisiis wyalobiT xarjebs faravda, rac
qveynisaTvis arasaxarbielo Sedegebis momtani iyo. imisaTvis, rom sazoga­
doebaSi qarTul centralur banks ndoba daemsaxurebina da eWvi ar Seeta­
naT mis momaval saqmianobaSi, emisiis ufleba mTavrobis xarjebis dasafar­
avad ar unda gamoeyenebina da misTvis mTavrobas mxolod rogorc erT_erT
klients ise unda SeZleboda sesxebze mimarTva.
germaniis centraluri banki saaqcio sazogadoeba iyo da amave dros, mis
Tanxebs mTavroba ganagebda. amitomac es modelic dawunebuli iqna.
_ 272 _
 dRis wesrigSi dadga iseTi tipis centraluri bankis daarsebis sakiTxi,
romelsac mTavroba Tavisi fiskaluri miznebisaTvis ver gamoiyenebda. am­
ave dros iqneboda saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi da Tan sakanonmdeblo organos
daqvemdebarebaSi. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bankis modeli
SvedeTis saxelmwifo bankis magaliTze aigo, romelic saukeTeso reputa­
ciiT sargeblobda.
1919 wlis 31 dekembers saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dam­
fuZnebelma krebam miiRo `kanoni saxelmwifo bankis daarsebis Sesaxeb~, riTac
qveyanaSi sabanko sistemis maregulirebeli da erovnuli fulad-sakredito
politikis ganmaxorcielebeli organos kanonier funqcionirebas Caeyara
safuZveli. wesdebis mixedviT, bankis gamgeoba da zedamxedvelobis sabWo
mTavrobisagan damoukidebeli organoebi unda yofiliyo. bankis daarsebi­
saTvis saWiro ZiriTadi Tanxa saxelmwifo xazinam gaiRo (ormocdaaTi mil­
ioni maneTi) da mTeli misi mogebac saxelmwifo xazinas ekuTvnoda.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bankis amoqmedeba 1920 wlis ivlisidan gaxda
SesaZlebeli. kanonis Sesabamisad, aRniSnul struqturas daarsebis pirve­
live dRidan `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo banki~ ewoda. misi ZiriTadi funq­
cia iyo fulis mimoqcevisa da respublikis fuladi niSnebis stabiluroba,
agreTve, vaWrobis, mrewvelobis da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis
moklevadiani sesxebis gacema.1
saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo banks
Cveulebrivi operaciebis garda, Tvalyuri unda edevnebina yvela kerZo
sakredito dawesebulebaTa operaciebisaTvis. igi faqtobrivad unda yo­
filiyo bankebis banki da saqarTvelos teritoriaze mTeli sakredito
urTierTobebis regulatori.
1918 wels, mas Semdeg, rac Cvenma qveyanam damoukidebloba moipova, saqa­
rTvelos respublikam sakuTari valutis Seqmnaze daiwyo fiqri. Tumca sa­
nam srulfasovan qarTul fuls gamouSvebda, manam, 1919 wels droebiTi
gadaxdis saSualeba _ qarTuli boni daibeWda. qarTuli valutis emisi­
is ufleba im dros finansTa saministros prerogativa gaxldaT, qarTul
bonebze gamosaxuli iyo qarTuli gerbi, rogorc saqarTvelos respublikis
simbolo. igi uzrunvelyofili iyo saqarTvelos mTeli qonebiT. saqarTve­
los respublikis sazRvrebSi bonis miReba savaldebulo iyo, ise rogorc
ruseTis fulis niSnebisa da amierkavkasiis komisariatis bonebisa.
1918 wlis ivnisSive daarsda `qarTuli fulis fondi~, romelic moma­
vali qarTuli valutis stabiluri kursis erT-erTi myari garanti unda
gamxdariyo. im periodSi finansur wreebSi zogierTi Tvlida, rom qvey­
nis finansebis uzrunvelyofa SeiZleboda tyis, WiaTuris marganecis, Te­
Tri naxSiris da borjomis mamulebis nacionalizaciis gziT. gamoiTqmoda
varaudi, rom sagareo sesxis meSveobiTac SeiZleboda oqros rezervis Se­
qmna. sabolood gadawyda savaluto fondis Seqmna, romelSic unda Caricx­

1 saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da funqciebi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 9

_ 273 _
uliyo 25% im wminda mogebidan, romelsac valutiT miiRebda mTavroba da
misi organoebi sxvadasxva savaWro xelSekrulebebidan da operaciebidan.
1920 wels mTavrobis sxdomaze damtkicda savaluto operaciis SemoRe­
bisaTvis saWiro instruqciebi, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos saxelm­
wifo banki sakredito dawesebulebebze gascemda ucxo valutis SeZenisTvis
nebarTvebs. miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba, riTac saxelmwifo banks unda
miscemoda savaluto fondi. amis gamo mas bazris saerTo pirobebis mixed­
viT, unda daewesebina valutis kursi yovel gansazRvrul droisTvis. am
asparezze saxelmwifo bankis gamosvla vaWar-mrewvelTa wreebisTvisac xe­
lsayreli iqneboda, radgan maT saSualeba eZleodaT zustad gaerkviaT va­
lutis kursi da Sesabamisad, ar iqnebodnen damokidebulni mxolod kerZo
moTamaSebze. amave dros daigegma, rom qveyanaSi saqonlis yidva-gayidva da
angariSsworeba usaTuod mxolod bonebiT ganxorcielebuliyo.
funqcionirebis mcire xnis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo bankma saqarTve­
losaTvis bevri sasargeblo da mniSvnelovani saqmis gakeTeba moaswro:
ganaxorciela fulis reforma, Seqmna mniSvnelovani ucxouri savaluto
rezervebi, mimoqcevidan amoiRo amierkavkasiis komisariatis bonebi. am
ukanasknelis Tavisufali mimoqceva aSkarad zRudavda suverenuli saqarT­
velos fulad-sakredito sferos.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bankis mizanmimarTuli politikis Sedegi iyo
is, rom ruseTis yofili imperiis teritoriaze am droisaTvis dabeWdil
nebismier fulis erTeulTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis maneTi yvelaze mtkice valutad iTvleboda. misi kursi ruseTis
`saxelmwifo sakredito bileTebisa~ da amierkavkasiis bonebis paritetuli
iyo, ris gamoc igi Tavisuflad mimoiqceoda ara mxolod amierkavkasiaSi,
aramed ruseTis postimperiul qveynebSic.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo bankis saqmianobis Sedegad daregulirda fase­
bi pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, SemuSavda fulis axali reformis ga­
tarebis proeqtebi da ganxorcielda sxva mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi.
1919 _ 1921 wlebSi qarTuli saxelmwifo muSaobda erovnuli valutis
Seqmnazec, saxelic mofiqrebuli hqondaT, mas marCili unda darqmeoda.
cnobili mxatvari evgeni lansere xatavda erT-erTi nominalis nimuSs, ro­
melic erovnul muzeumSia daculi. marCili mimoqcevaSi germanuli markis
paritetuli kursiT unda gasuliyo. Tumca ruseTis mier saqarTvelos an­
eqsiis gamo marCilis gamoSveba ar dascaldaT.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erovnuli banki da saqarTvelos

pirveli saxelmwifo banki- msgavsi problemebi da gadaWris gzebi,
Sedegi - gansxvavebuli
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erovnuli banki Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiris daS­
lis Semdeg 1991 wels, maSin rodesac qarTvelma erma aRadgina damoukide­
blad saxelmwifoebriobis warmarTvis ufleba. sabWoTa saqarTvelos ar

_ 274 _
gaaCnda damoukidebeli fuladi, sakredito da sxva sistemebi. axal qarTul
saxelmwifos unda ganexorcielebina centralizebuli ekonomikis demonta­
Ji, Tavidan unda moexdina qveynis dabruneba sabWoTa eqsperimentidan bune­
briv ganviTarebaze. qveyanas unda eswavla qcevebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqts msoflio Tanamegobrobis qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, unda
Seeqmna civilizebuli msoflio ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garemo
ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis.
1991 wels miRebuli sabanko kanonmdebloba araerT nakls moicavda.
upirveles yovlisa, mkafiod ar iyo gamoxatuli erovnuli bankis damou­
kidebloba, rac mis saqmianobaSi aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xeli­
suflebis arasasurvel Carevas xels ver uSlida. aseve, calsaxad ar iyo
Camoyalibebuli misi ZiriTadi funqciebi, kerZod centralur banks erT­
droulad evaleboda antiinflaciuri politikis gatareba, `ekonomikis Se­
wonasworebuli ganviTarebisa~ da meurneobis gaaqtiurebis stimulireba.
es centraluri bankisaTvis metad bundovan da winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxebs
gulisxmobda, rac, bunebrivia, xels uSlida efeqtiani politikis ganxor­
cielebas.
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erovnuli banki iseve rogorc pirveli saxel­
mwifo banki angariSvaldebulia sakanonmdeblo organos _ parlamentis wi­
naSe. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs
axla ukve ar aqvT mis saqmianobaSi Carevis ufleba. saqarTvelos erovnuli
bankis mogebac, rezervebis Sevsebis Semdeg, miemarTeba xazinis erTian an­
gariSze.
saqarTveloSi 1991 wlidan finansuri sistemis zedamxedvelobis sxva­
dasxva modeli iqna danergili: 1991_2007 wlebSi finansuri bazris sxva­
dasxva segments Tavisi makontrolebeli hyavda. 2007-2008 wlebSi safinanso
seqtoris maregulirebeli erTiani organizacia _ safinanso zedamxedve­
lobis saagento Seiqmna. 2009 _2013 wlebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
zedamxedvelobda mTel finansur bazars, radgan 2009 wels globaluri fi­
nansuri krizisis fonze ganxorcielda erovnuli bankis institucionalu­
ri da funqcionaluri gaZliereba.
swored amdagvari zedamxedvelobis ufleba hqonda saqarTvelos saxel­
mwifo banks pirveli damoukidebeli saxelmwifos funqcionirebis dros.
2013 wels sadazRvevo sferos zedamxedvelobis funqcia CamoSorda
saqarTvelos erovnul banks da ssip saqarTvelos dazRvevis saxelmwifo
zedamxedvelobis samsaxurs daekisra.
saqarTvelos pirveli saxelmwifo bankis msgavsad saqarTvelos erovnul­
ma bankmac 1993 wels mimoqcevaSi droebiTi gadaxdis saSualeba _ kuponi
gamouSva. is inglisSi dabeWdes. 1994 wels, roca saqarTveloSi hiperin­
flacia ganviTarda, saxelmwifom kuponis milioniani banknotic ki moWra.
laris SemoRebisas saxelmwifo kursi iyo 1 milioni kuponi 1 larTan.
rogorc 1918 wels, ise 1993 welsac aucileblobas warmoadgenda erovnu­
li valutis msyidvelobiTunarianobisTvis Sesabamisi rezervebis Seqmna.
_ 275 _
 1993 wels saerTaSoriso savaluto rezervebis Seqmna saqarTvelos
erovnuli bankis savaluto politikis ganxorcielebis erT_erT mniSvnelo­
van prioritetebs warmoadgenda. im periodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mo­
qmed iuridiul da fizikur pirebs, romlebic axorcielebdnen saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis eqsports, daevalaT, saxelmwifosaTvis savaldebulo wesiT
mieyidaT saeqsporto Semosavlis 12%, Semdeg es wesi 32%_mde gaizarda (es
wesi 1996 wels gauqmda). amiT xdeboda savaluti rezervebis dagroveba. amave
dros saerTaSoriso savaluto rezervebis Sevsebis erT_erTi mniSvnelovani
wyaro iyo saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebidan gamoyofili kreditebi
da grantebi, agreTve savaluto bazarze ucxouri valutis Sesyidva.
Sedegad, 1995 wlis 2 oqtombers mimoqcevaSi Semovida qarTuli erovnu­
li valuta lari. fulis saxelwodeba aRebulia `vefxistyaosnidan~, ro­
gorc zogadad, qonebis krebiTi saxeli. rac Seexeba xurda fuls, TeTrebs,
am saxeliT XI saukunis qarTul fuls, vercxlis monetebs moixseniebdnen.
Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos erovnuli valuta mibmuli iyo aSS dolarze
1997 wlamde _ amis mizezi gaxldaT qveyanaSi moqmedi fiqsirebuli gacvli­
Ti kursis reJimi. im periodisTvis fiqsirebuli kursis reJimi sasurvel
alternativas warmoadgenda, vinaidan qveyanaSi arsebuli maRali inflaciis
pirobebSi, rac qveynis SigniT mimdinare movlenebiT iyo gamowveuli, isedac
Sesustebuli iyo erovnuli valutisadmi ndoba da gacvliTi kursis mibma
uzrunvelyofda kursis stabilurobis SenarCunebas da ndobis aRdgenas.
1997 wlidan saqarTveloSi amoqmedda marTvadi mcuravi gacvliTi kur­
sis reJimi, romlis pirobebSi gacvliTi kursis gansazRvra xdeba sabazro
Zalebis mixedviT _ moTxovna-miwodebis urTierTqmedebiT.
globalizaciis pirobebSi sul ufro gadamwyveti roli eniWeba savalu­
to kursis formirebas, romlis Sedegebic udides gavlenas axdens rogorc
calkeuli qveynis, aseve qveynis SigniT arsebuli TiToeuli ekonomikuri
erTeulis warmatebasa da warumateblobaze. Tanamedrove etapze xSir SemTx­
vevebSi, gansakuTrebiT patara qveynebs, uWirT SeinarCunon sakuTari fulis
mcuravi kursi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (ssf) daxmarebis gareSe.
ssf-s ufleba aqvs calkeul SemTxvevaSi daawesos fulis gacvlaze kon­
troli sagadasamxdelo balansSi problemis gadaWris mizniT. aseT kon­
trols ssf saqarTveloSi axorcielebda laris kursis mimarT 1995/1996
wlebSi da, unda iTqvas, sakmaod warmatebiTac.
2009 wlis bolos, rodesac laris ganmtkicebis mizniT ssf-ma saqarT­
velos gamouyo 350 milioni aSS dolari kreditis saxiT, ruseTis mxarem
gamoiyena vetos ufleba, magram verafers gaxda, radganac danarCeni 23
qveynis warmomadgeneli imdenad iyo saqarTvelosadmi sasikeTod ganwyobi­
li, rom gadawyvetileba Cvens sasargeblod iqna gamotanili. ase Seitana,
ukve meramdened, ssf-m udidesi wvlili saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganvi­
TarebaSi.2

2 iakobiZe d., (2015) `msoflio gamowvevebi da saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, gv. 156

_ 276 _
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan saqarTvelos urTierToba damoukide­
blobis mopovebisTanave daiwyo da qveyana Sida Tu gare problemebis miuxe­
davad cdilobda gamxdariyo saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Rirseuli wevri.
1992 wels saqarTvelo gaxda ssf_s wevri. igi iyenebda da iyenebs fondis,
rogorc finansur, ise teqnikur daxmarebebs. amave dros aRsaniSnavia, rom
amave wels saqrTvelo gawevrianda Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
organizaciaSi, msoflio bankSi da gaeroSic.
1918-21 wlebSic saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis mTavari sa­
gaero veqtori mimarTuli iyo evropis qveynebTan daaxloebisken. Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, misi mcdeloba gamxdariyo `erTa ligis~ wevri, sadac
didi da mcire qveynebi Tanasworobis principiT erTiandebodnen, marcx­
iT damTavrda. saqarTvelo ver gaxda `erTa ligis~ wevri, ris mizezadac
dasaxelda kavkasiis regionis arastabiluroba da ruseTis interesebi am
regionisadmi. evropis wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma ar ikisres patara saqarT­
velos gamo did ruseTTan dapirispireba, miT umetes maSin, roca sabWoTa
ruseTi Zalebs ikrebda.
Cven samarTlianad vamayobT mravalsaukunovani gmiruli istoriiT, ma­
gram, amasTanave, unda vaRiaroT, rom saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis Sen­
arCunebisTvis mudmivi brZola iSviaTad iZleoda damoukidebeli ekonomikis
Seqmnisa da xangrZlivi ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. samwuxarod, 1919_1921
wlebSi saqarTvelos pirvelma centralurma bankma xanmokle periodSi mi­
uxedavad sworad SerCeuli safinanso-sakredito politikis SemuSavebisa,
romelic sabazro ekonomikis klasikur principebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna,
ver moaxerxa iseTi ekonomikuri garemos uzrunvelyofa, romelic TviTmy­
ofadi sakredito sistemis Seqmnasa da damkvidrebas Seuwyobda xels. unda
aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi yvela qveynis fuladi sistema damoukideblad
viTardeboda da Sesabamisad vercerTi qveyana sxva qveyanas ver daexmarebo­
da fulis mimoqcevis organizaciaSi. aseTi meqanizmebi ar arsebobda (garda
kolonia-metropoliis fuladi sistemebis balansirebis mcdelobisa).
analizis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ekonomikuri globalizaciis
Tanamedrove safexurze, saqarTvelos teritoriuli zomisa da populaci­
uri ricxovnobis mqone qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, misi mdgradoba
da ganviTarebis perspeqtiva arsebiTad ganpirobebulia ara mxolod moce­
muli saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikiTa da misi ekonomikuri struq­
turebis organizebiT, fiskaluri Tu monetaruli politikis xasiaTiT,
misi sagadasaxado an Tundac sakanonmdeblo sistemis daxvewis xarisxiT,
aramed didwilad ganpirobebulia qveynis msoflios politikur _ ekono­
mikur struqturebSi integraciis xarisxiTa da qveyanaSi gare kapitalis
Senakadebis intensivobiT. is Tu ramdenad momgebiani an wamgebiani iqneba
TiToeuli qveynisaTvis msoflio ekonomikur TanamegobrobaSi gawevriane­
ba, mTlianad damokidebulia sworad arCeul orientaciasa da miRebul gad­
awyvetilebebze.

_ 277 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

aneliSvili T., (2004) `bonebi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi

(1918-1921), Tsu Sromebi, seria `ekonomika~, 1-2
iakobiZe d., (2015) `msoflio gamowvevebi da saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi
rondeli a. , (2013 ) `erTa liga~, Tbilisi
kovzanaZe i., kontriZe g., 2015. `Tanamedrove sabanko saqme: Teoria da
praqtika~ http://sabanko.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/4.1 _ ukanasknelad
gadamowmebis TariRi _ 10.04.2018 w.
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da funqciebi,
Tbilisi 2008 https://www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/publications/thematicpublications/
nbg7.8nbgfunctions.pdf _ ukanasknelad gadamowmebis TariRi _ 10.04.2018 w.
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis masalebi _ http://www.archives.gov.ge/uploads/
other/2/2784.pdf _ ukanasknelad gadamowmebis TariRi _ 10.04.2018 w.
Stephen F.Jones, 2005. Socilaism in Georgian Colors,Harward Univresity Press, Cam-
bridge, London, http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674019027 _
ukanasknelad gadamowmebis TariRi _ 10.04.2018 w.
Andrei Zamoiski, On the ruins of the Russian Empire: Establishment of New States in
Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, 1917-1921 https://notes.cendari.da-
riah.eu/cendari/ARG_On_the_ruins_of_the_Russian_Empire__1917-1921/notes/777/
_ ukanasknelad gadamowmebis TariRi _ 10.04.2018 w.

Medea Zurabishvili
PhD Student at Caucasus School of Economics
Caucasus University

FFINANCIAL WORLD AND REFORMS OF GEORGIAN

CENTRAL BANK IN 1919-1921
Summary

1918-1921 years represent special historical period for Georgia as all kinds of transfor-
mations (different by depth, scale and diversification) occurred in all aspects of social life.
The aim of the present research is to analyse the reforms planned by the Government
of Georgian Democratic Republic in 1918-1921 in regard to effective credit, monetary and
banking systems formation; the paper also attempts to determine to what extent the solu-
tions were correct and progressive considering existing international practices.
For that purpose, the present work observes conditions of Georgian financial system in
1918-1921 and covers problems existing in this field. Along with evaluating appropriateness

_ 278 _
of the decisions made to correct pre-existing conditions, the research also analyzes contem-
porary reforms conducted by Georgian National Bank planned in the 1990s after second
restitution of the state independence.
In the research process were used methods of comparative and statistical analysis as
well as empirical research.
Scientific research of the presented problem is of high importance, as the positive expe-
rience of outcomes of the economic reforms carried out by the first Democratic Republic of
Georgia in 1918-1921 remains highly valuable.

_ 279 _
 Tamar kvantaliani
kavkasiis ekonomikis skolis doqtoranti
kavkasiis universiteti

ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921)

1917 wels, ruseTSi monarqiis damxobis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 26 maiss, amier­
kavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublika daSlilad gamocxadda.
imave dRes, erovnulma sabWom damoukideblobis aqti erTxmad daamtkica.
1918 wels axali epoqis dasawyisad moixsenieben, radgan ruseTiis imperiis
aswlovani gavlenis Semdeg saqarTvelom igema gamarjvebis sixaruli, Zveli
epoqa dasrulda da axali warmatebuli epoqis dasabamis imedebi gaCnda.
miuxedavad moklevadiani damoukideblobisa, `sami weli demokratiuli re­
spublikis arseboba ufro Zlieri iyo Tavisi gancdis intensiurobiT, vidre
Cveni monobis asi weli~ _ werda konstantine gamsaxurdia.
ruseTis gavlenis qveS myof qveyanas ar SeeZlo damoukidebeli ekonomiku­
ri politikis ganxorcieleba, radgan es TavisTavad niSnavda saqarTvelosT­
vis politikuri damoukideblobis miniWebas, rac, bunebrivia, ruseTs ar sur­
da. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTvelos saSualeba mieca daewyo
ekonomikis reformirebis procesi, Tumca es sakmaod rTuli amocana aRmoCnda,
radgan, monobis wlebma moitana dangreuli meurneoba, xolo damoukideblo­
bis gamocxadebam _ darRveuli ekonomikuri bma ruseTTan da sxva qveynebTan.
amis miuxedavad, mocemul periodSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani ekono­
mikuri reformebi ganxorcielda. zogierTi maTgani udavod warmatebu­
li, xolo zogi met-naklebad Sedegiani iyo. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos
reformirebis gza unda dagvirgvinebuliyo uzenaesi kanonis SeqmniT, rome­
lic qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi iqne­
boda. cnobilia, rom 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma
krebam (ruseTis mier aswlovani okupaciis Semdeg xelaxla okupaciis peri­
odamde cota xniT adre) sagangebo sxdomaze erTxmad miiRo saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia. 1921 wlis konstitucia Tavi­
si SinaarsiTa da logikurobiT namdvilad Rirseuli iyo konstituciaTa
Soris. mis me-8 TavSi mocemuli iyo `saxelmwifo kontrolis instituti~,
romelsac sajaro seqtoris mier sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvaze kontro­
li unda ganexorcielebina. es instituti saqarTveloSi ukve 1918 wlidan
arsebobda. is didi monapovaria, radgan misi mniSvneloba konstituciaSi
SetaniTac dadasturda da Semdeg wlebSic da dResac ganicdis reformire­
bas. aRsaniSnavia, rom am reformebis Seswavla da Sedegebis gaanalizeba
umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa saqarTvelosa da msoflios qveynebis ekonomikis
reformatorTaTvis gamocdilebis gaziarebis kuTxiT.

_ 280 _
1. social-demokratiuli partiis ekonomikuri programis analizi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis wels arasaxarbielo mdgo­
mareoba iyo rogorc ruseTSi, aseve saqarTveloSi. es, erTi mxriv, msof­
lio omis SedegebiT iyo gamowveuli, meore mxriv ki, ruseTis revoluciiT.
yovelive aman sagrZnoblad Searyia ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ruseTidan
gamoyofil sxva qveynebSic.
saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebrivi resursiT, aseve gamoirCeva xelsayreli
satranzito mdebareobis TvalsazrisiT, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca saqarTvelom ver miaRwia ekonomikis
ganviTarebis saTanado dones, radgan misi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba jer
kidev ruseTze iyo damokidebuli.
damoukideblobis mopovebis droisaTvis socialur-demokratiuli par­
tia xalxSi didi ndobiT sargeblobda. qarTul socialistur-demokrati­
ul partias ar SeeZlo qveynis kursi ise waeyvana, rogorc es sxva evro­
pul saxelmwifoebSi gakeTda. programa unda morgebuliyo saqarTvelos
specifikas. programis Sesabamisobis analizisTvis ki aucilebelia misi
ganxilva.
saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis ekonomikuri politikis
kursi ar moqceula ekonomikuri programis CarCoebSi. man gaiTvaliswina
sazogadoebis damokidebulebebi da Sexedulebebi qveynis ekonomikis mowyo­
basTan dakavSirebiT da, faqtobrivad, yvela Zala CarTo qveynis ekonomi­
kuri politikis ganxorcielebaSi. zog sferoSi SenarCunda saxelmwifos
mxridan Careva.1 ekonomikuri politikis SefasebisTvis mniSvnelovnad miv­
iCnieT mTavrobis deklaraciebisa da angariSebis ganxilva.
1919 wels damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze ganxilul iqna warsulSi gan­
xorcielebuli samTavrobo RonisZiebebi. radgan saqarTvelos im droisT­
vis sabiujeto saxsrebi ar gaaCnda, reformebisTvis saWiro xarjebi bonebis
gamoSvebiT dafinansda, anu mTavrobam xarjebis dasafarad fulis masis
gazrdis gzas mimarTa. rac Seexeba saxsrebis ganawilebis wyaroebs, mrewv­
elobis mimarTulebiT reforma ar gatarebula, cvlilebebi ar moxda­
ra aseve gadasaxadebis administrirebis kuTxiTac, rasac sirTules Tav­
isTavad qonebis adminitrireba uqmnida. gadasaxadebi Semosavlis miRebis
mniSvnelovani meqanizmia da misi mouwyobeli sistema qveyanas Semosavlebs
akargvinebda.
ukve Semdeg krebaze mTavrobam biujetis dabalansebisTvis miznad xar­
jebis Semcireba da Semosavlis sxva wyaroebis moZieba daisaxa, rac uTu­
od kargi gadawyvetileba iyo. Semosavlis zrdis saSualebebad miiCnies
warmoebis ganviTareba, sagadasaxado sistemis formireba da saxelmwifo
qonebis gamoyenebiT finansebis moZieba. dRis wesrigSi dadga aseve agraru­
li reformac, mSromelTa kanonmdeblobis daxvewa da kooperativebis Cabma
qveynis aRmSeneblobaSi.

1 k. kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, parizi, 1935, gv. 47

_ 281 _
 krebaze gamoiTqva sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani mosazreba. magaliTad, so­
cial-federalistebi mTavar aqcents mSromelTa klasze da maT uflebeb­
ze akeTebdnen. maTi azriT, swored maT SeeZloT qveynis ekonomikuri gan­
viTareba. aqedan gamomdinare, zrdis wyaros maTTvis agraruli reformis
gadasinjva da saxelmwifoebrivi meurneobis Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda.
isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen gadasaxadebis administrirebis reformas, radgan
fiqrobdnen, rom gadamxelTa ricxovnoba Zalian mcire iqneboda da saTana­
do Semosavlebis dagroveba mainc ver moxdeboda.
social-demokratebis saboloo pasuxi saqarTvelos ekonomikur poli­
tikaze iyo is, rom miuxedavad kooperatiuli, koleqtiuri muSaobis mniS­
vnelobisa qveynisTvis, aucilebeli iyo xeli Sewyoboda kerZo iniciativas.
agraruli reformac ki, romelic sxva fraqciaTa interesis sagans warmoad­
genda, am principebs unda damyareboda. swored es iyo dasavleT evropuli
demokratiuli ganviTarebis gza.

2. qarTuli fulis sakiTxi

damoukidebeli qveynis mier sakuTari fuladi niSnis SemoReba problemas
ar unda warmoadgendes. Tumca saqarTvelo jer amierkavkasiis bonebs, xolo
Semdeg qarTul bonebs iyenebs, romelic rusul maneTTanaa mibmuli. saqa­
rTveloSi sakuTari valutis SemoRebas arTulebda Semdegi faqtorebi2:
1. amierkavkasiis bonebze SeCveuli sazogadoeba, romelic SesaZloa axal
fulad niSans undoblad mopyroboda.
2. axali fuladi niSnis winaaRmdeg araqarTvelebis mier marTuli banke­
bic gamodiodnen. isini amtkicebdnen, rom qarTuli fulis niSnis mxolod
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mimoqceva masze moTxovnis arqonis gamo mis Ri­
rebulebas dascemda. amierkavkasiuri boni ki mimoiqceoda rogorc saqarT­
veloSi, ise somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi.
3. saqarTveloSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi savse iyo rusi moxeleebiT da
yvelaferi amis likvidacia fuls moiTxovda. amis dafinasebas ki saqarTve­
los biujeti ver Seswvdeboda.
mTavrobis sxdomebze aqtualuri iyo amierkavkasiis bonis emisiis sakiTxi,
Tumca gamoikveTa Semdegi problema: boni somxeTxeTzec da azerbaijanzec
unda gadanawilebuliyo. saqarTvelos Tavdapirvelad bonis meti wili
ergo, Semdeg ki azerbaijans fulze saWiroeba gauCnda, ris gamoc bonebis
gamoSveba Tavad daiwyo. amis Semdgom aSkara xdeboda, rom azerbaijani am­
ierkavkasiis bonis gamoSvebas win aRudgeboda.3
saqarTveloSi gazrdili saxelmwifo xarjebi warmoSobda safuZvlian
winapirobas imisas, rom qveyana sxva qveynebze didxans damokidebuli ver
iqneboda. kanoni saqarTvelos bonis gamoSvebis Sesaxeb miRebul iqna 1919
wlis 11 ivliss, romlis mixedviTac boni gamoiSveboda droebiT, aseve ru­

2 k. kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, parizi, 1935, gv. 63-65

3 iqve.

_ 282 _
suli fulis proporciulad. bankebma fulis gacema iseve daiwyes qarTul
niSanSi, rogorc rusul fulsa da amierkavkasiis bonebSi, amitom qarTul
fulze klientTa mxridan moTxovna Seiqmna. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qa­
rTuli fulis gacvliTi kursi iyo ufro myari, vidre azerbaijanuli da
somxuri bonebisa.
qarTuli fulis Rirebuleba, Warbi beWdvidan gamomdinare, marTalia,
ecemoda, magram damoukideblobis dasrulebisaTvis qarTulma fulma sxva
niSnebTan SedarebiT ufro meti simtkice SeinarCuna. es gamowveuli iyo
dadebiTi molodinebis SeqmniT, rac Tavis mxriv ganpirobebuli iyo ucx­
oeTSi dadebuli xelSekrulebebiT, evropis qveynebTan gaumjobesebuli
aReb-micemobiTa da transportiT.

3. saxelmwifo monopoliebi saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikaSi
Semosavlebis mobilizebis erT-erT gzad mTavrobam marganecis eqspor­
tze saxelmwifo monopoliis formireba miiCnia. wvrili mwarmoeblebis
gaerTianeba ganapiroba iman, rom sazRvargareT uxarisxo marganeci gadio­
da, riTac qarTuli warmoebis reitingi ecemoda. aseve omis dros saqarTve­
losTvis Caiketa evropuli bazari da mis adgils sxva qveynebis produqcia
ikavebda. 1918 wlis 27 seqtembers Seiqmna WiaTuris marganecis mrewvelTa
aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, romelic 165 sawarmos moicavda da didi ga­
mocdilebis profesional mrewvelebs aerTianebda.4 monopoliebis SemoRe­
bis reformirebis miznebisTvis saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebda marganecis
eqsports. aseTi gziT miRebuli Semosavali dafaravda transportirebis,
Senaxvis da sxva danaxarjebs da moitanda solidur mogebas. es yovelive
xels Seuwyobda ucxouri valutis SeZenas da bonis gacvliTi kursis gam­
yarebas. sabolood, Seiqmna WiaTuris marganecis saeqsporto sazogadoeba.
aseve foTlovan Tambaqosa da madneulobaze monopolia gamocxadda.

4. agraruli reforma
demokratiuli mTavrobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan reformas agraruli
reforma warmoadgenda, rasac, maTi azriT, didi wvlili unda Seetana qveynis
ganviTarebaSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikur reformaTa Soris mas
mniSvnelovani adgili eWira. reformis pirveli nawili miwebis konfiskacia
gaxldaT. magram saintereso iyo, rogor moxdeboda maTi ganawileba. mTavro­
bis programa Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda imas, rom es miwebi gadasuliyo
erobis an adgilobrivi komitetebis xelSi, romelic masze ijaras daaweseb­
da, es ki adgilobriv biujetebs Seavsebda.5 Tumca opoziciuri nawilis mt­
kicebiT, glexisTvis miwis sakuTrebaSi gadacema da sakuTrebaze minimaluri
4 T. aTaneliSvili, sadisertacio naSromi, ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.), gv 31
5 gazeTi eroba, #146, 1918, 14 ivlisi

_ 283 _
gadasaxadis daweseba soflis ganviTrebas ufro metad uzrunvelyofda. mi­
waze sakuTrebis uflebis miniWeba, glexs muSaobisaTvis ufro motivirebuls
gaxdida. ramdenad SesaZlebeli iqneboda am miwebis damuSaveba glexebis mier
teqnologiebis uqonlobis pirobebSi, amaze aravin fiqrobda.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom agraruli reformis umniS­
vnelovanesi miRweva, glexebis mesakuTreebad gamocxadeba iyo, maT Soris ki
iyvnen: saxazino glexebi, axalcixisa da axalqalaqis glexebi da a.S. refor­
matorebi miiCnevdnen, rom gamrje glexebi ukeT daamuSavebdnen miwas da
Seqmnidnen produqts, rac sofels xels Seuwyobda ganviTarebaSi. gadaece­
modaT Tu ara yvela nakveTi glexebs mflobelobaSi da ra fasad? miRebuli
rezoluciis Tanaxmad, didi sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis adgil-mamulebi
unda Caricxuliyo xeluxlebel fondSi da gadacemoda saxelmwifos, maT
Soris saerobo TviTmmarTvelobebsac. danarCeni adgil-mamuli, dawesebu­
li normis farglebSi, SeRavaTian fasebSi, kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadaecemoda
umiwawylo da Rarib glexebs.6 saxnav-saTesi miwa _ 500-1000 maneTad deseti­
na, xolo maRali kulturiT gaSenebuli miwa (mag. venaxi) _ aseTi miwisaTvis
bazarze arsebuli saSualo fasiT. aqedan Semosuli Tanxebi miemarTeboda
reformaTa anazRaurebaze, aseve miwaze arsebul zogierT valdebulebaTa
(mag., bankis vali) gasastumreblad da miwis mosawyobi xarjebis fondis Ses­
aqmnelad.7
agraruli reformis nawili iyo miwebis 1918 wlis 23 Tebervlis dadge­
nileba. am dadgenilebiT miwebis yidva-gayidva SeCerda. es sakiTxi unda ganx­
iluliyo 1919 wlis damfuZnebelTa krebis sxdomaze, magram, samwuxarod, ar
ganxilula. 1920 wels ki miiRes dekreti, romlis mixedviTac yidva daiSva im
raionebSi, sadac ukve memamuleTa miwebis miReba dasrulebuli iyo.
1920 wlis 31 ianvars miiRes dekreti `agrarul reformasTan dakavSire­
buli dava-saCivris ganxilvis wesisa~, romlis mixedviTac agrarul sakiTx­
Tan dakavSirebuli davas ara sasamarTlo, aramed administraciuli orga­
noebi ganixilavdnen.8
sabolood unda iTqvas, rom agrarulma reformam aRniSnuli xarvezebis
gamo soflis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ver gaaumjobesa.

5. saxelmwifo bankis Seqmna

1920 wlis ivlisamde saxelmwifo bankis funqcias saqarTveloSi ruseTis
yofili saxelmwifo bankis Tbilisis kantora asrulebda. 1918 wlis bolos,
saqarTvelos finansTa ministrma mTavrobas saxelmwifo bankis daarsebis Ses­
axeb kanonproeqti warudgina. 1920 wlamde ki misi damtkiceba ar momxdara.

6 T. aTaneliSvili, sadisertacio naSromi, ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTvelos demokratiul

respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.), gv. 52
7 k. kandelaki, saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba, parizi, 1935, gv. 153
8 T. aTaneliSvili, sadisertacio naSromi, ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.), gv. 61

_ 284 _
 Tbilisis kantora ubralo salaro iyo, masSi fuli stambidan Sedioda
da xazinaTa Soris nawildeboda. anu SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom igi finansTa
saministros teqnikuri aparati gaxldaT. swored aseTi funqciebis mqone
saxelwifo bankis ararsebobis gamo, kerZo bankebi axal-axal operaciebs
Tavad qmnidnen, maTi kontroli ki ver xerxdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare,
finansTa saministro aucileblad xedavda saxelmwifo bankis Seqmnis ideas
da saxelmwifo bankis kanonproeqtic moamzada. am kanonproeqtis damtkice­
bas bevri sirTule gadaeRoba win. aucilebeli iyo konsultaciebis miReba
specialistebisagan, eqspertebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis war­
momadgenelTagan.
erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgenda bankis tipis gansazRvra.
erTi varianti saaqcio tipis bankis Seqmna iyo, Tumca mas kerZo aqcionerTa
mxridan dabali sargeblis miRebis molodini gamoricxavda. am SemTxvevaSi
is iqneboda ruseTis saxelmwifo bankis msgavsi da sruliad sawinaaRmdego
evropuli bankebisa. meore principuli sakiTxi ki iyo, vis unda daqvem­
debareboda igi. Tu igi finansTa saministros daemorCileboda, am konte­
qstSic igi sruliad gansxvavebuli iqneboda evropuli bankebisa. amitom
optimaluri gza unda SerCeuliyo. gadawyda, rom igi msgavsi yofiliyo
Sveduri bankisa, rac gulisxmobda imas, rom is ara kerZo aqcionerebisagan,
aramed xazinidan dafinansdeboda da sargebelsac xazina miiRebda, daqvem­
debarebis sakiTxSi ki-igi parlaments daeqvemdebareboda.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo bankis daarseba droSi Zalian gaiwela
da igi daarsda maSin, roca qarTuli fulis gacvliTi kursi daeca. amitom
nacvlad 50 milionisa, mis asamoqmedeblad 150 milioni maneTi gamoiyo.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo banks aseve kerZo bankebis operaciebisTvis
Tvalyurisdevneba da kontroli daevala. is gaxda bankTa banki, riTic, faq­
tobrivad, sabanko seqtoris maregulirebeli instituti Seiqmna.
saxelmwifo bankma moipova sazogadoebis ndobac, rasac mowmobs masSi
ganTavsebuli depozitebis zrda (1920 wlis seqtemberi _ 412.427 aTasi man.
da dekemberi 667.571 aTasi man.).9
swored 1920 wels Seqmnili centraluri bankis bazaze (prezidenti iason
lorTqifaniZe _ 1920 wlis ivlisidan 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlamde) 1991 wels
Seiqmna Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. sabWoTa kavSiris daS­
lis Semdeg, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos
respublikis sakuTrebad gamocxadda mis teritoriaze arsebuli sabWoTa
sakredito sistemis Semadgeneli yvela struqtura, maT Soris saxelmwifo
banki, romlis bazazec, Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli
banki dafuZnda.

9 T. aTaneliSvili, sadisertacio naSromi, ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTvelos demokratiul

respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww.), gv. 138

_ 285 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

aTaneliSvili T., sadisertacio naSromi, ekonomikuri reformebi saqarTve­

los demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921 ww,), ivane javaxiSvilis saxe­
lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
gazeTi eroba, #146,1918 weli, 14 ivlisi
kandelaki k., saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba: wigni I, parizi, 1935; wigni
II, parizi, 1960
xomeriki n., agraruli reforma da Cveni sasoflo meurneoba, Tbilisi, 1920.
javaxiSvili n., qarTuli bonistika, Tbilisi, 1996.

Tamar Kvantaliani
PhD Student at Caucasus School of Economics
Caucasus University

ECONOMIC REFORMS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

(1918-1921)
Summary

Georgia met its independence with considerable difficulties.However, the idea of​​
independence caused great joy and optimism among the Georgian people. The Dem-
ocratic government carried out the following reforms: agrarian reform, introduction
of georgian money, announcement of monopolies, creation of State Bank, etc. Some
reforms were successful and other less so.
The introduction of Georgian currency was a great achievement for Georgia, since
its legal tender was still maintaining value when the currencies of neighboring coun-
tries were depreciating. The Georgian money was very strong in this regard. Georgian
government started issuing money to finance expenses despite the fact that it was not
sure how Bon could respond to this.
Agrarian reform, which was aimed at rural development, obviously,was unsuccessful
due to many problems. As for the State Bank, It set the foundation for a modern Cen-
tral Bank and became regulatory institution of banking sector, which still supervises the
banking sector in Georgia, sets the effective monetary policy and ensures price stability.

_ 286 _
 ganaTleba

maia axvlediani
asocirebuli profesori
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

lela eZgveraZe
asocirebuli profesori
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

erTi saganmanaTleblo kera XX saukunis

10-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi

meoce saukunis dasawyisi metad saintereso periodia ganaTlebisa da

kulturis sakiTxebisadmi midgomebis TvalsazrisiT. es aris epoqa, roca
sazogadoebis progresuli nawili acnobierebs farTo masebis ganaTlebi­
sa da kulturis donis amaRlebis aucileblobas, swavlebis formebisa da
Sinaarsis modificirebis saWiroebas, izrdeba dawyebiTi da saSualo sas­
wavleblebis ricxvi, sul ufro da ufro meti dabali wodebis warmomad­
geneli iRebs formalur ganaTlebas, dRis wesrigSi dgeba axali saxelmZ­
Rvaneloebis Seqmnisa da swavlebis meTodologiis daxvewis, profesional
maswavlebelTa momzadebisa da ukve moqmed maswavlebelTa kvalifikaciis
amaRlebis sakiTxebi. koloniuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad, qarTuli sazo­
gadoeba TandaTanobiT axerxebs mSobliur enaze swavlebis moculobis ga­
farToebas.
am epoqis erT-erTi specifikuri niSania kulturul-saganmanaTleb­
lo sazogadoebaTa simravle, romlebic warmoadgendnen farTo masebSi
wignierebisa da kulturis gavrcelebis kerebs. 1917 wlisTvis saqarTve­
loSi moqmedebda ocdaaTamde aseTi sazogadoeba, romelTa Soris muSao­
bis masStabebiTa da mniSvnelovnebiT unda gamovyoT `qarTvelTa Soris
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~, sazogadoeba `ganaTleba~ (1908-
1921 ww.), sazogadoeba `sinaTle~(1915 w.). am organizaciebis moRvaweoba moi­
cavda saxalxo skolebis gaxsnas, wignebis gamocemas, qarTul enaze swavlebi­
saTvis maswavlebelTa momzadebas. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos sazogadoeba
`sinaTlis~ mier 1915 wels quTaisSi daarsebuli skola, romlis direqtorad­
ac dainiSna cnobili qarTveli pedagogi da mecnieri dimitri uznaZe.
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa specifikur formas war­
moadgenda `saxalxo universitetebi~, romlebic funqcionirebdnen Tbilis­
Si, quTaisSi, gorsa da WiaTuraSi. am organizaciebis ZiriTadi daniSnule­

_ 287 _
bas zrdasrulTa Soris ganaTlebisa da kulturis gavrceleba Seadgenda.
pirveli saxalxo universiteti daarsda TbilisSi 1907 wels. universi­
tetis egidiT tardeboda leqciebi, imarTeboda koncertebi, gaixsna saR­
amos skolebi mozrdilTaTvis, sadac swavlobdnen sazogadoebis dabali
fenebis warmomadgenlebi (muSebi, mosamsaxureebi, noqrebi da a. S.). am xazs
agrZelebda quTaisis saxalxo universitetic, romelic 1909 wels iqna da­
fuZnebuli.
quTaisis `saxalxo universiteti~ farTo masebSi ganaTlebisa da kultur­
is donis amaRlebasTan erTad mkveTrad gamoxatuli erovnuli orientaciiT
gamoirCeoda. igi, faqtobrivad, quTaisis qarTuli saTavadaznauro gimnazi­
is bazaze aRmocenda. universitetis daarsebis iniciatori da organizatori
iyo gimnaziis maswavlebeli aleqsandre garsevaniSvili. mis muSaobaSi aqti­
urad monawileobda gimnaziis TiTqmis mTeli koleqtivi. es iyo rusifikaciis
mZlavri tendenciebis pirobebSi qarTul enaze swavlebis uflebis mopovebi­
saTvis xangrZliv brZolaSi nawrTob pirovnebaTa jgufi, romelTaTvisac es
organizacia kidev erTi monapovari iyo erovnuli suliskveTebis gaZliere­
bis TvalsazrisiT. saxalxo universitetTan uSualod dakavSirebuli qarT­
veli mwerali, daviT kldiaSvili, Tavis memuarebSi `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~
gaocebas gamoxatavda im faqtis gamo, rom garseveniSvilma SeZlo da mTavro­
bas gamostyua saxalxo universitetis gaxsnis nebarTva.
universitetis gamgeobis Tavmjdomared Tavdapirvelad mose qiqoZe
aurCeviaT, SemdgomSi igi Secvala aleqsandre garsevaniSvilma, Tavmjdom­
aris moadgiled daviT kldiaSvili iqna arCeuli. universitetis reziden­
cia iyo kinoTeatri `radiumi~.
universitetis saqmianoba sajaro leqciebis kiTxviT daiwyo. leqciebi
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze imarTeboda. pirveli Sekreba 1910 wlis 31 dekem­
bers gaimarTa qalaqis TeatrSi. daviT kldiaSvilis aRweriT, universite­
tis gaxsnis dRe quTaisSi saxalxo zeimad iqca. Teatri mozRvavebul xalxs
ver itevda. Sekrebili sazogadoeba erTmaneTs ulocavda axali saqmis da­
sawyiss. SemdgomSi leqciebi regularulad imarTeboda yovel kviras Sua
dRiT. Teatrisa da kinos administracia universitets ufasod uTmobda
darbazs. gamgeobis gadawyvetilebiT, erT Sexvedraze mxolod ori leqcia
ikiTxeboda.
`saxalxo universitetis~ mier organizebuli leqciebi qarTul enaze
ikiTxeboda. am faqtma garkveuli problemebi warmoSva. bevri saintereso
pirovneba, romelTac ganaTleba rusul enaze hqondaT miRebuli, saTana­
dod ar flobda qarTul enas, faqtobrivad, ar SeeZlo xangrZlivi sajaro
leqciis wakiTxva. leqtorTa ZiriTad birTvs qarTuli gimnaziis pedago­
gebi Seadgendnen. Tumca saTanado Zalisxmevis Sedegad am procesSi sxva
sferoSi dasaqmebuli inteligenciis mravali warmomadgeneli CaerTo.
saxalxo universitetis saqmianobaSi quTaisis mTeli ganaTlebuli sazo­
gadoeba iRebda monawileobas. sajaro leqciebsa da moxsenebebs kiTxulobd­
nen Rrmad ganswavluli pedagogebi: dim. uznaZe, s. robaqiZe, s. xundaZe, al.
_ 288 _
janeliZe, s. daTeSiZe, l. CimakaZe, v. wereTeli, s. qvariani, ak. faRava, al.
wereTeli, g. Wubabria. muSaobaSi monawileobdnen da universitets fula­
di saxsrebiT exmarebodnen qarTuli gimnaziis direqtori ioseb ocxeli,
moadgile silovan xundaZe, maswavleblebi petre da simon yifianebi, Toma
mTavriSvili, jaju jorjikia, mwerlebi: akaki wereTeli, daviT kldiaSvi­
li, giorgi zdanoviCi, Salva dadiani da mitrofane laRiZe.
saxalxo universitetis egidiT organizebuli Sexvedrebi warmoadgen­
da saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobisa da kulturuli dasvenebis na­
zavs. leqciebi tardeboda msmenelTaTvis saintereso Temebze. Tematikis
mravalferovneba qarTuli sazogadoebis mravalmxriv interesebze miu­
TiTebs. leqciebze ganixileboda saqarTvelos istoriis, literaturisa
da xelovnebis sakiTxebi, rusuli da msoflio literatura, ruseTisa da
msoflio istoria, aseve, filosofiis, ekonomikis, kanonmdeblobis, peda­
gogikis sakiTxebi. imarTeboda dila-saRamoebi, disputebi, literaturuli
gasamarTlebebi. zogierTi leqcia da moxseneba ibeWdeboda presaSi, gamoic­
emoda rogorc wigni (magaliTad, universitetma wignad gamosca SevCenkos
Sesaxeb garsevaniSvilis moxseneba). moxsenebebs Soris da dasasruls qarTu­
li gimnaziis gundi niko SarabiZis lotbarobiT da imave gimnaziis simebi­
an orkestri artem kvaWantiraZis xelmZRvanelobiT asrulebda musikalur
nawarmoebebs. zogjer poetebic kiTxulobdnen sakuTar qmnilebebs.
saxalxo universitetma udavod mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina sazoga­
doebis kulturul ganviTarebaze. amaze metyvelebs maRali interesi sazo­
gadoebis mxriv. `mxolod 1910 wels, e.i. daarsebidan 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi
18 leqtorisagan wakiTxul iqna 56 leqcia, saSualod TiToeul maTgans
daeswro 474 msmeneli~ (1. gv.21).
universitetma TandaTanobiT gaafarTova moRvaweobis areali. 1910 wels
universitetTan daarsda kursebi. kursebis programiT iswavleboda ariT­
metika, qarTuli da rusuli ena, bunebismetyveleba (qimia, fizika, botani­
ka), rusuli an qarTuli literatura, msoflio literatura, saqarTvelos,
ruseTis da msoflios istoria, geografia, kanonmdebloba da galoba. meca­
dineoba mimdinareobda kviraSi samjer, 8-dan 11 saaTamde. gakveTili gr­
Zeldeboda 50 wuTs _ dasvenebisaTvis 10 wuTi iyo daTmobili. kontingenti
jgufebad iyo dayofili msmenelTa codnis da momzadebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saswavlebeli 3 ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda. pirvel ganyofilebaSi iricx­
ebodnen wera-kiTxvis ucodinarni, maT qarTul wera-kiTxvas da angariSs as­
wavlidnen, II ganyofilebaSi qarTul, rusul enebs, geografias da angariSs
iTvisebdnen, III ganyofileba kompleqtdeboda SedarebiT mcodne kontigen­
tisagan, aq Rrmad iswavleboda qarTuli literatura. danarCeni sagnebis
swavlebisaTvis leqciuri sistema iyo gamoyenebuli.
kursebis bevrma msmenelma miiRo simwifis atestati. amiT SeeqmnaT uma­
Rles saswavlebelSi Sesvlis SesaZlebloba. yuradsaRebia, rom kursebze
pedagogTa umravlesoba muSaobda usasyidlod, xelfasis gareSe. quTaisis
muzeumSi daculia gamgeobis sxdomis oqmi, sadac fiqsirebulia, rom uni­
_ 289 _
versitetis muSaobaSi aqtiuri monawileobisaTvis `madloba gamoecxados
saTavadaznauro gimnaziis gamges i. ocxels, romlis neba darTviT sime­
biani orkestri da mgalobelTa gundi misdami rwmunebuli saswavleblisa
koncertebze monawileobas iRebdnen saxalxo universitetSi. agreTve didi
madlobis Rirsi arian b.b. art. kvaWantiraZe da n. SarabiZe. eseni mudam
TanagrZnobiT epyrobian Cven kulturul dawesebulebas da roca saWiroc
iyo, monawileobas Rebulobdnen koncertebis mowyobaSi~ (2. f. 2;4.).
`saxalxo universiteti~ iyo mravali saintereso iniciativis moTave: man
daayena sakiTxi soflis skolebSi (obCaSi, svirSi, acanaSi) biblioTekebis
gaxsnis saWiroebis Sesaxeb, maswavlebelTaTvis sazafxulo kursebis mowyo­
bis Sesaxeb. cdilobda muSaoba gaeSala regionis masStabiT. adgilobrivi
organizaciebis mowveviT mravali leqcia iqna wakiTxuli foTSi, samtredi­
aSi, axal da Zvel senakSi, saCxereSi, zugdidSi, yvirilaSi...
universitetis saqmianoba vrceldeboda kulturisa da Teatris
sferozec. igi TanamSromlobda quTaisSi daarsebul scenismoyvareTa
wresTan. universitetisa da scenismoyvareTa wris TanamSromlobam sa­
Zirkveli Cauyara saxalxo Teatrs, romlis daniSnulebasac, gamgeobis az­
riT, mSromelTa masebSi sasceno xelovnebis gavrceleba iyo.
universitetis gamgeobis mier Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT dramatul ko­
leqtivs sistematurad unda moewyo iaffasiani warmodgenebi da daedga
drois Sesaferi mimarTulebis progresuli da xalxisaTvis gasagebi piesebi.
profesional msaxiobebTan erTad jgufSi Sediodnen saRamos kursebis mu­
Sa-msmenelebi. piesis warmodgenis win erT-erT leqtors unda aexsna dams­
wre sazogadoebisaTvis rogorc dramatiuli nawarmoebis mokle Sinaarsi,
ise misi mTavari arsi (5. gv. 41-42).
Tavisi funqcionirebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi `saxalxo univer­
siteti~ orientirebuli iyo ganviTarebaze. saqmianobis TandaTanobiT ga­
farToebasTan erTad amaze metyvelebs universitetis msmenelTa gamokiTx­
vis mizniT Sedgenili kiTxvari, romelic universitetis muSaobis Sefasebis
kvalobaze problemebis identifikaciasa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis
dasaxvas emsaxureba.
kiTxvari daculia quTaisis muzeumSi da Tumca ar moipoveba masala
gamokiTxvis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, Tavad kiTxvarSi ikveTeba avtoris survili
daadginos msmenelTa damokidebuleba universitetis muSaobisadmi da gan­
sazRvros momavali muSaobis veqtori.
`kiTxvari saxalxo universitetis msmenelTa gamosakiTxad 1912 w. (e.i.
universitetis daarsebidan mesame welsaa Sedgenili).
1. ra mizniT dadiodi leqciebze saxalxo universitetSi?
2. iSviaTad daiarebodi Tu xSirad?
3. xar kmayofili saerTod am leqciebze siaruliT Tu ara?
4. iqneb gaxsovT erTi leqcia, romlis Sinaarsi gaugebari darCa TqvenTvis?
5. dadiodi Tu ara sadResaswaulo dilebze da ra STabeWdilebiT brun­
debodi saxlSi?
_ 290 _
 6. mogitana Tu ara sargebloba Sen, an Sen nacnob msmenelebs quTaisis
saxalxo universitetma?~ (4. f.1)
miuxedavad imisa, rom universitetis saqmianoba Rrma erovnul princi­
pebze iyo dayrdnobili, viwro erovnuli ganaTlebiT ar kmayofildeboda,
msmenelTa yovelmxrivi ganviTareba hqonda miznad, misi samuSao programa
iTvaliswinebda moZme erebis istoriisa da literaturis gacnobas, amaze
metyvelebs saxalxo universitetis mier gamarTuli dilebi da saRamoebi
da Tematika: didi kritikosi b. belinski, ukrainis didi poeti SevCenko,
didi qarTveli pedagogi iakob gogebaSvili, qarTuli kulturis udidesi
moamage ilia WavWavaZe, qarTuli poeziis mSveneba _ akaki, aleqsandre yazbe­
gi, lev tolstoi, poeti nekrasovi da sxv.
quTaisis saxalxo universitetis uaRresad mniSvnelovan miRwevebze me­
tyvelebs is paradoqsuli faqti, rom erovnuli orientaciis saganmanaTleb­
lo keris muSaoba aRniSnulia imdroindeli mTavrobis jildoTi. rogorc
Cans, saxalxo universitetis leqtor-maswavlebelTa, e.i. qarTuli gimnaziis
mTeli koleqtivis uangaro Sromis Sedegebs xelisuflebam gverdi ver auara
da imperiis masStabiT muSaobis Sefasebisas quTaisis saxalxo universitets
meore adgili mianiWa (pirveli adgili ergo samaris saxalxo universitets).
1918 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos erovnulma
mTavrobam daiwyo ganaTlebis arsebuli sistemis reorganizacia. 1918 wlis
ivlisSi gauqmda kavkasiis saswavlo olqi. erT-erTi pirveli gadawyvetile­
ba, romelic demokratiulma mTavrobam ganaTlebis sakiTxebTan dakav­
SirebiT miiRo iyo erovnul enaze ganaTlebis SemoReba, rac gulisxmobda
mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobas ara mxolod qarTvel­
TaTvis, aramed saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebisTvisac.
erT-erT prioritetad iqna aRiarebuli sayovelTao-saxalxo ganaTlebis
gavrceleba. ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi unda gamxdariyo sazogadoebis nebi­
smieri fenis warmomadgenlisTvis, miuxedavad wodebrivi da ekonomiuri
mdgomareobisa. aseve, mniSvnelovnad iqna miCneuli `saprofesio~ da spe­
cialuri ganaTlebis skolebis daarseba, romelTa tipic adgilobriv mcx­
ovrebTa bunebriv saqmianobas gaiTvaliswinebda.
dasaxuli prioritetebis gansaxorcieleblad xelisufleba gegmav­
da mTel rig RonisZiebebs: maswavlebelTa qarTul enaSi mosamzadebeli
da moklevadiani sapedagogo kursebis organizebas, ufaso saxalxo sko­
lis daarsebas, axali saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadebasa da arsebulis in­
speqtirebas...
daviwyebuli ar iyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sakiTxic. sayovelTao
swavlebis farglebSi moiazreboda ufrosi asakis adamianebis ganaTlebis
sakiTxi. 1918 wlis 1 seqtembers gamoqveynebul v. kakabaZis statiaSi `swavla
ganaTlebis mowyobis saqme~, gamoTqmulia azri, rom aucilebelia sayov­
elTao swavleba ara marto bavSvebisTvis, aramed ufrosebisTvis. avtori
adasturebs sakvirao skolebisa da saRamos kursebis aucileblobas, msje­
lobs maTi organizebis principebze.
_ 291 _
 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ganaTlebis uwyeba mniSvne­
lovnad miiCnevda skolisgareSe ganaTlebas, romelic skolis asaks gada­
cilebul moqalaqeebs aZlevda saSualebas SeeZinaT codna da gonebrivad
ganviTarebuliyvnen. sakvirao skolebisa da saxalxo universitetebis mx­
ardaWeris mizniT, 1920 wels saministrom moiTxova da xazinam gaiRo 2 mil­
ioni maneTi.
quTaisis saxalxo universitetma am epoqaluri cvlilebebis fonze
muSaobis reorganizaciis gegma SeimuSava. quTaisis muzeumSi aRmoCnda uni­
versitetis gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris al. garsevaniSvilis mier SemuSavebuli
reorganizaciis proeqti, romelSic sayovelTao ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT masStaburadaa warmodgenili universitetis samomavlo
miznebi da amocanebi.
al. garsevaniSvili mimoixilavs ra `saxalxo univeristetis~ mniSvnelo­
basa da daniSnulebas arsebobis pirvel etapze _ `aqamde saxalxo universi­
tets ufro farTo masis aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre praq­
tikuli. gonivruli garToba, dro-gamoSvebiT gonieri sityvis gagoneba im
mZime fizikuri muSaobis atmosferoSi, romelSic muSa imyofeboda... auci­
leblad saWiro codnis micema ar Seadgenda mizans saxalxo universiteti­
sas~ (4. f.2.) _ saxavs axal, ufro mniSvnelovan miznebs.
saxalxo universitetis reorganizaciis gegmaSi vkiTxulobT: `saxalxo
universiteti unda iyos aucilebeli safexuri universitetSi Sesasvlelad
imaTTvis, visac saSualo skola ar gauTavebia~ (4. f.5.) proeqtis mixedviT
respublikis masStabiT unda dagzavnoda werilebi warmoeba-dawesebulebebs
perspeqtiuli muSakebi gamoegzavnaT quTaisis universitetSi Casaricxad
xelfasis SenarCunebiT. aseTi muSakebi ki 2 saaTiT adre gaeTavisuflebiaT
samuSaodan universitetSi leqciebis mosasmenad. universitetis msmenele­
bisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis universitetTan axlos sasadilo unda
gaxsniliyo, universitetis msmenelebs kargi samkiTxvelo unda hqonodaT.
reorganizaciis gegmis mixedviT universitets sami ganyofileba eqnebo­
da:
1. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa
2. sabunebismetyvelo
3. fizika-maTematikuri
amas garda, saxalxo universitetSi specialurad unda mowyobiliyo qar­
Tuli enis Semswavleli kursebi araqarTvelTaTvis.
proeqtis avtoris mier dasaxuli miznebi aSkarad Seesabameboda saqa­
rTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi swavla-ganaTlebis dasaxul tenden­
ciebs. naTelia, rom `saxalxo universitetTan~ dakavSirebuli pedagogebic
warmatebiT SeZlebdnen dasaxuli amocanebis gadaWras. magram, samwuxarod,
am saintereso saganmanaTleblo keram arseboba Sewyvita. es faqti, rogorc
Cans, ganapiroba saqarTvelos respublikaSi mimdinare istoriulma pro­
cesebma.

_ 292 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

kiknaZe z., (1959) aleqsandre garsevaniSvilis pedagogiuri da sazogadoe­

brivi moRvaweoba, gv.21. Tb.
qim. 2017-18, f. 2; 4.
maxarobliZe g., (1929), Jurn. `ganaTlebis muSaki~, 1929 w., N8; Tb., gv. 41-42
qim. 2017 -288, f. 1; f. 2; f. 5
axvlediani m., (2009), quTaisis qarTuli skola-gimnazia XIX-XX saukuneTa
mijnaze, //aleqsandre garsevaniSvili // gv. 96-104; quT.
kldiaSvili d., (1961), `Cemi cxovrebis gzaze~, Tb.
murRulia T., (2018), ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis
saqarTveloSi. disertacia, ganaTlebis doqtoris akademiuri xarisx­
is mosapoveblad. akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, xelnawris
uflebiT

Maia Akhvlediani
Associate Professor
Akaki Tsereteli State University

Lela Edzgveradze
Associate Professor
Akaki Tsereteli State University

ON ONE EDUCATIONAL CENTER IN GEORGIA IN THE 1910S

Summary

The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century are characterized
by an unprecedented surge in the educational processes in Georgia. Special attention
should be attached to the organizations that have arisen as a result of the great efforts
of the Georgian patriots under conditions of total Russification, where the educational
process was conducted in Georgian language. Among these educational centers, there is a
decent place for the `People’s University~, which was functioning in Kutaisi in the 1910s.
It was the intention of founders that the University had the function of bringing ed-
ucation into the wider communities. Public lectures were held on a voluntary basis, and
they were of mass proportions. Because of great interest from society, they were often
conducted in the theater building. According to the archival data, 56 lectures were held
during one year, and on average 474 students attended each of them.
The University’s educational function was further enhanced in 1910, when courses
were established at the University, where the following subjects were taught: arith-
metic, Georgian and Russian languages, Environmental Studies, Russian and Georgian

_ 293 _
literatures, world literature, history, geography, legislation and church chanting. These
courses contributed considerably to the education of Georgian society. There were
groups, in which the the beginners were taught grammar and arithmetic, and the
groups, upon successful completion of which the course participants were awarded
certificates, which allowed them for continuing their studies at a higher education level.
The `People’s University~ was an instigator of many interesting initiatives: it raised
the question of the need to open libraries in rural schools and to organize summer
courses for teachers. The University tried to initiate work on a regional scale. By the
invitation of local organizations, numerous lectures were held in Poti, Samtredia, Senaki,
Sachkhere, Zugdidi ... The activity of this organization were expanded into the field of
culture and theater as well. It also collaborated with the dramatic arts circle in Kutaisi.
During the entire period of its functioning, the `People’s University~ was develop-
ment-oriented. Along with a gradual expansion of activities, this is is indicated by a ques-
tionnaire drafted for the survey purpose of the University students, which serves to identify
problems and set development prospects in the context of assessment of the University.
A clear expression of this tendency is a reorganization plan for the `People’s University~,
which was developed by Al. Garsevanishvili in 1919, with account for the public needs, and
deals with the change in the format of work. It should be noted that this plan envisaged
the establishment of Georgian language courses for non-Georgian students.
When assessing activities of the People’s University from the modern positions, a
progressive nature of this event is clearly seen, as well as its importance for the de-
velopment of Georgian society. Unfortunately, the Kutaisi People’s University ceased to
function after the 1910s. Many important ideas remained unrealized.
The progressive Georgian society was associated with the People’s University. The
initiator of its founding, and later the Chairman of the Board was Al. Garsevanishvili,
lectures were delivered and educational activities were carried out by D. Uznadze, S.
Robakidze, S. Khundadze, Al. Janelidze, S. Dateshidze, S. Kvariani, Art. Kvachantiradze ...
These activities involved I. Otskheli, Akaki Tsereteli, David Kldiashvili, Giorgi Zdanovich,
Shalva Radiani, Mitropane Laghidze, who were also supporting the University financially
... We should never forget the names of those educators, who carried out educational
activities without any kind of compensation.

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 imer basilaZe
profesori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

nato qobulaZe
asocirebuli profesori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

dimitri uznaZe - saqarTveloSi saskolo sistemis

reformatori (1910-1921)

dimitri uznaZis pedagogiuri koncefcia daaxloebiT 1910_1916 wlebSi

Camoyalibda. es iyo SexedulebaTa sistema, romelic moicavda swavlebisa
da aRzrdis principebis, pedagogiuri cnebebis definicias. igi safuZvlad
daedo aqtiuri pirovnebis, axali tipis qarTvelis aRzrdis ideas. misi ped­
agogiuri Sexedulebebis safuZveli praqtikuli pedagogiuri moRvaweoba
gaxldaT, romelsac is eweoda quTaisSi meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.
am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania dimitri uznaZis werili `aRzrdis
ZiriTadi tragedia da eqsperimentaluri pedagogika~. es werili daibeW­
da Jurnal `ganaTlebaSi~ 1912 wels. masSi, eqsperimentuli pedagogikis
mniSvnelobis garda, saubaria aRzrdis mniSvnelovan problemebze.
statiaSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli aRzrdis rTuli buneba, rom igi araa
erTgvarovani, aramed aRmzrdelsa da aRsazrdels Soris mimdinare proce­
sia; aRzrda aucileblobiT gulisxmobs aRmzrdelsa da aRsazrdels, ro­
melime maTganis gamoricxviT wydeba aRzrdis procesi. aq dimitri uznaZe
savsebT sworad miuTiTebs da aRniSnavs aRzrdis, rogorc socialuri pro­
cesis rTul bunebaze.
msjelobs ra aRzrdis rTul bunebaze, dimitri uznaZe warmogvidgens
misgan gamomdinare erT_erT ZiriTad winaaRmdegobriv moments, rac `ped­
agogiuri praqtikis~ TviT SuagulSia amoTxrili~, da mas `aRzrdis tra­
gedias~ uwodebs. ra aris aRzrdis rTuli bunebis erT-erTi gamomxatve­
li es tragedia? dimitri uznaZis azriT, is aRmzrdelisa da aRszrdelis
miswrafebaTa winaaRmdegobaSi mdgomareobs. bavSvi iolad ar emorCileba
aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebebs, radgan isini TavianTi socialuri mizandasax­
ulobiT gaugebaria misTvis. es, marTlac, siZneles badebs aRzrdis pro­
cesSi: `is, rac aRmzrdelis SexedulebiT keTildReobasa da bednierebas
warmoadgens, aRsazrdelis rwmeniT xSirad ubedureba da wameba iqneba....
aRmzrdeli socialuri TvalsazrisiT Wvrets am keTildReobas da aRsazre­
deli ki Tavisi sakuTari interesebis mxriT, individualurad. goniereba
moiTxovs, myobadi awmyos SewiroT, mcire siamovneba didsa da xangrZliv
keTildReobas anacvaloT. magram mozardi sul sxvagvarad fiqrobs da sul
sxvas moiTxovs. mas momavali ara swams da mas awmyos verasdros da verag­
ziT ver anacvalebs. igi momentiT cxovrobs da momentis monaa. amitom igi

_ 295 _
erTi wuTiTac ki aravis dauTmobs Tavis awmyos~.1
`namdvil pedagogikas, _ wers dimitri uznaZe, _ mxolod erTi gza
gaaCnia, romelze srbolac mas Tavisi miznis ganxorcielebamde miiyvans. es
gza TviT bavSvis bunebis naTelyofaa, misi fsiqologiis codna. mxolod
aseT Semecnebas, aseT codnas SeuZlia im kanonTa da normaTa naTelyofa,
romelTac unda eqvemdebarebodes aRmzrdeli, Tu gsurs rom, misi moqmede­
ba goniers niadagze iyos damdgari. amrigad, namdvili pedagogikis niadagsa
da safuZvels bavSvis fsiqologiis Semecneba unda Seadgendes~.2 `aRzrdis
tragediis~ gadalaxvaSi, ueWvelia, gadamwyvet rols unda asrulebdes mas­
wavlebeli, romelsac ZaluZs `empiriuli zedapiridan adamianis arsSi SeR­
weva~. pedagogiuri procesis ZiriTad pirobas warmoadgens, swored, bavSvis
bunebis uSualo wvdoma, misi grZnobebisadmi `sulieri mRelvarebisadmi~
TanagrZnoba_ is, rasac axla empaTiur unarebs eZaxian.
eqperimentuli pedagogikisa da aRzrdis tragediis kvlevis garda, d.
uznaZe aqtiurad erTveba reformatorul saqmiaobaSi. 1915 wels man dai­
wyo Tavis mier Seqmnili pedagogiuri sistemis gadmotana da ganxorcieleba
quTaisSi, maSindel axlad Seqmnil qarTul skolaSi, romelic `sinaTlis~
saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.
1917 wlis 27 marts quTaisSi klasikuri gimnaziis ezoSi gaixsna dasav­
leT saqarTvelos saxalxo maswavlebelTa yriloba. yrilobis muSaobaSi
aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo dimitri uznaZem. yrilobis dRis wesrigSi idga
sakiTxi: erTgvari skolebis daarseba, programebi da momavali saswavlo
wlidan skolis nacionalizacia. skolebis SemuSavebisa da daarsebis Sesaxeb
moxseneba gaakeTa dimitri uznaZem. man krebaze wamoayena Semdegi debule­
bebi: `1. saprofesio ganaTleba da zogadi ganaTleba cal-calke unda ar­
sebobdes; 2. sazogado ganaTlebis skola win unda uswrebdes saprofesio
ganaTlebis skolas; 3. sazogado ganaTlebis skola unda iyos rvawliani,
amasTanave yvelasaTvis savaldebulo da erTi; 4. sazogado ganaTlebis sko­
la yvela Zalas unda aviTarebdes, amitom minimaluri programa yvelas­
aTvis savaldebulo unda iyos; 5. sazogado ganaTlebis skola gzas unda
uxsnides mowafes yoveli dargis saSualo skolisaTvis; 6. mizani sazogado
ganaTlebis skolisa aris xasiaTis simtkicis SemuSaveba; 7. mTliani swavla
_ aRzrda sazogado skolaSi unda iyos dafuZnebuli TviTmmarTvelobaze;
8. saprofesio skola unda unda iyos savaldebulo yvelasaTvis, vinc sxva
tipis skolaSi ar gadadis; 9. saprofesio skolebi sxvadasxva dargisa unda
iyos adgilis mixedviT~.3
dimitri uznaZis mier wamoyenebuli debulebebi dasavleT saqarTvelos
maswavlebelTa yrilobam moiwona da gadasca mTavar gamgeobas gasavrceleb­

1 uznaZe, d., aRzrdis ZiriTadi tragedia da eqsperimentaluri pedagogika, Jurnali `ganaTleba~,

1912, #6, gv. 429-431
2 uznaZe, d., eqsperimentuli pedagogikis Sesavali, quTaisis stamba, quTaisi, 1912, gv.55
3 uznaZe, d., nacionaluri skolis Sesaxeb, gazeTi `saxalxo furceli~, 1917, 28 marti, gv.3

_ 296 _
lad. daiwyo muSaoba axali saxelmZRvaneloebis, saskolo programebis, maswav­
leblebis gadamzadebaze, terminologiis dadgenaze da sxva. dimitri uznaZe
aqtiurad iyo CarTuli am saqmianobaSi, rasac adasturebs cnoba dasavleT
saqarTvelos maswavlebelTa kavSiris sxdomis oqmidan. 1917 wlis 30 marts
Catarda maswavlebelTa kavSiris gamgeobis pirveli sxdoma. sxdomaze d.
uznaZe arCeuli iqna Tavmjdomaris amxanagad. krebam miiRo dadgenileba, rom
`1. momavali seqtembridan ganxorcielebuli iqnas skolebis nacionalizacia;
2. daevalos d. uznaZes, g. nioraZes da vl. nacvliSvils Sekribon cnobebi
da warmoadginon, Tu ra da ra saxelmZRvaneloebi moiZebneba dRes qarTul
enaze, rogorc saSualo, ise dabal skolebSi saxmareblad, agreTve, Tu
damzadebuli aqvs vinmes masala da apirebs dabeWdvas. Sekribon masala dRes
arsebuli rusuli saxelmZRvaneloebidan, romelic gamodgeba da ivargebs
gadasaTargmnad; 3. daarsebuli iqnas sami seqcia: pirveldawyebiTi-dabali;
maRali da saSualo; maswavlebelTa aseTi seqciebis wevrTa sarekomendacio
siebis Sedgena daevalos d.uznaZes, g.nioraZes da vl. nacvliSvils~.4
1917 wlis 16 maiss TbilisSi gaixsna kavkasiis maswalebelTa yriloba.
yrilobis muSaobaSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebs yrilobis delegati dimi­
tri uznaZe. yrilobaze man waikiTxa moxseneba erovnuli skolis mniSvnelo­
bis Sesaxeb, sadac man Camoayaliba Semdegi debulebebi: `1.skolis cxovre­
baSi gatarebuli iqnas nacionalizaciis principi; 2. nacionaluri skolis
programebis Sesaqmnelad yvela tipis skolis olqTan Seiqmnas mudmivi
komisia am sakiTxebis SesamuSaveblad; 3. saswavlo enad yvela skolaSi aRi­
arebuli iqnas samSoblo ena; 4. yvela skolaSi SemoRebuli iqnas gaZliere­
buli swavleba: samSoblo enis, literaturis, istoriisa da geografiis;
5.nacionaluri skolis garantiisaTvis moeTxovos droebiT mTavrobas ga­
mosces dekreti ruseTSi mcxovrebi yvela xalxis skolaTa nacionalizaciis
Sesaxeb; 6. momavali saswavlo wlis dawyebidan swavlebis enad sapedagogo
saswavleblebSi SemoRebul iqnas mowafeTa samSoblo ena~.5
dimitri uznaZes saukeTeso skolad miaCnia mxolod ori saxis skola:
sazogado ganaTlebisa da profesionaluri. orive ufaso da savaldebu­
lo. sazogado ganaTleba unda uswrebdes profesiuls, rom profesiulma
ganaTlebam viwro CarCoebSi ar Camoayalibos da ganaviTaros pirovneba.
dimitri uznaZe profesiul ganaTlebas uyurebs praqtikuli Tvalsazris­
iT. mas miaCnia sxvadasxvagvari profesiuli skolebis daarseba adgilebis
mixedviT. magaliTad, sadac mexileobas da mebostneobas misdeven iq mas
saWirod miaCnia mebaReobis profesiuli skolis gaxsna da ase Semdeg. Sem­
deg moxsenebaSi exeba saskolo programebs, swavlebis meTodebs. gasakuTre­
bul mniSvnelobas aniWebs momavlis skolaSi mSobliur enaze swavlebas da
win wamoswevs maswavlebelTa momzadebis ideas. saWirod miaCnia gaixsnas
samaswavleblo seminariebi.
4 bocvaZe, l., Tavisufali aRzrda bavSvisa, Jurnali `ganaTleba~. 1908, # 7-8, gv. 199
5 uznaZe, d., erovnuli skolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, gazeTi `saxalxo furceli~, 1917, 17 maisi,
gv. 3-4

_ 297 _
 yrilobam miiRo uznaZis Semdegi debulebebi: 1. ganaTlebis sistema age­
buli iqnas or skolaze: sazogado ganaTlebisa da profesionalurze; 2.
sazogado skola win unda uswrebdes profesionalurs; 3.sazogado sko­
la xangrZlivi unda iyos. man unda misces mozards sazogado ganaTleba,
romelic saWiroa profesiuli skolisaTvis; 4. zogadi ganaTlebis skolas
mxedvelobaSi aqvs Semdegi: a. mTliani sazogado ganaTleba; b.saSualo sas­
wavlebelSi gadasvlis SesaZlebloba; g.profesionaluri skola; 5. saxalxo
skola miznad unda isaxavdes bavSvis mtkice xasiaTis aRzrdas. saxalxo
skola Sromis skolaa, romelic bavSvs avarjiSebs garda saerTo mecadineo­
bisa, im xelsaqmeze, romelic aris umTavresi daniSnuleba profesionaluri
skolisa~.6
amrigad, yrilobaze uznaZis pedagogikur Sexedulebebs mTeli kavkasiis
maswavlebelTa saukeTeso nawili gaecno. amas daemata isic, rom rusul
enaze daibeWda uznaZis mimoxilva-`kavkasiis skolis reformis Sesaxeb~. mas­
Si ganxilulia ganaTlebis struqturis, aRzrdis miznisa da pedagogikis
principuli sakiTxebi. SromaSi, Cveni azriT, naTlad Cans, Tu ra sakiTxebi
awuxebda maSindel qarTul pedagogiur azrovnebas. kerZod, `axali Taobis
moqalaqeobrivi aRzrdis~ sakiTxi, nebisyofis mimarTeba da xasiaTis mo­
qalaqeobrivi gamokveTiloba, skolis demokratiul principebze mowyoba,
skolaSi TviTmmarTvelobis SemoReba, Zveli inteleqtualuri skolis Sec­
domebis gamosworeba, radgan marto codna ver qmnis sicocxlis mSenebels.
codna aris naTura, romelic gzas unaTebs kulturis mSenebels. `sxvanai­
rad, _ saxalxo skolis ZiriTadi mizani dRes udavod adamianis xasiaTis
aRzrda aris~.7
naSromSi zogadi ganaTlebis safexurebi da maTi xangrZlivobis sakiTxi
bavSvis asakobrivi ganviTarebis fsiqologiasTan aris SeTanxmebuli. dim­
itri uznaZe icavs Svidwliani skolis or safexurs. momavali skola unda
iyos Sromis skola, sadac xelgarjilobas centraluri adgili ukavia da
aRmzrdelobiT amocanas asrulebs da aaSkaravebs mowafis profesiul mid­
rekilebebs.
Cveni azriT, naSromi _ `kavkasiis skolebis reformis Sesaxeb~ im periodi­
saTvis pedagogikis sakiTxebze gamorCeuli Teoriuli mniSvnelobis Sromaa,
romelSic naTlad Cans kavkasiis xalxebis miswrafeba erovnuli skolisa da
axali pedagogiuri sistemis Seqmnisaken.
1918 wels Seiqmna saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. Camoyalibda
axali samTavrobo struqturebi. gadawyda Zveli saskolo sistemis gauqmeba
da axlis Seqmna. axali skola unda dafuZneboda axali cxovrebis mSenebeli
adamianis aRzrdas, romelic moiTxovda mecnierulad dasabuTebiuli da
pedagogiurad axali skolis Sesaferis principebs.
miuxedavad d. uznaZis mier mecnierulad dasabuTebuli naSromisa 1918
6 uznaZe, d., erovnuli skolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, gazeTi `saxalxo furceli~, 1917, 19 maisi,
gv. 4
7 bocvaZe, l., Tavisufali aRzrda bavSvisa, Jurnali `ganaTleba~, 1908, # 7-8, gv. 206

_ 298 _
wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi saskolo reforma ar gatarda misi koncefciis
Sesabamisad.
saskolo ganaTleba iyofoda or safexurad: dawyebiT anu umcros mo­
samzadebel ganyofilebad da saSualo ganaTlebis mimcem qalTa da vaJ­
Ta gimnaziebad, romelTa saswavlo sagnebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebo­
da, rogorc nusxis CamonaTvlis saxiT, aseve saganTa swavlebis saaTobrivi
datvirTviTac.
1920 wels saqarTveloSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos skolis sareformo komisia,
romlis Tavmjdomaredac arCeuli iqna dimitri uznaZe. am komisiam iarse­
ba 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlamde. dimitri uznaZes daevala axali proeqtis
SemuSaveba. 1920 wels dimitri uznaZem dawera mniSvnelovani gamokvleva
`saxalxo ganaTlebis sistemis ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb~. am naSromSi
naTlad Cans, rom `qarTuli erTiani skola~ Semdeg principebsa da debule­
bebze unda yofiliyo agebuli:
1. pirveli safexuri (6-10 wlamde) _ 4 wliani skola, romlis pirveli
klasis saswavlo kursi sabavSvo baRisa da skolis elementebs Seicavda;
2. meore safexuri (10-14 wlamde) _ 4 wliani kursiT, romelic or Stos
Seicavs: a. humanitarul-Teoriuls da b. realur-praqtikuls;
3. mesame safexuri iyofoda: a. sameurneo da samrewvelo _ sateqniko
skolebad; b. maRali profesionaluri da maRali zogadi ganaTlebis skole­
bad( 4 wliani).
zogadi ganaTlebis skola Seicavda: a.realursa da b. humanitaruli sko­
lis tipebs, xolo es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, kidev or Stod iyofoda:
1. neohumanitarul da klasikur skolad, romlis xangrZlivoba oTxi
wliT iyo gansazRvruli.
2. mesame safexuriT sruldeboda savaldebulo swavlebis periodi, ris
Semdeg swavlis gagrZeleba SeiZleboda universitetebSi, politeqnikumeb­
Si, an sxva tipis umaRles skolebSi.
saSualo skolebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo: dedaenis, mSobliuri liter­
aturis, samSoblos da msoflio istoriis, geografiis, bunebismetyvelebis,
maTematikis, zneobisa da uflebebis, fizkulturis, xelgarjilobis da sax­
va disciplinebis swavleba~.8
dimitri uznaZe mxars uWers profilur swavlebas. meore safexuris kur­
sis dasrulebis Semdeg igi mowafeTa ganawilebas ori TvalsazrisiT xe­
davda: 1. bunebrivi niWierebis intensivobiT da 2. sulieri dispoziciebis
romelobis TvalsazrisiT.
dimitri uznaZis mier warmodgenili naSromi _ `saxalxo ganaTlebis
sistemis ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb~ marTlacda progresuli xedvaa
saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis evropul doneze mowyobisa da ganxor­
cielebisa. rogorc nadeJda berulava aRniSnavs, am SromaSi gansakuTrebiT
yurdaRebas ipyrobs sami sakiTxi: `1. saxalxo ganaTlebis socialuri sa­
8 sariSvili, t., skola da pedagogiuri mimdinareobani revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi, ganaTle­
ba, Tbilisi, 1956, gv. 316

_ 299 _
fuZvlebi; 2. saxalxo ganaTlebis sitemis agebuleba (zogadi da saprofesio
ganaTleba asakobrivi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT); 3. aRzrdis mizani da misi
ganxorcielebis gzebi~.9
amrigad, dimitri uznaZe kritikulad udgeboda arsebul pedagogiur
sistemebs, aanalizebda maT da qmnida Tavis pedagogikur koncefcias, ro­
melTa danergvas da ganxorcielebas cdilobda 1910 _ 1920 wlebSi. magram
uznaZis reformis ganxorcielebas xeli SeuSala sabWoTa ruseTis mier
saqarTvelos dapyrobam. sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda
dimitri uznaZis proeqtebi ganaTlebis sistemis evropul doneze mowyobi­
sa.
migvaCnia, rom dimitri uznaZis mier SemoTavazebuli saganmanaTleblo
sistema da pedagogikuri koncefcia Tavidanve efuZneboda ganwyobis Teo­
riis safuZvlebs.
uznaZis mixedviT, ganwyoba warmoadgens adamianis mTlian pirovnul
mzaobas garkveuli qcevisadmi, `sanam cocxali arseba raime qcevas mimarTa­
vdes, mas ukve manamde aqvs qceva ganwyobis saxiT mocemuli~.
ganwyobis cnebis Sinaarss uznaZe individis mizanSewonil qcevis an­
alizidan gamomdinare xsnis. ra gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas? moTxov­
nileba, romelic raRacis deficits gulisxmobs. moTxovnileba aris is
subieqturi, magram arasakmarisi faqtori, romelic aucilebelia qcevis
gansaxorcieleblad. Tu adamians SemecnebiTi moTxovnileba aqvs, is saTana­
do situacias eZebs mis dasakmayofileblad. maSasadame, situacia, garemo
warmoadgens obieqtur, aucilebels faqtors qcevis ganxorcielebisTvis.
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas eswrafvis, situaciis Sesatyvisad icvleba.
dimitri uznaZis azriT, es yvelaferi unda icodes maswavlebelma, rac
daexmareba mas gakveTilebis, aqtivobebis warmatebiT CatarebaSi. radgan
maswavlebels da moswavles yovel axal aqtivobaSi CasarTavad sWirdebaT
specialuri mzaoba, ganwyoba, romelic aamoqmedebs moswavlis saTanado
Zalebsa da unar_Cvevebs. maswavlebelma moswavles samoqmedod ganwyobil
Zalebze gaTvlili saswavlo aqtivobebi unda miawodos. saswavlo procesi
imaze unda iyos orientirebuli, rom moswavles adamianis erT_erTi da­
maxasiaTebeli moTxovnileba, inteleqtualuri moTxovnileba (cnobismoy­
vareoba) e.w. codnis wyurvilSi gadaezardos.
aqedan gamomdinare, maswavlebels da moswavles yovel axal aqtivobaSi
CarTvisaTvis sWirdeba specialuri mzaoba, ganwyoba, romelic aamoqmedebs
moswavlis saTanado Zalebs da unar-Cvevebs. ganwyobis Teoria xom arseb­
iTad qcevis axsniTi modelia. rogoric motivia, iseTia qcevac. motivi (an
moTxovnileba) gansazRvravs qcevis fsiqologiur Sinaarss.
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba saswavlo procesis efeqtianoba,
pirvel rigSi, swavlisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmnas gulisxmobs, anu mTlian
pirovnul mzaobas, romelic gansazRvravs aqtivobaSi moswavlis CarTvas. Tu

9 berulava, n., dimitri uznaZe, ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 1967, gv. 204

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axali aqtivobis mimarT (diskusia, axali tipis testebi) moswavleebs dadebiT
emociur damokidebulebas SevuqmniT, Sedegi aucileblad dadebiTi iqneba.
rogorc m. boWoriSvili wers, didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogor movargebT
saswavlo masalas moswavlis ganwyobas, mis samoqmedod ganwyobil Zalebs.
rogori unda iyos es masala?
`masala erTi mxriv, Sesaferisi unda iyos moswavlis ZalTa ganviTare­
bis aqtualuri donisaTvis, meore mxriv, igi daSorebuli unda iyos mas
sakmarisad. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi winsvla SeuZlebeli iqneba. moswavlis
Careva swored am pirobis realizacias axdens, maswavlebeli masalas ise
awvdis mowafes, rom igi misawvdomi gaxdes. maswavleblis roli saswavlo
masalisa da mowafis ZalTa Soris Suamavlobasa da misi namdvili ganviTare­
bis SesaZleblobis aucilebeli pirobis SeqmnaSi mdgomareobs~.10 saklaso
oTaxSi SeqmeniT bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesatyvisi garemo. gaxsovdeT, rom
moswavleze orientirebuli swavleba, moswavleebis interesebisa da survi­
lebis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs.
saqarTveloSi, maswavlebis ganaTlebis Tanamedrove qarTul saganmanaT­
leblo sivrceSi TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis
implementacia da igi emsaxureba saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemis ganvi­
Tarebis evropul xedvas. kerZod, maswavlebeli saswavlo procesSi:
1. gegmavs sxvadasxva aqtivobebs da uqmnis moswavles dadebiTi ganwyobas;
2. argebs masalas moswavlis ganwyobas/aqtualuri done + winsvla/;
3. qmnis moswavlis swavlaze orientirebul saklaso garemos, rac moswav­
leebis interesebisa da survilebis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs;
4. ar akeTebs aqcents mxolod bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze,
mohyavs mTeli misi buneba moqmedebaSi;
5. axdens bavSvis pirovnebis mTeli Zalebis gaxsnas.
dimitri uznaZis mier SemoTavazebuli saganmanaTleblo sistema da ped­
agogikuri koncefcia Tavidanve efuZneboda ganwyobis Teoriis safuZvlebs,
romelTa danerga da srulyofa xorcieldeba Tanamedrove qarTul sagan­
manaTleblo sistemaSi. sainteresoa misi mosazreba moswavleTa sefasebis
sakiTxebze. uznaZis Teoriis Tanaxmad, `cifruli Sefaseba~ xels uSlis
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris ndobisa da siyvarulis atmosferos gan­
viTrebas, rac misi azriT Zalian subieqturi ramaa.
uznaZis es mosazreba, damokidebuleba aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedroveo­
baSi, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom swavlebis dawyebiT safexurze ganmsaz­
Rvreli Sefaseba Canacvlda ganmaviTarebli SfasebiT, romelic unda iyos
xSiri da mravalmxrivi, raTa man, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyos moswavleTa
mravalmxriv ganviTarebas, rogorc amas moiTxovs erovnuli saswavlo gegma
da, meore mxriv, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamovlenisa da ganviTarebis
Tanabari pirobebi Seuqmnas gansxvavebuli potencialis mqone yvela mos­
wavles.

10 boWoriSvili, m., pedagogikis sakiTxebi, gamomcemloba `ustari~, Tbilisi, 2013, gv. 21

_ 301 _
 dRevandeli mTavroba, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi da saerTaSori­
so saagentoebi xels uwyoben maswavlebelTa uwyvet profesiul ganviTare­
bas. Seiqmna koncefcia `swavleba warmatebisTvis~, raTa daexmaros maswav­
lebls saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi swavla-swavlebis xarisxis amaRlebaSi.
efeqturi uwyveti profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyobis midgoma aris mo­
qnili, raTa TanxvedraSi iyos mTavrobebis specifikur moTxovnebTan da
maswavlebelTa saWiroebebTan.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2015 wlis 20 Tebervals maswavleblis saqmi­
anobis dawyebis, profesiuli ganviTrebisa da karieruli winsvlis sqema
daamtkica, romlis safuZvelzec maswavlebels SeuZlia dagegmos karieru­
li winsvla sqemiT gansazRvruli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi
da gadainacvlos momdevno safexurze.
migvaCnia, rom dimitri uznaZis mier SemoTavazebuli saganmanaTleblo
sistema da pedagogikuri koncefcia Tavidanve efuZneboda da exmaureboda
maswavleblisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis ganviTrebaze orientirebas,
rac TanxvedraSia Tanamedrove qarTul saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi mimdin­
are procesebTan.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

uznaZe, d. (redaqtori z. cucqiriZe).(2005) pedagogiuri Txzulebani.

`kolora~, Tbilisi
uznaZe, d.(1912).aRzrdis ZiriTadi tragedia da eqsperimentaluri peda­
gogika. Jurnali `ganaTleba~, #6
uznaZe, d.(1912). eqsperimentuli pedagogikis Sesavali, quTaisis stamba
`Zmoba~, quTaisi
bocvaZe, l.(1908). Tavisufali aRzrda bavSvisa. Jurnali `ganaTleba~, # 7-8
berulava, n.(1967). dimitri uznaZe. ganaTleba, Tbilisi
maRraZe, m.(2008). ganwyobis Teoria da ganaTlebis fsiqologiis zogadi
sakiTxebi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti. quTaisi
sariSvili, t.(1956). skola da pedagogiuri mimdinareobani revoluciamdel
saqarTveloSi. ganaTleba. Tbilisi
uznaZe, d. (1917. 28 marti). nacionaluri skolis Sesaxeb. gazeTi `saxalxo
furceli~. gv.3
uznaZe. d, (1917. 17 maisi). erovnuli skolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. gazeTi
`saxalxo furceli~. gv. 3-4
uznaZe, d. (1917.19 maisi). erovnuli skolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. gazeTi
`saxalxo furceli~. gv. 4
boWoriSvili. m, (2013). pedagogikis sakiTxebi. gamomcemloba `ustari~.
Tbilisi
https://www.britishcouncil.ge/teach/supporting-teacher-development

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 Imeri Basiladze
Professor
Akaki Tsereteli State University

Nato Kobuladze
Associate Professor
Akaki Tsereteli State University

DIMITRI UZNADZE _ A REFORMER OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM

IN GEORGIA (1910-1921)
Summary

Dimitri Uznadze’s pedagogical concept was formulated approximately per 1910-1916.

This was a system of views, which included the definition of the principles of teaching
and education, and pedagogic concepts. This became the basis of the idea of education
of ​​an active person, a new kind of Georgian. The basis for his educational views was his
practical educational endeavours in Kutaisi at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Dimitri Uznadze considers only two types of school to be the best: general educa-
tion and professional education, both free and compulsory. General education should
precede professional education, in order to make sure that professional education does
not form and develop personality within the narrow confines.
In 1920, Dimitri Uznadze wrote an important paper on `Basic Principles of Public
Education System~. However, the implementation of Uznadze’s reform was hampered
by conquest of Georgia by Soviet Russia. Dimitri Uznadze’s projects on setting up the
education system at the European level were unacceptable for the Soviet authorities.
We think that the educational system and pedagogical concept proposed by Dimitri
Uznadze were based on the foundations of Theory of Set, which is introduced and
enhanced in the modern Georgian educational system.
According to Uznadze’s theory, `numerical evaluation~ prevents development of the
atmosphere of trust and love between pupils and teachers that, in his view, is highly
subjective.
This view and attitude of Uznadze has become increasingly relevant in modern times,
which is reflected in the fact that at the initial stage of education, definitive evaluation
was replaced by developmental evaluation, which should be frequent and multilateral,
on the one hand, to facilitate inclusive development of learners, as required by the
national curriculum and, on the other, to create equal conditions for all learners with
dfferent capacities so as to allow them to demonstrate and develop their full capacities.

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 mariam manjgalaZe
filologiis akademiuri doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

qeTevan inwkirveli
asistent-profesori, kavkasiis universiteti

ganaTlebis sistema da enobrivi politika saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikaSi (1918-1921ww.)

ganaTlebis sistemasa da enobriv politikaze statiis werisas, bunebrivi

iqneba mokled gavixsenoT saqarTveloSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli
tradiacia. marTalia, kolxeTis umaRlesi ritorikuli skolis strategiasa
da programaze detalurad SeuZlebelia saubari da arc is viciT dazustebiT,
romel enaze mimdinareobda saswavlo procesi, magram berZeni filosofosis
Temistiosis cnobiT, saswavlebelSi umaRlesi kvalifikaciis ritorikuli
ganaTlebis miReba iyo SesaZlebeli (III saukunis II naxevari). meoTxe sauku­
nis ocdaaTiani wlebidan, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebis Semdeg, eklesiebTan skolebic iqmneboda, iTargmneboda da
iqmneboda originaluri nawarmoebebi, saeklesio wignebi. XI _XII saukuneebSi
gvqonda gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebi; umniSvnelovanesi saganmanaTleblo
kerebi iyo sazRvargareTac, mag., petriwonisa da aTonis iverTa monastreb­
Si. qveynis istoriis urTulesi periodis gavlis Semdeg, XIX saukuneSi iwye­
ba warmatebuli mcdeloba Seiqmnas saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi, gamoices
wignebi, Jurnal _ gazeTebi da sxv. TergdaleulTa Taoba mniSvnelovan nabi­
jebs dgams qarTuli enis funqcionirebis, standartizaciis, kulturul-sa­
ganmanaTleblo programebis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT. wignSi `enobrivi
situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi~ manana
tabiZe wers: `qarTul istoriulsa da literaturul wyaroebSi dasturdeba
qarTuli enis funqcionirebisa da saxelmwifo rolis socialuri Sefase­
bis Semcveli masalebic da enobrivi kontaqtebis ama Tu im formis aRweris
cdebic, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom xangrZlivi saxelmwifoebrivi da
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo tradiciebis mqone qveynebSi enobrivi politi­
ka sruliad gaazrebuli da marTuli movlena iyo da qveynis mesveurTa didi
mxardaWeriT sargeblobda~ (m.tabiZe, gv. 22).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom 1918-1921 wlebSi,
saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis ganaTlebis sistemis
warmomadgenlebisaTvis arsebobda mravalsaukunovani winapiroba, daarse­
bis pirveli dReebidanve dawyebuliyo konkretuli saganmanaTleblo pro­
eqtebis ganxorcieleba.
saqarTvelos saistorio arqivis fondSi #1935, saqarTvelos demokrati­

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uli respublikis saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros dokumentSi _ aRwera #1
_ vkiTxulobT: 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
gamocxadebisTanave, sxva saxelmwifo instituciebTan erTad, muSaobas iw­
yebs saxalxo ganaTlebis saministro. igi amocanad isaxavda axali skolebis
gaxsnas, mosaxleobis swavla-ganaTlebas, skolebis axali kadrebiT uzrunve­
lyofas, maswavlebelTa da moswavleTa materialur uzrunvelyofas, araqa­
rTvelTa swavlebis sakiTxebis mogvarebas, kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebaTa mowyobisa da muSaobis uzrunvelyofas, profteqnikuri,
sazRvao, saxelosno da usinaTloTa saswavleblebis gaxsnas, saswavlo pro­
gramebis SemuSavebas da sxv. ganaTlebis saministrom iarseba saqarTvelos
gasabWoebamde, xolo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlidan qveynis saganmanaTleblo
programebze zrunva ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis prerogativa gaxda.
saistorio arqivSi daculi sakvlevi periodis (1918-1921 w.w.) masala
etapobriv Seswavlasa da gaanalizebas moiTxovs, SesaZlebelia gavecnoT:
ganaTlebis saministros sxdomis Jurnalebsa da oqmebs, brZanebebs da min­
istris gankargulebebs; saministrosTan arsebuli saswavlo komitetis wes­
deba-proeqtebs, skolebis, gimnaziebis, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesorTa sabWosa da pedsabWos sxdomebis oqmebs, skolebis gaerovnebis,
reorganizaciisa da materialuri uzrunvelyofis, qarTuli universite­
tis saxelmwifo universitetad gadakeTebis Sesaxeb informacias. daculia
masalebi politeqnikuri universitetis gaxsnis, profteqnikuri skolebis,
Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemis, saqmis uzrunvelyofis da sxv. (S. gozaliSvi­
li, aRwera, fondi #1935).

ganaTlebis sistemis reforma

SeiZleba mokled CamovTvaloT Tu ra tipis RonisZiebebi tardeboda
ganaTlebis sistemis mosawesrigeblad:
o gamoicemoda ganaTlebis ministris brZanebebi da gankargulebebi
skolebis, gimnaziebis, maswavlebelTa Sereuli dawyebiTi skolis gaxsnis Sesaxeb;
o saministrosTan arsebul saswavlo komitetSi muSavdeboda wesde­
ba-proeqtebi;
o Seiqmna amierkavkasiaSi pirveli saxelmwifo universiteti;
o Seiqmna umaRlesi da saSualo ganaTlebis mTavari gamgeoba;
o daiwyo erovnuli skolebis Seqmna, reorganizacia da materialuri
uzrunvelyofa;
o Seiqmna qarTuli enis swavlebis mosamzadebeli kursebi;
o gamoica kanoni ganaTlebis saministroSi beWdviTi sityvis nawar­
moebTa wardgenis Sesaxeb;
o momzadda kanonproeqti saqarTvelos respublikis samecniero depar­
tamentis daarsebisa da saqarTvelos respublikis centraluri samecniero
arqivis departamentis daarsebis Sesaxeb;
o mimdinareobda muSaoba ucxoeli leqtorebis mosawvevad saqarTve­

_ 305 _
loSi leqciebis wasakiTxad;
o SeZlebisdagvarad xels uwyobdnen studentebs sazRvargareT swav­
lis dasafinanseblad da sxv.
magaliTad, ganaTlebis saministros 1920 wlis sakancelario masaleb­
Si vkiTxulobT, rom miiRes kanoni ganaTlebis saministroSi beWdviTi si­
tyvis nawarmoebTa wardgenis Sesaxeb; ganixiles kanonproeqti saqarTvelos
respublikis samecniero departamentis daarsebis Sesaxeb; kanonproeqti
saqarTvelos respublikis centraluri samecniero arqivis departamentis
daarsebis Sesaxeb; moismines moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb; imsjeles ganaTlebis saministros mowveviT ital­
iidan lola kondumaris Camosvlisa da montesoris sistemaze leqciebis
wakiTxvis Sesaxeb; gaica brZaneba Tsu reqtoris, prof. ivane javaxiSvilis
saswavlo komitetis Tavjdomared daniSvnis Sesaxeb; damtkicda ganaTlebis
saswavlo komitetisa da saterminologio komisiis wevrTa sia da sxv. (fon­
di 1935, gv.67; 80).
erT-erT mniSvnelovan reformad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 1918 wlis noem­
berSi maswavlebelTa erovnuli yrilobis mier gavrcelebuli mimarTva
skolebis sruli nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobda orgvari
organos Seqmnis saWiroebas: saerTo saxelmwifoebrivsa da kerZo erovnuls
(`ganTleba~, 1918, gv. 50-73).
ras gulisxmobda es reforma?
o aucilebeli iyo yvela tipis skolis gaqarTuleba. gadawyda, peda­
gogTa deficitis gamo, mowyobiliyo moklevadiani sapedagogo kursebi mas­
wavlebelTa momzadebis donis asamaRleblad;
o radgan gaqarTulebul skolas ara hqonda axali saxelmZRvaneloebi
da inventari, saWiro gaxda mudmivmoqmedi organos Seqmna, romelic izruneb­
da saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocemasa da maTi gavrcelebis mowesrigebaze;
o aucilebeli iyo gaqarTulebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Sefaseba, rom
`saxmarad mxolod saukeTesoni moiwonon~;
o seriozuli problema iyo terminologiis siWrele, amitom special­
ur komisias daevala terminebis SemuSaveba;
erovnul sabWosTan arsebul saxalxo ganaTlebis dargSi bevri ram iyo
gasakeTebeli: sayovelTao, savaldebulo, pirveldawyebiTi swavlis Tan­
daTanobiTi SemoReba da ganviTareba; maswavlebelTa Teoriuli da praq­
tikuli momzadeba; saswavlo gegmebisa da programebis Sedgena; sabavS­
vo wignebis gamocema; TvalsaCino xelsawyo nivTebis koleqciaTa SeZena;
skolebis marTva-gamgeblobis saqmis mowesrigeba. aqedan gamomdinare,
Seiqmna komisiebi:
o sabavSvo sagnebis gamomcemeli
o skolisTvis saxelmZRvanelo gegmisa da programis SemmuSavebeli
o arsebul saxelmZRvanelo wignebis gadamTvalierebeli da damfasebeli
o axali saxelmZRvanelo wignebis gamomcemlobis meTvalyure
o saleqcio biuro an maswavlebelTa kursebis momwyobi
_ 306 _
 o saegzameno
o sarekomendacio
o sapremio Jiuri da sxv.
programebis Semdgenel komisiebSi unda Sesuliyvnen fizikis, qimi­
is, ariTmetikis, geometriis, istoriis, geografiis, bunebismetyvelebis,
kanonmdeblobis, politikuri mecnierebisa da buRalteriis specialistebi.
vinaidan gaerovnebuli skolebisTvis momzadebul maswavlebelTa ricxvi
mcire iyo, saswrafod SeimuSaves moklevadiani kursebi, romlebic amuSavda
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi: TbilisSi, TelavSi, xaSurSi, quTaisSi, ze­
stafonSi, foTSi, baTumSi, soxumsa da samurzayanoSi (`ganaTleba~ gv. 9-23).
mniSvnelovan publikaciad unda CaiTvalos ganaTlebis ministris, noe
ramiSvilis moxseneba sayovelTao ganaTlebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rome­
lic Jurnal `ganaTlebaSi~ daibeWda (ganaTleba, 1919, #2-3).
noe ramiSvili ramdenime sakiTxs Seexo:
o rogori unda iyos sayovelTao swavleba?
o ramden xans unda grZeldebodes?
o romeli wlidan unda iyos savaldebulo swavleba?
o vin an rogor axorcielebs da vin xelmZRvanelobs?
o vis uflebas Seadgens masze zrunva?
ministri iqve dasZens, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxi ukve SemuSavebuli aqvs
saministros. igi Tvlis, rom miuxedavad mwiri saxelmwifo xazinisa, sayov­
elTao swavleba unda iyos ufaso. demokratiuli respublikis yoveli mo­
qalaqis Svils unda SeeZlos aseT skolaSi swavla-ganaTlebis miReba. swav­
lis meTodi unda iyos iseTi, romelic pirvel dawyebiT swavlas aaxloebs
dabali specialuri codnis SeZenasTan, e. i. meTodi unda iyos zedmiwevniT
TvalsaCino, sagnobrivi, amerikuli. es niSnavs, rom gansakuTrebuli mniS­
vneloba eZleva da sapatio adgili eTmoba xelgarjilobis swavlebas. igi
unda iyos damxmare saSualeba, rogorc meTodi sazogado ganaTlebis sas­
wavlo saganTa ukeT SesaTviseblad. am mizniT, xelsaqme unda Sevides pir­
veli dawyebiTi skolis sasawavlo sagnebis siaSi.
noe ramiSvili saubrobs samganyofilebian pirveldawyebiT saswavlebel­
ze. sazogadoebis nawili mxars uWers swored am sistemas. Tumca is Tv­
lis, rom 3 weli cotaa damTavrebuli da dasrulebuli codnis misaRebad,
radgan am xnis ganmavlobaSi ymawvili rigian wera-kiTxvasac ver Seiswavlis,
man ki unda Seiswavlos ariTmetika, saqarTvelos istoriis mokle kursi,
bunebismetyvelebis elementaruli safuZvlebi... aseTi codnis misaRebad
ki ramiSvils mizanSewonilad miaCnia oTxganyofilebiani pirveli dawyebiTi
saswavleblebis gaxsna. swored am sistemas emxroba damfuZnebeli krebis
ganaTlebis komisia.
moxsenebaSi erT-erTi saintereso sakiTxia moswavlis asaki. igi ambobs,
rom sxva qveynebis gamocdilebiT, Sesaferisi asakia 7 weliwadi, Tumca, ro­
gorc gamonaklisi, SeiZleba miiRon 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebic.
rac Seexeba imas, Tu vin unda xelmZRvanelobdes saswavlebels, ministri
_ 307 _
Tvlis, rom amis gadawyveta sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebis kompetenciaa. am­
itom misi xelmZRvaneloba da ganxorcieleba im organos unda miendos, ro­
melic imoqmedebs kanonmdeblobiT miRebuli codnis Tanaxmad. igi ambobs,
rom saWiroa 399 axali skolis gaxsna, rac SeuZlebelia 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi
da amisTvis arc Tanxaa, arc maswavlebelTa sakmao ricxvi, arc saskolo
Senobebi. es gegma unda ganxorcieldes momavali 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
sainteresoa aseve noe ramiSvilis mosazreba, Tu ras unda emsaxurebodes
skola da rogori unda iyos misi aRzrdis sistema: `Tanamedrove skolas
erTaderT miznad mxolod codnis gadacema dausaxavs mowafeTaTvis, xolo
codnas am SemTxvevaSi mxolod mexsierebis safuZvelze uxdeba damkvidreba,
amiT aixsneba cudad gagebuli, gadaWarbebuli inteleqtualizmi, romelic
dRevandel Cvens skolas axasiaTebs da romelic am skolis umTavres nak­
lad SeiZleba CaiTvalos (`ganaTleba~8-12). igi dasZens, rom aRzrdis miza­
ni mexsierebisa da codnis farglebSi ar unda iyos momwyvdeuli, aramed
umTavresad adamianis mTliani bunebis momzadebisken unda iyos mimarTu­
li, amitom aucilebelia skolis humanitaruli mimarTulebiT ganviTareba,
romlis miznic iqneba adamianisa da bunebis Seswavla.
ramiSvili udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs skolis TviTmarTvelobis go­
nivruli formebis ganxorcielebas, romlis safuZvelzec gaZlierdeba mos­
wavlis gambedaoba da iniciativis niWi. aseTi gegma did momzadebas moiTx­
ovs da arc erTbaSad SeiZleba misi ganxorcieleba. ganaTlebis saministrom
gaiTvaliswina am gegmis ganxorcielebis aucilebeli saWiroeba da daiwyo
muSaoba. Sedga komisiebi, saministros azriT, dasaxuli gegmis ganxorciele­
ba unda moxdes TandaTanobiT, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi -1919-23 wlebSi.
umniSvnelovanesia debulebebi sayovelTao swavlebis SemoRebis Sesaxe­
bac: sayovelTao swavleba saqarTvelos respublikis yvela moqalaqisTvis
_ orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis _ unda yofiliyo svaldebulo da
ufaso.
amdenad, saxelmwifo skolaSi Sesabamisi asakis moswavleTa swavlis uz­
runvelsayofad axladCamoyalibebulma saqarTvelos respublikam gansa­
kuTrebuli kontroli daawesa. sayovelTao swavlebis organod scno pir­
veldawyebiTi saxalxo oTxwliani kursi, gansazRvra asaki, Seqmna saskolo
qseli, Camoayaliba saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnis principebi. sayovelTao
swavlebis SemoRebis xelmZRvaneloba daevala saxalxo ganaTlebis saminis­
tros, xolo misi praqtikulad ganxorcieleba adgilobriv TviTmarTvelo­
bebs. CaiTvala, rom saxelmwifos saerTo kulturis asamaRleblad, moqa­
laqeTa sakeTildReod, aucilebeli iyo garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba
masebis cnobierebis asamaRleblad. aucileblobad CaiTvala wera-kiTxvis
gavrceleba xalxSi, romlTa asaki 17 wlis zemoT iyo, Sesabamisad, gadawyda
sakvirao skolebis Seqmna ukve arsebul saswavlo dawesebulebebSi. SeiZle­
ba Tamamad vTqvaT, rom es iyo ganaTlebis sistemis mowesrigebis pirveli
seriozuli mcdeloba, romelsac, samwuxarod, ganxorcieleba ar ewera.

_ 308 _
enobrivi politika
enobrivi politikis gatarebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani reformis
mcdelobad unda CaiTvalos:
o qarTuli orTografiis sadao sakiTxebis mosawesrigeblad salit­
eraturo qarTulisaTvis proeqtis SemuSaveba, saorganizacio komisiisa da
saswavlo komitetis Seqmna;
o qarTuli enis swavlebis mosamzadebeli kursebis Seqmna;
o terminologiuri komisiis Seqmna;
o qarTuli mecnieruli enis SemuSaveba;
o enobrivad gamarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnaze zrunva da sxv.

Tu rogori unda yofiliyo saxelmZRvaneloebis ena, amis Sesaxeb Jur­

nal `ganaTlebaSi~ sainteresod msjelobs maswavlebeli gr. lorTqifaniZe:
`yoveli saxelmZRvanelo wigni, romelic emsaxureba ama Tu im mecnierebis
dargis Seswavlas skolaSi, aucileblad awindeli mecnierebis mixedviT,
martivad, advilad gasagebad, TvalsaCinod da mowafis gonebisadmi Zal­
dautaneblad unda iqnes Sedgenili; enac saxelmZRvanelo wignisa usaTu­
od sada, ama Tu im mowafis wlovanebis Sesaferi, wminda, faqizi, mraval
sityvaobas moklebuli, mkafiod azris gamomxatveli da gramatikuladac
swori unda iyos. yoveli cnebis gamomxatveli axali sityva, axali termini
sinamdviliT unda hxatavdes ama Tu im cnebas~. (`ganaTleba~ 1918 w., gv. 66 ).

daiwyo zrunva saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. daiwera proeqti `qarTu­

li orTografiis sadao sakiTxebis mosawesrigeblad, SemuSavebuli saorga­
nizacio komisiis da miRebuli saswavlo komitetis mier~ (masalebi konfer­
enciisaTvis).
saorganizacio komisia daarsda saswavlo komitetis mier. misi Semad­
genloba ki aseTi iyo: akaki SaniZe, korneli kekeliZe, giorgi axvlediani,
vukol beriZe, sergi gorgaZe. komisiaSi zogjer monawileobas iRebda dim­
itri uznaZec. komisiam sistematuri muSaoba daiwyo 1920 wlis 4 aprils
da ukanaskneli sxdoma hqonda 1921 wlis 16 aprils. iyo kritikuli, saint­
ereso, mniSvnelovani samecniero msjelobebi kontrekul sakiTxebze, mag.,
gamocemaSi `saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis~ vkiTxulobT: `SeniSvna: a. San­
iZes axal enaSi saWirod miaCnia xaris xmarebac, xolo s. gorgaZe aucileb­
lad ara sTvlis iotis (i-es) xmarebasac ki Tanamedrove saliteraturo
enaSi~. (`saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, Tfilisi, stamba `saxalxo saqme~,
kaloubnis q. #14, 1921 w., gv. 3)
Sejamebis saxiT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis xanmokle arsebobis manZilze iyo mcdeloba gatarebuliyo seri­
ozuli reformebi ganaTlebis sistemis mosawesrigeblad. qveynis masSta­
biT enobrivi politikis gatarebis TvalsazrisiTac pirveli mniSvnelovani
RonisZiebebi am periodSi daiwyo.

_ 309 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

gamsaxurdia, s. (1975) swavla_ ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: ga­

naTleba
tabiZe, m. (2005) enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da qarTuli enis fun­
qcionirebis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi
saqarTvelos saistorio arqivis masalebi: fondi #300, amonaweri1, #159
saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis, stamba `saxalxo saqme~, Tfilisi, 1921
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, http://ena.ge/explanatory-online

Mariam Manjgaladze
Dr. of Philology, Professor
Caucasus University

Ketevan Instkirveli
Assistant Professor
Caucasus University

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM AND LANGUAGE POLICY IN THE

FIRST DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA
Summary

In 1918-1921 the educationalists of the first Democratic Republic of Georgia had a few-
centuries-old tradition of having particular models of education, which was why necessity
of reforms and of a new language policy came into sharp focus upon declaration of inde-
pendence.
The following measures were taken for enhancing the educational system:
o Orders were issued by the Minister of Education for opening schools, gimnaziums
and mixed primary school for teachers;
o Charter-projects were developed at the educational commitee;
o The first university was founded in the Transaucasus;
o A board for secondary and higher education was established;
o National schools were established, reorganized and given financial support;
o preperatory courses of the Georgian language started;
o The law requiring printed works be submitted to the Ministry of Education was
passed;
o The law on establishing scintific department and central scientific archive of the
Republic of Georgia was passed;
o Special endeavors were used to attract foreign lecturers to Georgia;
o Students got financial support to travel abroad to pursue their education.
_ 310 _
 In respect to language policy the following steps could be considered as serious attempts:
o Along with organizational and educational committees, a special project for devel-
oping literary Georgian was made to settle controversial issues of Georgian orthography;
o Preparatory courses were launched for teaching Georgian language;
o A commission of terminology was set up;
o Georgian scientific language was worked-out;
o Work on textbooks written in good Georgian started, etc.
All points considered the following conclusion can be reached: during the short-lived
First Georgian Democratic Republic serious attempts were made for reforming Georgian
educational system and the first significant steps were taken in language policy.

_ 311 _
 ia Radua
filologiis doqtori
giorgi leoniZis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis
saxelmwifo muzeumis unikalur wignTa fondis kuratori

skolebis `gaerovnebis~ politika pirveli respublikis dros

1917 wels, Tebervlis revoluciisa da Semdgom 1918 wlidan saqarTve­

los damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan skolebis `gaerovnebam~ da sayovel­
Tao savaldebulo swavlebis danergvam Seuqcevadi saxe miiRo.
1918-1919 wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sa­
xa­lxo ganaTlebis saministro, pedagogebis did sazogadoebasTan erTad, aqti­
urad muSaobda sabaziso swavlebis ganaxlebuli modelis SemuSavebaze, erovnu­
li skolis principebis Camoyalibebasa da saskolo administrirebis sakiTxebze.
am droisaTvis gadaidga ZiriTadi, fundamenturi nabijebi: regionuli
skolebis qseli adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs gadaecaT, gafarTovda
saskolo qseli, daiwyo skolebis Senobebis mowyoba da mowesrigeba. magram
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowveva axali saskolo literaturis momzadeba
da danergva gaxda.
ganaTlebis reformis mesveurT kargad esmodaT, Tu ra gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba hqonda skolebis `gaqarTulebas~ (sic: gaerovnebas). miuxedavad
mravali politikuri Tu socialuri problemisa, romelic Tan axlda am
process, pirveli respublikis mTavrobis politika am kuTxiT mizanmimar­
Tuli da Seuqcevadi gaxldaT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `gaerovneba~ ar exeboda mxolod ganaTlebis
sferos. es iyo procesi, romelsac unda moecva mTeli qveyana da romel­
ic iTvaliswinebda erovnuli mimarTulebis, msoflmxedvelobisa da prin­
cipis danergvas ekonomikur, politikur, administraciul Tu kulturul
sferoebSi. magram, amasTanave, maT kargad esmodaT, rom safuZveli amisa
ganaTlebis sistemas unda Seeqmna.
procesi ar dawyebula 1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdgom. sakiTxi skolebis
gaerovnebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos pirvelsave yriloba­
ze daisva, romelic 1917 wlis 19-23 noembers mimdinareobda da romel­
zedac airCies partiebisa da organizaciebis warmomadgenlobiTi organo
_ erovnuli sabWo. yrilobis meore dRes, 20 noembers, sxdomaze dadga
skolebis gaqarTulebis sakiTxi da Seiqmna skolebisa da universitetis
seqcia, romelsac ivane javaxiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. swored am seqcias
daevala skolebis gaqarTulebisa da erovnuli universitetis daarsebis
sakiTxis momzadeba.
yrilobaze miRebulma `gaerovnebis~ gadawyvetilebam marTlac farTo
masStabi miiRo da 7 Tvis Semdeg Sedegi rom TvalsaCino iyo, amas adas­

_ 312 _
turebs ganaTlebis ministris 1918 wlis 1 ivlisis moxseneba `yvela safex­
urisa da xarisxis qarTul skolebSi samSoblo enaze mowyobisa~.
sanam statistikur monacemebs Seexeba, moxsenebaSi ministri saubrobs, Tu
ra gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs qarTul enaze swavlebas da swored am si­
tyvebiT SegviZlia davinaxoT imdroindeli mTavrobis ara mxolod xedva da
damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi, aramed swori midgoma iseTi mgrZnobiare da
rTuli Temisadmi, rogoricaa qveynis siyvaruli da moqalaqeobis SegrZneba.
`umTavresi safuZveli kulturul cxovrebisa enaa. samSoblo ena es is
niadagia, romelzedac aRmocendeba normaluri, kulturuli zrda da gan-
viTareba xalxisa. amitom swavla-ganaTleba xalxisa usaTuod samSoblo
enaze unda iyos mowyobili~.1
amave moxsenebaSi ministri amaxvilebs yuradRebas, rom es procesi ukve
erTi welia dawyebulia da miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebsac miaRwies,
swored axla dgas mTavari etapi da saWiroa, bolomde ganaxorcielon daw­
yebuli saqme. `unda movawyoT erovnuli skola yvela safexurisa da xarisx-
isa, rogorc sazogado ganaTlebisa, ise saprofesio. pirveldawyebiT uma-
Rles skolebSi egreT wodebuli nacionalizacia, sxvagvarad rom vsTqvaT
_ swavleba samSoblo enaze savsebiT ganxorcielebulia dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi da mxolod pirvel klasSi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi~.2
1918 wlis 25 ivlisis `saqarTvelos respublikaSi~ ibeWdeba kanonpro­
eqti saxalxo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. imave wlis 20 agvistos ganaTlebis min­
istri mTavrobis winaSe gamodis moxsenebiT, romelSic aRniSnavs, rom yve­
la qve­yanas esaWiroeba, Tavisi pirobebis mixedviT Seqmnas swavla-aRzrdis
sistema, romelic dRes saqarTvelos ar gaaCnia da swored amitom unda
Seicvalos arsebuli sistema. ministri mTavar dabrkolebad miiCnevs im
faqts, rom swavlebis enad rusulia SemoRebuli da Tvlis, rom es ukuRm­
arTobaa da dauyovnebliv unda aRmoifxvras.3
am problemis gadasawyvetad ministri 2 gzas warmoaCens: 1. dauyovnebliv
SemoiRon moTxovna, rom qarTveli moqalaqeebis SvilebisTvis swavlebis ena
aucileblad qarTuli unda iyos da 2. erovnuli umciresobis moqalaqeTa
Svilebsac unda hqondeT saSualeba, ganaTleba sakuTar enaze miiRon.
ministrs kargad esmoda, rom es advilad gansaxorcielebeli ar iyo
skolebis erovnuli siWrelis gamo. magram mas hqonda idea, daxuruliyo
yvela saswavlebeli da Semdeg Seqniliyo sxvadasxva erovnebisTvis gankuT­
vnili saswavleblebi, romlebSic gadanawildebodnen gauqmebuli skolis
moswavleebi.4
saistorio centraluri arqivis pirveli respublikis ganaTlebis fondSi
daculia `debulebani sayovelTao swavlebis Sesaxeb~ (pirveli damfuZnebe­

1 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #58, 1r.
2 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #58, 1r-v.
3 WumburiZe dodo, ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2000, gv. 9
4 WumburiZe dodo, ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2000, gv. 10

_ 313 _
li krebis dadgenileba), romelSic miTiTebulia, rom swavla savaldebuloa
saqarTvelos respublikis yvela moqalaqeTa SvilebisTvis; pirveldawyebi­
Ti saxalxo skola 4-wliani kursiTaa; skolebs xelmZRvanelobas uwevs sax­
alxo ganaTlebis saministro, praqtikulad adgilze asruleben adgilo­
brivi TviTmmarTveloba: eroba da qalaqebi.5
ganaTlebis reformis gamtareblebs kargad esmodaT, rom gaerovneba
sakmaod rTuli procesi iyo. Sesabamisad, mwvavedac akritikebdnen _ pro­
cessac, saxelmZRvaneloebsac, maswavleblebis cvlilebebsac. ganaTlebis
ministri 1918 wlis 1 ivlisis moxsenebaSi amazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas:
`savaldebulo iqneba samSoblo enaze swavleba. amgvari reforma mozardi
TaobisaTvis did siZneles warmoadgens da SeiZleba migviTiTon `pedagogi-
ur TandaTanobaze~... SeuZlebelia Cveni viTom da pedagogiur TandaTano-
bis dacvisTvis gadagvarebis politikas SemdegSiac vemsaxuroT.~6 rogorc
Cans, swavlebis mTlianad qarTul enaze gadasvlis sakiTxi imdroindeli
mTavrobisTvis mxolod socialuri saxis reformas ar warmoadgenda. es iyo
umniSvnelovanesi erovnuli sakiTxi, romelic erovnuli msoflmxedvelo­
bis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofda. es marTlac sworad
esmodaT pirveli respublikis mTavrobis wevrebs.
skolebis gaerovnebis sakiTxSi 2 umTavresi problema idga _ 1. Sesabamisi
programis SemuSavebisa da 2. am programis sworad swavlebis, anu maswavle­
belTa kadrebis.7
Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT 1918 wlis saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris
brZanebebs, umravlesoba Seexeba gaerovnebis safuZvelze maswavlebelTa
gaTavisuflebas. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT saxalxo ganaTlebis ministris,
giorgi lasxiSvilis, ramdenime brZanebas:
28 agvistos brZaneba #31: `Statis gareSe rCebian: 1. tfilisis vaJ-
Ta meore gimnaziis direqtori nikoloz nikolozis Ze uspenski gimzaniis
gaerovnebis gamo mimdinare wlis 1 seqtembridan; 2. tfilisis vaJTa mexuTe
gimnaziis inspeqtori aleqsandre ivanis Ze kompaneci gimnaziis gaerovnebis
gamo mimdinare wlis 1 seqtembridan~.8
31 agvistos brZaneba #36: `Stats gareSe rCeba: yofil amierkavkasiis
saostato seminariis direqtori smirnovi saswavleblis gaerovnebis gamo
mimdinare wlis 1 seqtembridan. iniSneba maswavlebeli kirile arvelaZe go-
ris (yofil amierkavkasiis) saostato seminariis direqtoris movaleobis
aRmasruleblad mimdinare wlis 1 seqtembridan~.9
5 saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #4, 17r.
6 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #58, 2r.
7 ramdenadac mtkivneuli ar unda iyos, es problema dResac dgas Cveni ganaTlebis sistemis wi­
naSe.
8 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #14,
54r-v.
9 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #14,
59r.

_ 314 _
 marTalia, es cvlileba aucilebeli iyo da rogorc vxedavT, qarTve­
li maswavleblebi iniSnebian yvelgan, magram problemas warmoadgenda ukve
maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba. maT xom, faqtobrivad, manamde ar
hqondaT qarTul enaze swavlebis gamocdileba. ganaTlebis ministri Tavis
1918 wlis 1 ivlisis moxsenebaSi amazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `skolis
gaerovnebis saqmeSi erT umTavres problemas warmoadgens maswavlebelTa
SedarebiT moumzadebloba qarTuli enis mxriT. qarTveli maswavlebeli ar
aris imdenaT momzadebuli da daxelovnebuli, rom qarTul enaze swavle-
ba advilad awarmovos. dRemdis mas uxdeboda mxolod rusul enaze swav-
leba. am dabrkolebas advilad davZlevT, Tuki movawyobT qarTul enaze
kursebs.~10 iqve asaxelebs kursebze Sesaswavl sagnebsac:
`am kursebze Semdegi sagnebi iqneba wakiTxuli:
a) psixologia da logika (20 s.)
b) pedagogika da pedagogiur moZRvrebaTa istoria (20 s.)
g) enaTmecnierebis Sesavali (20 s.)
d) qarTuli enis gramatika (15 s.)
e) qarTuli literaturis da gramatikis meTodika (15 s.)
v) qarTli literatura Zveli droidan me-19 saukunemde (50 s.)
z) msoflio literaturis mokle istoria (20 s.)
T) me-19 saukunis ruseTis literatura (10 s.)
i) maTematika (45 s.)
k) fizika (metodikiT) (15 s.)
l) bunebis metyveleba:
botanika (15 s.)
zoologia (15 s.)
mineralogia da geologia (15 s.)
qimia (15 s.)
m) sazogado geografia (20 s.)
n) kavkasiis da saqarTvelos geografia (20 s.)
o) saqarTvelos istoria (30 s.)
p) msoflio istoria (45 s.).~11
g. lasxiSvili aqve aRniSnavs, rom kursebi ufasoa da iTvaliswinebs bi­
nis, kvebis xarjebsac. is iTxovs, rom mTavrobam kursebisTvis biujetidan
gaiTvaliswinos 150.000 maneTi.12
amave moxsenebaSi ministri yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtzec, rom
SemuSavdeba terminologia ama Tu im dargisa; es marTlac mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia, romelsac, vityodi, dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba da dResac
mwvave problemad dgas.
gaerovnebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda humanita­

10 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #58, 2r.
11 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #58, 3r.
12 saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #58, 3v.

_ 315 _
ruli specialobis saskolo programebs. kerZod, qarTuli enisa da lit­
eraturis, saqarTvelos istoriisa da geografiis swavlebas rogorc qar­
Tulenovani, ise araqarTuli skolebisTvis. es sagnebi savaldebulo iyo
orive tipis skolisTvis.
dReisaTvis Cven gvainteresebs qarTuli enisa da literaturis pro­
grama. sruli suraTisTvis gTavazobT 1918-1919 wlis saswavlo wlisTvis
mSobliuri enisa da literaturis programa klasebis mixedviT:13

`I klasi:
gramatika: arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, na­
cvalsaxeli da zmna. weriTi varjiSoba _ ganvlili leqsebis zepirad wera,
mokle Sinaarsebi;

II klasi:
saliteraturo masala iTvaliswinebs: xalxuri leqsebi, Sio dedabriS­
vilis moTxrobebi, rafiel erisTavis leqsebi, akakis leqsebi (maT Soris
`xarabuza da futkari~) da sxv.
sazogado SeniSvna: saliteraturo masalis gavlis dros umTavresi yur­
adReba miqceuli eqneba garkveviT kiTxvas, Zneli sityvebis Tu frazebis
axsna-ganmartebas da bavSvebis sazogado msofl-mxedvelobis gafarToebis,
agreTve deklamaciebisa da gansakuTrebiT wminda saliteraturi enis SeT­
visebas.
saliteraturo masala orive klasisTvis amoRebul iqneba `bunebis kari­
dan~, xolo TviT maswavlebeli ixelmZRvanelebs s. xundaZis gramatikiT.

III klasi:
saliteraturi masala gaTvaliswinebulia: gomelauri, qarTveli mwer­
lebi, nawili I. maT Soris: vaJas `bunebis mgosnebi~, akakis `ganTiadi~, ilias
`Cemo kargo qveyanav~, `ramdenime epizodi kako yaCaRis cxovrebidan~ (zogi
adgili zepirad), baraTaSvilis `bedi qarTlisa~, daviT kldiaSvilis `sol­
omon morbelaZe~.
gramatika: rTuli winadadeba da misi Semadgenloba.

IV klasi
saliteraturi masala gaTvaliswinebulia: gomelauri, qarTveli mwer­
lebi, nawili II. maT Soris: ilias `kacia-adamiani?!~, `vladikavkazidan Tbil­
isamde~, `poeti~, akakis `poeti~, `Tornike erisTavi~, baraTaSvilis `merani~,
`suli oboli~. cnobani `sityvierebis Teoriidan~ _ stilistikis sakiTxebi.

13 qarTuli enisa da literaturis programis TxzulebaTa CamonaTvali sakmaod vrcelia. amitom

gTavazobT SemoklebiT. dokumenti daculia: saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio cen­
traluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #80, 1r_6v.

_ 316 _
 V klasi
zepirsityviereba _ xalxuri lirika da misi Tvisebebi, dResaswaulebi,
umTavresi gmirebi istoriuli leqsebisa.
anbani da misi istoria. mwerlobis centrebi _ palestina, sina, antio­
qia, bizantia, tao-klarjeTi. Targmanebi _ eqvTime mTawmindeli, giorgi
mTawmindeli, arsen iyalToeli. originaluri mwerloba _ iakob xucesis,
iovane sabanisZisa da giorgi merCules Txzulebebi, `wminda ioanesa da efT­
vimes cxovreba~, `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba~, arsen kaTalikosi da misi
`Sromani~, ioane berai da misi Tanamzraxvelni Satberdis krebulis Seqmna­
Si. sasuliero poezia _ miqael modrekili, stefane da ioane tbevari, ezra,
minCxi, qonqozaisZe.

VI klasi
`oqros xana~, sasuliero mwerlebi am xanaSi. daviT aRmaSenebeli. ni­
koloz kaTalikosi [gulaberisZe] da misi `sveticxovlis ` istoria. saero
poezia _ mose xoneli, sargis Tmogveli, ioane SavTeli, CaxruxaZe.
`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis Tavgadasavali, dro SoTasi, xasiaTi `vefx­
istyaosnisa~, poeturi da istoriuli mxare...
daqveiTebis (XIII-XVI s.s.) xana; aRorZinebis xana (XVII-XIX s.s.) _ anton I,
gaioz mTavarepiskoposi, nikoloz Tbileli, besarion orbeliania, vaxtang
VI, vaxuSti batoniSvili.
saero literatura _ Teimuraz I, arCili, daviT guramiSvili.
XIX-XX saukuneebis literatura: Sesavali, mokle istoria saqarTvelos
rusTTan SeerTebisa da am ukanasknelis mniSvneloba qarTul socialur
cxovrebaSi da mecniereba-xelovnebaSi.
gardamavali xana; evropis gavlenis dasawyisi da poeziis sazogado kalo
_ romantikuli. aleqsandre WavWavaZe, nikoloz baraTaSvili, grigol or­
beliani.
realizmi _ giorgi erisTavi (`SeSlili~, `gayra~, `dava~); daniel WonqaZis
`suramis cixe~, lavrenti ardazianis `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~.

VII klasi
`me-6 klasis masala me-7 klasis pirvel naxevarSi cota SemoklebiT,
radgan CamorCenulia da meti dro ara aqvs.14
wlis meore naxevarSi: ilias, akakis, vaJas, aleqsandre yazbegis, daviT
kldiaSvilis, niko lomourisa da ekaterine gabaSvilis Txzulebebi.~

amave dokumentSi gvxvdeba rusulenovani skolebisTvis qarTuli eni­

sa programa (4r-v); quTaisis realuri saswavleblis ufros mosamzadebel
ganyofilebis saswavlo programa (5r) da programa umcrosi mosamzadebeli
klasisTvis (5v-6r).
14 rogorc Cans, me-6 klasisTvis es masala vrceli aRmoCnda da is gadadioda meSvide klasSic.
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935, aR. 1, saqme #80, 4r.

_ 317 _
 garda programebisa, skolebis gaerovnebis procesis farglebSi SemuSa­
vda saxelmZRvaneloebi, saymawvilo literatura da terminologia. am pro­
cess kurirebda ganaTlebis saministrosTan arsebuli saswavlo komiteti,
romlis Tavmjdomarec gaxldaT ivane javaxiSvili, mdivani _ mixeil zan­
dukeli.
sakiTxavi literaturis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRvniSnoT say­
mawvilo Jurnal `nakadulTan~ daarsebuli wre, romelsac unda gamoeca
saymawvilo literatura. wres xelmZRvanelobda Jurnalis redaqtori nino
nakaSiZe. gamoicemoda rogorc qarTuli, ise ucxouri literatura qarTul
enaze _ klasika, msoflio folkloris, zRaprebis, arakebis saukeTeso ni­
muSebi. bunebrivia, es Zalian kargi wyaro iyo imdroindeli skolebisTvis.
unda aRiniSnos, rom programebisa Tu saxlemZRvaneloebis Sedgenas
umtkivneuld ar Cauvlia da avtorebi Tu reformis gamtareblebi xSirad
gamxdaran kritikis obieqti, magram amas ar SeuSlia xeli, rom nayofierad
gaegrZelebinaT muSaoba. magaliTisTvis isic kmara, rom ganaTlebis saminis­
tros dadgenilebis mixedviT, premiiT jildovdeboda axali da saukeTeso
saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebi. amiT mTavroba motivacias aZlevda avtoreb­
sac da xels uwyobda qarTuli skolebisTvis xarisxiani saxelmZRvaneloebis
Seqmnas. swored amitom werda 1920 wlis gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~:
`imdenad momwifebuli gamodga ideurad gaerovnebis saqme, rom qaRaldis
zRaprulma siZvirem odnavadac ver Seaferxa igi da Cveni wignis maRaziebi
saxelmZRvaneloebiT aris savse~.15
Tuki SevajamebT pirveli respublikis saqmianobas skolebis `gaerovnebis~
sakiTxSi, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es iyo aucilebeli da progresu­
li nabiji Cveni qveynis ganviTarebisTvis. vinaidan is ar iTvaliswinebda
mxolod ganaTlebis sistemis reorganizacias. gaerovneba, nacionalizacia
skolebisa iyo safuZveli pirovnebis aRzrdisa erovnuli msoflmxedvelo­
biTa da moqalaqeobrivi SegnebiT. saswavlo programebi, saxelmZRvaneloe­
bi Tu mTavrobis principuli, Seuqcevadi nabijebi erTianobaSi cxadyofs,
ramxela mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen isini gaerovnebis process. saukunis ga­
dasaxedidan ki Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es iyo saukeTeso nabiji, rome­
lic, samwuxarod, ver aRsrulda obieqturi mizezebis gamo.
rac mTavaria, ganaTlebis problema dResac sakmaod mwvaved dgas Cvens
qveyanaSi da kargi iqneba, Tuki safuZvlianad SeviswavliT, gavaanalizebT
pirveli respublikis mTvarobis qmedebebs am kuTxiT. SeiZleba, enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT ar sWirdeba Cvens skolebs `gaerovneba~, magram mentalu­
ri TvalsazrisiT namdvilad gvesaWiroeba, radgan Tuki maT asi wlis win
carizmis politikis Sedegebisgan gaTavisufleba uwevdaT, Cven asi wlis
Semdeg bolSevikur-komunisturi cnobierebisgan gaTavisufleba da am mx­
riv `gaerovneba~ namdvilad gvWirdeba.

15 WumburiZe dodo, ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2000, gv. 61

_ 318 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:

WumburiZe dodo, ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000

saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 1
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 4
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 14
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 26
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 28
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 29
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 58
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, saistorio centraluri arqivi, fondi 1935,
aR. 1, saqme # 80

Ia Ghadua
Doctor of Philology, Curator of the Fund of Unique Books
of the Giorgi Leonidze State Museum of Georgian Literature

`NATIONALIZING~ POLICIES OF SCHOOLS DURING THE FIRST REPUBLIC

Summary

In 1917, the `nationalization~ of schools and introduction of universal compulsory

studies became irreversible after the February Revolution, and then after 1918.
During 1918-1919, the Ministry of Education of the Democratic Republic of Georgia
together with the teachers of the great community were working on the development
of the revised model of the basic studies, as well as determining the principles of na-
tional school and considering issues of school administration.
Basic, fundamental steps were taken at this time: the network of regional schools
was handed over to local self-governments, the school network was expanded, renova-
tion and arrangement of school buildings were launched. Yet, the most significant chal-
lenge was to prepare and introduce new school literature. Particular importance was
given to both curricula and textbooks as well as home reading materials; their purpose
was to enhance the student’s world view and promote national spirit.
The report focuses on the issues regarding processing of humanitarian school text-
books during the First Republic of Georgia (Georgian Language and Literature, History,
Geography), as well as the approaches on which the learning process was based.
_ 319 _
 nino popiaSvili
filologiis doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika (1918-1921) da

erovnuli umciresobebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebi 1

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis SeqmnisTanave (1918 w.) dai­

wyo sakanonmdeblo saqmianobac. mravali mniSvnelovani sakiTxi da norma
regulirdeboda saqarTvelos pirveli parlamentis mier miRebuli kano­
niT. erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris, ganaTlebis,
erovnuli umciresobebis enebis dacvis sakiTxebis normirebisaTvis gamoica
ramdenime dadgenileba. aRniSnuli sakiTxi Sesulia saqarTvelos damou­
kideblobis aqtSic:
`saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, 1917 wels, noembris 22-s arCeuli saqa-
rTvelos erovnul yrilobis mier, dRes acxadebs:
7) damfuZnebeli krebis Sekrebamde mTeli saqarTvelos marTva-gamge-
obis saqmes uZRveba erovnuli sabWo, romelic Sevsebuli iqneba erovnul
umciresobaTa warmo madgenlebiT, da droebiTi mTavroba, romelic pasux-
ismgebelia sabWos winaSe~.
(saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, 1918 w.)
1918 wlis 1 oqtombers saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis parlamentma
miiRo kanoni `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena~, romelic gansazRvravs saqa­
rTvelos saxelmwifo enis statuss. mniSvnelovania agreTve aRiniSnos, rom
imave wlis 15 oqtombers saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentSi `wesi enis
xmarebisa~, Sevida damateba da parlamentSi saxelmwifo enasTan erTad gani­
sazRvra erovnuli enebis gamoyenebis pirobebi da procedurebi. kerZod,
erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgeneli saqarTvelos parlamentis wevre­
bisaTvis daSvebuli iyo TavianT mSobliur enaze warmoeTqvaT sityva, Tu
saTanadod ver flobdnen saxelmwifo enas da aseve, Tu parlamentis kidev
erT wevrs mainc SeeZlo im enaze saubari. aseve, reglamentis mixedviT, am
sityvis Sinaarsi unda Targmniliyo qarTul enaze, Tu minimum 15 deputati
moiTxovda.
mniSvnelovania agreTve 1919 wlis 14 ianvars miRebuli kanoni `adgilo­
briv TviTmmarTvelobaTa organoebSi enis xmarebisa~, sadac gansazRvruli
iyo, rom im regionebSi, sadac mcxovrebTa naxevarze meti saubrobs araqa­
rTul adgilobriv enaze, TviTmmarTvelobis dadgenilebiT, SesaZlebelia
saqmis warmoeba qarTulTan erTad sxva enazec yofiliyo SemoRebuli.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi­
saTvis saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis dros arsebobda yvela piroba,
1 aRniSnuli kvleva ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri
mxardaWeriT (grantis nomeri PhD_F_17_175). proeqtis saxelwodeba: afxazuri da osuri enebis
swavleba: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba.

_ 320 _
rom maT TavianTi mSobliuri ena SeenarCunebinaT da mieRoT rogorc pir­
veldawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba, aseve, umaRlesi ganaTleba. am mxriv
mnivnelovania afxazebisa da osebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, maT Soris, afx­
azuri da osuri enebis swavlebisaTvis ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba. saqa­
rTvelos pirveli respublikis daarsebisas ukve arsebobda afxazuri da
osuri mosaxelobisaTvis saanbano da saskolo ganaTlebis tradicia, rome­
lic SemdgomSic gagrZelda, Tumca axali aspeqtebic SeiZina.
sakiTxis istoriisaTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
afxazebisa da osebisaTvis mecxramete saukunidan iwyeba sxvadasxva tipis
saganmanaTleblo keris Seqmna. aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelo ruseTis im­
periis SemadgenlobaSia. Sesabamisad, ruseTis imperia dainteresebuli iyo,
erTi mxriv, swavla-ganaTlebis kerebis daarsebaT, xolo meore mxriv, mo­
saxleobaSi rusuli enis popularizaciiT, maT Soris, rusuli enis codnis
uzrunvelyofiTa da saqmiswarmoebiTi da yvela sxva tipis werilobiTi ko­
munikaciis rusul enaze warmarTviT. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, ger­
orievskis traqtatisa da 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestis Semdeg, ruseTi
ukve mtkiced ikidebs fexs saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi. t. ruxaZe, 1937
wels gamocemul kvlevaSi `saero ganaTleba saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi~, aRniSnavs, rom mefis ruseTis Semosvlas saqarTvelosa da
amierkavkasiaSi Sesabamisi politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebi hqonda, maT
Soris, kavkasiis nedleulis mopoveba da axlo aRmosavleTisken gzis gaxna.
`mefis ruseTis xelisuflebas aRniSnuli miznebis ganxorcieleba mxolod
Tavisi moxeleebisa da jaris meSveobiT (Tu adgilobrivi dasayrdeni Zala ar
eyoleboda) metad gauZneldeboda. amitom yvelaze adre man es Zala, mcire
nawilis gamoklebiT, qarTvel Tavad-aznaurobaSi hpova. magram rusuli enis
ucodinari, rusul kanonebs SeuCveveli, biurokratiuli marTva-gamgeobi­
saTvis ucxo, rusulad `gaunaTlebeli~ feodalur-partikularul tenden­
ciebis mqone qarTveli Tavadaznauroba mefis mTavrobisaTvis yvelaferSi
gamosadegi ar iqneboda. es garemoeba gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda mefis ruse­
Tis xelisuflebas saqarTveloSi gabatonebis pirvelsave wlebidan. rusuli
skola mTavari iaraRi iqneboda, romelic mTavrobas axlo momavalSi axali
marTva-gamgeobisaTvis Sesafer kadrsac miscemda... da mWidro urTierTobis
damyarebasa da TanamSromlobas Seuwyobda xels~ (xundaZe 1937, gv. 74).
ruseTis imperiaSi ganaTlebis sakiTxebis mimarT arsebobda orgvari
midgoma: regionaluri da centristuli (kambalovi 2007). regionaluri
politikis mixedviT, saWiro iyo ruseTis imperiaSi Semaval regionebze
adgilobrivi saWiroebebidan gamomdinare zrunva, maT Soris, ganaTlebis
sakiTxebis regionisaTvis Sesabamisad warmarTva, adgilobrivi mosaxleo­
bis interesebis gaTvaliswineba, maT mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis kerebis
daarseba da sxv. centristuli midgomis mixedviT, yvelaferi unda Ses­
rulebuliyo ruseTis centraluri interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT So­
ris, ganaTlebis sakiTxebSic, unda danergiliyo rusulenovani ganaTleba
da xelSewyobac mxolod rusulenovan ganaTlebas unda hqonoda.
_ 321 _
 aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom ruseTis imperiaSi gansakuTrebuli da­
kvirvebis qveS iyo kavkasia da kavkasieli xalxebi. saqarTvelos demokra­
tiuli respublikis pirveli ganaTlebis ministri, giorgi lasxiSvili
(1866-1931), Tavis memuarebSi, romelic 1885-1915 wlebs exeba, aRniSnavs:
`kavkasiis biurokratias Cveulebad da kanonad hqonda romelime kavkasiel
eris niSanSi amoReba da imisi gansakuTrebiTi devna-Seviwroeba. pirvelma
mTavar-marTebelma dondukov-korsakovma gansakuTrebiT qarTveloba miiC­
nia imperiisaTvis saSiS elementad da gansakuTrebiT qarTvel ers dauwyo
devna. qarTuli ena, qarTuli skola, eklesia, qarTuli sazogadoebrivoba
aTvalwunebuli iyo da ganicdida gansakuTrebuls devnas. ianovski, samos­
wavlo oqlis mmarTveli mZvinvarebda skolaSi, egzarxosebi eklesiaSi da,
bolos, mefis jalaTebma awames da bolos daqiravebulis mkvlelebiT si­
cocxle mouspes gamoCenil qarTvel moRvawes _ dimitri yifians, _ romel­
mac gahbeda da xma amoiRo biurokratiis am Tavgasulobisa da Zalmomreo­
bis winaaRmdeg. im xanaSi biurokratia kavkasiis danarCen erebs _ somxebsa
da TaTrebs TiTqos efereboda da, SedarebiT nakleb Seviwroebas ayenebda,
raTa amgvarad izolaciaSi moemwyvdia qarTveli eri da Tavisuflad, xe­
lSeuSlelad ewarmoebina mis winaaRmdeg gamanadgurebeli politika. 90-
iani wlebis dasasruls, piriqiT, jeri midga somxebze. exla somxoba iqnen
aRiarebuli imperiisTvis metad saSiS elementad da kavkasiis biurokratiam
somxebze miitana mZlavri ieriSi~.
afxazuri enis swavlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania Semde­
gi: mecxramete saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ramdenime sofelSi SemoRebuli
yofila swavleba afxazur enaze: `1866 wels ramdenime afxazuri soflis
samrevlo skolebSi SemoRebul iqna swavleba afxazur enaze, rac ueWve­
lad dadebiTi faqti iyo, magram 1884 wels `kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebluri
qristianobis aRmdgenma sazogadoebam~ saerTod akrZala swavleba afxaz­
ur enaze da arsebul samrevlo skolebSi SemoiRo swavleba rusul enaze~
(gvancelaZe 2010) meoce saukunis dasawyisidan qarTveli da afxazi sazoga­
do moRvaweebis xelSewyobiTa da urTierTTanamSromlobiT daiwyo afxaz­
urenovani saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna. rogorc aRniSnulia, erT-erTi pir­
veli aseTi saxelmZRvanelo iyo iakob gogebaSvilis pedagogiuri xedvebiTa
da meTodebis gaziarebiT SemuSavebuli wigni `afxazuri anbani~, romelic
1909 wels gamoica. am wignSi afxazur enaze Seqmnil sabavSvo teqstebTan
erTad Setanili iyo iakob gogebaSvilis rusuli enis saxelmZRvanelodan
`Русское слово~, Targmnili ramdenime moTxroba.
osTa ganaTlebis sakiTxebze msjelobisas xazgasasmelia is garemoeba,
rom osebi cxovroben kavkasiis rogorc CrdiloeTiT (ruseTis federa­
ciaSi Semavali dRevandeli CrdiloeT oseTis respublika alania), aseve
samxreTiT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze (yofili samxreT oseTis avtono­
miuri olqi). mecxramete saukuneSi orive nawili ruseTis imperiis Semad­
genlobaSi iyo, Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom miuxedavad ruseTis imperiis
centralizebuli mmarTvelobisa imperiis teritoriaze, saqarTveloSi gan­
_ 322 _
viTarebulma movlenebma, maT Soris, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga­
doebis saganmanaTleblo saqmianobam, Tavisi kvali daaCnia osTa ganaTlebis
sakiTxs, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze. aRniSnul­
Tan kavSirSi mniSvnelovania agreTve is faqti, 1743 wels daarsda osuri
sasuliero komisia mozdokSi, romelmac 1814 wels TbilisSi gadmoinacv­
la. sasuliero komisiaSi Sediodnen qarTveli sasuliero pirebic. komi­
siis mTavari mizani iyo adgilobrivi sasuliero kadrebis momzadeba. 1864
wlidan 1990 wlamde samxreT oseTSi funqcionirebda 24 skola. sasulie­
ro skolebis gverdiT ixsneboda saero, e. w. saministro skolebi. pirveli
aseTi skola cxinvalSi 1881 wels gaixsna. 1915 wels ki 20 saero skola
iyo. osTa ganaTlebis sakiTxebs yuradRebas aqcevda ilia WavWavaZis gazeTi
`iveria~, aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom osuri enis swavlebis sakiTxebs gansa­
kuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tbilisis universitetis damaarsebeli,
akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili. `ivane javaxiSvilma 1917 wlis 12 maiss uni­
versitetis dasaarseblad gamarTul sxdomaze universitetis erT-erT pri­
oritetad daisaxa kvkasiis xalxTa enebis, kulturis, zepirsityvierebisa
da zne-CveulebaTa Seswavla~ (bepievi 2017, gv. 65). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
1918 wlis 2 maiss gamarTul Tbilisis universitetis profesorTa sabWoze
ivane javaxiSvilis iniciativiT dawesda osuri enis swavleba da aRniSnu­
lis Sesruleba daevala imJamad profesoris moadgiles, SemdgomSi cnobil
enaTmecniers, akademikos giorgi axvledians.
saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis deputatebis 1918 wlis 13 ivlisis
gadawyvetilebiT, unda daCqarebuliyo saqarTvelos konstituciis proeq­
tze muSaoba. Seiqmna specialuri sakonstitucio komisia da konstituciis
calkeuli Tavebi ganawilda komisiis wevrebs Soris. magaliTad, p. sayva­
reliZes daevala SeemuSavebina Semdegi sakiTxebi: sazogado debulebani,
saxelmwifo teritoria, moqalaqeTa uflebani; s. dadians _ erovnuli um­
ciresobebis uflebani; r. arseniZes _ sakanonmdeblo organo; i. CerqeziS­
vils _ korporaciuli ufleba; k. mayaSvils _ samosamarTlo mmarTveloba
da sxv. `1920 wlis gazafxulze sakonstitucio komisiam gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba dauTmo erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis Sesaxeb specialuri
Tavis SemuSavebas da amas sakmao dro moandoma~ (macaberiZe 2013, gv. 27)
ganaTlebis sakiTxebze msjelobisas saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis deputatebs Soris arsebobda azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, maT Soris,
pedagogebisa da profesorebis saparlamento da politikur saqmianobas­
Tan SeTavsebis sakiTxebze. kerZod, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi samsaxuri
SeuTavseblad CaiTvala pedagogebis saqmianobasTan. deputati giorgi gva­
zava aRniSnavda, rom profesorebis saqmianoba saqarTvelosTvis SesaZloa
ufro sasargeblo yofiliyo, vidre maTi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi sam­
saxuri: `imitom, rom swored profesorebi SeiZleba, CvenTvis ufro saWironi
arian, gonebiT, WkuiT, ganaTlebiT brwyinvaleni arian, da profesorebi,
rasakvirvelia, Zalian sasurvelia, rom darCnen~ (sdk, st. angariSebi, 1919,
gv. 16). Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevroba saxelmwifo
_ 323 _
dawesebulebebSi samsaxurTan SeuTavsebeli iyo garkveuli Tanamdebobebis
dasakaveblad. umaRlesi skolis profesorebi, privatdocentebi, reqtore­
bi erTgvar gamonakliss Seadgendnen, Tumca `mogvianebiT, ukve 1920 wels
sakonstitucio komisiis mier gamocemuli konstituciis proeqtis 58-e
muxli afarToebs im Tanamdebobis pirTa nusxas, romlis dakavebis ufleba
hqonda deputats. proeqtis am muxlis mixedviT, parlamentis wevrs ufleba
eZleoda daekavebina mTavrobis wevris, saxelmwifo kontrolioris, minis­
tris moadgilis an adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis xmosnis Tanamdebobebi. aq
Cans saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis 1919 wlis 4 aprilis debulebis 1-i
punqtis `SeniSvnis~ gavlena, Tumca am debulebisagan gansxvavebiT, konsti­
tuciis proeqtis 58-e muxli gamonakliss ar uSvebs saxelmwifo kontro­
lioris moadgileebis, umaRlesi skolis profesorebis, privatdocentebis
da reqtorebis, aseve saxalxo gvardiis mTavari Stabis ufrosebze. proeq­
tiT deputats ekrZaleboda zemoT CamoTvlili Tanamdebobebis dakaveba.
Tu gadavxedavT dasavleT evropis konstituciaTa umravlesobas, daculia
SeuTavseblobis principi~ (qanTaria 2012, gv. 199).
erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis, aseve, ganaTlebis sakiTxebTan da­
kavSirebiT, ramdenimeTviani muSaoba asaxulia saqarTvelos konstituci­
aSi. masSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ufaso dawyebi­
Ti ganaTleba (muxli 110) da sxv. `saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis
SemuSavebis dros umniSvnelovanes amocanad miCneuli iyo erovnul um­
ciresobaTa konstituciuri uflebebisa da garantiebis Camoyalibeba.
erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebi konstituciis me-14 TavSi aisaxa. yvela
eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenels sakuTar enaze swavlisa da ganvi­
Tarebis ufleba eZleoda, iseve rogorc sakuTari TviTmmarTvelobebisa
da kavSirebis daarsebis SesaZlebloba. TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad, maT
Soris aRniSnuli kavSirebis saSualebiT, isini uflebamosili iyvnen, sa­
samarTlosaTvis miemarTaT (papuaSvili 2013, gv. 15)~
sakonstitucio muSaoba daCqarebul reJimSi, saomar pirobebSi mimdin­
areobda. arsebobda safrTxe, rom konstituciis bolomde SemuSaveba da
miReba Seferxdeboda Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo. wiTeli armi­
is Tavdasxmis pirobebSi damfuZnebelTa krebis sxdoma baTumSi gaimarTa.
saqarTvelos damfuZnebelTa krebam 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitucia
erTxmad miiRo. rogorc aRniSnaven, konstituciis miRebas saxalxo zeimi ar
mohyolia, zarbaznebis xma ukve baTumSic ismoda.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciaSi srulad aisaxa
is xedvebi da ZiriTadi tendenciebi, rac saqarTvelos pirveli respubli­
kis deputatebsa da mTavrobas hqonda erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis,
aseve, erovnuli umciresobebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebis, maTi kulturis Se­
narCunebis, erovnuli umciresobebis enebis SenarCunebis, swavlebisa da am
enebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. konstituciis meToTxmete Tavi mTlianad exeba
erovnul umciresobebs da gansazRvravs im ZiriTad ufleba-movaleobeb­
sa da valdebulebebs, rac saxelmwifos gaaCnia qveynis moqalaqe erovnu­
_ 324 _
li umciresobebis mimarT. meToTxmete Tavis pirvelive muxlSi (muxli
129) gansazRvrulia erovnuli umciresobebis ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, maT
Soris, maT mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxi: `muxli
129. ar SeiZleba SeizRudos saqarTvelos respublikis romelime erovnuli
umciresobis Tavisufali social-ekonomiuri da kulturuli ganviTare­
ba, gansakuTrebiT misi deda-eniT swavla-aRzrda da erovnul-kulturul
saqmeTa Sinauri marTva-gamgeoba. yvelas aqvs ufleba sweros, hbeWdos da
ilaparakos deda-enaze~ (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921
wlis konstitucia, 2013). aRniSnuli Canaweri konstituciaSi gulisxmobs
Semdegs: erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT Tavisufal
socialur da ekonomikuri ganviTarebasTan erTad, sakuTari kulturuli
da nacionaluri ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva, mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis
miReba, mSobliur enaze ganviTareba, maT Soris, beWduri masalis momzadeba
da gamocema.
konstituciis meToTxmete TavSi sul 9 muxlia, sadac Tanmimdevrulad
aris axsnili da gaanalizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi xedva erovnuli um­
ciresobebis mimarT. 130-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT: `erovnul umciresobisagan
Semdgari adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobis erTeulebs (Temi, eroba, qalaqi)
ufleba aqvT SeerTdnen da daaarson erovnuli kavSiri Tavis kulturul_
ganmanaTlebeli saqmeebis ukeT mosawyobad da gasaZRolad konstituciisa
da kanonis fargalSi. erovnul umciresobas, romelsac aseTi TviTmarTv­
elobis organoebi ar moepoveba, SeuZlia amis gareSec Seadginos erovnu­
li kavSiri am muxlSi aRniSnuli uflebiTa da kompetenciiT. erovnul
kavSirSi Sesvla xdeba salaparako enis mixedviT. erovnul umciresoba­
Ta kulturul-ganmanaTlebel saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad saxelm­
wifo da TviTmarTvelobaTa biujetidan gadaideba finansiuri saSvalebe­
bi proporciulad mcxovrebTa raodenobisa~ (saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia, 2013). rogorc vxedavT, am muxlSi
erovnuli umciresobebis gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb aris saubari, romlebSic
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo miznebis Sesabamisad SesaZlebelia garkveuli
saqmianobebis warmarTva.
uTuod mniSvnelovania konstituciis 134 da 135 muxlebi, sadac aseve
sagangebod aris saubari erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebis daarsebis valdebulebebze, aseve, erovnuli umciresobebi­
saTvis mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis sakiTxebze: `muxli 134. erovnulad
narevi adgilobrivi mmarTveloba valdebulia swavla-ganaTlebisaTvis
gadadebuli TanxiT daaarsos sakmao ricxvi skolebis da kulturul-gan­
manaTlebel dawesebulebisa moqalaqeTa erovnul Sedgenilobis proporci­
is mixedviT. muxli 135. erovnul umciresobis skolaSi swavleba swarmoebs
bavSvis salaparako enaze~ (saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921
wlis konstitucia, 2013).
erovnuli umciresobebis Sesaxeb Sedgenili meToTxmete Tavis bolo ori
muxli exeba erovnuli umciresobebis enebis dacvis sakiTxebs da gansaz­
_ 325 _
Rvravs saxelmwifo enisa da umciresobebis enebis moxmarebis wesebs (mux­
li 136), xolo 137-e muxlSi asaxulia saqarTvelos parlamentSi erovnuli
umciresobebis uflebebis, maT Soris, debatebSi monawileobis enobrivi
faqtorebi. es ki, Tavis mxriv, emyareba 1918 wlis 1 oqtombers miRebul kan­
ons `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena~, aseve, imave wlis 15 oqtombers miRebul
reglaments `wesi enis xmarebisa~ da sxv. `muxli 136. adgilobriv mmarTvelo­
bis farglebSi, sadac erTi romelime erovnuli umciresoba aRemateba yvela
moqalaqeTa 20%-s, am erovnul umciresobis moTxovniT msjeloba da saqmis
warmoeba, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi SemoRebul unda
iqnes saxelmwifo enasTan erTad mis deda-enazedac. muxli 137. ara qarTvel
deputats, romelmac saxelmwifo ena sakmaod ar icis, SeuZlia parlamentSi
sityva warmosTqvas deda-eniT, romlis swor Targmans winaswar warudgens
parlamentis prezidiums. dawvrilebiT wess gansazRvravs kanoni~ (saqarTve­
los demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia, 2013).
cnobili germaneli mkvlevari, volfgang babeki, saqarTvelos demokra­
tiuli respublikis saqmianobas sakonstitucio sakiTxebSi erovnul um­
ciresobebTan kavSirSi ase afasebs: `1921 wlis 21 Tebervals saqarTveloSi
miiRes damoukidebeli saxelmwifos konstitucia, romelsac ZalaSi Sesvla,
samwuxarod, Turme ar ewera. ukve oTxi dRis Semdeg saqarTveloSi wiTe­
li armiis Semosvlis Sedegad gamocxadda `saqarTvelos sabWoTa social­
isturi respublika~ _ sssr. amiT dasrulda qveynis TiTqmis samwliani da­
moukideblobis periodi. 1921 wlis konstitucia im droisaTvis erT-erT
yvelaze progresul konstituciad iTvleboda da Seicavda mraval so­
cial-demokratiul elements, magaliTad, social-ekonomikuri uflebebis
sakmaod vrcel CamonaTvals da calke Tavs erovnuli umciresobebis ufle­
baTa Sesaxeb (babeki 2002, gv. 10).
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba,
aseve, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstitucia aSkarad miu­
TiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis, maT Soris,
afxazebisa da osebis uflebebi, aseve, maTi mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis
sakiTxebi kanoniT iyo regulirebuli da amas praqtikuli asaxvac hqonda,
Tumca saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis xanmokle arsebobis gamo, dageg­
mili sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi ver ganxorcielda.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

babeki volfgang, konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi (1993-

1995), germanulidan Targmna k. kublaSvilma, germanuli gamocema 2001, qa­
rTuli gamocema 2002
bepievi naira, osuri enis istoria, Tb., gamomc. `universali~, 2017
gvancelaZe Teimuraz, afxazuri enis funqcionireba ganaTlebis sfero­
_ 326 _
Si, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ele­
qtronuli samecniero Jurnali spekali, Tb., 2010 http://www.spekali.tsu.ge/
index.php/ge/article/viewArticle/2/20
saqarTvelos 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis deklaracia
Камболов Т.Т. Языковая ситуация и языковая политика в Северной Осетии: история,
современность, перспективы: Монография / Под редакцией доктора филологических
наук М.И. Исаева; Северо-Осетинский государственный университет. Владикавказ:
Издательство СОГУ, 2007
lasxiSvili giorgi, memuarebi (1885-1915). el. versia: http://litklubi.ge
macaberiZe malxaz, saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis SemuSaveba da
miReba krebulSi: qarTuli konstitucionalizmis saTaveebTan _ saqarTve­
los 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi, baTumi, 2011
saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis normatiuli aqtebi (1918-1921)
papuaSvili giorgi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis
konstitucia 90 wlis gadasaxedidan, krebulSi: saqarTvelos demokrati­
uli respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia, baTumi, 2013
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivis masalebi, avtor-Semdgenlebi: beqa ko­
baxiZe, dimitri silaqaZe, anton vaWaraZe. Tb., 2016
sdk, st. angariSebi, 1919 w; me-6 sxdoma, gv. 16, sea, fon. 1833, aRw. 1, saq.
181, furc. 1
futkaraZe nugzar, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciiT gaTvalis­
winebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi krebulSi: qarTuli konstitucio­
nalizmis saTaveebTan _ saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis 90 wlisTavi
baTumi 2011
qanTaria beqa, dasavluri konstitucionalizmis principebi da mmarTve­
lobis formis samarTlebrivi buneba pirvel qarTul konstituciaSi, dis­
ertacia. el.versia: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000444/Kantar-
ia.B.%20daculia%202012%20tslis%207%20marts_.pdf
xundaZe tr., saero ganaTleba saqarTveloSi me-19 saukunis pirvel nax­
evarSi, wignSi: swavla-aRzrdis istoria saqarTveloSi, masalebis krebuli,
pedagogikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, saxalxo ganaTlebis istori­
is seqcia, pedagogikis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis gamocema, tfili­
si, 1937

_ 327 _
 Nino Popiashvili
Dr. of Philology, Professor
Caucasus University

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA (1918-1921) AND

EDUCATIONAL ISSUES OF ETHNIC MINORITIES2
Summary

As soon as the first republic of Georgia was created, legislative activities began.
Many important questions and provisions were regulated by the law adopted by the
first Parliament of Georgia. On October 1, 1918 the Parliament of the First Republic of
Georgia adopted the law `the State Language of Georgia~ which defined the status of
the state language of Georgia. It is also important to note that on October 15 of the
same year additions were made to the regulations of Parliament of Georgia _ `Rules
for the Use of the Language~, and in Parliament conditions and procedures of use of
national languages were defined alongside with the state language. In particular, the
representatives of ethnic minorities were allowed to make a statement before members
of Parliament of Georgia in their native language, if they didn’t know well the state
language, and also if at least one member of Parliament could speak that language.
Besides, according to regulations, contents of this statement should be translated into
Georgian if required by at least 15 members.
It is also important to mention the law adopted on January 14, 1919, `the Use of
language in local governments~ which defined that in those regions in which more than
a half of inhabitants spoke a local language other than Georgian, according to the de-
cision of self-government, records management could be conducted in other language
along with Georgian.
There were all conditions for representatives of ethnic minorities living in Georgia in
the first Republic of Georgia so that they could keep their native language and get a
primary and secondary education, and also the higher education. Educational issues of
Abkhazians and Ossetians, including the activity carried out for the purpose of learning
the Abkhazian and Ossetian languages, are important in that regard. It is also necessary
to note that when establishing the First republic of Georgia, there already existed the
tradition of elementary and school education for the Abkhazian and Ossetian population
which was further developed.
In the report we will discuss legislative activity of the First Republic Georgia on the
rights of ethnic minorities, including educational issues.

2 This research was supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (SRNSF) (grant number
PhD_F_17_175). project title is: Teaching Abkhazian and Ossetian Languages: History and Contemporary Situa-
tion.

_ 328 _
 aluda gogliCiZe
kavkasiis universiteti

1918-1921 wlebis damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis gamocdileba da
postkoloniuri qveynis gamowvevebi - istoriuli
gakveTili Tanamedroveobis WrilSi

`swavlebis kargad warmarTvaze damok-

idebulia aramc Tu sve-bedi marto momava-
li Taobisa, aramed sve-bedi TviTon qveyni-
sa, radgan qveynis momavali momavali Taobis
kuTvnilebaa da, maSasadame, mis xelT iqmneba~
ilia WavWavaZe.1

1918 wlis 26 maiss, mas Semdeg, rac erTi wliT adre ruseTSi mefis xe­
lisufleba daemxo, TbilisSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mier `saqarT­
velos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aqtis~ miRebiT Seiqmna saqarT­
velos pirveli demokratiuli respublika. am umniSvnelovanesi movlenidan
100 weli gavida da miuxedavad imisa, rom 27 welia, sabWoTa imperiis daS­
lis Semdeg, qveyanam damoukidebloba daibruna, magram postkoloniuri mem­
kvidreobis daZleva da demokratiuli, realurad damoukidebeli da ganvi­
Tarebuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba kvlav aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba.
e.w. frankofoniuri postkolonializmis mamamTavari franc fanonis Ta­
naxmad, `kolonizebuli seqtori esaa SimSilis, upurobis, uxorcobis, ufex­
sacmlobis, unaxSirobis, uSuqobis ganyofileba, esaa muxlebze mdgomi ada­
mianis pozicia. niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi analogiur
mdgomareobaSi qveyana swored rusuli kolonizaciis formaluri dasrulebis
pirvelive aTwleulSi, 1990-ian wlebSi aRmoCnda (da SesaZloa, es procesi dRem-
de grZeldeba), rac kolonizaciis periodSi Cadebuli naRmebis amoqmedeb­
iT aixsneba. amave dros, swored am aTwleulma kidev ufro gaarTula da
gaaxangrZliva koloniuri memkvidreobisgan, politikuri da fsiqologiuri
travmebisgan gaTavisuflebis procesi.~ misi TqmiT, `dekolonizacia araso­
desaa uCumari, radgan is fokusirebulia yofaze da ZirSive cvlis mas; is
cvlis cxovrebis Cveul ritms da qmnis axleburi tipis kacobriobis axal
enas; dekolonizacia marTlac axali Taobis qmnilebaa, nivTi, romelic ga­
Tavisuflebis procesTan erTad axal adamians ayalibebs (fanoni: 1961, 2).2

1 ilia WavWavaZe ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. 22.11.2015 https://edu.aris.ge/news/ilia-chavchavadze-ganatlebis-she-

saxeb.html
2 svaniZe n. (6 noemberi, 2017). saubrebi postkolonializmze, franc fanoni da SavkanianTa sakiTxi.
eri da ganaTleba. moZiebulia 19 maisi, 2018, http://www.edulive.ge/geo/news/story/67534-tsiklidan-sau-
brebi-postkolonializmze-frants-fanoni-da-shavkanianta-sakitkhi

_ 329 _
 bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelo, rogorc yofili sabWoTa respublika, da­
moukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebis ganxorcielebis
aucileblobis winaSe dadga. qveyanam daiwyo gegmiuri ekonomikidan kerZo
sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli sabazro ekonomikis mSenebloba, mbrZanebul-ad­
ministraciuli da totalitaruli mmarTvelobidan demokratiuli insti­
tutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSenebloba. cxadia, rom yovelive
es ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba. amdenad,
ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebas 1918-1921 wlebis gamocdilebis gaTval­
iswinebiT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
winamdebare naSromis mizania, rom gamovitanoT sasargeblo daskvne­
bi pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis 3-wliani gamocdilebidan, raTa
vupasuxoT momavlis gamowvevebs. amisaTvis, naSromis amocanaa, gavaanal­
izoT saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis memkvidreoba, mdgomareoba, ganx­
orcielebuli reformebi da perspeqtivebi qveynis poskoloniur orive
etapze.
axalgazrda da momavalma Taobebma naTlad unda dainaxon, Tu ra gavlena
moaxdina komunisturma da sabWoTa rusulma okupaciam qveynis da maT So­
ris ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebaze da ra riskebs uqmnis Cvens damou­
kideblobasa da ganviTarebas.
naSromis hipoTeza mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qveynis damoukideblobis
orive etapze saqarTvelos ganviTarebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi iyo post­
koloniur memkvidreobasTan gamklaveba da ganaTlebis sistemis gaazrebu­
li, demokratiul Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli, efeqturi da efeqtiani
reformireba.

saqarTvelos pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis xelisuflebam aqti­

urad daiwyo erovnuli xasiaTis cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba qveynis ganvi­
Tarebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, maT Soris ganaTlebis kuTxiT. qveyana­
Si daiwyo sayovelTao-saxalxo ganaTlebis gavrceleba. yvela socialuri
fena ewafeboda codnis wyaros, maT Soris uRaribesi glexobac. qarTveli
reformatorebi cdilobdnen evropuli ganaTlebis sistemis gamocdilebis
gadmoRebas.3
ganaTlebis reformirebiT dainteresebul pirebs miaCndaT, rom dasav­
leTis qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSi yvela
safexuris saxelmwifo skola unda Seqmniliyo da amosaval principad misi
erovnul niadagze dayeneba miaCndaT.4
ganaTlebis marTvis sistemis reformirebis kuTxiT sxvadasxva cvlile­
bebi ganxorcielda: gauqmda kavkasiis saswavlo olqi5; kavkasiis samoswavlo
3 murRulia T. (2018). ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi.
sadoqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis sax. universiteti, quTaisi. gv. 42
4 quTaTelaZe n., (1919), saSualo skolis reorganizaciis gamo, gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~
#157, gv. 23
5 18.07.1918, #18 brZaneba, gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~1920, # 136, gv. 3

_ 330 _
komisariatis nacvlad Seiqmna sazogadoebrivi organizacia, e.w. `samoswav­
lo sabWo~, romlis `samecniero komitetis~ wevrebic (cnobili mecnier­
ebi, pedagogebi, xelovnebis muSakebi) Cairicxnen ganaTlebis saministros
SemadgenlobaSi6; damtkicda axali Statebi, maswavleblis jamagiri weli­
wadSi-4800 maneTiT ganisazRvra, es iyo TveSi oTxasi maneTi;7 qalaqis ga­
naTlebas saswavleblebis sabWo ganagebda; swavla_aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis
saqmeSi kerZo skolebi da iniciativebi farTod iyo waxalisebuli8. Sei­
Zleba iTqvas, rom pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis pirobebSi ganaT­
lebis sistema sakmaod decentralizebuli iyo, vidre is dRes aris, maSin,
roca gacxadebuli decentralizaciis politikis miuxedavad, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobebis roli skolebis marTvis procesSi samarTlebrivi
normebis mixedviT minimaluria da isic formalur xasiaTs atarebs, xolo
kerZo seqtoris rolis mixedviT, dResac analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs, mos­
wavleebs sabaziso vauCeris saxiT saxelmwifo dafinanseba kerZo skolebSic
mihyvebaT.
ganaTlebis saministro qmnida samsafexurian swavlebas: 1. pirveldaw­
yebiTi (dabali skolebi da gimnaziebis mosamzadebeli ganyofilebani), 2.
umaRles dawyebiTi (gimnaziebis 1_4 klasebi) da 3. gimnaziebi (gimnaziebis
5_8 klasebi). amaTgan I da II unda damorCileboda adgilobriv TviTmmarTv­
elobebs, mesame ki _ saministros. 1919-1920 saswavlo wels saSualo skolis
1-3 klasi gauTanaswores umaRlesi dawyebiTi skolis 1-3 klasebs, xolo
1920-21 saswavlo wlisaTvis ki saSualo skolis me-4 klasic aseve gauTa­
nasworda umaRlesi dawyebiTi skolis me-4 klass. 1919 wlis 22 ivlisis
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT saSualo skola 4 klasiT ganisazRvra. uma­
Rles dawyebiTi saswavleblis kursdamTavrebulni axali tipis gimnaziis
me_5 klasSi ugamocdod Sevidodnen. Zveli tipis gimnaziis (moicavda 1_8
klasebs) me_5 klasSi miRebisaTvis ki saWiro iyo gamocdis Cabareba ucxo
enaSi.9 sainteresoa, rom dResac skola sam safexuriania.
1920 wels ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis morigi talRa momzadda
skolis saorganizacio komisiis mier dimitri uznaZis xelmZRvanelobiT10
da rom ara sabWoTa ruseTis okupacia, is realobad iqceoda. saerTo ga­
naTlebis skolis ZiriTadi debulebebis mixedviT: unda danergiliyo saval­
debulo ufaso rvawliani swavleba; I klasSi unda mieRoT 6 wlis bavSvebi;
Tanabari yuradReba unda miqceoda humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebs da ganaTleba dafuZneboda Sromas; saSualo skola iqneboda org­

6 quTaisis saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi (qssa), fondi 19, saqme 155, furc. 18
7 murRulia T., 2018. ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi. sa­
doqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis sax. universiteti, quTaisi. gv. 45-46
8 dekreti `amierkavkasiis skolebis sruli reorganizaciis Sesaxeb~, Jurnali ` ganaTleba~, 1918,
# 1. gv. 89
9 murRulia T. (2018). ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi.
sadoqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisi.gv. 47-48.
10 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1920, # 38

_ 331 _
vari_saerTo ganaTlebisa da profesiuli. saSualo skolis kursi 4 wliT
ganisazRvreboda. profesiuli skola ki sxvadasxva tipisa iqneboda.11
`qarTuli erTiani skola~, d. uznaZis xedviT, Semdeg principebsa da
debulebebze unda agebuliyo:
 pirveli safexuri (6-10 wlamde) _ oTxwliani skola, romlis pirveli
klasis saswavlo kursi sabavSvo baRisa da skolis elementebs Seicavda;
 meore safexuri (10-14 wlamde) _ oTxwliani kursiT, romelic or mimar­
Tulebas efuZneboda: humanitarul-Teoriulsa da realur-praqtikuls;
 mesame safexuri iyofoda sameurneo da samrewvelo-sateqniko
skolebad; maRali profesionaluri da maRali zogadi ganaTlebis skole­
bad (oTxwliani).12
ganaTlebis saministros, aseve, saWirod miaCnda skolebSi TviTmmarTve-
lobis danergva, rac, maTi azriT, gambedaobasa da iniciativas ganaviTareb­
da. aseve, didi adgili unda daTmoboda fizikur da zneobriv aRzrdas.13
marTalia, dReisaTvis zogadi ganaTlebis decentralizacia deklarirebu­
li politikaa, magram skolebis realuri TviTmmarTveloba jer kidev, 100
wlis Semdegac, gamowvevaa.
Tu pirveli damoukidebeli respublikis pirobebSi qarTulma sazoga­
doebam SeZlo damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave daewyo da ganexorciele­
bina seriozuli sistemuri reformebi, komunisturi reJimis dangrevisa da
damoukideblobis dabrunebis Semdeg analogiuri procesebi sakmaod neli
tempiT mimdinareobda.
kerZod, zogadad ganaTlebis sistemis reformirebis procesi XX sauku­
nis 90-ani wlebis Sua periodidan iRebs saTaves, magram is araorganizebul
xasiaTs atarebda. ufro sistemuri xasiaTi reformam 2001 wlidan `saqa­
rTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis gardaqmnisa da ganmtkicebis proeqtis~ daw­
yebiT miiRo, magram reformebma gansakuTrebuli masStabi da radikaluro­
ba vardebis revoluciis Semdeg SeiZina.
kerZod, 2004 wlidan gatarebuli reformis mTavari prioritetebi
sistemis decentralizacia da korufciis aRmofxvra gaxldaT. mis far­
glebSi mravali cvlileba ganxorcielda (skolebis daregistrireba saja­
ro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusiT, maTTvis sabanko angariSebis
gaxsna da qonebis gadacema uvado uzufruqtis wesiT, zogadi ganaTlebis
erovnuli miznebisa da erovnuli saswavlo gegmis SemuSaveba, klasis da­
finansebidan erT moswavleze gaTvlili dafinansebis modelze gadasvla
da sxva), magram decentralizaciis kuTxiT gamorCeulad mniSvnelovani
iyo skolebSi umaRlesi TviTmmarTveli organos _ sameurveo sabWoebis,
arCeva da maTi saSualebiT mSoblebis, maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis
maqsimaluri CarTva iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, rogoricaa
11 murRulia T. (2018). ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi.
sadoqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis sax. universiteti, quTaisi. gv. 48-49
12 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1920, #78
13 Jurn. `ganaTleba~, 1919, #2, gv. 43

_ 332 _
biujetis, Sinaganawesis damtkiceba, saskolo saswavlo gegmis SeTanxmeba,
direqtoris arCeva da sxva.14
sameurveo sabWos garda, Seiqmna skolis marTvis axali struqturu­
li erTeulebi: disciplinuri da saapelacio komiteti, aseve moswavleTa
TviTmmarTveloba.15
reformis masStaburobis miuxedavad, 2014 wels Catarebuli kvlevis _
`skolis sameurveo sabWoebi saqarTveloSi~ Tanaxmad, sameurveo sabWoebi
araefeqturad funqcionireben (Sedere, Shatirishvili and Gorgadze, 2012) da maTi
zogadi koncefcia sazogadoebisTvis gaugebaria (Berryman, Mikeladze and
Andguladze, 2011), magram amave kvlevis monawile respondentebis umetesoba
miiCnevs, rom sameurveo sabWoebi skolebSi aucilebelia da is unda Senar­
Cundes, radgan igi skolis doneze demokratiuli marTvis instrumentia da
mniSvnelovan Rirebulebas warmoadgens skolis sazogadoebisaTvis.16
marTalia, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos zogadi ganaTlebis sistema bev­
rad decentralizebulia. vidre sadme, magram decentralizaciis, rogorc
demokratizaciis politikis mTavari instrumentis mizani _ sazogadoebis/
mSoblebis CarTuloba skolis cxovrebaSi, ver aris miRweuli, skolebi
amiT ar gamxdara ufro gamWvirvale da angariSvaldebuli.

ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT demokratiulma respublikam ru­

suli koloniuri mmarvelobisagan mZime memkvidreoba Caibara.17 1915 wlis
1 ianvrisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebobda 1689 dawyebiTi skola da sxva dab­
ali tipis saswavlo_saaRmzrdelo dawesebuleba. yvela am saswavlo dawe­
sebulebaSi, meoreklasian saswavlebelTa gamoklebiT, iricxeboda 131 249
moswavle.18 dawyebiTi da sxva dabali tipis saswavlebelTa qselSi didi
adgili eWira saeklesio_samrevlo skolebs. maTi ricxvi skolebis saer­
To raodenobis 46%-s Seadgenda. saeklesio_samrevlo skolebSi swavlobda
46 025 moswavle, rac moswavleTa saerTo raodenobis 36%-s Seadgenda.19
1919 wels pirveldawyebiTi saswavleblebis (swavla 7 wlis asakidan) statis­
tika saqarTvelos qalaqebisa da regionebis mixedviT Semdegnairad iyo gadana­
wilebuli: Tbilisis mazra _ 59, goris _ 124, Telavis _ 42, siRnaRis _ 75, duSe­
Tis _ 38, TianeTis _ 31, quTaisis _ 196, ozurgeTis _ 142, senakis _ 123, zugdidis
_ 104, Sorapnis _ 124, raWis _ 67 da leCxumis _ 56, sul 1182. xelisufleba ge­

14 saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, muxli 38

15 saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, muxli 35
16 afxazava r. da bregvaze T. (2014), `skolis sameurveo sabWoebi saqarTveloSi _ praqtika, ga­
mowvevebi da rekomendaciebi~, ganaTlebis politikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso
instituti, gv. 6-7
17 1905_1907 ww. 2187 aTas mcxovrebze saqarTveloSi Zlivs 600 sxvadasxva tipis saswavlebeli
modioda.[144, gv. 26]
18 sigua s., 1969, `saxalxo ganaTleba revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi~, Tb. gv.36
19 murRulia T. (2018). ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi.
sadoqto ronaSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisi, gv. 13

_ 333 _
gmavda, rom aseTi skolebis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomoba, sadac savaldebulo
ufaso oTxwliani swavleba iqneboda, 1924 wlisaTvis unda damTavrebuliyo.20
ufro metic, 1920 wlis TebervalSi gamovida mTavrobis dadgenileba say-
ovelTao savaldebulo ufaso ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. misi mixedviT, ufaso da
savaldebulo gaxda rvawliani ganaTleba, bunebrivia, rom gaizarda am tipis
saswavlebelTa ricxvic da marto 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi gaixsna 150
dawyebiTi skola. am etapze sul TbilisSi 82 skola iyo 700 maswavlebliT,
aqedan qarTuli _ 24, somxuri _ 18, rusuli _ 23, musulmanuri _ 2, osuri
_ 1, polonuri _ 1, germanuli -1, berZnuli _ 1 da asiriuli _ 1. 1920_1921
saswavlo wels unda gaxsniliyo kidev 179 skola, xolo saqarTveloSi sul
unda yofiliyo 1991 skola. aqedan 151 umaRlesi dawyebiTi iqneboda.21
yuradsaRebia, rom yvela skolaSi swavleba mxolod da mxolod mSobli­
ur enaze mimdinareobda~,22 magram amavdroulad xazi unda gavusvaT erovnu­
li umciresobebis mimarT gatarebul politikas. vinaidan qarTul sabWour
pedagogikur literaturaSi zemoT aRniSnuli debuleba skolebis sruli
nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb gamocxadebuli iyo, rogorc `qarTveli xalxis
interesebis winaaRmdeg miRebul gadawyvetilebad~.23 axalgazrda saxelm­
wifo Tavis araqarTvel moqalaqeebs hpirdeboda swavlebis uzrunvelyofas
TavianT mSobliur enaze da ara rusul enaze, rac manamde iyo miRebuli.24
1920 wels, mTavrobis davalebiT, TbilisSi Seiqmna vaJTa 2 rusuli, 3
somxuri da qalTa 3 somxuri da 2 rusuli gimnazia. saerTod ki, qalaqSi am
wels moqmedebda 23 rusuli da 18 somxuri saswavlebeli. rusuli jgufebi
arsebobda goris, quTaisis, foTisa da baTumis gimnaziebSic, xolo soxumSi
_ 2 rusuli gimnazia.25
`realobaa, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis internacionalizaciis procesma
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina ganaT­
lebis xarisxis amaRlebisa da umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis
konkurentunarianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. internacionalizacia mo­
icavs rogorc studentTa, aseve akademiuri personalis mobilobas, er­
Tobliv saganmanaTleblo programebs, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas
kvle­viTi proeqtebis farglebSi. swavlebis internacionalizaciis princi­
pi, Cveni azriT, kidev erTi gamoZaxilia 1918_1921 wlebis demokratiuli
mTavrobis politikisa.~26

20 Jurn. `ganaTleba~, 1919, # 2

21 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, # 131
22 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1920 w. # 58
23 sariSvili t., skola da pedagogiuri mimdinareoba revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,
1956, gv. 294
24 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918, # 13
25 gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918, # 28
26 murRulia T. (2018), ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi,
sadoqto ronaSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisi. gv.58

_ 334 _
 ganaTlebis xelmiswvdomobis kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT rTuli viTareba
afxazeTSi iyo Seqmnili, sadac 1917 wlis Semdeg mxolod 1919 wlis seqtem­
bridan ganaxlda. risTvisac zafxulSi, galSi, samurzayanos maswavlebel­
TaTvis moewyo specialuri kursebi. qarTulis maswavleblebi saerTod ar
hyavdaT gudauTaSi, tamiSsa da sxvagan. ganaTlebis yvelaze msxvil centrs
afxazeTSi soxumi warmoadgenda.27
Tavisi arsebobis mxolod 3-wliani arsebobis miuxedavad, demokrati­
ulma respublikam qarTveli xalxis neba da progresuloba ganaTlebis xe­
lmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT yvelaze naTlad warmoaCina 1921
wlis konstituciaSi, romlis mixedviTac: 1) `pirveldawyebiTi swavla say­
ovelTao, usasyidlo da savaldebuloa. sazogado skolebis sistema erTs
organul mTlianobas warmoadgens, sadac pirveldawyebiTi skola safuZ­
velia saSualo da umaRlesi skolisa. swavla_ganaTleba yvela safexuris
skolebSi saeroa~ (Tavi 12. muxli 110) da 2) `saxelmwifo miznad isaxavs:
pirveldawyebiT skolaSi uRaribes bavSvebs sazrdo, Casacmel_dasaxuri da
saswavlo nivTebi ufasod mieces. am mizniT gansaxorcieleblad saxelm­
wifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobani Tavis Semosavlis erT nawils
gadasdeben yovel wliurad~ (Tavi 12. muxli 111).
faqtia, rom ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT 1921 wlis konstitu­
cia gacilebiT ufro progresuli iyo, vidre dReisaTvis moqmedi saqarTve­
los konstitucia, romlis 35-e muxlis me-3 punqtis mixedviT `...dawyebiTi
ganaTleba savaldebuloa. saxelmwifo Tavis xarjze uzrunvelyofs sabazo
ganaTlebas. moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da gansaz­
Rvrul farglebSi saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi ufasod miiRon saSualo,
profesiuli da umaRlesi ganaTleba~.
marTalia komunisturi memkvidreobis Sedegad skolebis xelmisawvdo­
moba uzrunvelyofili iyo, magram mosaxleobis migraciis maRali donis,
mosaxleobis didi nawilis mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Tu
sxva mravali problemis gamo. saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli res­
publikis daarsebidan 100 wlis Semdegac ganaTlebis xelmisawvdmoba kvlav
umniSvnelovanes problemad rCeba.
imis demonstrirebisTvis, Tu ramdenad mZime memkvidreoba dautova ko­
munisturma wyobam damoukidebel saqarTvelos, gamodgeba is faqti, rom
damoukideblobis dabrunebis Semdeg ganaTlebis sistemis yvelaze didi
problema masobrivi korufcia gaxda.28 2004 wlidan ganxorcielebuli re­
formis da, kerZod erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis CatarebiT, es proble­
ma, faqtobrivad, daZleuli iqna. magram yovelive aRniSnulis miuxedavad,
qarTul realobaSi kvlav aqtualur problemad, rogorc 2004 wels Ria

27 murRuliaT. (2018). ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi. sa­

doqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisi.gv. 57
28 saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi (2008). reformebi da reformebs miRma, gaeros
ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi, gv. 47

_ 335 _
sazogadoebis egidiT Catarebuli saerTaSoriso kvlevis,29 aseve 2011 wels
Catarebuli kvlevis SedegebiT,30 kerZo repetitorobis masStabebi, skolaSi
sagakveTilo procesis farglebSi xarisxiani ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba
da Sedegad socialuri uTanasworoba darCa.
kerZod, 2011 wels saqarTveloSi kerZo repetitorobis fenomenis
Temaze ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom saqarTveloSi
`... repetitorTan yoveli meoTxe moswavle emzadeboda. maCveneblebi izr­
deba safexurebis zrdasTan erTad da kritikul maCvenebels damamTavreb­
el klasSi aRwevs (ixileT danarTi, diagrama #1). masStabebi gansxavebulia
saqarTvelos centrsa da periferiaSi, iseve rogorc maRalSemosavlian da
dabalSemosavlian jgufebSi. Sesabamisad, dedaqalaqSi mcxovrebi, maRali
Semosavlis mqone ojaxis damamTavrebel klasSi myofi TiTqmis yvela mos­
wavle emzadeba repetitorTan~ (ixileT danarTi, diagrama #2). aqve aR­
niSnulia, rom `moTxovna kerZo repetitorobaze gacilebiT ufro maRalia,
vidre am servisis gamoyenebis realuri maCveneblebi _ kerZo repetito­
robis aucileblobas gamokiTxulTa mTliani raodenobis 90% adasturebs.
gamokiTxulTa 60% romelic ar emzadeba, mizezad mxolod finansebis sim­
cires asaxelebs.~31
kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Tu vimsjelebT `mSobelTa danaxarji ga­
naTlebaze daaxloebiT 300 milioni laris farglebSia, rac saxelmwifos
mier zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis dafinansebasTan mimarTebiT 85,5%-s
Seadgens. zogad ganaTlebaze mSobelTa mier gaweul xarjebSi kerZo repet­
itorobis wili 40%-s Seadgens, rac gviCvenebs, rom zogadsaganmanaTleb­
lo skolebis saxelmwifo dafinansebasTan mimarTebiT repetitorobis wili
daaxloebiT 35%-s Seadgens.~32
marTalia, rom aRniSnul sferoSi kvlevebisa da sando monacemebis sim­
ciris gamo Znelia imis obieqturad dasabuTeba Tu ramdenad axdens gavle­
nas kerZo repetitoroba moswavlis akademiur moswrebaze, swavlis Sede­
gebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi moxvedris maCvenebelze, magram moTxovna
aseT momsaxurebaze didia. vinaidan servisi xelmisawvdomi ar aris yvela
msurvelTaTvis, kerZo repetitoroba ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTx­
iT socialuri uTanasworobis problemas warmoqmnis.33
miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlevis monawileTa umravlesobis azriT ganaT­
lebis xarisixze dadebiTi gavlena moaxdina reformis iseTma komponentebma,
rogorebicaa saxelmZRvaneloebis reforma, maswavlebelTa sertificireba,
swavlebis Sinaarsis cvlileba, saatestato gamocdebi da skolebSi manda­
29 maCabeli g., bregvaZe T., afxazava r., 2006, `kerZo repetitoroba~ kvlevis angariSi, ganaTlebis
politikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti, Tbilisi, gv. 56
30 maCabeli g., bregvaZe T., afxazava r., 2011. `kerZo repetitoroba~ kvlevis angariSi, ganaTlebis
politikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti, Tbilisi, gv. 30
31 iqve, gv. 30
32 iqve, gv. 29
33 iqve, gv. 30

_ 336 _
turis institutis SemoReba (ixileT danarTi, diagrama #3), kerZo repeti­
torobaze aseTi maRali moTxovnis gamomwvev mizezebs, kvlevaSi monawileTa
yvelaze didi nawili saskolo ganaTlebis dabal xarisxs asaxelebs (ixileT
danarTi, diagrama #4), rac Tavis mxriv skolis doneze (saskolo saswavlo
gegmis SemuSaveba da damtkiceba; TanamSromelTa daniSvna-gaTavisuflebis
sistema; swavla-swavlebis monitoringisa da Sefasebis sistema...) da sko­
lis gareT _ sistemis doneze (saswavlo programebis erovnuli standarti;
saxelmZRvaneloebi, TvalsaCinobebi da damxmare masalebi; profesiuli gan­
viTarebis sistema...) arsebuli faqtorebiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli.

saswavlo dawesebulebebis xelmisawvdomobasTan erTad pirveli damou­

kidebeli respublikis ganaTlebis sistemis umniSvnelovanesi gamowveva mo­
saxleobaSi wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa dabali maCvenebli iyo _ `1907 wlis kavka­
siis kalendris cnobiT, saqarTveloSi wera_kiTxvis mcodne mamakaci maTi
saerTo raodenobis 37,8%-s Seadgenda, xolo qali ki _ dedakacTa saerTo
raodenobis 23,6%-s. saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleoba ucodinrobis sib­
neleSi imyofeboda~.34
aRniSnuli problemis mosagvareblad xelisuflebam damoukideblobis
pirveli dReebidanve dargis mTlian reorganizaciaze daiwyo zrunva, Seud­
ga skolamdeli dawesebulebebisa da skolebis qselis gafarToebas, saswav­
lo gegmebisa da pedagogiuri midgomebis gadaxedvas, saxelmZRavneloebis
gamocemas, pedagogebis momzadebis kerebis gafarToebas35 da, rac mTavaria,
mSobliuri enaze saswavlo procesis gadayvanas.36 1920 wels ZiriTadad dam­
Tavrda Tbilisis skolebis gaerovneba.37
marTalia, 70 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelom, damoukideblobis dabrunebis
Semdeg, memkvideobiT srulwlovanTa wera-kiTxvis codnis TiTqmis 100%-ani
maCvenebeli miiRo orive sqesis warmomadgenelTaTvis,38 magram dRevandeli
samyaro ganaTlebis sistemis winaSe Tvisobrivad sxva amocanebs ayenebs,
rasac wigniereba hqvia.
wignierebis donis Semowmebis mizniT qveyana CarTulia wignierebis saer­
TaSoriso kvlevaSi _ PIRLS-i, romelic amowmebs wakiTxulis gaazrebis un­
ars: ramdenad igebs, iazrebs 9-10 wlis mozardi sxvadasxva tipis teqstidan
miRebul informacias; SeuZlia Tu ara mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis da­
naxva, teqstis ZiriTadi azris wvdoma; SeuZlia Tu ara teqstis sxvadasxva
nawilSi mocemuli faqtebisa da mosazrebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba da
daskvnis gamotana;
34 sigua s., saxalxo ganaTleba revoluciamdel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1969, gv. 36
35 saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi (scssa), fondi 1935, aRw. 1, saqme 59. f. 102
36 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918, # 13
37 murRulia T. (2018), ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis saqarTveloSi.
sadoqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti, quTaisi, gv. 38, 52
38 saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi (2008). reformebi da reformebs miRma, gaeros
ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi, gv. 94

_ 337 _
 Zalian samwuxaroa, rom qarTvel bavSvebs PIRLS-is 2011 wlis kvlevis
mixedviT saerTaSoriso skalirebul saSualoze dabali miRwevebi aqvT. maTi
wignierebis saSualo maCvenebeli 488-ia, rac statistikurad mniSvnelovnad
CamorCeba PIRLS-is saSualo maCvenebels (500). kvlevaSi monawile 45 qveyni­
dan 32 qveyanas PIRLS-is skalis saSualo maCvenebelze (500) maRali Sedegi
aqvs, 12 qveyanas, maT Soris saqarTvelos, saSualoze dabali.39
qarTvel moswavleTa mxolod 2%-ma daZlia PIRLS-is saerTaSoriso skalis
umaRlesi safexuri, maRali _ moswavleTa 21%-ma, saSualo _ 60%-ma, dabali
ki _ 86%-ma. moswavleTa 14% aRmoCnda miRwevis saerTaSoriso skalis daba­
li safexuris qvemoT. rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi moswavleTa 14%-
s gauWirda dabali safexurisTvis gansazRvruli davalebebis Sesrulebac
ki.
aRniSnuli statistika naTlad metyvelebs, Tu ramdenad mZime da
gaumarTlebeli iyo bolSevikuri ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos okupacia
da wera-kiTxvis codnis mxriv TiTqmis 100%-ani sabWoTa komunisturi mem­
kvidreobis miuxedavad, realurad ra Sedegebi moutana damoukideblobis
wyvetam qveyanas.
ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebul problemebze reagirebis kuTxiT 100 wlis
winandeli gamocdileba imiTac sainteresoa, rom damoukideblobis wleb­
Si erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebasa da xalxSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebis
saqmeSi mniSvnelovani winsvlis ganmsazRvreli ara marto xelisuflebis
Zalisxmeva iyo, aramed sazogadoebis mzaoba da samoqalaqo aqtivobac.
kerZod `1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis wina periodSi saqarTveloSi
30_mde kulturul_saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba (`ganaTleba~, `sinaTle~,
`saxalxo universitetis sazogadoeba~...) arsebobda. maT Soris erT-er­
Ti yvelaze cnobili da warmatebuli organizacia iyo `qarTvelTa Soris
wera_kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~, romelic erT_erT ZiriTad
amocanad isaxavda saxalxo skolebis gaxsnas, arsebuli skolebisaTvis dax­
marebis gawevas da, am gziT, codnisa da ganaTlebis gavrcelebas xalxSi.
amasTanave, sazogadoeba Tavidanve cdilobda mis mier daarsebul skolebSi
saswavlo_aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba aego erovnul niadagze da waremarTa
mecnierul safuZvelze... dRidan daarsebisa 1920 wlamde wera_kiTxvis gam­
avrcelebel sazogadoebas gamoucia sul 253 saxelwodebis wigni~.40
samwuxaroa, magram skolebSi sameurveo sabWoebis muSaobaSi mSoblebisa
da maswavleblebis CarTvis miuxedavad sazogadoebis CarTuloba skolis
cxovrebasa da sxvadasxva gamowvevebis daZlevaSi mainc dabalia.

39 http://naec.ge/uploads/images/doc/SXVA/pirls_2011_2013.pdf
40 Jurn. `ganaTleba~, 1920, # 4_5

_ 338 _
daskvnebi
100 wlis win qarTuli sazogadoeba bevrad ufro momzadebuli Sexvda
ganaTlebis reformirebis gamowvevebs, vidre 70 wlis Semdeg.
100 wlis win saqarTvelos memkvidreoba SedarebiT nakleb xelSemSleli
iyo damoukidebeli qveynis ganviTarebisa da ganaTlebis sistemaSi gansax­
orcielebeli reformebisaTvis, vidre sabWoTa memkvidreobis Semdeg.
27 wlis damokideblobis Tavze, sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlile­
bebis miuxedavad, postkoloniuri sabWoTa memkvidreobisTvis Tavis daRwe­
va da ganviTarebis gzaze mtkiced da efeqturad gadasvla kvlav gamowveva.
ganaTlebis sistemis demokratizacia da Sesabamisad sworad gatare­
buli decentralizaciis politika, misi dakavSireba qveynis erovnul in­
teresebTan, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da Sromis bazris moTxovnebTan,
pirveli damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis gamocdilebis gaTval­
iswinebiT, aris saqarTvelos, rogorc postkoloniuri qveynis umTavresi
gamowveva da prioriteti.

danarTebi

_ 339 _
_ 340 _
 gamoyenebuli literatura:
murRulia T. (2018). ganaTleba da pedagogikuri azrovneba 1918-1921 wlebis
saqarTveloSi.sadoqtoro naSromi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo univer­
siteti, quTaisi
saqarTvelos konstitucia
zogadi ganaTlebis erovnuli miznebi, saqarTvelos mTavrobis #84 dadge­
nileba, 2004 wlis 18 oqtomberi
saqarTvelos kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
maCabeli g., bregvaZe T., afxazava r.,(2008), decentralizaciis reformis
mimdinareobis Sefaseba _ kvlevis angariSi. ganaTlebis politikis, dage­
gmvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti, Tbilisi
saqarTvelos humanuri ganviTarebis angariSi (2008). reformebi da re­
formebs miRma, gaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi
afxazava r., bregvaZe T. (2014), `skolis sameurveo sabWoebi saqarTveloSi _
praqtika, gamowvevebi da rekomendaciebi~, ganaTlebis politikis, dageg­
mvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti, Tbilisi
gogliCiZe a. (2012), xarisxiani ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba: swavla-swav­
lebis sistemis marTvis ganviTareba, saqarTvelos strategiisa da saer­
TaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fondi, Tbilisi
maCabeli g., bregvaZe T., afxazava r.,(2006), kerZo repetitoroba, ganaTlebis
politikis dagegmvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti, Tbilisi
maCabeli g., bregvaZe T., afxazava r., (2011), kerZo repetitorobis fenomeni
skvleva saqarTveloSi, angariSi. ganaTlebis politikis, dagegmvisa da
marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti, Tbilisi

_ 341 _
http://www.edulive.ge/geo/news/story/67534-tsiklidan-saubrebi-postkolonial-
izmze-frants-fanoni-da-shavkanianta-sakitkhi
https://edu.aris.ge/news/ilia-chavchavadze-ganatlebis-shesaxeb.html
http://naec.ge/uploads/images/doc/SXVA/pirls_2011_2013.pdf

Aluda Goglichidze
Caucasus University

THE EDUCATION SYSTEM REFORM EXPERIENCE OF INDEPENT GEORGIA

OF 1918-1921 AND THE CHALLENGES OF POSTCOLONIAL
COUNTRY _ HISTORIC LESSON IN THE VIEW OF MODERNITY
Summary

On May 26, 1918, one year on after the demise of the Tsar’s power in Russia,
the First Democratic Republic of Georgia was founded in Tbilisi by enacting the Act of
Independence of Georgia, which in turn lasted only for three years due to the Soviet
occupation, however, even after 100 years this stage of Georgian state history holds an
important role and place in development of modern Georgia.
27 years on after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the country re-gained indepen-
dence but overcoming the postcolonial legacy and building a democratic, really inde-
pendent and developed state still proves to be a difficult task and the development of
education system is crucial on this path.
Therefore, this work intends to extract useful conclusions from the three-year ex-
perience of the first independent republic in order to deal with the challenges of the
future. For this purpose the work aims to analyse the legacy, the state, implemented
reforms and the prospects on both postcolonial stages of the country.
The hypotheses is that at both stages of independence it was crucial for Georgia to
deal with the postcolonial legacy and to reform the education system that was well-
thought, based on democratic vales and was both _ efficient and spectacular.
As a result of analysis and comparison of the education system of the Democratic
Republic of Georgia and the modern one, we can say that the first republic of 1918-
1921 was indeed the beginning of a new era of the country. It is the fact that a century
ago Georgian society was better prepared for the education reform challenges than 70
years later on. A century ago Georgain legacy was less hindering for development of
an independent country and for the reforms necessary to carry out in the education
system than the Soviet legacy; even after 27 years of independence, regardless of im-
plemented reforms into the system, getting rid of the postcolonial Soviet legacy and
efficiently switching to the development route remains a challenge.
At last, democratisation of the education system and correctly implemented decen-
tralisation policy, its relation to the national interests, to the requirements of economic
development and labour market, considering the experience of the first democratic
republic, are the main challenges and priorities for Georgia as a postcolonial country.

_ 342 _
 kultura

nugeSa gagniZe
filologiis doqtori, profesori
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti

grigol robaqiZis 1917-18 wlebis publicistika

grigol robaqiZis (1880-1962) Semoqmedebis sirTule da winaaRmdego­

brioba gansazRvra misma problemebiT aRsavse cxovrebam. orjer emigrire­
buli mwerlis nawarmoebebis didi nawili dakargulia, nawili mimofantulia
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan bevri iwereba misi
cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevrebi da mkiTxveli metwilad su­
bieqtur damokidebulebas iCenen grigol robaqiZis biografiisa da nawar­
moebebisadmi, rac arTulebs zogjer simarTlis dadgenas burusiT mocul
faqtebTan dakavSirebiT. amdenad, misi naSromebis moZieba da kvleva aqtu­
aluria da, ufro metic, aucilebelia me-20 saukunis qarTveli mwerlis
Semoqmedebis yvela aspeqtis Seswavla da misTvis kuTvnili adgilis dam­
kvidreba qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi.
grigol robaqiZem, Tavdapirvelad, me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, sazo­
gadoebis yuradReba rogorc publicistma miiqcia. 1911-1920 wlebSi `sax­
alxo gazeTsa~ da `saqarTveloSi~ dabeWdili misi statiebi, sayovelTao
gansjis sagani iyo. es naSromebi ZiriTadad exeboda istoriis, filosofiis,
literaturisa da politikis problemur sakiTxebs. amave periodidan ga­
icno sazogadoebam igi rogorc poeti _ araCveulebrivi sonetebis avtori
da rogorc qarTveli simbolistebis ufrosi megobari. 20-iani wlebidan
mweralma mkiTxveli aRafrTovana dramebiTa da roman `gvelis perangiT~,
romlebic, sabednierod, originalis formiT arsebobs da romlebic dRe­
vandeli perspeqtividan ukve klasikaa.
im mcirericxovan naSromTa Soris, romlebic gr. robaqiZem mSobliur
enaze germaniaSi emigraciamde (1931) gamoaqveyna, SemorCenilia sagazeTo
statiebi. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ruseTis revoluciebisa
(1917 Tebervali-noemberi) da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
periodSi (1918 weli) gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ dabeWdili publikaciebi: `irak­
li wereTeli~, `ruseTis tragedia~, `bolSevikebis ajanyeba~, `fantasmebis
qalaqi~, `dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo~, `qarTuli renesansi~, `besiki~,
`hellenebi da qarTvelebi~, `guria da socializmi~, `aleqsandre WavWavaZe~,
`socialisturi imperialistebi~, `kita abaSiZe~, `pasuxad griSaSvils~, `so­

_ 343 _
neti saqarTveloSi~, `qarTuli leqsi~, radgan maTSi literaturul-filo­
sofiur sakiTxebTan erTad dominirebs politikuri da socialuri Temebic.
grigol robaqiZis publicistika naklebadaa Seswavlili literatu­
raTmcodneobaSi. kritikosebi metwilad aqcentebs akeTeben mis romaneb­
ze, lirikasa da dramebze. mwerlis mier 1917-1918 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli
pubikaciebis Sesaxeb aRniSnaven akaki baqraZe, avTandil nikoleiSvili da
nugeSa gagniZe. vaJa CxaiZe erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevaria, romelmac 1999
wels quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis SromebSi gamoa­
qveyna statia `grigol robaqiZe 1917-1918 wlebis politikuri movlenebis
Sesaxeb~. rusudan gaxariam 2009 wels sadoqtoro disertacia daicva Temaze
`grigol robaqiZe da qarTuli presa (1907-1921 ww.)~, romlis mesame Tavi
mwerlis publicistikis eZRvneba http://www.damoukidebloba.com/c/news/grigol_
robaqidze). 2014 wels gamomcemloba `meridianma~ dabeWda xaTuna WaniSvilis
naSromi `grigol robaqiZis publicistika (1917-1921)~. avtori safuZvli­
anad mimoixilavs gr. robaqiZis 1917-1921 wlebSi gamoqveynebul statiebs
gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ da gansakuTrebul aqcentebs akeTebs ramdenime maT­
ganze: `fantasmebis qalaqi~, `dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo~, `renesansi~,
`besiki~ da `aleqsandre WavWavaZe~.
TemaTa da sakiTxTa simravlisa da mravalferovnebis gamo SeuZlebelia
ramdenime samecniero naSromiT srulyofili suraTis warmodgena im prob­
lemebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac gr. robaqiZe Tavis sagazeTo statiebSi
exeba saqarTvelos istoriis urTules periodSi. amdenad, Cven SevecdebiT,
wvlili SevitanoT gr. robaqiZis publicistikis kvlevis saqmeSi da mwerlis
biografiidan da Semoqmedebidan naTeli movfinoT ucnob da sayuradRe­
bo faqtebs. gamomdinare iqedan, rom 1917-1918 wlebi udidesi politikuri
movlenebis periodia ruseTSi, evropasa da, saerTod, mTels msoflioSi,
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT im statiebze, romlebSic gr. robaqiZe gvevline­
ba politikur eqspertad. igi gasaocar daskvnebs akeTebs ruseTSi mimdin­
are epoqalur procesebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic udides zegavlenas ax­
dens saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur da kulturul cxovrebaze.
es, erTi mxriv, arcaa gasakviri. am periodisaTvis mas safuZvliani codna
da sakmaod didi gamocdileba aqvs SeZenili da dagrovili: swavlobda tar­
tusa da yazanis universitetebSi; leqciebs ismenda germaniisa da safrange­
Tis umaRles saswavleblebSi; 1916-17 wlebSi samxedro piri iyo sparseTSi.
amdenad, gr. robaqiZis mosazrebebi saqarTveloSi arsebul politikur da
literaturul mdgomareobaze, Tu konkretul pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb, gansa­
kuTrebiT sayuradReboa pirveli msoflio omis (1914-1918) bolo wlebsa da
rusuli revoluciebis periodSi. 1917-1918 wlebSi gamoqveynebul publika­
ciebSi igi cdilobs obieqturi Sefaseba misces mimdinare movlenebsa da ab­
solutur monarqias ruseTSi, axsnas ruseTis tragediis mizezebi, cdilobs
Cawvdes rusuli politikisa da kulturis arss, romelmac `apokalifsuri
sulis gaSliT TiTqos sxeuli dakarga~ (robaqiZe 1917: #233).
pirveli statia, romelic gr. robaqiZem fsevdonimiT givi gollend
_ 344 _
gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ ruseTis oqtombris revoluciis mZime dReebSi ga­
moaqveyna, aris `irakli wereTeli~. es naSromi man dawera rogorc Sefaseba,
an recenzia irakli wereTlis sajaro leqciisa `omi da revolucia~, rome­
lic saxelmwifo TeatrSi gaimarTa. gasuli saukunis erT-erTi gamorCeuli
politikosi, social-demokrati, menSevikebis erT-erTi lideri, publicis­
ti irakli (kaki) giorgis Ze wereTeli (1881-1959) gr. robaqiZisaTvis saint­
ereso figuraa, radgan ruseTSi mis saxels aleqsandre kerenskisTan erTad
moixseniebdnen da mas pirveli revoluciis tvinad asaxelebdnen (robaqiZe
1917: #222). gr. robaqiZes ukve Zalze cnobili politikuri figuris, wer­
eTlis oratoruli xelovneba ainteresebda. samwuxarod, molodini gauc­
ruvda, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs. misi azriT, `irakli wereTeli saSualoze
naklebi oratori aRmoCnda~ (robaqiZe 1917: #222). gr. robaqiZes ar moewona
oratoris arc xmis tembri, arc Jestikulacia da arc leqciis Sinaarsi.
Zalze mka­cri da daundobelia igi kaki wereTlis sajaro leqciis ganx­
ilvisas. gr. robaqiZe saqmis codniT cdilobs axsnas leqciis uaryofiTi
mxareebi. marTalia, igi k. wereTels eTanxmeba imaSi, rom ruseTis jaris
dezorganizacia da anarqia qveyanaSi mefis TviTmyrobelobis memkvidreo­
ba iyo, magram mimdinare procesebSi damnaSaved moqmedi politikuri Za­
lebic miaCnia. gr. robaqiZe miuTiTebs erT friad sayuradRebo momentze:
`saubedurod, wereTels sxvebTan erTad aviwydeba, rom Tavisufleba ar
aris marto politikuri cneba, _ igi didi sakulturo problemaa~ (robaqiZe
1917: #222). aq publicists magaliTad mohyavs, Tu rogor mgzavroben mo­
qalaqeebi garmaniaSi tramvaiTi, romelSic konduqtori araa, magram `yove­
li moqalaqe saWirod sTvlis uwyebuli groSi yuTSi Caagdos. scadeT es
ruseTSi da Tqven dainaxavT ra moxdeba...~ (robaqiZe 1917: #222). didi dro
gavida am statiis Seqmnidan da Tavisufleba, rogorc politikuri cneba
da rogorc `sakulturo problema~, kvlav problemaa Cvens qveyanaSi da,
saerTod, postsabWoTa qveynebSi. aseTive rTuli da ucvlelia demokratiis
Temac. gr. robaqiZe iwonebs k. wereTlis mosazrebas im sakiTxTan dakav­
SirebiT, rom `marto ruseTs Tavisi ZalebiT revoluciis xsna ar SeuZlia,
revoluciurma demokratiam saerTaSoriso demokratias unda mimarTos, _
da sanam ukanasknelisagan daxmarebis garantia ar iqneba, manamde ruseTi
mzad unda iyos Tavis dasacavad, rogorc saxelmwifoisa, ise nacional­
uri mxriT, aCqareba, avantiura, kavSiris Sewyveta (aq uTuod bolSvike­
bi hyavda saxeSi) ruseTs miiyvans izolaciamde: _ es ki sasikvdilo ram
iqneba ara Tu revoluciisaTvis, aramed TviT ruseTisaTvisac~ (robaqiZe
1917: #222). rogorc statiidan irkveva, k. wereTlis Sexeduleba revolu­
ciur demokratiasTan dakavSirebiT gr. robaqiZes moswons, magram is misgan
aseve elis pasuxs SekiTxvaze, Tu ras fiqrobs saerTaSoriso demokratia
ruseTis revoluciis Sesaxeb, k. wereTlis bzarSeparuli xmiTa da maRali
paTosiT warmoTqmuli imedi mokavSireTa konferenciaze savaraudo poli­
tikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb gr. robaqiZes saeWvod miaCnia, radgan saeWvoa
Tavad omi demokratiuli zavisaTvis, radgan konferenciaze SeuZlebelia
_ 345 _
mopirdapire saxelmwifoTa demokratia da sakiTxavia, ramdenad misaRebi
iqneba mokavSireTaTvis ruseTis mier warmodgenili demokratia (robaqiZe
1917: #222).
statiaSi `irakli wereTeli~ gr. robaqiZem zustad Seafasa ruseTSi mim­
dinare movlenebi: rogorc carizmis mZime memkvidreoba, aseve anarqia da
politikur ZalTa arademokratiuli revoluciuri qmedeba. misi prognozebi
bolSevikur partiasTan, ruseTis saerTaSoriso izolaciasTan da Tavisu­
flebasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime weliwadSi gamarTlda, xolo Tavad mas
sakuTari cxovrebiT mouxda pasuxisgeba amgvari politikuri mosazrebebis
gamo.
Semdgomi naSromi, romelic gr. robaqiZem gazeT `saqarTvelos~ or no­
merSi gamoaqveyna, aris `ruseTis tragedia~. statiis dasawyisidanve igrZno­
ba avtoris Rrmad kritikuli damokidebuleba, SeiZleba iTqvas, siZulvili
`CrdiloeTis sfinqsisadmi~, romlis istoriis tragedia mis `saSinels uc­
naurobaSia~. am tragedias ki, misi azriT, ori momenti axasiaTebs: `tragediis
ganmcdelSi unda iyos ori SinaZala erTi-meoris mowinaaRmdege~ (robaqiZe
1917: #232). igi ganixilavs nikolai berdiaevis mosazrebebs im winaaRmde­
gobebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac ruseTis tragedia gansazRvres: ruseTi
antsaxelmwifoebrivi da amavdroulad biurokratiuli qveyanaa, igi araSo­
vinisturia da nacionaluric, usazRvro sulis Tavisuflebis qveyanacaa da
saSineli morCilebis mxarec. berdiaevi ruseTis antinomistur yofas vaJuri
da qaluri sawyisi urTierTobaSi eZebs da am sakiTxs qaluri sawyisisad­
mi upiratesobis miniWebiT xsnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom berdiaevis mosaz­
rebebi gr. robaqiZes sainteresod miaCnia, ar iziarebs maT. ufro metic,
mis koncefcias mcdarad miiCnevs da mkiTxvels sakuTar mosazrebebs gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ Semdeg nomerSi sTavazobs, romelsac kvlav n. berdiaevis sa­
gulisxmo debulebiT iwyebs, rom `ruseTis istoriis gul-neba apokalifsia.
misi suli mimarTulia absoluturisa da ukanasknelisaken~ (robaqiZe 1917:
#233). am mosazrebis gasamyareblad gr. robaqiZes viaCeslav ivanovisa da
nikolai gogolis Sexedulebebi mohyavs. igi eTanxmeba did rus moazrovneebs
da kidev ufro Sors midis ruseTis tragediis axsnisas. misi azriT, mefis
TviTmpyrobelobisagan Tavdaxsnili ruseTi saSinel anarqiaSi Cavarda. gr.
robaqiZes yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba ruseTis `religiuri Ziebebi~ da bol­
Sevikebis swrafva socializmisaken. cxadia, imedgacruebulia mwerali 1917
wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg mimdinare movlenebiT da ar aris pozi­
tiurad ganwyobili bolSevikebisadmi, romlebic darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom
`socializmis karebs ukve miuaxlovden~. niWieri, Zlieri da maqsimalisti
rusi eris tragediis erT-erT mizezad qarTveli publicisti miiCnevs imas,
rom igi dabadebiT `bolSevikia~. qaosis frTebze ufskrulis piras mfrinavi
ruseTis momavals gr. robaqiZe eWvis TvaliT uyurebs (robaqiZe 1917: #233).
ruseTis revoluciis Temas eZRvneba gr. robaqiZis statia `bolSevike­
bis ajanyeba~, romelic man 1917 wlis 27 oqtombers kvlav givi gollen­
dis saxeliT gamoaqveyna. masSi igi detalurad aRwers ruseTis Tanadroul
_ 346 _
mdgomareobas; gamohyobs sam mTavar politikur Zalas, romlebic ruseTis
1917 wlebis revoluciebis periodSi xelisuflebis xelSi Casagdebad miis­
wrafian: kadeturi (romelic burJuaziul-demokratiuli wyobis dasamyare­
blad miisrafis), bolSevikuri (romelsac saswrafod socialisturi respub­
likis damyareba surs) da menSevikuri (romelic arc bolSevikebs mihyveba
da kadetebsac saeWvo TvaliT uyurebs). am mZime politikur suraTs emateba
is, rom qveyana midrekilia decentralizaciisaken, ruseTis jari garyvnil­
ia, ekonomika daqveiTebuli, warmoeba dacemuli, transporti Camkvdari. `ai
aseT dros, roca mTeli ruseTi ufskrulisaken mieqaneba, kadetebi jaris ga­
jansaRebaze da omis gagrZelebaze fiqroben, menSevikebi da eserebi imedebs
parizis koncefciaze amyareben, _ bolSevikebi da maqsimalistebi ki TviTon
am anarqiias mihyvebian. mkiTxvelisaTvis cxadia, rom anarqia imarjvebs da
masTan erTad misi ideologiac~ (robaqiZe 1917: #237). gr. robaqiZes uWirs
daasaxelos saimedo politikuri Zala im `stiqiuri aRrevis~ gamo, romelic
qveyanaSi sufevs, Tumca bolSevikebis upiratesobas aRiarebs.
statiaSi `bolSevikebis ajanyeba~ gr. robaqiZe zedmiwevniT kargad
asaxavs, Tu rogor aRar emorCilebian bolSevikebi droebiT mTavrobas da
rogor ikaveben mniSvnelovan punqtebs petrogradSi. maT mimarT winaaRmde­
gobrivad ganwyobili mwerali xazgasmiT miuTiTebs: `v i n c i m a r j v e b s
a n a r q i i T , i g i i m a v e a n a r q i i T d a i R u p e b a ~ (robaqiZe 1917:
#237). samwuxarod, es winaswarmetyveleba rva aTeuli wlis Semdeg didi
Zalisxmevis Sedegad aRsrulda _ me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls
dasrulda mZime socialisturi diqtaturis arseboba.
yvelaze sagulisxmod SeiZleba miviCnioT `bolSebikebis ajanyebis~ bolo
nawili, romelSic gr. robaqiZe kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos mosaxleobas
afrTxilebs: `nu viqnebiT ubralo morCilni im fantaziebisa, raic petro­
gradis nislSi moelandebaT. Cven sakuTari gza gvaqvs, _ da vecadoT yvela
Zalebis Semokrebas, rom revoluciaSi Sobili erovnuli ganTavisuflebis
gza anarqiiT ar movspoT~ (robaqiZe 1917: #237). imdroindel politikosebs
kargad rom gaeazrebinaT gr. robaqiZis winaswarmetyvelurad Tqmuli es si­
tyvebi, saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis gza, albaT, sxvagvari iqnebo­
da.
istoriul-kulturuli da literaturuli TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa
gr. robaqiZis 1917 wlis 29 noembers gamoqveynebuli statia `fantasmebis
qalaqi~. masSi avtori xatovnad wers peterburgze rogorc `Waobis nis­
lebisgan Sobil qalaqze~. misi azriT, revoluciamde igi biurokratiuli
qalaqi iyo, xolo revoluciis Semdgom `fantasmebis namdvil qalaqad~ iqca,
sadac yovel dRe raRac axali zmaneba ibadeba. gr. robaqiZe miiCnevs, rom
am qalaqma realobis SegrZneba dakarga da `socialuri fantaziis cieb-cx­
elebiTaa~ daavadebuli. yovelive es mas did ubedurebad ar miaCnia. `ubed­
ureba is aris, rom rasac es fantasmebis qalaqi ityvis, imas mTeli ruseTi
imeorebs. mere ra dros? revoluciis dros, roca Tavisufleba myardeba.
da gana es aris Tavisufleba?! Tavisufleba pirvel yovlisa TavisTava­
_ 347 _
dobaa, _ zereled ayoleba ki namdvili monoba. SesaZloa, amgvari `ayola~
rusis xalxisaTvis marTebulic iyos, _ magram sxvebisTvis, CvenTvis?! Tavis
Tavis damarxva. naklebi cqera peterburgisaken, _ meti yuradReba Tavis Ta­
visa, _ ai sadReiso devizi~ (robaqiZe 1917: #239). am SemTxvevaSic gamarTl­
da gr. robaqiZis winaswarmetyveleba. 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucias
socialzmis diqtatura da sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri
_ mohyva. socializmis ideas `ayolilma~ saqarTvelom 1921 wels ganusaz­
Rvreli droiT dakarga damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba.
saqarTvelos istoriis problemur sakiTxebze msjelobisas 1917-18
wlebis publikaciebSi gr. robaqiZe cdilobs maTi filosofiuri Zirebis
warmoCenas. aRsaniSnavia 1917 wlis 21 noembers gamoqveynebuli statia `qa­
rTuli renesansi~. mwerali miiCnevs, rom `meoce saukune saqarTvelos is­
toriaSi samniSvnelo uReltexiliT daiwyo: _ isaxeba qarTuli renesansi. am
movlenis `mtkiceba~ metad saZneloa: exlaxan misi `SegrZnoba~ Tu SeiZleba
mxolod~ (robaqiZe 1917: #257). qarTuli renesansis Casaxvis simbolod gr.
robaqiZe wiwamuris tragedias miiCnevs. msxverpli `saqarTvelos mZlavri
mxedari~ ilia WavWavaZea. am tragediis gamo qarTvelma xalxma gansakuTre­
biT mZafrad SeigrZno samSoblo. qveyana axal siZneleTa pirispir aRmoCnda.
esenia anTropologiuri da saxelwifoebrivi problemebi. anTropologiuri
problema Temur partikularizms ukavSirdeba: `imereli, qarTleli, kaxe­
li, guruli, megreli da sxva _ erTi xis Stoa yoveli maTgani. es erTgvari
mravalferobaa: mdidari sxva_da_sxvaoba. magram meoris mxriT es `sxvaoba~
im zomamde midis xandaxan, rom uneblied fiqri ibadeba: SesaZloa isini sxva
da sxva xis dmas (?) warmoadgenen, naTesavurs rkalSi moqceuls. yovels
SemTxvevaSi CvenSi arsebuli partikularizmi damafiqrebelia metad~ (rob­
aqiZe 1917: #257). anTropologiuri problema ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis sakiTxs. gr. robaqiZis azriT, radgan saqarTveloSi absol­
utizmi ar yofila, aman Suwyo xeli erovnul daqsaqsulobas da feodalur
midrekilebebs. gr. robaqiZe eTanxmeba marqsistebs, romlebic amtkiceben,
rom saqarTvelos erTianoba rusebis xelmwifebis qveS ganmtkicda. magram
monobiT gaerTianeba mas saSinelebad miaCnia. samwuxaro realobaa: `poli­
tikurs cxovrebaSi Cven ver SevqmeniT mtkice da mZlavri xelmwifeba. aman
xeli Seuwyo Cveni `anarqiuli~ bunebis ganviTarebas~ (robaqiZe 1917: #257).
saqarTvelos mesame did problemad gr. robaqiZe miiCnevs `gavlenas~.
`monRolebis Semoseva, arab_sparsuli gavlena, bizantiuri `Semoreva~, ru­
suli `Semosvla~. TavisTavad cxadia, rom yovels jansaR ers Seswevs Sem­
tevi Zala, romelic am gavlenas umklavdeba: am brZolaSi yalibdeba eris
Semoqmedeba~ (robaqiZe 1917: #257). gr. robaqiZis azriT, saqarTvelos
hqonda Semtevi Zala, magram arasakmarisi. amdenad, gavlena sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi `SeduRebuli da gardaqmnili~ ki ar aris, aramed
`met_xorci~, rac `mesame siZnelea qarTuli renesansis winaaRmdeg amar­
Tuli~ (robaqiZe 1917: #257). es sami mTavari siZnele: anTropologiuri,
saxelmwifoebrivi da ucxouris gavlena unda sZlios qarTulma renesansma
_ 348 _
da mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Seqmnis igi namdvils stils. `qarTul renesanss~
gr. robaqiZe optimisturad amTavrebs. misi azriT, saqarTvelo ganTavisu­
fldeba da gaerTiandeba. mTliani saqarTvelo ki mraval siZneles gada­
laxavs (robaqiZe 1917: #257).
social-politikur Temebs utrialebs gr. robaqiZe statiebSi `guria da
socializmi~ da `socialisturi imperialistebi~, romlebic xatovanebiT
gamoirCeva Cven mier ganxiluli publikaciebidan. maTSi gr. robaqiZe ar
gvevlineba mxolod politikur eqspertad. naSromSi `guria da socializmi~
igi Cveuli ostatobic gviCvenebs saqarTvelos umSvenieresi kuTxis guriis
landSaftsa da gurulebis gonebamaxvilobas, maT sisxartesa da ganswavlu­
lobas. misi azriT, Rirseul gurulTaTvis `vefxistyaosnis~ zepirad cod­
na ubralo Cveulebaa da Sairoba iseTive moTxovnileba, rogorc `saamo
gaseirneba~. miuxedavad imisa, rom guruli Raribia, igi amayia da gemovnebi­
ani, kargad Cacmuli da kar-midamoc didebulad aqvs movlili. yvelaze
sayuradRebod gr. robaqiZes miaCnia is, rom `social-demokratia saqarT­
veloSi gurulebma Seqmnes. jer marto TaosanTa gvarebi: ingoroyva-ninoS­
vili, noe Jordania, maxaraZeebi, oTxi ramiSvili, cincaZeebi, lomTaTiZe,
silibistro jiblaZe, benia CxikviSvili, SaraSiZeebi, xomeriki, kir. niniZe,
JorJolianebi, kilaZeebi, ireTeli, lalioni-mamulaiSvili da sxva mrava­
li~ (robaqiZe 1917: #269). gurulTa gansakuTrebul gatacebas socializmis
ideebiT gr. robaqiZe xsnis imiT, rom isini `suliT aznaurni arian da yofiT
Raribni~. magram socialistur samosSi gamowyobili niWieri guruli `war­
Cinebulobis~ da `rCeulobis~ grZnobas arasodes hkargavs da verc veravin
daakargvinebs (robaqiZe 1917: #269).
ukraina-ruseTis urTierTobebis sakiTxs gr. robaqiZe ganixilavs sta­
tiaSi `socialisturi imperialistebi~. igi SeSfoTebulia im faqtiT, rom
`bolSevikebi ukrainas gasresas upireben~. gaocebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis, ro­
melsac ruseTi erTa ganmamTavisuflebeli hgonia, mas mtkice pasuxi aqvs:
`bolSevikebi modian socialistur imperialistebad _ es gamoTqma bevrs
SeiZleba ucnaurad moeCvenos, magram swored amaSia moqceuli bolSevikebis
socialuri suliskveTeba~ (robaqiZe 1917: #273). situacias gansakuTrebiT
arTulebs is, rom ruseTi mzad araa arc socialuri da arc ekonomikuri
gardaqmnebisaTvis. gr. robaqiZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ruseTis saxel­
mwifo iSleba, masSi Semaval erebs damoukideblobis mopoveba surT, `arc
erTi eri ar apirebs bolSevikuri socializmis ganxorcielebas. ai, sad
marxia ZaRlis Tavi: _ bolSevikebi oms ucxadeben yovel xalxs, romlebic
bolSevikebs ar mihyveba~ (robaqiZe 1917: #273). ukrainisadmi omis gamocxa­
debac amis dasturia. magram publicisti imedovnebs, rom bolSevikebi ver
gaimarjveben ruseTSi Semaval erebze. samwuxarod, ruseTi dResac bolSe­
vikuri suliskveTebiT agrZelebs yofil sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi
Tavisi Zalauflebis gavrcelebas da ar Tmobs im teritoriebs mefis ruse­
Tisagan memkvidreobiT rom miiRo.
mraval sakiTxTa Soris, romelTac grigol robaqiZe ganixilavs 1917-
_ 349 _
18 wlebis publikaciebSi, yvelaze arsebiTi saqarTvelos damoukideblo­
bis sakiTxia. yoveli filosofiurad Tu literaturulad gaazrebuli Tema
misken miemarTeba. mwerali kategoriuli, Tavdajerebuli da Seuvalia mo­
sazrebebis Camoyalibebisas. gr. robaqiZis politikur Temebze daweril
statiebSi gamqralia misi prozisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli lirizmi da musi­
kaloba. politikuri publicistikac, iseve rogorc mTeli misi Semoqmede­
ba, cxadyofs, rom igi patrioti da samSoblos bedze Rrmad dafiqrebu­
li avtoria. gr. robaqiZis bevri Sexeduleba dResac, 100 wlis Semdegac,
aqtualuria: unda gvaxsovdes, rom revoluciebisa da anarqiis Semdeg erma
da qveyanam ar unda dakargos sakuTari ganviTarebis gza iseve, rogorc
literaturasa da xelovnebaSi ar unda dakargos TviTmyofadoba. mxolod
am SemTxvevaSi iqceva igi msoflio istoriisa da kulturis saukeTeso naw­
ilad.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

gaxaria, rusudan: sadoqtoro disertacia `grigol robaqiZe da qarTuli

presa (1907-1921 ww)~
http://old.press.tsu.ge/GEO/internet/disertaciebi/rusudan%20gaxaria.pdf
gollend, givi [grigol robaqiZe]: `irakli wereTeli~, `saqarTvelo~, #222,
10.10.1917, gv. 2
robaqiZe, grigol: `ruseTis tragedia~, `saqarTvelo~, #232, 21.10.1917, gv.
2. gadmobeWdilia: grigol robaqiZe: `Cemi cxovreba~, `engadi: moTxroba~,
`Cakluli suli: romani~, leqsebi, weriliebi, mTavari red. m. xarSilava,
red. l. arabiZe. Tbilisi: `gea~ 1994, gv. 317-322
robaqiZe, grigol: `ruseTis tragedia~ (dasasruli), `saqarTvelo~, #233,
22.10.1917, gv. 2
gollendi, givi [grigol robaqiZe]: `bolSevikebis ajanyeba~, `saqarTvelo~,
#237, 27.10.1917, gv. 2
robaqiZe, grigol: `fantasmebis qalaqi~, `saqarTvelo~, #239, 29.10.1917, gv. 2
robaqiZe, grigol: `dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo~, `saqarTvelo~, #250,
11.11.1917, gv. 2
robaqiZe, grigol: `qarTuli renesansi~, `saqarTvelo~, #257, 21.11.1917, gv. 2
robaqiZe, grigol: `guria da socializmi~, `saqarTvelo~, #269, 10.12.1917, gv. 2
gollend, givi [grigol robaqiZe], `socialisturi imperialistebi~, `saqa­
rTvelo~, #273, 15.12.1917, gv. 2
CxaiZe, vaJa: `grigol robaqiZe 1917-1918 wlebis politikuri movlenebis
Sesaxeb~. quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi.
t. 1 (35), quTaisi: akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcem­
loba 1999, gv. 108-110
WaniSvili, xaTuna: `grigol robaqiZis publicistika (1917-1921)~. Tbilisi:
`meridiani~, 2014
_ 350 _
 Nugesha Gagnidze
Professor, Akaki Tsereteli State University

GRIGOL ROBAKIDZE’S PUBLICISM IN 1917-1918

Summary

Grigol Robakidze’s (1880-1962) works are emblematic of his life full of hardships,
contradictions and problems. Most of them are lost or scattered in different countries.
Scholars and readers’ subjective attitude to his biography and his books complicate the
search for the truth in them.
The originals of his publications can be found only in the Georgian Press which
came out before his immigration to Germany (1931). The most significant of them
are articles published in The Saqartvelo in 1917-1918. In the articles `Irakli Tsereteli~,
`Tragedy of Russia~, `Bolsheviks’ Rebellion~, `Cult of Dionysus and Georgia~, `Georgian
Renaissance~, `Besiki~, `Hellenes and Georgians~, `Guria and Socialism~, `Aleksandre
Chavchavadze~, `Socialist Imperialists~, `Kita Abashidze~, `Response to Grishashvili~ and
`Sonet in Georgia~, the author considers Literary and Philosophical issues along with
political and social themes. By that time Grigol Robakidze had already gained valuable
experience while studying at Tartu and Kazan Universities. Later he also attended lec-
tures in the Universities of France and Germany and as a military man visited Iran in
1916-1917. Accordingly as a result of it his thoughts about the political and literary life
of Georgia as well as about some individuals after World War I and before the Russian
Revolution are of special interest.
In his publications of 1917-1918 Grigol Robakidze tries to give an objective assess-
ment of the Russian monarchy, to explain the reasons for the Russian tragedy as well
as to understand the essence of Russian politics and culture. He also pays his attention
to the religious quest of Russia and the Bolsheviks inclination to socialism.
In `Bolsheviks’ Rebellion~ he emphasizes the idea that Georgia must not be involved
in foggy Petrograd’s fantasies. He believes that Russia is rushing into abyss and argues
that Georgia has its own way of development and its national independence movement
must not be destroyed by anarchy. If politicians of that time had taken into consider-
ation G. Robakidze’s prediction the history of Georgia could have taken another route.
In his 1917-1918 publications Grigol Robakidze also touches on problematic issues of
the history of Georgia which he considers as the Dionysian Mysteries. It’s very painful
for the writer to realize its contemporary social and political phenomenon. He believes
that Georgian Marxists’ idea of integration with Russia means falling into slavery.
Of all the issues thoroughly studied by Robakidze the most essential one is in-
dependence of Georgia. All his philosophical and literary works concern this theme.
Lyricism and musicality typical of his other works disappear in his articles written on
political issues. However all his publications confirm that he is greatly patriotic and very
thoughtful about the fate of his motherland. Many of his ideas are still topical today.
We should remember that even after revolutions and anarchy the nation must not lose
the path of its development.
_ 351 _
 xaTuna WaniSvili
socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

1918 wlis gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynebuli

ramdenime publikaciis filosofiuri gaazrebisTvis

1918 wels gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ Tematuri mravalferovnebiT gamoir­

Ceoda. am publikaciebis kvleva Cveni azriT, mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod
warsulis politikuri, kulturuli Tu ekonomikuri fonis ZiriTadi prin­
cipebis gasaazreblad, aramed aqtualuria, Cveni drois problemebisa Tu
aramarTebuli tendenciebis amosacnobadac, saukunovani mTavari fiqris
axal realobaSi CasarTavad. epoqaTa wamyvan ideaTa konteqstualuri ana­
lizi, swored rom, saSualebaa kulturul-politikuri identobis gasaaz­
reblad da droisgan morTmeuli faseuli ZRvenia, vinc Tavs warsulis
logikur gamgrZeleblad miiCnevs, vinc ar ganixilavs sakuTari Tavis,
drois, azrovnebis manerisa da qmedebebis mniSvnelobas guSindeli pasu­
xismgeblobebisa da gadawyvetilebebisgan damoukideblad, visac miaCnia,
rom konkretuli dro da konkretuli gadawyvetilebebi iseve gansazRravs
zogadsa da masStaburs, rogorc erTi miemarTeba mravals, an adamiani
RmerTs. amitom, aswliani qronologiuri manZili da misi TiToeuli mona­
kveTis Sefaseba CvenTvis, im dauwereli, universaluri kanonis damdgenia,
momavlis marTebuli orientirebis moniSvnas rom waadgeba.
am tipis kvlevisaTvis, ZiriTadad, gamoviyeneT masalis daxarisxebis,
retrospeqtuli, analizisa da sinTezis, Sefasebis, aseve sistemuri, qro­
nologiuri da istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodi.
rac Seexeba samecniero literaturas, 1918-1921 wlebis perioduli
gamocemebisadmi miZRvnili konkretuli kvlevebi ar ganxorcielebula
gasagebi (vgulisxmobT sabWoTa da postsabWoTa sistemis anarqiuloba), ma­
gram Cveni azriT, araobieqturi mizezebis gamo, Tumca im tipis kvlevebSi,
rogoric gaxlavT SoTa gagoSiZis `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (XX
saukunis 20-iani wlebi), nodar tabiZis `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~,
`publicistikis sakiTxebi~, sadac publicistikis arsis, Jurnalistiki­
sa da publicistikis diferenciaciis, ideaTa ganfenasa da publicistu­
ri ostatobis xerxebis Sesaxeb viTardeba msjeloba. perioduli gamoceme­
bis istoriiT dainteresebulTaTvis sagulisxmoa aleqsandre kandelakis
`narkvevebi qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriidan~, givi kapanaZis `qarTuli
Jurnalistikis istoriis sakiTxebi~, misive `qarTuli media da saqarTve­
los sagareo politika~, ioseb bocvaZis `qarTuli Jurnalistika~ da mi­
sive `presa da mwerloba~, ioseb WumburiZis `Jurnalistika droSi~, dali
CikvilaZis `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriis sakiTxebi~, misive `qarTuli

_ 352 _
publicistika~, publicistikis enas ikvlevs maia darsalia naSromSi `meta­
foris SemecnebiTi RirebulebisaTvis publicistikis enaSi~, sagulisxmoa
aseve paata guguSvilis `qarTuli publicistikis istoria~, mixeil gocaZis
`qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria~ da sxva avtorebis publikaciebi.
1918 wlis 7 aprili. 26 maisamde 49 dRe darCeniliyo. gazeTi `saqarTve­
los~ 75-e nomris pirvel gverdze aseTi saTaurebi ikiTxeba: `axali kursi~,
romlis avtoria poeti da sazogado moRvawe Salva amirejibi. igi akri­
tikebs gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdil social-demokratTa mosazrebas rusu­
li realobis siyvarulis gamo, romelnic fiqrobdnen, rom `politika ukan
unda misdevdes cxovrebas, rogorc mwyemsi bat saqonels da aRniSnavs: `Cven
ki vfiqrobT, adamianis goneba imiT ganirCeva cxovrebis stiqiuri movlen­
ebidan, romlebic Tavis-Tavad metad usicocxlo faqtebidan Sesdgebian,
rom gonierebas stiqiaSi da cxovrebis procesSi angariSi Seaqvs~ (amire­
jibi, 1918). asi wlis Semdeg, rogorc damoukidebeli, magram okupirebuli
qveynis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrs, maqvs Tu ara ufleba, an var Tu ara
valdebuli davsva igive SekiTxva qveynis kursTan, gonierebasTan, stiqiur
movlenebTan an usicocxlo faqtebTan dakavSirebiT. var Tu ara saukunis­
winandeli realobis uSualo memkvidre da gamoZerwa, gansazRvra Tu ara
konkretulma istoriulma realobam Cemi cxovreba. arsebobs Tu ara real­
uri safrTxe Crdilebis tyveobaSi moqcevisa da cocxal enaze uaris Tqmi­
sa, var Tu ara valdebuli movlenebi retrospeqtulad, konteqstualurad
davinaxo, gaviazro da rac mTavaria, am procesSi viyo cocxali, SeZlebi­
sdagvarad Seumcdari, vimetyvelo realuri da ara xelovnurad Seqmnili
eniT. subieqtis mxridan obieqturi xdomilebebis adeqvkturad aRqmis sur­
vili, marTalia, ar aris minimaluri adamianuri ambiciis (dadebiTi mniSvn­
elobiT) maCvenebeli, magram daZabulobisa da Zalisxmevis xarisxze, albaT
miuTiTebs. aris Tu ara social-demokratebisa da erovnul demokratebis
warmomadgenelTa azrovnebisa da metyvelebis maneras Soris radikaluri
gansxvaveba. aq saqme gvaqvs erTi sametyvelo da saazrovno velis opoziciu­
ri partiebis warmomadgenlebTan, Tu maT Soris, saerTo istoriuli gamoc­
dilebis, kulturuli tradiciis miuxedavad uZiro ufskrulia, romelic
STanTqmiT emuqreba TiToeuls. Cveni fiqriT, ufskruls uaxlovdeba orive
Zala, gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom erTi grZnobs, ufrTxis da acxadebs amis Ses­
axeb, meore ki dums Zalian ubralo da sabediswero mizezis gamo. mzeris,
intuitiuri codnis, pirovnuli, istoriuli pasuxismgeblobis, sakuTari
Tavis gagebis nebis ararsebobis; monumenturi, sabWoTa, saxalxo, koleq­
tiuri, TviTdajerebuli, materialuri faseulobebis erTgulebis, Tavi­
suflebis arcodnis gamo. mizezTa CamoTvla Zalian martivia da TiTqos XX
saukunis im usicocxlo, Sinaarsisgan daclil, karnavals emsgavseba, sam­
yaros rom Tavdayira ayenebs, aRrevs, Zvel funqcias absoluturad aclis
da mas aRaraferi aqvs saerTo im `karnavalur mezalansebTan, sadac laRi,
familaruli damokidebuleba yvelaferze vrceldeba, rac arakarnavaluri
ierarqiuli msoflgancdiT daxSuli, Caketili, gancalkevebuli da erT­
_ 353 _
maneTisagan dacilebuli iyo~ (baxtini, 2008), sadac dialogi iyo mTavari da
gansxvavebuli xmebis erToba polifoniurobas badebda. aq ki dialogi gam­
oricxulia, vinaidan erTi xmis imitacias araferi esmis namdvili xmis. ori
xma ki marTlac cxovrebisa da yofnis minimumia (baxtini). ase, rom ganaCeni
sakuTari Tavisa da qveynis mimarT martivadaa gamotanili. Tu ar arsebobs
dialogis survili sakuTar TavTan, Tu ar arsebobs pasuxismgeblobis gaaz­
rebis aucilebloba, Tu eTaderTi simarTlis mqadagebeli xelisuflebaa
da eWvi arasdros epareba sakuTari fiqrisa da qmedebis marTebulobaSi,
Tu fiqrobs, rom damoukidebloba senia, Sesabamisad, Tu sazogadoebas ar
awuxebs damoukideblobis meore dRes rusuli droSis friali (logikurad
da simbolurad) qarTvelebis wil samyaroSi usaTuod daisadgurebs didi
gamyinvareba (gamyinvarebis Semdeg samoqalaqo omi, daSorebuli afxazeTi
da Sida qarTli). es xdomileba, ki 21-e saukunis qarTveli moqalaqisTvis
aRaraa Cvengan damoukidebeli, ganyenebuli, warsulis sakuTreba, romel­
ic mxolod rig SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaixseno, gaaanalozo konferenci­
aze. rogorc merab mamardaSvili ambobda `raki istoriaSi vcxovrobT, Cveni
bedi ikvanZeba istoriaSi~ (mamardaSvili, 1992, gv. 25).
ratom Wirs, erTi SexedviT martiv WeSmaritebebTan damegobreba, ratom
amboben adamianebi sakuTari nebiT uars im realobaze, romelic maT adami­
anur sicocxles ganapirobebs da safrTxes uqmnis, ratom wers simon qvar­
iani gazeT `saqarTvelos~ 120-e nomerSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan
meoce dRes, rom mTavroba glovobs am Zvirfas dReso, ratom vigebT mi­
sive werilidan erTi tragikuli faqtis Sesaxeb, romlis gaazrebis Sede­
gad, gardauvlad moCans 1921 weli. `pirvelsave dRes viRaca fanatikosma
afxanikma Camoglija sabWos Senobis Txemze mofriale erovnuli droSa da
aRmarTa isev wiTeli rusuli bairaRi warweriT `gaumarjos ruseTis dam­
fuZnebel krebaso... amas mzers saqarTvelos mTavroba, amas iTmens qarTve­
li eri~ (qvariani, 1918). faqti konkretulia, magram srul suraTs asxavs.
SesaZloa arc iyos gasakviri xelisuflebis amgvari damokidebuleba, simon
qvariani xom qveynis prezidents imave werilSi sayvedurobs saqarTvelos
avtonomiis Rirsadac ar Tvlidao. cnobilia prezidentis damokidebuleba
presis mimarTac, `Cvenma xalxma unda warmoSobos axali mkiTxveli, aaRo­
rZinos axali gonebrivi moTxovnebi, gaiZlieros axali miswrafeba da miT
bolo mouRos Zvel daobebul presas da masTan erTad Zvel mkiTxvelsac~
(Jordania, 1900).
radgan publicistur teqstebs, arqiteqtonika avaldebulebs problemis
gadaWris gzebis warmodgenas, SevecdebiT ar movwydeT am konteqsts da logi­
kuri versia CamovayaliboT, magram iqamde aucilebel movaleobad vracxT,
zemoT aRweril movlenaTa mizezebis garkvevas. SeZlebis gvarad, maT Cveneu­
li interpretaciiT mivagnoT. asiwliswindel qarTul politikur realobaSi
absolutiurad atrofirda cocxali dialogis unari, atrofiis gamomwvevi
bevri mizezi SeiZleba arsebobdes, magram umTavresi, albaT, individualuri
xmebis naklebobaa. Tu ar gaaCnia subieqts metyvelebis unari, misi gaugebari
_ 354 _
sityvebi koleqtiuri, tendenciuri, sindisis tradicias mowyvetili sivrcis
mkvdar, ufunqcio nawilad gadaiqceva, romelic mudmivad icxovrebs diadi
saqmeebis Tu ideebis iluziebiT. aaSenebs utopiur sivrceebs, daangrevs sa­
kuTars, sxvisi realuri samyaros kanonebs daarRvevs da Seimoseba erTad­
erTi uSinaarso, imitirebuli ideiT. am dros ikargeba mTavari xma-Sinagani,
yvelaze zusti, utyuari, Sromis, e.w. `sulieri varjiSiT~ ganmtkicebuli,
individualuri da ganumeorebeli, samyaros wesrigisa da kanonebis amrekla­
vi. sulieri varjiSi, sakuTar TavTan da Semdeg sxvasTan, Sexvedris yvelaze
rafinirebul, rTul da Semecnebis sixaruliT aRsavse gamocdilebas miani­
Webs albaT, adamianis dialogis unars, sadac usaTuod moikrebs Zalas misus­
tebuli samyaro da sakuTari Tavis mosmenas daCveuli adamiani SeZlebs sxvis
mosmenasac da Tu Semxvedri xma ar aris cocxali, Seecdeba mis gacocxlebas.
am umTavres adamianur Cvevas ki mxolod mocaleobiT, gansjiTa da qmedebiT,
sakuTar Tavsa da samyaroze dakvirvebiTa da fiqriT SeZlebs. rodis iwyeba
fiqri sakuTar Tavze, sakuTar simarTlesa da sindisis sifxizleze, rodis
ibadeba adamianis gonebaSi mTavari saTqmeli, albaT aravin icis, garda sa­
kuTari sindisisa, magram Cveni azriT, aq aris sabediswero wertilis mox­
elTebisa Tu dakargvis mxiaruli albaToba, rodesac an Sedgeba pirveli da
Semdeg mudmivi Sexvedra sakuTar TavTan, meore adamianTan da mTel samyros­
Tan, an ara. metaforulad SesaZloa iTqvas, an iwyeba sicocxlis aqti, an ara.
mTeli tragi-komikuroba am Sexvedrisa ki am arCevanis TavisuflebaSia. da
Tu davubrundebiT 1918 wlis, SeiZleba iTqvas, e.w. damoukidebeli saqarTve­
los moqalaqeTa umravlesobisa da xelisufalTa adamianur arCevans, cxadia,
maTi mzeris, smenisa da xedvis ararsebobam aTqmevina vasil wereTels `aras­
dros, rogorc es ukanasknel dros, saqarTvelos misi politikuri damou­
kideblobis ase xelSemwyobi pirobebi ar warmoSobila. mcireodeni cda da
garja kmaroda, rom monobis mZime uReli kisridan gadagvegdo da Cveni Tavis
patronoba, sakuTari bedis qmnis ufleba xelSi Cagvvardnoda. imave dros
arasodes saqarTvelos politikur meTaurebs marjve da moxerxebuli dro
ase cudad ar mouxmariaT~ (wereTeli, 1918). realobis ase gaazreba, TiTqos
erTgvari sababi unda yofiliyo movlenebis cvlilebisa, magram erovnul-
demokratebis Zalisxmeva sakuTari movaleobis mniSvnelobis gaazrebisa da
qmedebebisa, uSedego aRmoCnda. albaT aq dgeba adamianis da sazogadoebis sa­
kuTar TavTan Sexvedris gamocdilebis simZafris sakiTxi. Tuki sazogadoebis
garkveuli nawils sruliad gaazrebuli hqonda sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis
mniSvneloba, ratom ver ajoba azrovnebis siRrmem zedapirul simravles?
azrovnebis aqti rodisaa Sedegiani? Tuki mas adamiani flobs, rogorc xe­
lovnebas? azrovnebis Tviseba xom Sedegze orientirebuli qmedebaa, magram
sakuTari Tavis danaxvis aucilebloba, xandaxan ufro fundamentur mniSvn­
elobas iZens. albaT, samyaros gardauvalma kanonebma am kuTxiT imuSava da
gamoRviZebis ideis mniSvnelobam pirovnul xmaTa simZafre gadawona, Tumca
istoriis trialma aCvena, rom fragmentulma sifxizlem Seaferxa da perspeq­
tivaSi gaadno yinulis sqeli fena, magram amisTvis TaobaTa xangrZlivi cvla
_ 355 _
moiTxova. sakuTari Tavis mimarT pativiscemis gancda, rasac qristianuli
kultura gulisxmobs, ignorirebuli aRmoCnda umravlesobis mxridanac, da
sakuTar TavSi RvTis xatis pativiscema, rac SemoqmedebiTobas, sicocxleSi
CarTulobasa da dialogis codnas gulisxmobs, daikarga. bunebrivad daikar­
ga sxvisi mosmenisa da misi gansxvavebulobis aRqmis unari. aqedan logiku­
ri iyo, saxalxo ideebisa da koleqtiuri cnobierebisaken gadaqceva `viTar­
ca lerwamTa~. dro am TvalsazrisiT, Cveni azriT, mxolod metafora da
wuTisoflis sazomi gamodis. igi ar icvleba, arc Cqarobs, arc nanobs da
arc igvianebs, gulgrilia adamianTa arCevanis Sesabamisad da ndobiTac ver
gamoirCeva. aba sxvagvarad rogor vifiqroT, roca ucnobi avtori gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ 98-e nomerSi saTauriT `naadrevi sixaruli~ wers: `da roca
ruseTSi bolSevikebi aRar iqnebian, imedi viqonioT, damoukidebeli kavkasi­
is erTa bedi ise iqneba mowyobili, rom aseTi advili aRar iqneba ruseTis
mosvla~. rogorc Cans, naadrevia yvela sixaruli, romelsac azrovnebis te­
qnika da higiena umtyunebs. Tu mTavar moazrovneTa gamocdilebas davakvir­
debiT, azrovnebis sixaruls martod myofobis, TviTdakvirvebis, samyaros
kanonebis axsnis mcdeloba, yuradRebis, mudmivi daZabulobis mdgomareoba
ganapirobebs, igi gadamdebia da samudamo.
1918 wlis 24 maisi, paraskevi, gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ #99. ori dRe damou­
kideblobamde. `Cven vdgavarT diadi safrTxis winaSe, Cven SeiZleba davkar­
goT ara Tu e. w. demokratiuli fronti, aramed yovelgvari SesaZleblo­
ba eris Tavisufali ganviTarebisa, ...yvelaferi is, risi imediT sunTqavda
ruseTis monobisa da usaSineles erovnuli devnis dros eris saukeTeso
nawili da amis mTavari mizezi iqneba Cveni sakuTari ususuroba, politi­
kuri aRzrdis uqonloba da gasaocari sibece, romelic axasiaTebda e.w.
revoluciis demokratiis mesveurT, marTva-gamgeobisa da Zalauflebis maT
xelSi gadasvlisa~. simptomaturi da iSviaTad myari sabuTia es amonaridi,
Cveni damoukideblobis xarisxis gasaazreblad. 26 maisamde ori dRiT adre
gazeTi iuwyeba mTavari safrTxis Sesaxeb. dasafiqrebelia is, rom avtori
ar adanaSaulebs ucxos, mters, ruseTs. sakuTar ususurobasa da sibeces
Civis. aqndakebs sakuTar Tavsa da xels aZlevs TanamedroveT did CrdilSi
avtoportretis koreqciisaTvis, sadac ferebi ar Cans, magram Cans mkve­
Tri monasmebi, mTavari Strixebi xasiaTis amosacnobad. sakuTari qandakebis
Zerwva erTaderTi marTebuli gamosavalia dabinduli damoukideblobidan.
intuicia ar Ralatobs avtors arasaxarbielo momavlis Wvretisas, Tum­
ca Sromasa da Sinagan varjiSs ar miatovebs, radgan individualuri si­
cocxlis SesanarCuneblad, sakuTari qandakebis dasasruleblad esaWiroeba
Zala. ratom sTavazobs samyaro am xedvis adamianebs uares realobas? isini
xom amas ar imsaxureben? albaT imitom, rom adamianobis idea Tanagancdisa
da Tanaziarobis models gulisxmobs da imitomac, rom erTi samyaro, rome­
lic marTlac gmirulia da maTematikuri harmoniiT gajerebuli, saboloo
pasuxs ver dadebs jer mZinare da uSromeli, gaurkveveli cvaladebisa Tu
amosacnobi wevrebis gamo. saboloo pasuxis misaRebad maTi gaaqtiureba,
_ 356 _
saxelebis darqmeva da ucnobidan realur cifrebad Tu ricxvebad gadaqcev­
aa saWiro. am process ki dro da Zalisxmeva esaWiroeba universaluri en­
ergiidan konkretul qmedebamde, radgan marTalia gantolebebi adamianebis
mier iwereba saxelmZRvaneloebSi, magram maTi namdvili avtori uxilavia.
mas ki, visac RviZavs, vinc azrovnebs da cxovrobs, xSirad uxdeba Sexvedra
samyaros avtorTan, vinaidan misi qmnilebis, kosmosis logikuri wesiere­
bis principis amocnobiTaa dakavebuli. azrovnebisa da sicocxli ideac,
Sesabamisad, ver iqneba egoisturi da mxolod sakuTari qmedebebisTvis ver
moiTxovs gasamjelos, radgan xvdeba, rom misTvisac kargavs 1918 wlis 26
maisi fass, vinaidan bevria usicocxlo irgvliv, maT gacocxlebas ki dro,
energia, da adamianad yofnis codna Tu gamocdileba sWirdeba. Tu es dRe
TiToeulisTvis ar gaxda Zvirfasi, maSin arsi ikargeba da Tavidanaa aRm­
arTi asavleli. amitom individualuri tkivili ukve gausaZlisi xdeba da
TiTqos iZulebis aqtad gadaiqceva, rom CaerTos adamianad dabadebis ur­
Tules, umTavres procesSi da Sesabamisi valdebuleba gaaZlierebs im Zal­
isxmevas,romelic SeZlebs 2018 wels saerToerovnuli sixaruliT Seegebos
26 maiss. am SemTxvevaSi, albaT azrovnebis Zalam imuSava da okupirebul,
magram damoukidebel qveyanad Camoayaliba saqarTvelo sloganiT: `me var
qarTveli, maSasadame, me var evropeli~, radgan qarTvelebsa da danarCen
samyaros kvlav dasWirda Sexseneba XX saukunis dasasrulis mTavari niusis.
TibaTvis 30, kvira. informacia gavrcelda kirion kaTalikosis gar­
dacvalebis Sesaxeb. `quTaisidan mravaltanjul saqarTvelos eklesias, ro­
melmac mravaltanjviT gamoglija Tavisufleba orTavian arwivs, ucnaurma
borotebam mostaca misi siamaye uwmindesi da unetaresi kaTolikosi kirion
meore. samitropolito sabWo da sasamarTlo gulmoklulni dastirian qa­
rTvelTa eklesiisa da eris moWirnaxulis naSts da imedovneben, rom Tavi­
sufali eri saqarTvelosi gaswmends Tavis miwawyals saqarTvelos saxelm­
wifos da eklesiis mterTa da moRalateTagan (anton quTaTeli).
kirion kaTalikosis gardacvaleba logikuri dasasrulia im saazrov­
no modelisa da realobisa, rac ganmsazRvreli Zala aRmoaCnda 1918 wels
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisTvis, im ufskrulis saCveneblad, or mTa­
var politikur Zalas Soris, qveynis momavlis gansazRvra rom itvirTes.
geronti qiqoZem aRniSna kidec erovnuli sabWos yrilobaze `cxadia, rom
Tu saxelmwifoebrivi, finansuri da militaruli organizacia ver movawes­
rigeT, SeiZleba romelime mezobeli an ucxo saxelmwifo dagvepatronos,
magram es Tqveni brali iqneba da ara Cveni. imitom rom saxelmwifos dRes
Tqven meTaurobT. am mxriv Cvensa da Tqvens Soris marTla mTeli uf­
skrulia. Tqven ggoniaT, rom xsna wiTel gvardiaSia~ (qiqoZe, 1918).
qarTvel xelisufalTaTvis 1918 wels xsna wiTel gvardiaSi iyo. 2018
wels qarTvelTaTvis xsna aRar gaxlavT wiTel gvardiaSi, magram xsnas Tu
isev garedan veliT, yvela avtoritetuli filosofiuri azri gvetyoda,
rom saxelmwifos Tavisufleba mxolod misi moqalaqeebis Sinagani gimnazi­
uri wvrTnis Sedegad miiRweva.
_ 357 _
 aRniSnuli masalis qronologiurad, Tematur-ideurad gaazrebis Sede­
gad, dadginda movlenebis sazrisis mniSvneloba; sazogadoebaSi pirovnul
xmaTa Semcirebam, arasasurveli momavlisadmi intuiciuri Wvreta tragiku­
li gaxada.
grigol robaqiZis, geronti qiqoZis, vasil wereTlis, simon qvarianisa
da ucnob avtorTa publicisturi teqstebis mixedviT, socialuri, poli­
tikuri, kulturuli, RirebulebiTi problemebis nusxa dadginda. gairkva
avtorTa mier gadaWris gzebis versiebis arsi, mniSvneloba da uSedegobac.
publikaciebis avtorTa mier, problemaTa gadaWris gzebis versiebis
analizis, interpretaciisa da Sefasebis Sedegad, dadginda sazogadoebis
ZiriTadi nawilis azrovnebis, misi araswori prioritetebis epoqaluri
mniSvneloba, romelsac mcire nawilis marTebuli azri ver gaumklavda.
inteleqtualTa mier, qveynis damoukideblobis aqtis arsebobis miuxe­
davad, daibada dauZleveli SiSis gancda. rusuli realobis adeqvqturma
aRqmam, tragikuli niRabi moargo qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
xangrZliv perspeqtivas.
Cven mier, qronologiuri principis darRveva wiTel, sabediswero,
presabWour droSi 1918 wlis movlenebsa da gansjiT nawilSi baxtiniseuli
kvleviTi-karnavaluri mogzauroba dagvexmara, dagvedgina xanmokle, da­
naSaulebrivi, saukunis dasawyisis mTavari mizezebi. metad davrwmundiT.
mamardaSviliseuli `azris higienis~ mniSvnelobis upiratesobaSi, Tavisu­
fali azris araswori gagebis danaSaulebriobasa da tragikulobaSi.
Sesabamis daskvnaTa warmodgeniT, prevenciisTvis, mTavar movaleobad
migvaCnia, saukunis Semdeg, movlenaTa sazrisis Ziebis, am kuTxiT, individ­
ualuri pasuxismgeblobis gaazrebis, upirobo aucilebloba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

amirejibi S., `axali kursi~, gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, # 75, 1918

baxtini m., karnavalizebuli literatura, sjani, 2008, # 9
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, # 99, 109, 119
evropuli kulturis ori safuZveli, seria evropuli Ziebani, statiebis
krebuli, Tbilisi, 2008
mamardaSvili m., saubrebi filosofiaze, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1992
mitropoliti anton quTaTeli, `kirionis gardacvaleba~, gazeTi `saqarT­
velo~, # 126, 1918
Jordania n., `qarTuli presa guSin da dRes~, werilebi, Tbilisi, 1900
qvariani s., `dRevandeli viTareba da Cveni mTavrobis movaleoba~, gazeTi
`saqarTvelo~, # 120, 1918
qiqoZe g., `g. qiqoZis sityva~ gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, #123, 1918
wereTeli v., `ra gzas unda davadgeT~ gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, #75, 1918
Бахтин М., Проблемы поэтики Достоевского, Москва, 1968.
_ 358 _
 Khatuna Chanishvili
PhD in Social Sciences, Associate Professor
Caucasus University

FOR PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SEVERAL PUBLICATIONS IN

NEWSPAPER `THE SAKARTVELO~ IN 1918
Summary

In 1918 the printed organ of the National-Democratic party `Sakartvelo~ was re-
nowned for its thematic diversity. Study of editorials published in a few issues (N75,
90, 99, 67, 109, 119, 123, 126) is important for us not only for comprehension of
the fundamental principles of political, cultural and economic background but also is
relevant for understanding modern problems and trends and incorporating the main
thinking into the new reality.
Was there a radical difference between the thinking and speech of the representa-
tives of the Social-Democrats and National-Democrats? Here we deal with the opposing
representatives of the same speech and thinking field as there is a vast chasm despite
the common historical experience and cultural traditions menacing to devour them.
We believe that both forces were on the edge of the abyss; however, there still was a
difference between them _ one fully comprehended everything and spoke aloud about
it, while the other was silent because of a simple and fatal reason _ because of lack
of vision, intuition, individual and historical responsibility and misunderstanding oneself.
No one knows when the human being starts thinking about his/her life, the truth
and consciousness, when the main message is born in his/her mind; nobody but his/
her inner voice. It is the point of grasping or losing the fatal point of meeting with his/
her self for the first time, with another person and with the whole world; however,
this meeting can either take place or not. We can metaphorically say it is the beginning
of the act of life. Tragedy and comedy of the meeting is in the freedom of choice.
Therefore, we can say that in 1918 the choice made by majority of the citizens and
authorities of the so-called independent Georgia was a result of lack of vision, hearing
and glance.
By chronological, thematic-ideological analysis of the above mentioned materials we
grasped the essence of the thought; reduction of individual voices in the society made
intuitive contemplation of the unwelcome future tragic.
On the basis of analysis and evaluation of the approaches to the problem solving
of the publications’ authors, we established epochal meaning of wrong priorities and
wrong thinking of a bigger part of the society which cannot be dealt with by thinking
of minority.
After analyzing and evaluating the publications authors’ views on problem solving
methods, versions and interpretations, we ascertained significance of the majority’s
thinking and their wrong priorities with which opinion of minority was unable to cope.

_ 359 _
 mariam marjaniSvili
filologiis doqtori
quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis mecnier-TanamSromeli

damoukideblobis dRe emigrantTa cnobierebaSi

XX saukunis qarTulma politikurma emigrantebma TavianTi cxovrebiTa

da moRvaweobiT Cveni qveynis kulturul da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
istoriaSi mTeli epoqa Seqmnes. maTi uamravi naSromi mecnierebis, lite­
raturis, politikis, samarTlisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi Serwy­
mulia saqarTvelos istoriuli bedisweris kardinalur sakiTxebTan.
dRes, roca mTeli eri aRniSnavs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da­
moukideblobis 100 wlisTavs, amas Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli simboluri da
Tanac metad realuri mniSvneloba aqvs. vinaidan istoriis svla da saxeoba
cvalebadia, magram ufro cvalebadia is, Tu rogor iwereba es istoria.
aq, lesings unda davesesxoT: `rom TviT arsTa gamrige gamocxaddes
Cems winaSe da marjvena xelSi mTeli WeSmariteba epyras, marcxenaSi ki WeS­
maritebis Zieba da miTxras `amoirCie!~, _ me mivekvrodi marcxena xels da
vetyodi: _ es momec, ufalo!~.
am naSromSi WeSmaritebis ZiebiT gvinda warmovadginoT parizSi gamoma­
val Jurnal `kavkasionis~ furclebze dabeWdili qarTul politikur emi­
grantTa mogonebebi, romlebSic saqarTvelos istoriis epoqaluri movlen­
ebia gaSuqebuli.
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi erTi meores miyolebiT, udidesi mniSvne­
lobis aqtebma amoxeTqa qarTveli eris nebisyofis istoriuli sinamdvili­
dan, roca `erma nebayoflobiTi, gadawyvetili nabijiT, aRadgina erovnuli
da saxelmwifoebrivi sruli suverenoba~.
jer kidev 1917 wlis (12) 25 marts, mcxeTaSi Semdgarma saqarTvelos
episkopos-samRvdeloebis yrilobam aRdgenilad gamoacxada mravalsaukun­
ovani qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia (rac ruseTis sinods gauqmebuli
hqonda 1811 wels).
`es gaxldaT saqarTvelos sulieri suverenobis aRdgena.~
26 ianvars 1918 wels _ ukve damoukidebeli kavkasiis pirobebSi _ moxda
gaxsna Tbilisis saxelmwifo qarTuli universitetis _ memkvidre gelaTisa
da iyalTos akademiebisa.
`es iyo saqarTvelos suverenobis aRdgena: gonebis sferoSi!~
da bolos _ 26 maiss 1918 wels saqarTvelom aRadgina Tavisi `saerTaSo-
riso saxelmwifoebrivi da politikuri suverenoba.~
yovlad SeuZleblad migvaCnia romelime am aqtis dakavSireba `oqtom­
bris revoluciasTan~, rogorc amas `cdiloben da ris Canergvasac lamoben,
raTa qarTvelTa is Taobani, vinc am diadi faqtebis momswreni ar iyvnen,
amaSi daajeron~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968 , gv. 9).
_ 360 _
 dRes, ukve dadga dro, saqarTvelos damoukideblobidan saukunis gasv­
lis Semdeg mainc, qarTul politikur emigrantTa Semoqmedebaze dayrdno­
biT istoriis sasamarTlos winaSe warmovadginoT maT mogonebebSi motani­
li utyuari mowmoba-Cvenebebi.
sailustraciod ganvixilavT Jurnal `kavkasionis~ XIII nomerSi gamo­
qveynebul mogonebebs, romlis erT-erTi avtori gaxldaT 1929 wlidan am
Jurnalis redaqtori viktor nozaZe. man saxelwodeba `kavkasioni~ Jurnal­
isaTvis sagangebod aarCia, radgan igi fundamentur politikur koncefcia­
sac Seicavda da amasTan erTad gulisxmobda kavkasiis xalxTa saxelmwifoe­
briv gaerTianebas saqarTvelos meTaurobiT.
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos aRdgomisa da misi brwyinvalebis dRes,
qarTvel xalxTan erTad didi aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda axalgazrda viktor
nozaZec, romelmac maSindeli ganwyobileba didi eqstaziT gadmosca nax­
evari saukunis Semdeg 1968 wels Jurnal `kavkasionSi~ dabeWdil weril­
Si `saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis warmoSoba~: `qarTvelma erma
kvlav aRidgina Tavisi saxelmwifo; saqarTvelo kvlav gamovida istoriis
farTo Saraze Tavisi sakuTari saxiT; Tavisi piradi saxeliT da gvariT;
Tavisi pasportiT. mravali saukunis Semdeg es iyo WeSmariti aRdgoma saqa­
rTvelosi~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv.41).
mogonebis avtori, aqve, xazgasmiT imasac aRniSnavda: `rogorc TeTr­
ma, imperatorulma ruseTma ar Seasrula Tavisi imperatoruli sityva, ise
wiTelma ruseTma ar Seasrula Tavisi marqsistul _ leninuri sityva; igi
saqarTvelos Seesia mas Semdeg, rac jer TurqeTTan megobruli kavSiri
Sekra da mas qarTul-somxuri teritoriebi dauTmo da miaCuqa (baTumi,
arTvini, ardagani, yarsi). gaaCuqa sxvisi miwa-wyali 25 aTasi kv. kilometri!~
(`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 44).
mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo wiTelma ruseTma saqarTveloze Tavdasxma da
misi jarebi damoukidebel respublikas Seesivnen (11 Tebervali 1921 w). mosko­
vis radiom mTels msoflios amcno, rom qarTveli muSebi da glexebi TiTqos
saqarTvelos mTavrobas aujanydnen da amitomac maT Tbilisze gailaSqres.
es usazizRresi tyuili wiTelma radiom mTels msoflios mosdo. `ra­
sakvirvelia man damala Tavisi muxanaTuri Tavdasxma da Semoseva... da dRe­
sac yovel SemTxvevaSi amas imeoreben, Tumca yvelam kargad icis, rom es
tyuilia da sicruea~ (1968, gv. 44).
viktor nozaZis mogoneba imis dasturia, ucxoeTis cis qveS Tu rogori
aqtiurobiT awarmoebda sityviTa da kalmiT qarTuli politikuri emigra­
cia erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolasa da demokratiuli msoflmxedv­
elobis sruli sisavsiT warmoCenas.
saerTod, unda iTqvas isic, rom warsuli mxolod maSin aris gakveTili
momavlisaTvis, roca igi obieqturi sisworiT iqneba Seswavlili, roca am
warsulidan araferi ar iqneba damaluli. aqedan gamomdinare, davimowmebT
Jurnal `kavkasionis~ furclebze dabeWdil kidev erT mogonebas, romlis

_ 361 _
avtori gaxldaT eseisti Tamar papava: `26 maiss diliT Cveni ojaxidan yve­
lani gaikrifnen. haeri ar gvyofnidaT saxlSi... saxazino Teatris darba­
zSi, sadac b. noe Jordania kiTxulobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis aqts, Seukavebeli tirili ismoda... im dros vlasa mgelaZe,
mama daviTze asuli, akakis, ilias, vaJas ulocavda saqarTvelos aRdgomas~
(`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 64).
didi ilia ambobda: _ `yoveli adamiani dauwereli saintereso wignia, miT
umetes, mwerlisa da Semoqmedis cxovreba, romelic mTeli guliTa da Semo­
qmedebiT dakavSirebulia Tavisi qveynis yoveldRiur majiscemasTan, uSual­
od ganicdis samSoblos tkivils, mis sixaruls, mwuxarebas, Tu bednierebas~.
es sityvebi uSualo kavSirSia mweral akaki papavas biografiasTan, ro­
melmac icxovra da ganvlo didi epoqaluri Zvrebi da qartexilebi, igema
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, samSoblos okupacia da emi­
graciis nar-ekliani gzis susxi.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis bednierebisa da amaRlebis grZnobebia
aJRerebuli leqsSi `26 maisi CvenTan~:
`gaxsovT, gaxsovT Tqven Tbilisi,
im dRes mokaSkaSe,
kvlav aRmdgari eri misi,
siyvaruliT savse...~

***
me vloculob im maisze,
muxlebs viyri wamsve;
miyvars xati misi ise, -
edems mivamsgavse;
maTbobs igi gadmoriyuls
aqac, ucxo karze,
momioxebs dafleTil guls,
nagebs ekal-narze...~ (1968, gv. 64).
naxevari saukunis gasvlis Semdegac didi emociuri muxtiTaa datvirTu­
li emigrant pavle sarjvelaZis mogoneba `rogor idResaswaula 1920 wels
Tbilisma 26 maisi~, romelic gvxiblavs Tavisi siwrfeliT, SedarebiT ucnobi
faqtebis sizustiT aRweriT, sadac emigranti mTeli sisavsiT warmoaCens mis
sulier samyaros: `Tavisuflebis moedani xalxiT gaWedila. winadRiT mo­
sulni imeri da ameri, aWarisa da SavSeTis, kaxeTisa da javaxeTis, svaneTisa
da imereTis, gare kaxelni _ samRvdeloebiT _ yvelani morTulan... qarTvel­
Ta saukuno tanjva-wameba daviwyebas miscemia. maT mkerds amSvenebs am dRi­
saTvis sagangebod moqarguli, patara samferovani droSebi, xolo moedans
gars ertymis farTod gaSlili droSebi...~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 66).
am mogonebaTa nakadSi avtors didi uSualobiT, sifaqiziT aRweril
ucnob faqtebTan erTad, kalmis erTi mosmiT aqvs daxatuli eris SvilTa
_ 362 _
zneobrivi saxec: `sasaxlidan gamodis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jorda­
nia. mas Seegeba jgufi qarTvelobisa kote afxazis meTaurobiT; qarTuli
maRali kulturis da zneobis warmomadgeneli gabrwyinvebuli TvalebiT
misCereboda saqarTvelos mimrqmels da maT SexvedraSi iqsoveboda saxe qa­
rTvelTa mTlianobisa... (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 68).
saerTod, sixaruli misi dadebiTi formis mixedviT adamianis axal
adaptacias axdens; da Tan axal orientaciasac aniWebs adamianis instiqtebs,
Cveulebebs an kidev sruliad axal Cveulebebs qmnis.
yuradRebas ipyrobs emigrantTa cnobierebis nakadSi danaxuli 26 maisis
dRe: `Tbilisis quCebSi auarebeli xalxi ireoda. ismoda amqrebis zurna_
duduki, dasta-dasta mezurneebi mihyvebodnen moqalaqeebs. aRfrTovanebu­
li axalgazdoba rokviT, simReriT miemarTeboda rusTavelis gamzirze...
qalaqs mtredis fersa hfenen mzis pirveli sxivebi... haers moaqvs dilis
saaris kvnesa...~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 64-65).
msgavsi aRfrTovanebis suraTebia daxatuli emigrant a.sarjvelaZis
mogonebaSi `damoukideblobis xana~: `erovnuli Tavisuflebis siyvarul­
ma, sakuTari qarTuli saxelmwifos damkvidrebis da misi momavlis aRor­
Zinebis imedebma gadaaviwya mosaxleobas nivTieri gaWirveba; ar SeuSinda
simartoves, mraval dabrkolebas da mxned Seudga aRmSeneblobis saqmes.
ra gakeTda? ras mivaRwieT? rogor pirobebSi _ yvela amisi dawvrilebiTi
aRwera momaval istorikos unda mivandoT...~ ( `kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 59).
individualuri xedviTaa dasuraTxatebuli saqarTvelos damoukide­
blobisa da Tavisuflebis dReebi levan zurabiSvilis mogonebaSi: `saqa­
rTvelos mTel teritoriaze da mis ramodenime gemze, frialebda qarTuli
erovnuli droSa: Savi-TeTri _ da _ Svindisferi, ese igi Tamar mefis is­
toriuli ferebi da saqarTvelos SeeZlo eTqva SoTas sityvebi: `avmarTe
droSa mefisa, almiTa wiTel SaviTa~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 81).
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis xana,
marTalia, mokle iyo, magram sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis SinaarsiT igi Zal­
ze mdidari gaxldaT. ruseTis saukunovani tyveobidan Tavdaxsnilma Cvenma
qveyanam aRmSenebloba daiwyo da igi evropuli saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTare­
bis gzas daadga, magram sul male `risxviT mobrunda cis cargvalze bedis
borbali~. qarTveli xalxis aRmafena 25 Tebervlis katastrofam Secvala.
es tragikuli dReebia gadmocemuli ucnobi avtoris mogonebidan, ro­
melic 1921 wlis 9 ivnisiT TariRdeba. 26 maisis aRniSvna bolSevikebma
akrZales, magram raki studentobam erovnuli droSebiT gamosvla mainc
gadawyvita, revoluciurma komitetma maSin brZaneba gamoaqveyna: `rac Sei­
Zleba meti zeimiT idResaswaulos 26 maisi, magram araviTari erovnuli xa­
siaTi ar unda hqondes am dResaswauls; akrZalulia raime droSis gamotana,
garda wiTlisa... xalxma unda idResaswaulos mxolod saqarTvelos ganTa­
visufleba menSevikuri imperializmisagano~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 70).
ucnobi avtori mogonebaSi `tramvuli cnobierebis~ gamomxatvel epizo­
debsac warmoaCens, rac kargadaa gamoxatuli bolSevikebis dadgenilebaSi:
_ 363 _
`saerTo krebaze gadawyvetili iyo, rom yoveli namdvili qarTveli da yove­
li samSoblos mosiyvarule adamiani saxlidan ar gava 26 maiss. marTlac, 26
maiss rusebis, somxebis da (rusi) uriebis garda aravin iyo quCaSi... rusebi
zeimobdnen da is `qarTvelebi~, romlebsac Cven `rusebs~ veZaxiT (maxaraZe
da sxvani)...~ (1968, gv. 70).
saerTod, emigrantTa mogonebebSi gaxsenebis nakadi ori paraleluri
xaziT viTardeba: erTia mogonebebi samSobloze, mis damoukideblobaze,
romelic qarTveli eris aRmafrenis wuTebTanaa dakavSirebuli, meorea _
sabWoTa yofis amsaxvel mexsierebiT arsenalTan dakavSirebuli `travmuli
cnobiereba~, rac Tavisufleba dakargul samSoblos datovebiT gamoixate­
ba. orive movlena realobaa, magram mtkivneuli gancda ufro samSobloSi
mimdinare procesebs ukavSirdeba.
`aravin unda daiviwyos kaTolikosis sityva, romelic man jalaTebs
uTxra: _ suli Cemi RmerTs, guli Cemi _ samSoblos, xolo mZori Cemi _
Tqven, jalaTebo!~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 8).
1922 wels genuis konferenciaze saqarTvelos kaTolikosma malulad
gadaagzavna memorandumi, romelSic Txovda genuis konferenciis monawile
saxelmwifoebs qarTveli xalxis ubedurebisaTvis yuradRebis miqcevas.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom `qarTuli saxelmwifo gaxda msxverpli ara
Sinaur ZalTa amxedrebisa, ara xalxis undoblobis niadagze, aramed ucxo
Zalisa da misi iaraRisa~ (`kavkasioni~ XIII, 1968, gv. 63).
aSkaraa, qarTul politikur emigrantTa saazrovno arealSi CarTuli
individualuri mexsiereba, romantikuli warsuli, mogonebebi, komunik­
aciuri mexsierebis kvaldakval iqca kulturul mexsierebad, ramac mniS­
vnelovnad Seamsubuqa maTi `travmuli cnobiereba~, tragizmis gancda.
swored, amgvari kulturuli mexsiereba gaxda erovnuli identobis Sen­
arCunebis safuZveli, sayrdeni da TavSesafari ucxoeTSi, romlis dastur­
ic zemoTxsenebuli mogonebebia.
erTi SexedviT, mogonebebi TiTqos xels ar uwyoben arc progresulisa
da arc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebas, mis wina planze wamowevas,
da, arc maRali mxatvruli doniTa da stilisturi daxvewilobiT gamoirCe­
va, magram, aq mTavri is gaxlavT, rom mogonebebi Tavisufali azris mag­
aliTebia. maT avtorebs, marTalia, sicocxleSi ar anebivrebda sazogadoe­
ba, magram emigraciaSi, rogorc Jurnal `kavkasionis~ redaqtori viktor
nozaZe ganmartavda: `droa ukve, es Zvirfasi istoriuli masala, romelsac
yoveli mogoneba warmoadgens, ucxoeTSi mainc ibeWdebodes da ukvalod ar
ganibneodes~.
amrigad, emigrantul presis furclebze, kerZod `kavkasionSi~dabeWdil
mogonebebs, saerTod, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imiT, rom es mogonebebi saqa­
rTveloSi mzis sinaTles ver naxavdnen, meore _ emigraciaSi iyvnen qarT­
velebi, romlebsac raRac saTqmeli hqondaT, magram asparezis uqonlobis
gamo verafers ambobdnen; mesame _ bevrisaTvis iseTi seriozuli gamocema,
rogorc Jurnal `kavkasioni~ gaxldaT, sababi iyo imisaTvis, rom migdebu­
_ 364 _
li inteleqtualuri muSaoba, emigrantul pirobebSi uazrobad miCneuli,
isev ganaxlebuliyo da emigrantebs TavianTi unari saboloo dakargvisagan
gadaerCinaT; meoTxe _ presis furclebze dabeWdili mogoneba emigrant­
Ta kvals datovebda da maT Rirsebas ucxoeTSi mcxovreb qarTvel momal
TaobaTa TvalSic ufro gazrdida. amasTan emigraciaSi gamomavali Jur­
nal-gazeTebi yvelaze aqtualuri brZolis saSualeba gaxldaT, radgan be­
WdviTi sityviT emigraciis mebrZolTa sityva samSobloSic aRwevda.
garda amisa, presis furclebze dabeWdili emigrantTa Semoqmedeba
im nihilizmis gaqarwylebasac warmoadgenda, romelic maSin musirebda:
`dRes-dReobiT arc erTi emigracia yofila, rom dapyrobili eri gaenTa­
visuflebinos. saqarTvelos damarcxebuli suverenuli ufleba isev saqa­
rTveloSia da misTvis mebrZoli da misi aRmdgeni Zalac da SesaZleblobac
iq darCenil qarTvelTa xelSia. da is vinc iqidan gamoiqceva am brZolasac
moswydeba~ (SaraZe, 2004, gv.79).
maT sapirispirod viktor nozaZesa da inteleqtualur emigrantTa did
nawils Rrmad swamdaT: `emigraciaSi myofT axalgazrdobas SesaZlebloba
eZleoda, emigrantuli presis furclebze gaSuqebuli utyuari masalebiT
gaerkviaT istoriuli simarTle, CamoeyalibebiaT garkveuli Sexedulebani,
xvalis neba da erovnuli Rrma SegnebiT mtkiced dakavSirebodnen Tavisi
qveynis axalgazrdebs. raTa erovnuli golgoTis Znelad saval gzidan ga­
daexvetaT sabWoTa ruseTis mier Tavs moxveuli keTildReoba~ (2004, gv.79).
Jurnal `kavkasionis~ furclebze dabeWdili mogonebebi udaod WeS­
maritebis gzis Ziebis dasawyisi gaxldaT samans iqiT da samans aqeTac.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

beTaneli, r., (1968), qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis 50 wlis

Tavze 1917-1967, `kavkasioni~ XIII
vardani, b., (nozaZe, viqtori) (1968), axali saqarTvelo-respublika saqarT­
velos demokratiuli respublikis warmoSoba, `kavkasioni~ XIII
zurabiSvili, l., (1968), qarTuli universitetis daarsebis 50 wlis Tavze
parizSi, `kavkasioni~ XIII
papava, T., (1968), mogoneba, `kavkasioni~ XIII
papava, a., (1968), 26 maisi CvenTan, `kavkasioni~ XIII
sarjvelaZe, p., (1968), rogor idResaswaula 1920 wels Tbilisma 26 maisi,
`kavkasioni~ XIII
sarjvelaZe, p., (1968), rogor idResaswaules 26 maisi 1921 welSi, `kavka­
sioni~ XIII
sarjvelaZe, p., (1968), damoukideblobis xana, `kavkasioni~ XIII
SaraZe, g., (2004), qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. V,
Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 2001-2003

_ 365 _
 Mariam Marjanishvili
Doctor of Philology
Kutaisi State Historical Museum

INDEPENDENCE DAY IN EMIGRANTS’ CONSCIOUSNESS

Summary

Today, when the whole nation is celebrating the 100th anniversary of the indepen-
dence of Georgia, it has its own special symbolic and, at the same time, quite real
meaning. Due to the fact that history progress is changeable, it is even more change-
able how this history is written.
From this point of view, we have studied the Georgian political emigrants’ mem-
ories on the pages of the journal `Kavkasioni~, which was published in Paris. In their
memoirs, they depicted epoch events of the history of Georgia. The past is the lesson
for the future only if it is accurately and objectively studied, when nothing is concealed.
Georgian political emigrants’ memoires mainly appeal to us with their honesty, ac-
curate description of comparatively unknown facts and vivid depiction of their spiritual
world.
The description of the happiness after announcing the independence of Georgia in
the emigrants’ stream of consciousness is followed by the episodes of `traumatic con-
sciousness~ conditioned by the following processes.
Generally, the stream of memories in the emigrants’ memoirs develops in two par-
allel directions: memoires about home country, its independence, which is connected
with the height of the Georgian nation, and the second _ `traumatic~ memories con-
nected to Soviet times, which is expressed by leaving the country. Both are reality, but
the feelings connected with the processes going on in the country are more painful.
So, the memoirs published on the pages of the journal `Kavkasioni~ are the begin-
ning of the long way to look for the truth.

_ 366 _
 inga (klara) qaraia
humanitarul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
kavkasiis universiteti

samuzeumo sferos ganviTareba saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis arsebobis periodSi
(1918-1921 ww.)

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam samiode

weli iarseba (1918-1921), mniSvnelovani kvali datova qveynis kulturis,
maT Soris samuzeumo sferos ganviTarebaSic. swored am wlebSi ganxor­
cielda saqarTvelos muzeumis Seqmnis idea, romelsac jer kidev XIX sauku­
nis dasawyisidan ayenebdnen evropul ganaTlebas naziarebi qarTuli samefo
aristokratiisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, magram maSindel isto­
riul garemoebaTa gamo, misi xorcSesxma karga xniT gadaido.
qveyanaSi pirveli samuzeumo dawesebuleba _ ruseTis geografiuli
sazogadoebis kavkasiuri ganyofilebis muzeumi daarsda 1852 wels, rom­
lis bazaze, mogvianebiT, 1865 wels Seiqmna kavkasiis muzeumi. Tumca, prof.
levan WilaSvilisa da sxva mecnierTa azriT, qveyanaSi samuzeumo saqmiano­
bis Casaxva-Camoyalibebas, `gacilebiT adre Caeyara safuZveli... igulisxme­
ba mTeli rigi istoriuli movlenis misaniSnebeli Zveli nivTis sagangebo
dacva da Senaxva, romlebic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda ama Tu im faqtis
dasadastureblad~.1
msgavs istoriul movlenasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis yvelaze Zvel
werilobiT wyaros warmoadgens antikuri periodis berZeni geografis fla­
vius arianes (ax. w. 95-175) Savi zRvis garSemo mdebare qveynebSi mogzauro­
bis amsaxveli masala, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom `fazisSi Casul stumrebs
da sxva mnaxvelebs aTvalierebinebdnen qalRmerT reas qandakebas, argo­
navtebis xomald `argos~ Ruzis naSTebs da sxva RirsSesaniSnav masalebs~.2
xolo Sua saukuneebis xanis saqarTveloSi materialuri kulturis Ze­
glebis Tavisebur sacavs (ZvelberZnuli `museionebis~ analogias)3 ZiriT­
adad warmoadgenda qarTuli saeklesio _ samonastro centrebi rogorc
saqarTveloSi (gelaTi da bagratis taZari, SuamTa, oSki da sxv.), aseve mis
farglebs gareT (aToni, ierusalimi, sinas mTa da sxv.). cnobilia aseve, rom
qarTvel mefeTa sasaxleebSic Tavmoyrili iyo didZali saunje, romelsac
samuzeumo mniSvneloba gaaCnda. magaliTad, erekle II-is Tbilisis sasaxlis

1 WilaSvili l. muzeummcodneoba da samuzeumo saqmis safuZvlebi (leqciebis kursi), Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1984, gv. 26
2 flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, Tb., 1961, gv. 39
3 museioni (ZvelberZn. _ Μουσεῖον) uzenaes RvTaebaTa da muzebis Tayvansacemad agebuli taZrebi,
sadac inaxeboda taZrisTvis Semowiruli da RvTaebebisTvis saCuqrad morTmeuli xelovnebis
nimuSebi (avtoris SeniSvna).

_ 367 _
sacavis Sesaxeb cnoba ekuTvnis Teimuraz bagrations,4 romlis Tanaxmad,
irkveva, rom mefis `salarosa Sina~, mowyobili yofila muzeumi, sadac Zve­
li monetebi, saWurveli da sxva masalebi inaxeboda. sasaxleebSi muzeumebis
Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT udavod sainteresoa samegrelos mTavris daviT da­
dianis mier zugdidis samTavro rezidenciaSi 1850-ian wlebSi daarsebuli
kabinet-muzeumi, romelSic ganTavsda `mTavris mier wlebis manZilze Seg­
rovebuli numizmatikuri, paleografiuli da arqeologiuri, saomari aR­
Wurvilobisa da qristianul siwmindeTa koleqciebi, heraldikuri atribu­
tika da siZveleTa sxva nimuSebi~.5
cnobilia, rom qveyanaSi kulturuli cxovrebis aRmavlobisaTvis samuze­
umo organizmis aucileblobas kargad grZnobdnen ruseTSi evropul ganaT­
lebas naziarebi qarTveli batoniSvilebic. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa
ioane batoniSvilis werilobiTi moxseneba (1799) saqarTvelos ukanaskne­
li mefis _ giorgi XII-sadmi, sadac, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, saubaria bib­
lioTeka-muzeumebis gaxsnis saWiroebazec. analogiuri azria gatarebuli
daviT batoniSvilis mier XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SemuSavebul samarTlis
wignSic.6
sruliad dasaSvebia zemoT moyvanili faqtebi ganvixiloT saqarTveloSi
samuzeumo warmonaqmnebis pirvelsaxeebad da erovnuli kulturuli mem­
kvidreobis nimuSebis erT sivrceSi Tavmoyris mcdelobebad, rasac arc
Semdgom wlebSi daukargavs aqtualoba. vinaidan, qveynis pirveli samuze­
umo dawesebuleba _ ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyo­
filebis muzeumi, romelic 1852 wels Camoyalibda kavkasiis mefisnacvlis
mixeil voroncovis (1782-1856) xelSewyobiT, warmoadgenda im politikis
gamtarebel struqturas, rasac ruseTis carizmi axorcielebda kavkasi­
is sruli kolonizaciisa da imperiasTan Serwymis mimarTulebiT.7 rogorc
wesi, muzeums xelmZRvanelobdnen ruseTidan movlinebuli mecnierebi (v.
sologubi, i. barTolomei da sxv.) da miuxedavad imisa, rom muzeumis kole­
qciis formirebaze warmatebiT muSaobdnen qarTveli moRvaweebic (rafiel
erisTavi, levan ColoyaSvili, dimitri yifiani da sxv.), isini aqtiurad
ver monawileobdnen muzeumis marTvaSi. radgan, rogorc cnobilia, mim­
dinareobda erovnuli kadrebis sruli ugulebelyofis procesi da yvela
maRali administraciuli Tanamdebobidan idevnebodnen qarTuli sazoga­
doebis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc sruliad usargebloni `uunarobisa da

4 bagrationi T., istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars saqarTveloisa,
sankt-peterburgi, 1848 w. gv. 52
5 beraia l., kalandia g., qaraia i., dadianebis sasaxleTa istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeumis
gzamkvlevi, saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros gamocema, Tb., 2009, gv. 20
6 WilaSvili l., muzeummcodneoba da samuzeumo saqmis safuZvlebi (leqciebis kursi), 1984, gv. 35
7 igive mizans emsaxureboda ruseTis imperiis mier 1887 wels TbilisSi kavkasiis meabreSumeobis
sadguris (SemdgomSi _ muzeumi) daarseba; aseve, 1899 wels dafuZnebuli kavkasiis kustaruli
komitetis muzeumi (amJamad _ saqarTvelos xalxuri da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis saxelmwifo
muzeumi), romlis miznad dasaxuli iqna kavkasiaSi xalxuri rewvis nimuSebis Segroveba, aRdgena
da warmoebaSi danergva (avtoris SeniSvna).

_ 368 _
saqmeSi gamoucdelobis gamo~.8 gansxvavebuli iyo samuzeumo sakiTxSi maTi
Tvalsazrisebic. qarTvelebi Tvlidnen, rom saqarTveloSi yvela piroba
arsebobda samuzeumo saqmis saTanadod ganviTarebisaTvis (am Tvalsazriss
TavgamodebiT icavda rafiel erisTavi, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana
muzeumis eTnografiuli masalebis sistematizaciaSi),9 xolo rusi xelmZR­
vaneloba miiCnevda, rom muzeumi unda daxmareboda rus da dasavleT evro­
pel mecnierebs kavkasiis xalxTa kulturis gacnobaSi da amitom, XIX sauku­
nis II naxevridan `uxvad ugzavnidnen evropis muzeumebs qarTul samuzeumo
nivTebs~.10
qveynidan unikaluri masalebis masiuri gadineba da is garemoeba, rom
kavkasiis muzeumis direqcia jerovan yuradRebas ar uTmobda axali eq­
sponatebiT fondebis Sevsebas, qarTuli sazogadoebis sakmaod did ukmay­
ofilebas iwvevda. amitomac kvlav mkveTrad ismeboda sakiTxi erovnuli
samuzeumo centris daarsebis Sesaxeb da am mimarTulebiT garkveuli nabi­
jebic idgmeboda. kerZod, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebe­
li sazogadoebis mier 1884 wels Seiqmna arqeologiuri (`saarxeologo~)
muzeumi, romelmac didi samuSaoebi ganaxorciela samuzeumo koleqciebis
Segrovebis mimarTulebiT, Tumca, Senobis uqonlobisa da usasxrobis
gamo, ver SeZlo saqmianobis gagrZeleba. aseve, Tbilisis mosaxleobis mx­
ardaWeriTa da qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa (eqvTime TayaiSvili, dimi­
tri baqraZe, Tedo Jordania da sxv.) TaosnobiT, sionis taZarTan daarsda
saeklesio muzeumi (`yovladwmida RvTismSoblis saxelobis ZmobasTan arse­
buli saeklesio ganZTsacavi~, 1888), romlis mizani iyo saqarTvelos ekle­
sia-monastrebSi Semonaxuli im istoriuli nivTebis sagangebo ganZTsacavSi
gadatana, romlebic yoveldRiur xmarebaSi aRar gamoiyeneboda.
mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda 1907 wels saqarTvelos saistorio
da saeTnografio sazogadoebis samuzeumo komisiis (eqvTime TayaiSvili,
aleqsandre sarajiSvili, kalistrate cincaZe da sxv.) Seqmna, romelmac
miznad daisaxa `qarTuli muzeumis~ daarseba, magram, samwuxarod, ver SeZ­
lo misTvis saTanado farTis gamonaxva, rac Zalze arTulebda samuzeumo
masalebis moZieba-dacvisa da kvlevis sakiTxs. Tumca, miuxedavad Senobisa
da finansuri resursebis uqonlobisa, muzeumma didZali masala Seagro­
va (mxolod da mxolod kerZo pirTa nivTier da fulad SemowirulobaTa
xarjze) da 1917 wlisaTvis `mis koleqciaSi iyo 2432 arqeologiuri da eT­
nografiuli masala, 8000-ze meti sigel-gujari, 1427 xelnaweri, 550 naqso­
vi eqsponati, 62 qandakeba, 585 mxatvruli tilo, agreTve 73 freskis asli,
38893 moneta~11 da a. S. (amJamad es masalebi daculia saqarTvelos sxvadasx­
va muzeumebsa da xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi).

8 Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, t. VIII, Тифлис, 1881, gv. 5

9 qaraia i., muzeumis gidebis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2015, gv. 22
10 Читая Г., Этнографические исследования Грузинской ССР, `Советская этнография~, 1948, 4, gv. 175
11 WilaSvili l., muzeummcodneoba da samuzeumo saqmis safuZvlebi (leqciebis kursi), 1984, gv. 55

_ 369 _
 qarTuli muzeumis Seqmnis idea mxolod demokratiuli respublikis ar­
sebobis wlebSi ganxorcielda, roca 1918 wlis 1 agvistos qveynis mTav­
robam miiRo dekreti kavkasiis muzeumis gauqmebisa da mis bazaze saqarT­
velos muzeumis daarsebis Sesaxeb. dekretiT damtkicebuli debulebis
Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos muzeumis mizansa da amocanebs Seadgenda saqarT­
velos mecnierulad Seswavlis xelSewyoba, risTvisac muzeums `Tavi unda
moeyara, moewesrigebina, Seenaxa da mecnierulad daemuSavebina yvela mas­
ala da koleqcia, romlebic Seexebodnen saqarTvelosa da misi mezobeli
qveynebis fizikur bunebas, eTnografiasa da istoria-arqeologias~.12 cxa­
dia, am miznebis miRweva muzeumis mesveurTa did Zalisxmevas saWiroebda,
vinaidan, pirveli msoflio omis, revoluciebisa da garTulebuli sagareo
politikis Sedegad, qveyana ekonomikurad gaCanagebuli iyo da muzeumis
normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebi ar gaaCnda, daumTavrebe­
li iyo muzeumis axali Senobac.13 Sesabamisad, daxuruli iyo gamofenebi da
aRarc specTanxebi ikribeboda, iSviaTad tardeboda eqspediciebi, magram
`axali viTareba saimedo niadags qmnida muzeumis funqcionirebis ganax­
lebisaTvis~,14 rac, pirvel rigSi, muzeumis samecniero sabWos saqmianobaSi
axalCamoyalibebuli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorebisa
da axalgazrda qarTvel mecnierTa (e. TayaiSvili, g. CubinaSvili, s. maka­
laTia, S. amiranaSvili da sxv.) CarTviT gamoixata. maTi didi SemarTebis
Sedegad, muzeumSi, romelic imxanad Sedgeboda xuTi ganyofilebisa
(geologiis, botanikis, zoologiis, eTnografisa da istoria-arqeologiis)
da biblioTekisagan, samecniero muSaoba ar Sewyvetila da samuzeumo saqmi­
anobac ufro mizanmimarTulad warimarTa.
erovnul xelisuflebas kargad esmoda qveyanaSi samuzeumo saqmis gan­
viTarebis mniSvneloba da miuxedavad mZime krizisisa, cdilobda SeZlebi­
sdagvarad daxmareboda saqarTvelos muzeums, romelic saxalxo ganaT­
lebis saministros sistemaSi Sedioda. kerZod, 1919 wlis 19 dekembers
damfuZnebelma krebam da respublikis mTavrobam miiRes dekreti saqarTve­
los muzeumis Senobis dasamTavreblad mniSvnelovani saxsrebis gamoyofis
Sesaxeb, 1919-1920 wlebSi ganaTlebis saministrom muzeums `nivTebis Sesa­
Zenad gadasca 104.800 maneTi, xolo 1920 wlis dasawyisidan samecniero, sag­
amomcemlo da saojaxo xarjebisaTvis~ yovelTviurad gamoiyofoda 3333,
3750 da 1250 maneTi.15 am TanxebiT moxerxda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli eqspediciebis mowyoba axali masalebis
mopovebisa da Seswavlis mizniT.

12 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1918-1921, Tb., 1990

gv. 107
13 kavkasiis muzeumi 1910 wels daixura Senobis avariulobis gamo. muzeumis axali Senobis (n.
severovis proeqti) mSenebloba ramdenjerme SeCerda qveynis mZime mdgomareobis gamo da sab­
olood dasrulda sabWoTa mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi, 1928 wels (avtoris SeniSvna).
14 CxaiZe g., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi (1852-1932), Tb. 2003, gv. 227
15 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivi, 1919, 148/136, f. 79

_ 370 _
 1919 wels daisva sakiTxi qveyanaSi gabneuli samuzeumo nivTebis saqa­
rTvelos muzeumSi Tavmoyris Sesaxeb da 1920 wlis aprilSi daarsda is­
toriul-kulturuli mniSvnelobis sagnebis Sesyidvis fondi, romlis
komisiis wevrTa (e. TayaiSvili, g. CubinaSvili da sxv.) iniciativiT, ganaT­
lebis saministrodan da saxelmwifo xazinidan sakmaod didi raodenobis
Tanxebi gamoiyofoda koleqcionerebisa da mosaxleobisagan numizmatiku­
ri masalis, xelovnebis, saomari aRWurvilobis, saiuveliro nawarmisa da
samoselis nimuSebis, unikaluri xelnawerebisa da sxva masalebis SesaZenad.
magaliTad, 1920 wels muzeumma SeiZina koleqcioner a. teroganezovis kuT­
vnili numizmatikuri masala (arSakidebis, sasanidebis, qarTuli, romauli,
berZnuli da sxva 700-mde moneta), `v. bagrationis, m. vaCnaZis, g. ServaSiZis,
yaflan orbelianisa da mariam erisTavis ojaxebidan istoriuli samkauli,
iaraRi, tansacmeli, xaliCebi da sxva nivTebi~.16
istoriuli nivTebisa da xelovnebis nimuSebis muzeumSi Tavmoyris uz­
runvelsayofad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos dam­
fuZnebeli krebisa da respublikis mTavrobis 1920 wlis 28 maisis dekrets:
`saistorio, saarqeologio, samxatvro da sakulturo nivTebis saqarTve­
los respublikidan gatanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb~,17 romlis Tanaxmad, sazR­
vargareT gatanas ar eqvemdebareboda:
1. yovelgvari miwaSi da sasaflaoebSi napovni nivTebi liTonisa, Zvli­
sa, Tixisa, minisa da xisa;
2. yovelgvari saeklesio nivTi da samkauli, xati, jvari, WurWeli,
Sesamoseli, qsovilebi, naker-naqargi nivTebi, xelnaweri da Zveli nabeWdi
wignebi, sigel-gujarni, qandakebani da CuqurTmiani qvebi;
3. yovelgvari Zveli iaraRi, saomari da saojaxo;
4. yovegvari Zveli samkauli dedakacisa da mamakacisa;
5. Zveli fulebi, medlebi, Jetonebi;
6. suraTebi, naxatebi da mxatvruli nawarmoebebi.~18
demokratiuli mTavrobis mier gatarebuli am da sxva RoniZiebebis, aseve
sazogadoebis SemowirulobaTa Sedegad, saqarTvelos muzeumi nel-nela
iqca qarTuli materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis samuzeumo mniSvne­
lobis nivTebis Senaxvis, dacvisa da samecniero kvlevis centrad, romelic
urTierTobebs amyarebda evropis sxvadasxva qalaqebis (parizis, londonis,
berlinisa da romis) muzeumebTan.
mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda damfuZnebeli krebisa da mTavro­
bis 1920 wlis 30 martis dekreti samxedro-istoriuli muzeumis bazaze19
16 CxaiZe g., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi (1852-1932), Tb. 2003, gv. 230
17 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1990, gv. 396
18 iqve, gv. 397
19 samxedro-istoriuli muzeumi _ didebis taZari (arqiteqtori: a. zalcmani), TbilisSi 1888 wels
gaixsna ruseTis imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT, ruseTis armiis warmatebebis ukvdavyofisa da
misi Zlevamosilebis demonstrirebis mizniT. muzeumis eqspoziciaSi sxvadasxva saxis samxedro
aRWurvilobis garda, didi adgili ekava portretebs, bataluri scenebis amsaxvel ferwerul
tiloebs, samxedro pirTa fotogamosaxulebebs. pirveli msoflio omis dros moxda didebis

_ 371 _
saqarTvelos erovnuli samxatvro galereis daarsebis Sesaxeb, romlis xe­
lmZRvanelad dimitri SevardnaZe20 dainiSna. mokrZalebuli biujetis fonze
galereis muSaobis masStabi Zalze didi iyo da misi sagamofeno politikac
imTaviTve gamoikveTa: qarTuli da araqarTuli, Zveli da axali periodis
saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebis Segroveba da gamofena, anu `yovelive imisa,
rac faseuli Seqmnila an moxvedrila saqarTvelos teritoriaze~.21
erovnuli galereis pirveli eqspozicia 1920 wlis oqtomberSi gaixsna.
eqspoziciis mowyobas win uZRoda mizandasaxuli Sroma da mTeli saqarT­
velos masStabiT xelovnebis nimuSebis Segroveba. damoukidebeli respub­
likis mTavrobam ramdenjerme gamoyo namuSevrebis SesaZeni Tanxa, xSiri
iyo kerZo pirTa Semowirulobebic, ris Sedegadac 1920-iani wlebisaTvis
galerea ukve flobda raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivad sakmaod mniS­
vnelovan fondsacavs. maT Soris mravlad iyo holandiuri, franguli da
italiuri mxatvruli skolebis, aRmosavluri xelovnebis (iranuli, Cinuri,
induri) nimuSebi. Zveli qarTuli xelovnebis koleqciasTan erTad, fond­
sacavSi male gaCnda axlad Camoyalibebuli qarTuli mxatvruli skolis
mniSvnelovani nimuSebic: TviT d. SevardnaZis mier mopovebuli firosmanis
namuSevrebis koleqcia, al. beriZis, g. gabaSvilis, al. mrevliSvilis da
im sxva mxatvarTa namuSevrebi, romelebmac akademiuri ganaTleba miiRes
dasavleT evropisa da ruseTis samxatvro saswavleblebSi. galereis cen­
tralur nawilSi ganTavsda biblioTekis wignTsacavi (5000 wigni, ZiriTadad
iSviaTi ucxouri gamocemebi), romelic TbilisSi pirvel saxelovnebo bib­
lioTekas warmoadgenda. faqtobrivad, erovnulma galeream, romlis Zir­
iTad daniSnulebas Tanadrouli saxviTi xelovnebis warmoCena warmoadgen­
da, saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumis funqciac SeiTavsa, riTac TbilisSi kidev
erT mZlavr samuzeumo dawesebulebas _ saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeums
Caeyara safuZveli.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, gasaqani mieca
axali muzeumebis dafuZnebasac. 1919 wlis 3 ianvars damoukidebeli saqarT­
velos parlamentma miiRo kanoni `samefo gvareulobis qonebis konfiskaci­
is~ Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad, `saqarTvelos respublikis sazRvrebSi mde­
bare yvela adgil-mamuli, romelic ekuTnoda samefo gvareulobis wevrT,
rogorc daba-qalaqebSi, agreTve maT gareSe, gamocxaddes saqarTvelos re­
spublikis saxelmwifo qonebad~.22 bunebrivia, am kanonis miRebisa da dadi­

taZris eqspoziciis evakuacia da muzeummac arseboba Sewyvita (avtoris SeniSvna).

20 dimitri SevardnaZe (1885-1937), mxatvari da sazogado moRvawe, swavlobda ciurixSi, miunxenis
samxatvro akademiaSi. 1916 wels misi TaosnobiT daarsda `qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoeba~,
aqtiurad monawileobda saistorio da geografiuli sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi, didia misi dam­
saxureba muzeumis koleqciebis dakompleqtebis sferoSi, firosmanis namuSevrebis samuzeumo
koleqciis kuTvnilebad qcevaSi, agreTve qarTuli istoriuli Zeglebis Seswavlasa da dacvaSi.
d. SevardnaZe 1937 wlis sabWoTa represiebs Seewira, roca sxva qarTvel moRvaweebTan erTad
(m. javaxiSvili, s. axmeteli), win aRudga TbilisSi metexis taZris dangrevas.
21 http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=54
22 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 1990, gv. 201

_ 372 _
anebis ukanaskneli memkvidris niko dadianis tragikulad daRupvis Semdeg
(1917), saxalxo kuTvnilebad gamocxadda dadianebis yofili sasaxleebic,
sadac muzeumis Seqmna gadawyda. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordanias
rwmunebiT, eqvTime TayaiSvilsa da damfuZnebeli krebis wevrs giorgi faR­
avas daevalaT `daaTvalieron q. zugdidSi mingrelskis yofili sasaxlis
qoneba. amasTanave maT ufleba eZlevaT, gadmoitanon TbilisSi is nivTebi,
romlebsac saWirod dainaxavdnen arqeologiuri an sxva raime miznebiT~.23
1919 wels `samegrelos Tavadis ganZeulobis aRmwerma komisiam~ dadianebis
mouravis vladimer alSibaias mier miTiTebuli samalavidan mTavarTa ganZe­
ulobis nawili (oqrosa da vecxlis xatebi da sxva nivTebi, WurWeli, su­
raTebi, xaliCebi da sxva) amoiRo da saqarTvelos saistorio saeTnografio
muzeumis sacavSi gadaitana. mogvianebiT, 1920 wels muzeumis pirvelma di­
reqtorma akaki Wanturiam24 didi samuSaoebi gaswia gafantuli koleqciebis
Segrovebisa da sistematizaciis mimarTulebiT, radgan samegrelos mTa­
varTa sasaxleebSi (zugdidi, WkaduaSi, salxino) daculi da glexebis mier
datacebuli erovnuli saganZuris muzeumSi ganTavsebas da eqsponirebas
udidesi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. Tumca, `zugdidSi muzeumis gaxsnis pativi,
bediis ironiiT, bolSevikebs ergoT,25 roca 1921 wlis 1 maiss aq gaixsna
muzeumi, romelsac Tavdapirvelad `samegrelos muzeumi~, xolo Semdeg­
Si _ zugdidis istoriuli muzeumi ewoda (amJamad _ dadianebis sasaxleTa
saxelmwifo istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeumi).
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba aseve didad uwyobda xels jer
kidev 1881 wels wamoWrili dasavleT saqarTvelos saistorio muzeumis
quTaisSi daarsebis ideis ganxorcielebas. muzeumSi unda ganTavsebuliyo
1912 wels dafuZnebuli saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis quTaisis
filialis samuzeumo ganyofilebis mier Segrovebuli da mosaxleobis mier
Semowirul siZveleTa sakmaod mdidari koleqcia, gelaTis monasterSi dacu­
li siwmindeebi, unikaluri xatebi da xelnawerebi, istoriuli dokumentebi,
romlebic trifon jafariZisa26 da sazogadoebis gamgeobis sxva wevrTa me­
oxebiT, im periodis ganukiTxaobis wlebs gadaurCa. garda amisa, samuzeumo

23 iqve, gv. 244

24 akaki Wanturia (1881-1941), qarTveli mecnieri, arqeologi, eTnografi, zugdidis muzeumis
damaarsebeli da pirveli direqtori. sxvadasxva dros swavlobda didi britaneTisa da aSS
universitetebSi, sadac geologiuri mecnierebis paralelurad, eufleboda eTnografiis, ar­
qeologiis, xelovnebisa da samuzeumo saqmis safuZvlebs, monawileobda britaneTis muzeumis
(British Museum) samecniero-kvleviT eqspediciebSi. samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, mas saqarT­
velos mTavrobis meTaurma n. Jordaniam sagareo saqmeTa ministris posti SesTavaza, magram a.
Wanturias mizans mxolod zugdidSi, dadianebis yofil sasaxleebSi muzeumis gaxsnis uflebis
mopoveba warmoadgenda, rac, miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobebisa, warmatebiT ganxorcielda.
25 kalandia g., gaZarculi saganZuri, gamomcemloba `artanuji~, Tb., 2006, gv. 39
26 trifon jafariZe (1876-1937), quTaisis saistorio sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifo saisto­
rio-saeTnografio muzeumis damaarsebeli da pirveli direqtori (1922-1930), siZveleTa da xe­
lovnebis ZeglTa dacvis rwmunebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi (1921-1930), quTaisis saxelmwifo
pedagogiuri institutis pedagogi. igi antisabWoTa agitacia-propagandisa da antisabWoTa or­
ganizebuli qmedebis braldebiT warmoebul 1937 wlis sabWoTa represiebs Seewira.

_ 373 _
nivTebis Segrovebis mizniT, wlebis manZilze sazogadoebis gamgeobam araer­
Ti eqspedicia moawyo (samegrelo, svaneTi, imereTi), ris Sedegadac muzeumis
koleqciaSi Tavi moiyara didZalma masalam: mravalricxovanma arqeologi­
urma, eTnografiulma, numizmatikurma nivTebma, Zvelma xelnawerma wignebma,
Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebma da a.S. ase rom, roca 1922 wlis dekemberSi, saqa­
rTvelos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris brZanebiT, quTaisSi daarsda saisto­
rio muzeumi (amJamad, niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo
istoriuli muzeumi), masSi ganTavsda unikaluri koleqcia, romelic sakma­
od gamdidrda qveynis pirveli demokratiuli mTavrobis ZalisxmeviT, Tumca
mas muzeumis daarsebis saqmis bolomde miyvana ar dascalda.
zemoaRniSnuli faqtebi da masalebi naTlad cxadyofs saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis (1918_1921) arsebobis periodSi mimdinare kul­
turul procesebsa da demokratiuli mTavrobis rols qveynis pirveli
muzeumebis SeqmnaSi, avlens maTi Camoyalibebis winapirobebsa da garemoe­
bebs, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba erovnuli samuzeumo instituciebis
formireba da Semdgomi ganviTareba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

WilaSvili l. muzeummcodneoba da samuzeumo saqmis safuZvlebi (leqciebis

kursi), Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1984
flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, n. keWaRmaZis Targmani da
gamocema, Tb., 1961
qaraia i., muzeumis gidebis saxelmZRvanelo. ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiisa da saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa
dacvis saministros gamocen. ISBN 978-9941-0-8369-3, gamomcemloba `dam­
ani~, Tb., 2015
bagrationi T., istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars
saqarTveloisa, sankt-peterburgi, 1848
beraia l., kalandia g., qaraia i. dadianebis sasaxleTa istoriul-arqite­
qturuli muzeumis gzamkvlevi, saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa
dacvis saministros gamocema, Tb., 2009
kalandia g., gaZarculi saganZuri, gamomcemloba `artanuji~, Tb., 2006
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli,
1918-1921, Tb., 1990
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivi, 1920, 149/137, f. 116, 79
CxaiZe g., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi (1852-1932), saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiisa da g. Citaias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis gamocema, Tb., 2003
gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1920 wlis 21 agvisto, #188
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi: http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_
id=54
_ 374 _
Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией, t. VIII, Тифлис, 1881, gv. 5
Читая Г., Этнографические исследования Грузинской ССР, `Советская этно­гра­
фия~,1948, gv. 4

Inga (Klara) Karaia

PhD in Humanities, Professor
Caucasus University

DEVELOPMENT OF MUSEUM FIELD DURING THE PERIOD OF THE

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA (1918-1921)
Summary

The paper reviews development issues of museum culture during the years of the
first Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921), it analyzes prerequisites and circum-
stances of the establishment of the first museums of the country, the contribution of
the democratic government to the creation of a number of museums in Georgia and
to their future development.
The idea of ​​creating Georgian museum in Tbilisi was born as early at the beginning
of 19th century by representatives of the Georgian royal aristocracy and intellectuals
who were educated in Europe but because of the historic circumstances, this intention
was not fulfilled and was delayed for a long time. The first museum institution_ the
museum of the Caucasian Department of the Russian Imperial Geographic Society (since
1865 named as The Caucasus Museum), established in 1852 was managed by scientists
from Russia, who considered that museum had to help Russian and Western European
scientists to get acquainted with the culture of the Caucasus peoples and to enrich
museum collections with exhibits. Such attitude caused dissatisfaction among the Geor-
gian intellectuals. That was why the issue of establishment of the National Museum
Center had been periodically provided and was realized only in the years of the first
Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) when in 1919 under the decision of the
independent Georgian government the Museum of Georgia/Central museum of history
and nature (currently Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia) was founded.
With the support of the first Democratic Government of the country many new
museums were founded in Georgia. Among them was `Museum of Samegrelo~ which
was placed in the former palace of the Dadianis, princes of Samegrelo. After the trag-
ic death of Niko Dadiani, last successor of prince Dadianis in 1919, the independent
Georgian parliament approved the law on `confiscation of royal property~, the former
palace of the Dadianis was announced as a public affiliation and it was decided to
establish museum under the leadership of Akaki Chanturia, who had recently returned
from Great Britain. Under the decree by Noe Zhordania (Chairman of the Government)
a special commission (with participation of famous public figures, including Ekvtime

_ 375 _
Takaishvili) was established and on May 1, 1921 the museum was opened under the
name of `Museum of Samegrelo~ (now the Dadiani Palaces State Historical-Architectural
Museum).
In addition, the idea dating back to 1881 about ​​establishment of the History Muse-
um of West Georgia in Kutaisi was also realized. There a rich collection of antiquities
collected by the Museum division of Kutaisi Branch of the Historical-ethnographical So-
ciety (founded in 1912) was preserved and the collection was enriched with holy things
from Gelati Monastery: unique icons, manuscripts and historical documents. At the
decision of the Democratic government (1888) on the basis of the Temple of Glory (i.e.
the Russian Military-Historical Museum) the National gallery was opened in October
1920 and with great effort of painter Dimitri Shevardnadze there were displayed on the
permanent exhibition Georgian portrait paintings (so-called Tbilisi school) of 18th-19th
centuries, as well as Russian, West European, Iranian and modern Georgian artworks.
The archival materials obtained and the results of the conducted research show the
contribution of the First Democratic Republic of Georgia to the creation and develop-
ment of the first Georgian museums depicting the history and culture of the country.

_ 376 _
 salome WanturiZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
biblioTekis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921ww.)
Semswavleli centris TanamSromeli
Tsu xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoranti

Salva qiqoZis Canaxatebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli

respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) Jurnalebidan

Salva qiqoZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba iseTive xanmokle aRmoCnda, ro­

gorc saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arseboba. mxatvari im ada­
mianTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlis Semoqmedeba swored rom saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis arsebobas emTxveva da ukavSirdeba. Cveni kv­
levis sagani saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis (1918-1921 ww.) Jur­
nalebia. kerZod ki _ maTSi Salva qiqoZis grafikuli Canaxatebi.
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom swored saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis dros Seqmnilma Tavisufalma garemom, politikuri wnexisagan ga­
Tavisuflebam, adamianebs sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba gauCina da Semoqmedeb­
iTi Tavisuflebisken ubiZga. wlebis ganmavlobaSi akrZaluli, mravaljer
daxuruli Jurnal-gazeTebi Tavidan iwyeben arsebobas. amave dros, axali
stambebi ixsneba. yovelgvari cenzuris gareSe, yvelaferi iwereba da ibe­
Wdeba. Salva qiqoZe im dros moRvawe mxatvrebis msgavsad TanamSromlobs
periodul gamocemebTan, qmnis araerT Canaxats Tu karikaturas, romelic
naTlad asaxavs ara mxolod mxatvris niWsa Tu SemoqmedebiT bunebas, ar­
amed Tavisufali saxelovnebo sivrcis arsebobasac ki.
mxatvris biografiasa da Semoqmedebaze araerTi werili Tu monografia
arsebobs. Tumca, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis presis fur­
clebi inaxaven masalebs, Canaxatebs, romlebic mkvlevrebisa Tu farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev ucnobia. swored amitom, saWirod miviCnieT
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis perioduli presis ramdenime uc­
nobi masalis sazogadoebisaTvis gacnoba.

●●●
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis xanmokle, arasruli
periodi qveynis kulturis istoriis organuli nawilia. es aris periodi,
rodesac Zalian mokle drois ganmavlobaSi qarTuli kultura axal safex­
urze aRmoCnda. msoflio kulturuli procesebis monawile gaxda. amave
dros, SeZlo sakuTari TviTmyofadi saxe eCvenebina da Rirseuli mowinave
adgili daemkvidrebina Tanamedrove civilizebul samyaroSi.
samwuxarod, sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­
publikis samwlian arsebobas da, cxadia, kulturasac tabu hqonda dadebu­

_ 377 _
li. faqtobrivad, im epoqis ignorireba xdeboda, romelmac mravalmxrivi
da mravalferovani SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba dagvitova.
damoukideblobis wlebSi moRvaweobdnen qarTvel mxatvarTa jgufi, rome­
lic SeiZleba Tamamad mivakuTvnoT msoflio mniSvnelobis xelovanTa ricx­
vs. dimitri SevardnaZe, valerian sidamon-erisTavi, daviT kakabaZe, Salva
qiqoZe, mixeil Wiaureli, Zmebi zdaneviCebi _ es im mxatvarTa jgufia, romel­
sac, faqtobrivad, qarTul erovnul mxatvrobas Cauyara safuZveli. maTTan
erTad ki moRvaweobdnen oskar Smerlingi, aleqsandre zalcmani da sxv.
Salva qiqoZis yvelaze aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi periodi swored rom saqa­
rTvelos demokratiul respublikas ukavSirdeba. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniS­
nos isic, rom didi sxvaoba ar aris mis mier Sesrulebul adreul Canaxateb­
sa Tu parizul SarJebSi. Salva qiqoZis bavSvobisdroindeli namuSevrebic
ki (13-14 wlis asakSi Seqmnili Canaxatebi) teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT gamar­
Tulia. Canaxatebis Seqmnisas mxatvari yuradRebiT akvirdeba asaxvis obi­
eqts da msubuqi konturis xazis damatebiT Strixebs avlebs. Salva qiqoZis
Tavisebureba swored mis Tandayolil mxatvrul niWs gulisxmobs. 13-14
wlis asakidan igi sakmaod ostaturia.
Salva qiqoZis saxeli 1918-1921 wlebis presaSi araerTxel gamoqveynda. igi
aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi mim­
dinare kulturul cxovrebaSi. monawileobda im dros gamarTul gamofenebSi.
mxatvris Semoqmedebaze pirveli recenzia mxatvar daviT kakabaZis ekuT­
vnis, romelic 1919 wlis JurnalSi `Svidi mnaTobi~ gamoqveynda (kakabaZe:
1919, gv.123-126).
daviT kakabaZis werili 1919 wlis maisSi gamarTul `qarTvel mxatvarTa
suraTebis gamofenas~ Seexeboda, sadac gamofenaze warmodgenil mxatvarTa
namuSevrebs Soris Salva qiqoZis naxatebsac ganixilavda: `Salva qiqoZe ax-
algazrda mxatvaria, amitom misi gamarTleba ufro momavalSia. esec Tavis
Semoqmedebas feradobazed amyarebs. xazulobas jer mis nawarmoebSi ver
miuRia garkveuli saxe. aRsaniSnavia misi `qalaqi~ (sakuTreba g. qiqoZisa),
sadac feradoba kargad aris Segnebuli. `avtoportretis~ feradovneba
ver aris kargad Sexamebuli erTmaneTSi.
rogorc zemod aRvniSneT, mxatvrobis meore rigs ekuTvnian isini, ro-
melTa Semoqmedeba xazulobazedaa damyarebuli. am rigs ekuTvnian vl. gu-
diaSvili da erekle ToiZe~ (kakabaZe: 1919,gv.126).
1928 wels saqarTvelos mxatvarTa sazogadoebam gamoaqveyna Sal­
va qiqoZis namuSevrebis katalogi (qiqoZe: 1928), romelsac biografiuli
cnobebic hqonda darTuli. teqstSi mxatvris dabadebis da sxvadsxva ga­
mofenebze monawileobis TariRebs Soris arsebobda xarvezebi.
samecniero sferoSi Salva qiqoZis Semoqmedebisadmi interesi 1960-iani
wlebidan gaCnda. mis Sesaxeb dRes araerTi naSromi arsebobs, maT Soris
monografiuli.
1963 wels JurnalSi `Литературная Грузия~ rusulad gamoqveynda qeTevan
bagratiSvilis statia `Salva qiqoZe~ (Вагратишвили: 1963, #7 ст.75-78). avto­
_ 378 _
ri mxatvris biografiul cnobebTan erTad mis avtoportretsac aqveynebs,
romelTac misi werilebi erTvis (mamisa da disadmi).
1965 wels JurnalSi `sabWoTa xelovneba~ qeTevan bagratiSvili kvlav
aqveynebs werils `Salva qiqoZe~ (bagratiSvili: 1965, #1, gv.28-30). amjerad
ufro vrcels. avtori mxatvris biografiul cnobebTan erTad, misi namu­
Sevrebis analizs gvTavazobs, aqveynebs ferwerul tiloebis: `xevsureTi~
da `avtoportreti~ fotoebs, agreTve ramdenime grafikul Canaxats niko
firosmanis, aleqsandre JorJolianis, mixeil qorelis, geronti qiqoZisa
da aleqsandre mrevliSvilis portretebiT.
1967 wels a. sigua JurnalSi `sabWoTa xelovneba~ aqveynebs werils (si­
gua: 1967, #2, gv.41), sadac niko nikolaZis arqivSi aRmoCenil Canaxatzea
saubari. fanqriT Sesrulebul Canaxatze niko nikolaZe da xatvis procesSi
Tavad Salva qiqoZea gamoxatuli. avtori mkiTxvels rusudan nikolaZis
naambobs, naxatis Serulebis istorias acnobs.
1970 wels JurnalSi `sabWoTa xelovneba~ v. dauSvilis werili `Salva
qiqoZe~ gamoqveynda. avtori Salva qiqoZis werilebTan erTad, mis ramden­
ime ferwerul namuSevars ganixilavs (dauSvili: 1970, #8, gv. 26-32).
gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Salva qiqoZis Semoqmedebaze
yvelaze vrceli da mravlismomcveli kvleva xelovnebaTmcodne irine abe­
saZes ekuTvnis, romelmac mxatvars araerTi werili Tu monografia miuZ­
Rvna.
1979 wels JurnalSi `sabWoTa xelovneba~ irine abesaZis werili `qarTu­
li ferweris eqspresionistuli tendenciebi (1914-1921 ww.)~ gamoqveynda
(abesaZe: 1979, #3, gv.22-30), sadac Salva qiqoZis namuSevari `udrood daRu­
puli megobris mosagoneblad~ aris ganxiluli.
1990 wels irine abesaZe aqveynebs monografiul naSroms `Salva qiqoZe~,
romelSic mxatvris dazustebul biografiul monacemebTan erTad, misi
ferweruli namuSevrebicaa ganxiluli (abesaZe: 1990).
2005 wels irine abesaZe da Salva qiqoZis pirveli mkvlevari qeTevan
bagratiSvili aqveyneben monografias `Salva qiqoZe _ kulturuli mem­
kvidreoba~ (abesaZe, bagratiSvili: 2005). naSromi gansakuTrebiT saintere­
soa mxatvris grafikuli Canaxatebis gacnobis mizniT, aq warmodgenilia
ara marto mxatvris biografiuli cnobebi Tu piradi werilebi, aramed misi
grafikuli namuSevrebis sia _ daculi rogorc saxelmwifo sacavebSi, ise
kerZo koleqciebSi.
xelovnebaTmcodne cisia kilaZe or statias uZRvnis Salva qiqoZis Semo­
qmedebas, 2011 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi igi mxolod mxatvris erT fer­
werul namuSevars: `udrood daRupuli megobris mosagoneblad~ ganixilavs
(kilaZe: 2011). meore statiaSi `didi qalaqis, urbanuli garTobis Tema Sal­
va qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi~, mxatvris parizul namuSevrebs mimoixilavs (ki­
laZe: 2013-2014).
2015 wels irine abesaZisa da maia ciciSvilis avtorobiT daibeWda Sal­
va qiqoZis 120 wlis iubilisadmi miZRvnili albomi: `Salva qiqoZe, Salva
_ 379 _
Kikodze~ (abesaZe, ciciSvili: 2015). naSromSi warmodgenilia Salva qiqoZis
namuSevrebis fotoaslebi sxvadasxva muzeumidan da kerZo koleqciidan.
mxatvris ferwerul nawarmoebebze maia ciciSvilis vrceli werilia, irine
abesaZe ki mis grafikul memkvidreobaze saubrobs. naSromi sainteresoa ro­
gorc am sferos mkvlevrebisaTvis, ise mxatvris SemoqmedebiT dainterese­
buli adamianebisaTvis.
namuSevrebis ganxilvamde saWirod migvaCnia, mxatvris biografiuli
cnobebis ganxilva, rac dagvexmareba misi Semoqmedebisa da epoqis xasiaTis
damatebiTi Strixebis gasacnobad.
1895 wlis 27 maiss ozurgeTis raionis sofel baxvSi daibada Salva
qiqoZe. rogorc mxatvris biZaSvili _ geronti qiqoZe igonebs: `Salvam xat-
va TiTqmis laparakTan erTad daiwyo. is fanqriT xatavda yvelafers, ra-
sac SeeZlo STabeWdileba moexdina am patriarqalur da idiliur garemoSi
aRzrdil bavSvze... igi jer kidev ori-sami wlisa iyo, rodesac marjvena xe-
lze dambla daeca da iZulebuli gaxda marcxena xeliT exata (abesaZe: 1990,
gv. 20)~. 1902 wels Tbilisis qarTul saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi daiwyo
swavla. sruli kursis dasrulebis Semdeg gaemgzavra moskovSi. 1914 wels
`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ stipendiiT
moskovis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze Caabara. paralelurad,
moskovis ferweris, qandakebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis samxatvro saswavleb­
elSi Casabareblad emzadeboda. Tumca, pirvel cdaze ver moaxerxa da 1916
wels miaRwia mizans. Salva qiqoZe ardadegebis dros saqarTveloSi brunde­
boda, erT-erTi aseTi vizitis dros, 1916 wels `qarTvel mxatvarTa sazo­
gadoebis~ mier mowyobil nabaxtevis eqspediciaSic miiRo monawileoba.
jer kidev saqarTveloSi, gimnaziaSi swavlis dros daiwyo karikature­
bisa da sxvadasxva Sinaarsis Canaxatebis gakeTeba; 13 wlidan ki _ Jur­
nal-gazeTebTan TanamSromloba. naxatebs ZiriTadad chalico-s fsevdonimiT
aqveynebda. mxatvari iumoristul JurnalebTan `laxti~ da `eSmakis ma­
Traxi~, aseve saxelovnebo JurnalebTan `Teatri da cxovreba~, `Teatri da
musika~, `Рампа и жизнь~ (moskovSi cxovrebis dros) muSaobda.
mxatvris saqarTveloSi dabruneba da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba
1918 wlidan iwyeba, swored am dros saqarTvelom wlebis nanatri damou­
kidebloba moipova. demokratiul respublikaSi 1918 wlis bolos `qarTvel
xelovanTa sazogadoebis~ mdivnad iniSneba. es aris dro, rodesac qarTuli
Teatri pirvel nabijebs dgams, parizidan axladdabrunebuli giorgi ja­
badari aarsebs dramatul studias, romlis mTavar mxatvrad Salva qiqoZe
iniSneba. 1919 wlidan iwyeba samuzeumo sivrcis Seqmna da sxvadasxva saxis
gamofenebis organizeba. saSemodgomo gamofenaze Salva qiqoZis ramdenime
namuSevari gamoifina, romlis Semdegac miRweuli warmatebis Sedegad daviT
kakabaZesa da lado gudiaSvilTan erTad saxelmwifos xarjiT safrangeTSi
gaemgzavra saswavleblad. Tumca, samwuxarod, 1921 wels samkurnalod ger­
maniaSi myofi gardaicvala.

_ 380 _
 cxovrebis xanmokle wlebis miuxedavad, mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi mem­
kvidreoba aTeulobiT ferwerul da grafikul namuSevars iTvlis. nax­
atebis umravlesoba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi, zogi ker­
Zo koleqciebSia gabneuli. Tumca, arsebobs araerTi Canaxati, romlebic
mxolod saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis presidan SemogvrCa.
1918-1921 wlebis Jurnal-gazeTebidan Salva qiqoZis xelmowerili 58 kari­
katura moviZieT. aqedan 29 Canaxatis Sesaxeb, Jurnalebis garda sxva cnoba
ar gvaqvs. rac imas niSnavs, rom Canaxatis dedanebi dRemde dakargulad
iTvleba. zemoT aRniSnuli Jurnalebis garda, jer kidev ucxoeTSi gamgza­
vrebamde, igi aqtiurad muSaobda, asrulebda sxvadasxva SekveTas.
1919 wels Jurnal `axirebulis~ pirveli da meore nomeri daasuraTa.
JurnalSi sul 15 karikaturaa. aqedan 12 chalico-s xelmoweriT, 3 ki xelmou­
werelia.
1919 wliT TariRdeba Jurnali `Искусство~, sadac Salva qiqoZis 5 kari­
katuraa dabeWdili.
1919 wlis Jurnal `Teatri da cxovrebis~ furclebze, mxolod erTi
Canaxati gvxvdeba: `nino CxeiZe _ elene~.
1919 wlis Jurnal `xelovnebaSi~ 2 Canaxatia qarTuli dramatuli studi­
is dadgmuli sumbaTaSvilis piesidan `Ralati~.
1919 wlis Jurnal `eSmakis maTraxis~ # 1, 2, 3 daasuraTa. sul Seqm­
na 7 karikatura. aqedan mxolod #1-is 4 karikaturaa cnobili (abesaZe,
bagratiSvili: 2005, gv. 156). saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi inaxeba
Jurnalis asli, Tumca, dednebi dakargulad iTvleba. aRsaniSnavia is faq­
ti, rom mxolod Jurnal # 3 gamoqveynebul karikaturas `gvardiis dRe~
erTvis S.qiqoZis xelmowera. danarCen SemTxvevaSi xelmowera yvelgan chali-
co-s fsevdonimiTaa dafiqsirebuli.
1920 wels Salva qiqoZe ukve safrangeTSi imyofeba. Tumca, mas Jur­
nalebTan TanamSromloba ar Seuwyvetia.
Salva qiqoZe parizidan 1920 wlis 24 apriliT daTariRebul werilSi
mamas wers: `nestori (kalandaZe) ratom Jurnalebs ar migzavnis? Cemi kari­
katurebi Tu miiRo? (abesaZe, bagratiSvili: 2005, gv. 48)~. 1920 wlis 7 de­
kembers ki das _ aneta qiqoZes ugzavnis Semdegi Sinaarsis werils: `nestor
kalandaZes gadaeci, rom mis saxelzed suraTebi me calke gamovagzavne da
imanac saministroSi miakiTxos (abesaZe, bagratiSvili: 2005, gv. 67). rogorc
misi werilebidan irkveva, nestor kalandaZe1 da gabo ciskariSvili2 safran­
geTSi ugzavnidnen saqarTveloSi gamomaval periodul gamocemebs (abesaZe,
bagratiSvili: 2005, gv. 109, 110, 111, 112). maTi gacnobis Semdeg ki Salva
qiqoZe safrangeTidan agzavnida situaciur Canaxatebs. nestor kalandaZis
werili Salva qiqoZes, parizSi:

1 nestor kalandaZe (1874-1942) _ mwerali, publicisti, mxatvar-karikaturisti. fsevdonimiT `eS­

maki~, Jur. `eSmakis maTraxis~ redaqtori.

2 gabo ciskariSvili _ mwerali, publicisti, Jur. `eSmakis maTraxi~ saredaqcio wevri.

_ 381 _
 `Zmao Salva, werils giwer
Tbilisidan parizs Sena,
Tqvenma turfa danaxatma
maTraxeTi daamSvena.
magram mainc Zvelebura
rom ar ijde parizs uqma,
gegzavneba am werilTan
msuqani da kargi lukma.
es akaki Cxenkelia
SengniT mravalganawami,
da kvlav masze savarjiSod
Sen gidgeba, Zmao, Jami.
gaswie da gamoswie,
moixmare Tu gsurs gudi...
saca ginda, gamoabi
ginda rqebi, ginda kudi.
momikiTe Zmurad yvela
jojoxeTis warmomadgens,
is b-ni kakabaZe
aq suraTebs rad ar adgens?
Tqven mandedan dagviwieT,
aq ki Cvenze iyos rigi
TaTrul, somxur komunistebs
aewvebaT kudis riki.
aw mSvidobiT. gTxvov, miiRo,
salami da trfoba wrfeli.
samagieroT Tqvens naxatebs
veli, veli, veli, veli~.
Seni eSmaki

sainteresoa is faqti, rom 1920 wlis Jurnal `eSmakis maTraxis~ # 24,

romelic 2 maisiT TariRdeba safrangeTSi mivlinebuli Salva qiqoZe kari­
katurebs pirvelad aqveynebs. 1920 wlis # 47, 48, 52 Jurnalebs emateba
rubrika `sagareo saqmeebi~, sadac ucxoeTSi mimdinare ambebs Salva qiqoZis
Canaxatebi asuraTebs.
1921 wlis Jurnal `eSmakis maTraxis~ # 57, 58, 59 dasuraTebac masve
ekuTvnis. Salvas Canaxatebis gverdiT ki lado gudiaSvilis ramdenime Ca­
naxati gvxvdeba, maT Soris lado gudiaSvilis daxatuli Salva qiqoZec.
amrigad, Jurnal `axirebulisa~ da `eSmakis maTraxis~ furclebi Salva
qiqoZis ramdenime ucnob karikaturas inaxavs. esenia: jer kidev ucxoeTSi
gamgzavrebamde `axirebulisTvis~ rveuli I karikaturebi: `dawvrilSvile­
ba~, `informacia~ (unamusoba 2 moqmedebaT) da `mglis Tavze saxareba~. aseve
igive Jurnalis rveuli II-is `orgvari bzoba~, iumoristuli poemis `oTar­
_ 382 _
iani~ 3 scena da `axirebuli xmis micema~. yvela karikatura politikuri
xasiaTisaa, romlebic rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis gareT arsebul
realobas exmianebian.
rac Seexeba Jurnal `eSmakis maTraxs~ 1919 wlis # 2, erTi or siuJetiani
ucnobi karikaturaa saTauriT: `suraTi, romelsac warwera ara sWiria~,
aseve 1919 wlis Jurnal # 3 gamoqveynebul karikatura `gvardiis dRe~, aR­
saniSnavia, rom Canaxatis saxed gamoyenebulia 1918 wels daxatuli nestor
kalandaZe _ `eSmaki~. 1920 wlis # 24 `umaRlesma sabWom icno saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba~ da `Saliko parizSia~ warmodgenili. rogorc ukve aRvniS­
neT, 1920 wlis # 47, 48, 52 Jurnalebs emateba rubrika `sagareo saqmeebi~,
sadac ucxoeTSi mimdinare movlenebia warmodgenili, romelebic saqarTve­
los demokratiul respublikas ukavSirdeba. Canaxatebis mTavari personaJi
Tavad Salva qiqoZea, romelic gamoxatulia rogorc qveynis warmomadgene­
li. is karlo CxeiZesTan3 erTad, milieranTan4 da loid jorjTan5 marTavs
Sexvedrebs. 1921 wlis Jurnal `eSmakis maTraxis~ # 57, 58, 59 dasuraTebas
emateba lado gudiaSvilis Canaxatebi, aseve axali personaJebi: lado axme­
teli6, daviT kakabaZe da vaso yuSitaSvili7.
naxatebis cal-calke garCevas ar SevudgebiT, es Cveni kvlevis mizani
ar aris. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom dRes, erTi saukunis winan­
del furclebze arsebuli Canaxatebi mxatvrulad SedarebiT sustad aR­
saqmelia. Tumca, fasdaudebelia maTi arseboba. teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT,
misi xazi adreuli asakidan sakmaod ostaturia. Tumca, mogvianebiT icvle­
ba mxatvris interesis sagani. Salva qiqoZe ruseTsa da saqarTveloSi did
yuradRebas politikas uTmobs, xolo parizSi misTvis uCveulo garemosac
asaxavs.
Salva qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi sasuraTo sibrtyis wamyvani, maorganizebe­
li elementi aris xazi, moqnili, dinamikuri da Tan Zalian lakonuri. amave
dros Sveuli da paraleluri xazebis monacvleoba Suq-Crdilis qmnis da
formebis warmoCenas emsaxureba. metyvelia yvela detali, iqneba es sxe­
ulis calkeuli nawilebi Tu saxis nakvTebi. zomiereba, eqspresiulobis
Cveneba da fsiqologiuri momentebis win wamoweva mxatvris saxasiaTo niS­
nebia. dakvirvebis maneraze metyvelebs xazis sisxarte, asaxvis obieqtis
saintereso rakursis arCeva.
Salva qiqoZis mier Sesrulebuli aTeulobiT grafikuli namuSevari mis

3 nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe (1864-1926) _ qarTveli politikosi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res­

publikis damfuZnebeli krebisa da parlamentis Tavmjdomare.
4 milierani aleqsandre ietien (1859-1943) _ frangi politikosi.
5 devid loid jorji (1863-1945) _ britaneli politikosi.
6 vladimer axmetelaSvili _ lado axmeteli (fs. Svarci) (1875-1942) _ Jurnalisti, ekonomisti,
politikosi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi saqarTvelos elCi germaniaSi.
7 vasil yuSitaSvili (1894-1962) _ qarTveli reJisori, moRvaweobda safrangeTsa da amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi. iyo antuanis Teatris reJisori. S. diulenTan erTad safuZveli Cauyara
parizis Teatrs `atelie~.

_ 383 _
individualurobas warmoaCens. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvari Zalian la­
konurad da mxolod konturis saSualebiT Semowers formas, zustad asaxavs
pirovnebis saxasiaTo Strixebs. sisxarte, dinamikuroba da zomiereba aris
is niSnebi, romlebic swored rom Salva qiqoZis Semoqmedebas ukavSirdeba.
dakvirvebis unari, situaciis swrafad aRqmisa da lakonurad gadmocemis
niWi, cxadia, mxatvris Tandayolili Tvisebaa, Tumca, xaziT am yvelafris
zustad gadmocema misi muSaobis, asaxvis sagnisa da obieqtisadmi didi xnis
dakvirvebis Sedegia. satirul karikaturebSi iumoric ki imdenad zomieri
da aragamaRizianebelia, rom mnaxvelis keTilganwyobas iwvevs.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Salva qiqoZis Semoqmedebas farTo as­
parezi gauSala saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Tavisufalma
sivrcem da epoqam, romelSic igi moRvaweobda. arsebulma politikurma da
kulturulma garemom ki mxatvars satirul-iumoristul JanrSi Tavis war­
moCenis SesaZlebloba misca. swored amitom, rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT,
Salva qiqoZe da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika gadajaWvulia
erTmaneTTan, maTi arsebobac xanmoklea, Tumca, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos
respublikam dagvitova faseulobebi, romelzec dRemde dgas qveyana, meore
mxriv, ki mxatvarma Seqmna msoflio mniSvnelobis TviTmyofadi namuSevre­
bi. sabednierod, sabWoTa cenzuras es perioduli gamocemebi gadaurCa, da
Cvenamde maTi meSveobiT moaRwia mxatvris ramdenime Canaxatma.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

abesaZe irine, ciciSvili maia, Salva qiqoZe, Shalva Kikodze, Tbilisi, 2015
abesaZe irine, qeTevan bagratiSvili, Salva qiqoZe _ kulturuli mem­
kvidreoba, Tbilisi, nekeri, 2005
abesaZe irine, Salva qiqoZe, Tbilisi, xelovneba, 1990
abesaZe irine, qalis kulti qarTvel mxatvarTa gamouqveynebel nawarmoe­
bebSi, literatura da xelovneba, 2010, #4, gv. 85-90
axirebuli, Jur., 1919, # 1, 2
bagratiSvili qeTevan, Salva qiqoZe, sabWoTa xelovneba, 1965, #1, gv. 28-32
bendianiSvili aleqsandre, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-1921
ww.), Tbilisi, mematiane, 2001
beriZe vaxtang, kultura da xelovneba damoukidebel saqarTveloSi (1918-
1921), Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1992
eSmakis maTraxi, Jur., 1920, # 24, 47, 48; 1921, #57, 58, 59
Teatri da cxovreba, Jur., 1918, # 15
kilaZe c., udrood daRupuli megobris mosagoneblad, Academia, 2011, gv. 52-64
kilaZe c., didi qalaqis, urbanuli garTobis Tema Salva qiqoZis Semoqmede­
baSi, Academia, 2013-1014, gv. 79-95
qiqoZe Salva, suraTebis gamofena (1928, Tbilisi), tfilisi, 1928
Svidi mnaTobi, Jur., 1919, # 2
_ 384 _
CixraZe mzia, Tbilisi 1910-1921 wlebSi, istoriuli memkvidreoba, 2014, #
9, gv. 33-38
Искусствo, Jur., 1919, 23 Tebervali

Salome Tchanturidze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University PhD Student
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Library
Center-Library for the Study of Democratic Republic of Georgia

THE GRAPHIC WORKS OF SHALVA KIKODZE

(PUBLISHED IN MAGAZINES DURING THE
FIRST DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA)
Summary

The life of Shalva Kikodze was as short as the existance of the first Democratic Re-
public of Georgia. He was one of the painters whose art was related to the Republic of
Georgia. The subject of our research is the graphic works by Shalva Kikodze published
in magazines during 1918-1921.
Free political and social environment in the first Democratic Republic of Georgia al-
lowed people to be creative. In 1918-1919 prohibited newspapers and magazines were
republished. Furthermore, printing houses opened. Articles were written and published
without any censorship. Shalva Kikodze, like painters of his era, was working for period-
ical publications. His graphic works and caricatures express the freedom of this period.
Despite short life of Shalva Kikodze, dozens of paintings and graphic works were
made by him. The Majority of the arts are exhibited in the National Museum of Geor-
gia. Some of them belong to private collectors. Though many samples of his art were
only published in magazines and newspapers.
We have found 58 caricatures in magazines made by Shalva Kikodze in 1918-1921.
Original samples of 29 works are lost.
Many essays, articles and letters are written about the work of Shalva Kikodze.
Though there are many more samples in magazines still unknown for the wide public
and researchers. That’s why we have decided to introduce the work we have found in
the printed media.

_ 385 _
 giorgi meurmiSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
kulturuli da socialuri anTropologiis doqtoranti
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi

darejan abulaZe
kulturuli da socialuri anTropologiis magistri
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi

eka maziaSvili
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi

evgeni lansere-damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

kulturis saTaveebTan

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi kulturuli memkvidreoba Tav­

isi mniSvnelobiT unikaluria. aq daculi artefaqtebi mudam warmoadgenda
umTavres dokumentur wyaros, romelsac eyrdnoba qarTuli humanitaru­
li mecnierebebis kvleva. zogadi mniSvnelobiT, misi Rirebuleba ganusaz­
Rvrelia da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom am mravalmxriv da mravalprofilian
xelovnebisa da materialuri kulturis nimuSebs swavlobda da ikvlevda
qarTveli Tu ucxoeli mecnierebis araerTi Taoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es kvleva-Zieba saukunenaxevarze met dros moicavs, fondsacavebSi kvlav
rCeba mniSvnelovani eqsponatebi, romelTac mkvlevaris xeli an saerTod
ar Sexebia, an nawilobriv yofila damuSavebuli. swored am ukanasknelis
sferoSi Tavsdeba Cveni sakvlevi Tema, romelic eZRvneba s. janaSias saxe­
lobis muzeumis eTnologiisa da axali istoriis damxmare fonSi dacul
nivTier Tu sayofacxovrebo urTierTobis amsaxvel mxatvrul namuSevrebs,
romlebic iqmnebodnen, rogorc savele samuSaoebis dros, aseve kameral­
ur pirobebSi. masalis dokumenturi gaformeba moiTxovda maRal profe­
sionalizms da saamisod iwvevdnen iseTi maRali donis ostatebs, rogoric
iyvnen: evgeni lansere, ioseb Sarlemani, maqs tilke, sergo qobulaZe, mose
ToiZe, daviT gvelesiani, Salom koboSvili da sxva sazogadoebis mier da­
fasebuli da aRiarebuli mxatvrebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi ZalisxmeviT
dagrovda namuSevarTa mTeli seria, romelic Sedgeba arqiteqturuli nax­
azebis, ferweruli tiloebis, tansacmlis, sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis
sagnebis, avejis, sameurneo iaraRis, oqromWedlobis nimuSebis, saweso rit­
ualuri nagebobebis, iaraRis da sxva tipis naxatebisagan. aRsaniSnavia, rom
am namuSevarTa Soris gamoirCva e. lanseres Semoqmedeba. miuxedavad imisa,

_ 386 _
rom fondSi daculia misi naxatebis arc ise didi raodenoba, mniSvnelova­
nia am namuSevarTa kompleqsuri kvleva da farTo sazogadoebisaTvis gac­
noba.
XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi qarTveli pro­
fesionali mxatvrebis: a. beriZis, r. gvelesianis, r. tatiSvilis, g. gab­
aSvilis, d. guramiSvilis, m. ToiZis, i. nikolaZis, a. mrevliSvilis, d. Se­
vardnaZis, g. mesxis, v. sidamon-erisTavis, a. cimakuriZis da sxvaTa garda,
TbilisSi cxovrobdnen da moRvaweobdnen sxvadasxva erovnebis mxatvrebi,
romlebsac ganaTleba ruseTsa da dasavleT evropaSi hqondaT miRebuli.
maT Sorisa iyo evgeni evgenis Ze lansere (1875-1946), XX saukunis gamoCe­
nili rusi xelovani, fermweri, grafikosi, monumentalisti, Teatraluri
mxatvari. man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana qarTuli xelovnebis ganvi­
TarebaSi. misi swavlebis meTodebiT aRizarda xelovanTa is Taoba, ro­
melTa roli mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTare­
baSi, aseve zogadad qarTuli kulturis sferoSi. lanseres Semoqmedebaze
didi gavlena iqonia 1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis pirvelma revoluciam, ra­
Sic gamoikveTa carizmis umagaliTo despotizmi, yovelime aman SemdegSi
naTeli asaxva hpova ara marto mxatvris SemoqmedebaSi, aramed misi mso­
flmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSic. misi gancdebi kargad Cans biZamisisTvis
(xelovnebis evropul orientacis poziciaze mdgom) aleqsandre benuasad­
mi miweril werilSi: `saSinlad vwuxvar, rom dRes aq ara xar, raTa saku­
Tari TvaliT naxo istoriis cocxali dineba, me araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
davTanxmdebodi, rom am dros ar viyo ruseTSi, miT umetes peterburgSi.~
(kukulaZe: 1979: 7). swored am periods ekuTvnis mis mier dasuraTebuli
Jurnalebis `Jupeli~ da `adskaia poCtasTvis~ Seqmnili naxatebi, romleb­
Sic gamosWvivis politikuri satira imperialisturi ruseTis moxeleeb­
ze. aRniSnuli namuSevrebi, specialistTa azriT, ar Camouvardeba cnobili
frangi mxatvris onore domies karikaturebs. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis
gavleniT e. lanserem Seqmna l. tolstois `haji-muratis~ wignis ilustra­
ciebi, naxatebis siuJetebSi igrZnoba nawarmoebSi asaxuli mebrZoli suli,
rasac gadmoscemda avtori. saqarTvelosac mxatvari pirvelad swored 1917
wels `haji-muratis~ ilustraciebze muSaobis dros estumra. Tumca aR­
saniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, mas ukve hqonda cnobebi, radgan aq
moRvaweobdnen, rogorc misi ded-mama, aseve papa dedis xaziT da biZa ded­
is mxridan, saxelganTqmuli fermweri, Teatraluri mxatvari, xelovnebis
istorikosi da Teoretikosi aleqsandre benua. lansere gaecno daRestnis
Tvalwarmtac adgilebs, sadac mimdinareobda moqmedeba nawarmoebSi. 1918
w. e. lansere daRestanSi dauaxlovda axalgazrda mxatvar xalil musaevs.
romelzedac didi gavlena iqonia lanseresTan urTierTobam da mxatvars
TbilisSi gamohyva. daRestanSi cxovrebis periodSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
Secvlis Semdeg, e. lansere aqtiur monawileobas iRebda revoluciuri Te­
mebisadmi miZRvnil ilustraciebis SesrulebaSi, romelic gamodioda da
ibeWdeboda aralegalur presaSi. giorgi CubinaSvilisa da eqvTime TayaiS­
_ 387 _
vilis mowveviT TbilisSi sacxovreblad gadmosvlis Semdeg, e. lanserem
daiwyo muSaoba mxatvrad Tbilisis saxelmwifo muzeumSi da ferweris mas­
wavleblad miwveul iqna sklifasovskis galereaSi.
1918 wlis 26 agvistos saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom xelovnebis komi­
siaze gamoacxada konkursi saxelmwifo gerbis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, aRniSnul
konkursSi gaimarjva ioseb Sarlemanis proeqtma, romelSic monawileobda
e. lanserec. man, profesor i. SarlemanTan erTd, Seqmna sabWoTa saqarTve­
los saxelmwifo gerbis eskizebi.
saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad gadmosvlis Semdeg, evgeni lansere 15 wlis
ganmavlobaSi eweoda uaRresad produqtiul moRvaweobas da gaxda ara mxo­
lod xelovanTa aqtiuri wevri, aramed zogadad qarTuli kulturis moR­
vawec. e. lanseres xelmZRvanelobiT daixata Tbilisis rkinigzis sadguris
ori pano: `adamiani imorCilebs bunebas~ da `muSa samyaros mflobeli~, ro­
melTac dRemde ar mouRweviT. aseve misi rCeviT leningradidan moiwvies
gamoCenili moqandake i. Sadri da misi axlo naTesavi, kompozitori aleqsan­
dre Cerepini.
mefis ruseTis da menSevikuri xelisuflebis pirobebSi qarTuli xe­
lovnebis ganviTareba da axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrda, did sirTuleebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli. saqarTveloSi moRvawe xelovanTagan mxolod erTeule­
bi, isic sazogadoebis maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi Tu igzavnebodnen pe­
terburgsa da dasavleT evropis qveynebSi ganaTlebis misaRebad. amitom
qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli piroba iyo
umaRlesi samxatvro dawesebulebis Seqmna. e. lansere, gigo gabaSvilTan, ia­
kob nikolaZesTan, mose ToiZesTn, eliSe TaTevosianTan da ioseb Sarleman­
Tan erTad iTvleba Tbilisis samxatvro akademiis damaarseblad. 1922 wels
periodul presaSi gamoqveynda akademiis profesor-maswavlebelTa sruli
Semadgenloba. xelovnebis istoriis profesorad arCeul iqna giorgi Cu­
binaSvili, xatvis _ e. lansere, qandakebis _ i. nikolaZe, xuroTmoZRvrebis
_ a. kalgini, ferweris _ g. gabaSvili. 1922 wlis aprilSive profesorTa
sabWo Seudga muSaobas, xolo imave wlis 14 maiss, sabWos sazeimo sxdoma­
ze akademiis pirveli reqtoris, profesor giorgi CubinaSvilis Sesavali
sityviT oficialurad gaixsna saqarTvelos samxatvro akademia _ pirveli
umaRlesi samxatvro saswavlebeli saqarTvelosa da mTels amierkavkasi­
aSi. didia e. lanseres Rvawli qarTvel fermwerTa aRzrdaSi. mis moswav­
leTa Soris iyvnen ssr kavSiris saxalxo mxatvrebi: apolon quTaTelaZe,
uCa jafariZe, dimitri nalbandiani, solomon virsalaZe; saqarTvelos ssr
saxalxo mxatvrebi da respublikis xelovnebis damsaxurebuli moRvawee­
bi: korneli sanaZe, sergo qobulaZe, samson nadareiSvili, ioseb gabaSvili,
severian maisaSvili, Salva, leo da ioram mamalaZeebi, petre ocxeli, fe­
liqs varlamiSvili, vaxtang jafariZe, revaz mirzaSvili, Salva mayaSvili,
nikoloz yazbegi, darejan ZnelaZe, Salva abramiSvili, kote grZeliSvili,
daviT wereTli, irine Stembergi, lado qiqoZe, kote WankvetaZe, arCil Jor­
dania, irakli mdivani, karlo kukulaZe da sxv. misi xelovnebis akademiaSi
_ 388 _
pedagogad miwveva did gavlenas axdenda axalgazrda qarTvel xelovanTa
SemoqmedebiT xedvasa da miRwevebze. misi rogorc pirovnebis roli sakmaod
didi iyo, radgan warmoadgenda friad maRali kulturuli Rirebulebebis
mqone adamians. e. lasnere Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ara mxolod xatvis
teqnikas, aramed Tu rogori unda yofiliyo saRebavis struqtura, mosaxati
grunti, ra iyo gasaTvaliswinebeli xatvis procesis dros. misi mosazrebiT
mxatvars unda scodnoda qimiac da fizikac, raTa naxati ufro TvalsaCino
da gamZle yofiliyo. profesors ukve meore kursidan gahyavda studen­
tebi velze samuSaod, bunebaSi aZlevda ferTa gamis aRqmis saSualebas. e.
lanseres mowafis k. kukulaZis TqmiT: `maxsovs Cven mesame kurselebi maisis
Tbil dReebSi gavemgzavreT qvanaxSiris sabadoebze tyibulSi, sadac bevri
saintereso etiudi da Canaxati SevqmeniT. aranakleb saintereso iyo Cveni
yofa moZme somxeTis spilenZis umdidres sabadoebSi. q. alaverdSi, sadac
Tvalwin gadagveSala m. sarianiseuli mziuri peizaJi, oqros Semodgomis
warmtaci suraTebiT. avarvarebuli Rumlebi, xelebdakoJrili muSa-os­
tatebiT. TvalsaCino masalas iZleoda industriuli peizaJis Sesaqmnelad.
Sromis am simfoniaSi, mis romantikul atmosferoSi, TviT evgeni lanserec
axalgazrduli SemarTebiT xatavda CvenTan erTad. naSuadRevs muSaTa sa­
sadiloSi sadilobissas, TviTon, xan erT, xan meore mzisagan da cecxlis­
agan garujul muSas miujdeboda da gatacemiT xatavda maT portretebs~
(kukulaZe: 1979: 16). lansere moswavleebis praqtikul aRzrdas amjobineb­
da, radgan, misi azriT, ferweris Teoriis swavleba pedagogis movaleoba
iyo, xolo mxatvris Tavdajerebulobisa da teqnikis dasaxvewad bunebaSi
muSaobas miiCnevda yvelaze Zlier maswavleblad. ar zRudavda studentebis
SemoqmedebiT fantazias, maT Canafiqrs ki ar uwunebda, aramed rCevas aZle­
vda, radgan maswavleblis dogmaturi msjelobis kedelSi ar moeqcia maTi
potenciali. swored msgavsi midgomebisa da studentebis mimarT loialuri
damokidebulebis Sedegad Searqves `studentebis megobari~.
e. lansere ZiriTadad muSaobda temperiTa da silikaturi saRbavebiT.
misi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, igi srulyofilad flobda sxvadasxva
masalis gamoyenebis teqnologiur da teqnikur saSualebebs: freskuls,
enkaustikurs, `fresko a sekos~, silikaturs, sagrafitos da mis mier
saukeTesod miCneul emulsiurs. e. w. axal temperas. amitom misi klas­
Si muSaobac gansxvavdeboda sxva samxatvro pedagogebis midgomebisgan.
studentTa teqnikuri virtuozobis gamomuSavebis daostatebis misaRwev­
ad xSirad mimarTavda xatvas naturidan (portreti, naturmorti, etiudi)
`erT seansSi~. rac gulisxmobda swraf xatvas, radgan naturas swrafad
acvlevinebda pozas. msgavsi muSaobis stili studentTa Soris mowyobil
Sejibrs waagavda, amitomac TiToeuli maTgani muyaiTobas iCenda. amiT igi
awrTobda mowafeTa aRqmas, raTa swrafad SeecnoT danaxuli. gamoemuSave­
binaT mxedvelobiTi mexsiereba, naxatis sizuste da ganzogadebis unari.
TiToeul maTgans gamoevlina damoukidebloba, individualoba, daexvewa
sakuTari xelwera da SemoqmedebiTi kredo (kukulaZe: 1979).
_ 389 _
 1921 wels e. lanserem tician tabiZis TxovniT gaaforma albomi nino Wav­
WavaZis cxovrebis Sesaxeb. 1925 w. daasuraTa egnate ninoSvilis moTxroba
`paliastomis tba~. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT e. lanseres qarTuli sabWoTa
kinematografiaSi Setanili wvlili. 1922 w. saxkinmrewvma e. lansere mii­
wvia reJisor i. perestianis film `suramis cixis~ dadgmaSi monawileobis
misaRebad. filmis dadgmisas, did tiloebze muSaobis dros, man ruseTis
TeatrebSi SeZenili gamocdileba gauziara axalgazrda mxatvar-dekora­
torebs: v. akiSis, k. tiris, Zmeb f. da i. novakebs. 1925 wels iv. perestianis
film `haji-muratis~-aTvis Seqmna eskizebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian
datvirTul SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas eweoda, mainc Cveuli energiiTa da
SesaSuri SemarTebiT ekideboda TiToeul detals. e. lansere kote mar­
janiSvilis mier miwveul iqna TeatrSi `makbetis~ eskizebis Sesaqmnelad.
lanseres namuSevrebi dekoraciis 13 da kostiumis 9 eskizi inaxeba mar­
janiSvilis saxelobis Teatris muzeumSi.
saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi moRvaweoba mxatvars saSualebas aZlev­
da axlos da Zirfesvianad gacnoboda saqarTvelos materialuri kulturis
uZveles nimuSebsa da maT istorias. igi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad ga­
moxatavda xalxis realistur saxes, maT miswrafebebsa da survilebs, ar
uSindeboda Seeqmna iseTi tiloebi, sadac Canda Rrma ironia sazogadoebis
mmarTveli fenis mimarT. 1921 wels mxatvar a. p. astraumova-lebedevasaT­
vis miweril werilSi, igi aRniSnavs Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb muzeumSi,
Teatrsa da arqeologiur eqspediciebSi (masxaraSvili: 1972). amave wels is
monawileobas iRebda g. CubinaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebul
eqspediciaSi, romelic iTvaliswinebda daviT garejis udabnos Seswavlas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqspedicia mimdinareobda sakmaod rTul garemoSi,
monawileTa Tavdauzogavma Sromam nayofieri Sedegi gamoiRo. e. lanserem
moaxerxa Caexata daviT garejis landSafti da zedmiwevniT gadmoeca gare­
mo pirobebi mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT, aseve Seeqmna samonastro komple­
qsSi arsebuli freskebis aslebi. ris gamoc, g. CubinaSvilma Tavis naSromSi
`daviT-garejis gamoqvabulTa monastrebi~ udidesi madloba gadauxada mx­
atvars.
saqarTvels mTavrobis davalebiT, e. lanserem temperis teqnikiT Seasru­
la ori SesaniSnavi freska respublikis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi
mesame sarTulis kedlebze, romelTagan erTi dRmde SemorCenilia, masze
gamosaxulia: `pirveli politikuri gamosvla baTumis revoluciuri muSe­
bisa, 1902 w. i. b. stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT~ da meore: `zahesis mSeneb­
loba~, romelsac dRemde ar mouRwevia. freskebis moxatvis dros masTan
erTad muSaodbnen _ S. abramiSvili, r. mirzaSvili da p. bliotkini.
mxatvarma eTnografiul eqspediciebSi monawileobis dros imogzaura
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da Seqmna unikaluri Canaxatebi. gansa­
kuTrebiT sainteresoa svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis, fSav-xevsureTis, gare kax­
eTis monaxulebis Sedegad Seqmnili namuSevrebi. 1921 w. aWaraSi mogzauro­
bis dros Seqmnili naxatebidan warmodgenilia sameurneo Senoba-nagebobaTa
_ 390 _
Canaxatebi, sadac erT furcelze Sesrulebulia beReli da Zveleburi wis­
qvili. mxatvars detalurad aqvs asaxuli wisqvilis konstruqcia (sur. 1),
feradebiT Sesrulebuli darbazuli saxlis Sida interieri, sadac war­
modgenilia Suacecxlis piras mjdomi kaci, keris Tavze naWaze dakidebuli
kardaliT, iqve mdgomi tabla, dergi da xis qoSebi, am naxatSi gadmoce­
mulia glexisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simartive da ubraloeba (sur. 2). mxat­
vari warmogvidgens aWarelTa damaxasiaTebeli sacxovrisis tips, oda sax­
lis xeds gverdidan, romelsac qveda sarTuli qviT aqvs agebuli, zeda ki
xis moajiriTa da rikulebiTaa gaformebuli. naxats gverdiT Savi fanqriT
mixatuli aqvs moajiris ornamentebi da temperiT daxazuli saxlis gegma
(sur. 3). e. lanseres Sesrulebuli aqvs oda saxlis SigniT nagebi buxris Ca­
naxati, romelic aWarisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da mTels kavkasiaSi iyvnen
cnobili, aWareli buxris ostatebi. msgavsi buxari gansxvavdeba darbazul
saxlSi arsebuli kerisgan (sur. 4). Canaxati warmogvidgens xelsaban Wur­
Wels da mis detalur ganxilvas, Tu rogor magrdeboda tolCa. Caxatuli
aqvs xelsabani Tasi da karis detalebi, TiToeul maTgans axlavs mxat­
vris miwerili ganmartebani (sur. 5). feradebiT Sesrulebuli samzareulo
kuTxe, warmoadgens oTaxis aRweras. kedelze mimagrebuli xis Taroebze
ganlagebuli WurWliT, karadiT da samzareulo aRWurvilobiT (sur. 6).
svaneTSi mogzaurobis Sedegad mxatvarma ufro mkveTri da mravalfero­
vani gaxada naxatis ferebi, rac aSkarad gansxvavdeba daviT-garejis bunebis
baci tonebisgan. svanuri koSkebi da mTis mwvervalebi mxatvris xasiaTsac
gadmogvcems (sur. 7, 8, 9, 10). maRali mxatvruli profesionalizmiTaa Ses­
rulebuli qarTveli qalis samosi. arsebobs aRniSnuli naxatis ori egzem­
plari, erTi dasrulebuli, xolo meore_ dausrulebeli saxiT. naxatSi
warmodgenila qalis saxis daxvewili formebi da tasacmlis SesaniSnavad
gadmocemuli qsovilis faqtura, romelic saerTo jamSi qmnis qarTuli
erovnuli samoselis saerTo iers (sur. 11). mogzaurobis da saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxis mosaxleobis, uSualod gacnobis Sedegad mxatvarma Seqm­
na qarTuli saxeebisa da tansacmlis Canaxatebi (sur. 12, 13, 14). aRniSnuli
naxatebi inaxeba s. janaSias saxelobis muzeumis eTnografiisa da axali is­
toriis ganyofilebis damxmare fondsacavSi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT e. lanseres maRal profesionalizms da saqmis did
siyvaruls, TiToeul namuSevarSi zedmiwevniTi mondomebiTa da sizusti­
Taa asaxuli TiToeul detali. e. lanserem dagvitova, marTlac TvalsaCi­
no magaliTebi saqarTvelos cxovrebis istoriidan, mis namuSevrebSi gad­
mocemulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eTnografiuli yofis amsaxveli masala,
landSaftisa da garemos realisturi naxatebi, istoriuli Zeglebidan gad­
moxatuli aslebi, qarTuli erovnuli samosis Canaxatebi da bevri sxva. misi
Rvawli dasafasebelia, rogorc saqarTvelos ise sxva saxelmwifoebis mier,
sadac mas uwevda moRvaweoba.

_ 391 _
suraTi 1 suraTi 2

suraTi 3 suraTi 4

suraTi 5 suraTi 6

_ 392 _
suraTi 7 suraTi 8

suraTi 9 suraTi 10

suraTi 11 suraTi 12

_ 393 _
 suraTi 13 suraTi 14

gamoyenebuli literatura:

gelaZe T. `samecniero damxmare fondi~. eTnologiuri Ziebani V tomi. me­

ridiani. 2013
karbelaSvili m., oskar Smerlingi, g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli
xelovnebis istoriis institutis XXXIX samecniero sesia, moxsenebaTa
krebuli, Tbilisi, 2000
kukulaZe k., evgeni lanseres Semoqmedebis mimoxilva, Tbilisi. xelovneba
1979
lebaniZe d., Zveli Tbilisis yofa saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva
erovnebis mxatvarTa SemoqmedebaSi. krebuli `qarTuli xelovneba~ 9. se­
ria b, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 1991
maxaraSvili g., evgeni lansere da kavkasia, Tbilisi, 1972
nadiraZe e., smiTi boni neib, gelaZe T., maqs tilke kavkasiis xalxTa kosti­
umebi, `diogene~, 2005
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1964, t. IV
`saqarTvelos respublika~ gazeTi. evgeni lansere: `Tbilisi Cemi siy­
varulia~ rem davidovi. Tbilisi. 1998. 9 dekemberi
feraZe T., rusi da ucxoeli mxatvrebi saqarTveloSi (XIX saukune), Tbilisi,
1964
qiqoZe g., `werilebi xelovnebaze~, Tbilisi, 1936
ciciSvili m., XVIII­XIX saukuneebis qarTuli portretuli ferwera, `xe­
lovneba~, 1997
ciciSvili m., vaCeiSvili n., soxaZe m., Teatris mxatvroba, kote marjaniSvi­
lis saxelobis Teatris koleqcia, Tbilisi, 2006
CubinaSvili g., daviT­garejis gamoqvabulTa monastrebi, Tbilisi,1948

_ 394 _
Беридзе В., Езерская Н., Искусство советской Грузии, М., 1975
Библиографический словарь искусства. М., 1972
Путеводитель по кавказу, Тифлис, 1896
Лансере Е.Е., Каталог выставки, М., 1961
Таханаева П., Лансере в Дагестане, Бизнес-Успех #2, 2009
Энциклопедия искусства XX века, М., `Олъма-пресс~, 2002
Энциклопедия мировой живописи, М., `Олъма-пресс~, 2002

George Meurmishvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University PhD student
Georgian National Museum

Daredjan Abuladze
Master of Cultural and Social Antropology
Georgian National Museum

Eka Maziashvili
Georgian National Museum

EUGENE LANCERAY_ AT THE EDGE OF CULTURE OF

INDEPENDENT GEORGIA
Summary
National Museum of Georgia keeps unique Georgian cultural heritage. These artifacts
are considered the main documents for humanitarian sciences. The museum organized
an expedition with the purpose to search and acquire exhibits from all around the
Caucasus. The expedition included a group of artists who drew collected materials on
the spot and sketched social situations and local people. These expeditions resulted in
launching this kind of methodological approach at the National Museum of Georgia,
having made the depiction of materials and examples both in situ and ex situ as a
mandatory activity. More than 46 artists, including Eugene Lanceray, the famous Rus-
sian artist (1875-1907), were involved in these studies. He was one of the founders of
Georgian Art Academy, museum artist, theater artist and active member of Georgian
society. With Iosif Charlemagne he created a coat of arms of Georgia. The Georgian
museum commissioned him to travel around different parts of Georgia and depict
everyday life of the locals. He created whole series of paintings, as well as buildings,
various weapons, furniture, clothes, portraits, etc. His work and art methodology had
a great influence on the development of Georgian art.
Subject of this study is E. Lanceray’s works, kept in the Museum of Georgia. These
paintings are primary sources containing unique details of social life, which are not
found in written sources.

_ 395 _
 giorgi CarTolani
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti

qarTuli dramatuli studiis roli profesiuli

qarTuli Teatris formirebis procesSi 1918-20 wlebSi

1918-21 wlebis qarTuli kulturis cxovreba gamorCeuli da unikaluria.

misi unikaluroba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia ara imdenad mniSvnelovani
SemoqmedebiTi produqtis SeqmniT, ramdenadac sakuTriv axali saxelovne­
bo dargebis, Janrebis da formebis warmoSobiT, qarTul kulturaSi daw­
yebuli reformatoruli da xSir SemTxvevaSi revoluciuri ZvrebiTac ki.
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis periodSi qarTul xelovnebaSi mim­
dinare procesebi, SeuZlebelia ganvixiloT erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad,
ramdenadac TiToeuli dargis ganviTareba, Zireulad cvlida da gavlenas
axdenda sxva dargebis Tvisebriv transformaciaze.
xelovnebis nebismieri dargi, romelic am periodSi cdilobs ganaxle­
ba-aRorZinebas, umTavres gamowvevad miiCnevs im saxis profesiuli skolebis
ararsebobas, romelmac unda Seqmnas profesionalTa imgvari Taoba, rom­
lis warmomadgenlebic ara mxolod sakuTari niWierebis xarjze SeZleben
erTeuli mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebis Seqmnas, aramed maT eqnebaT dargis
ganviTrebisTvis saWiro specialuri codna dafuZnebuli mwyobr sistemaze,
rac saboloo jamSi safuZvels moumzadebs profesiuli qarTuli kultur­
is Seqmnas.
amgvari skolis Seqmna ki sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo Teatraluri xe­
lovnebisTvis, radgan Teatri koleqtiuri Semoqmedebaa da am Semoqmedebis
produqtis, speqtaklis Seqmnas sWirdeba ara erTi an ori adamiani, aramed
adamianTa jgufi.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qarTul Teatralur reforma sami etapisagan
Sedgeba.
pirveli _ reformis momzadeba: reJisoris profesiis damoukidebel
profesiad Camoyalibeba, axali dramaturgiis warmoSoba, Teatraluri
saqmiswarmoebisa da Teatraluri disciplinis ganmtkicebisaTvis aqtiuri
brZolis dasawyisi.
meore _ reformis srulyofa, anu qarTul TeatrSi giorgi jabadaris
Teatr-studiis meSveobiT, profesiulad ganswavluli axali Taobis mosv­
la, romelic reformis uSualo ganmaxorcielebeli unda yofiliyo.
mesame _ reformis dasasruli: kote marjaniSvilis qarTul TeatrSi
mosvla da sandro axmetelis moRvaweobis dasawyisi rusTavelis TeatrSi.
am reformis meore etapi emTxveva 1918-20 wlebs.

_ 396 _
 studia, Teatraluri organizmis cxovrebis imgvar formas warmoadgens,
sadac iqmneba misi ganaxlebisTvis umTavresi _ TanamoazreTa koleqtivi,
Taoba. qarTuli Teatris istoriis ganviTarebis am etapze mxolod studias
SeeZlo Seeqmna qarTuli TeatrisaTvis aucilebeli axali Taoba.
Teatraluri xelovnebis studiuri forma arsebobis sam ZiriTad prin­
cips moicavs. pirveli _ studia-skola, profesiuli saswavlebeli. meore,
Teatraluri Ziebebisa da eqsperimentebis laboratoria da mesame _ studia
Teatraluri saqmis warmoebis, organizaciuli struqturis ganmaaxlebeli.
axalgazrda SemoqmedTa studiad Camoyalibebis erT-erT umTavres
mizezs, SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis ganaxleba, ufro zustad ki, Tvisebrivi
saxecvlileba warmoadgens. amdenad, eqsperimentebi, cdebi, sxvadasxva
saSemsruleblo formisa da teqnikis mosinjva, axali gamomsaxvelobiTi sa­
Sualebebis Zieba saarsebo aucileblobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
msoflio Teatris ganvlil istorias Tu gadavxedavT, studiuri moZrao­
bebi, ZiriTadad, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aqtiuri cvlilebebis epoqas
emTxveva. gansakuTrebiT momZlavrda igi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, rode­
sac reJisoruli xelovneba Tavis Zalas imtkicebs da TandaTan momavali
Teatris ganmsazRvreli xdeba, rodesac ansambli saTeatro xelovnebis sa­
fuZvlad iqceva. me-20 saukunis msoflio rukaze axalma Teatrma, TviTdam­
kvidrebis erT-erT saSualebad studiuri moZraoba airCia, radgan studi­
as, arsebuli Teatraluri koleqtivebisagan gansxvavebiT, is upiratesoba
gaaCnda, rom igi warsulis gavlenisgan sruliad Tavisufal axal Taobas
aerTianebda.
saqarTveloSic 1918 wels daarsebuli dramatuli studiis mizanic iyo
yvela im mniSvnelovani reformis gatareba iyo, romelic qarTuli Teatrs
profesiuli kadrebiT Seavsebda da mas evropuli mowyobis profesiuli
TeatrisTvis damaxasiaTebel saxes SesZenda.
evropaSi ganswavluli, evropis saukeTeso scenebze namuSevari re­
Jisorisa da pedagogis giorgi jabadaris mier daarsebuli studia, upir­
velesad miznad isaxavda saTeatro xelovnebis saswavleblis Seqmnas, magram
daarsebidan sul ramdenime TveSi, man daiwyo Teatraluri sezonis war­
moebac, rac, erTi mxriv, gaxda studiis, rogorc saswavlo dawesebulebis
muSaobis xelisSemSleli, magram, meore mxriv, Teatr-studiis speqtaklebma
mniSvnelovnad reformatoruli Zvrebi ganaxorcieles arsebul saTeatro
esTetikaSi.
`qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba _ qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoeba mou-
wodebs qarTvel inteligent axalgazrdobas (18 wlidan 30 wlamde) gamocxad-
nen sruliad axali dasis SesadgenaT. qarTulma dramatulma sazogadoebam
daarsa sasceno xelovnebis studia. am studiaSi momzadebuli msaxiobebiT
gamarTavs warmodgenebs jer Tbilisis saRazino Teatris SenobaSi da Semdeg
Tavis sakuTar TeatrSi. msurvelni am studiaSi sruliad ufasod Seiswavlian:
diqcias, mimikas, plastikas, ritms, dalkrozis sistemiT, farikaobas, grims,

_ 397 _
xmis dayenebas da visac sasimRero xma aRmoaCndeba _ simReras... ~. 1
1918 wlis 25 marts gazeT `alionSi gamoqveynebuli amgvari gancxadebiT
ecnoba qarTvel sazogadoebas, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi axali dramatuli
studiis gaxsna.
`qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba~ _ XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli xe­
lovnebis arc erT warmomadgenels ase kategoriulad ar ganucxadebia Ta­
visi miznis Sesaxeb. gancxadebis saTauric da Sinaarsic omSi pirvel gas­
rolas hgavda. yvelasTvis cxadi gaxda, rom iwyeboda sruliad axali era
qarTul TeatrSi.
1918 wlis oqtomberSi eqvsi Tvis muSaobis Semdeg, studiam presisTvis
gancxadeba gaakeTa pirveli speqtaklis gamarTvis Sesaxeb.
`saxelmwifo Teatri
orSabaTs, giorgobisTvis 18s-1918w.
qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis axali dasi hxsnis Tavis axal sezons
warmodgenili iqneba
sarwmunoeba
musikaluri drama 5 moqmedebad briesi piesa ramdenjerme iqmneba warmod-
genili sxva da sxva ansambliT. monawileobas miiRebs mTeli dasi~. 2
dasis SemadgenlobaSi sxva axalgazrda msaxiobebTan erTad, Sediodnen
momavlSi qarTuli Teatris da kinos iseTi varskvlavebi, rogorebic iyvnen:
veriko anjafariZe, akaki vasaZe, mixeil Wiaureli, mixeil gelovani, caca
amirejibi, giorgi aradel-iSxneli, platon koriSeli, dimitri mJavia da
ukve saxelmoxveWili reJisorebi akaki faRava, kote SaTiriSvili, valerian
SalikaSvili da mixeil qoreli.
studia sezons iwyebda frangi dramaturgis eJen bries piesiT `sarw­
munoeba~. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis franguli dramis es warmomadgeneli,
sruliad ucnobi iyo qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis. amdenad, erTgvar risk­
sac ki warmoadgenda am masaliT sezonis gaxsna, radgan mayurebelSi inter­
esis aRZvrisTvis, misi mozidvisaTvis, ufro gonivruli iqneboda nacnobi
masalis Cveneba, Tumca giorgi jabadarma Segnebulad auara gverdi gaba­
tonebul stereotipebs da Teatralur xelovnebaSi axali sityvis saTqme­
lad qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis sruliad ucnobi dramaturgiis piesas
mimarTa, radgan axali problemebis, axali azrovnebis Semcveli dramaturg­
ia unda yofiliyo, giorgi jabadaris azriT, axali saukunis adamianebisagan
Semdgari sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli.
Teatr-studia am speqtakliT Taviseburad uerTdeboda im sazogadoe­
briv-politikur Tu kulturulogiuri procesebs, romlebsac qarTuli
kulturis orientaciis sakiTxi unda gasazRvra. Teatr-studiam evropuli
axali dramis warmodgeniT, sazogadoebas Seatyobina, rom momavali qarTuli
Teatri, iseve rogorc sazogadod qarTuli xelovneba, Tavis orientacias

1 gaz. `alioni~, 1918, 25 marti, gv.1

2 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918, giorgobisTvis (noemberi) 13, gv.1

_ 398 _
evropuli xelovnebisken iRebs. swored franguli dramiT studiis pirveli
sezonis gaxsna wauyenes Teatr-studias pirvel braldebad misma mowinaaRmde­
geebma: `Teatrs hqmnida drama, da cxadia, aqedan TavisTavad~ erovnul Teatrs
erovnuli drama hqmnis. Cveni erovnuli drama marTalia ar aris didi esTeti-
kuri faseulobisa, magram miuxedavad amisa, scenaze igi mainc poulobs mniS-
vnelovan artistul gansxeulebas... axlad gamarTul studia uTuod erovnul
dramaSi unda cdiliyo sxeuleyo artistuli temperamenti.
baton jabadars ucxo dramisaTvis miumarTavs, studiisaTvis aseTi daw-
yeba saZneloa metad. artistoba `sxvadqcevaa~ da es `qceva~ rasakvirvelia
erovnuls sxeulSi ufro advilia, vidre ucxo bunebiTs farglebSi~. 3 Tum­
ca, arsebobda sruliad gansxvavebuli azric: `piesis pirvelma warmodgenam
didZali sazogadoeba miizida. meorezec sakmao xalxi daeswro. miuxedavad
imisa, rom `avTa enaT~ sazogadoebrivi azri moSxames. bevrs imedi aReZra: aha
Zlivs, veRirsebiT Cvenis scenis ganaxlebaso. ase arc usabuTo iyo, magram...
Turme CvenSi xelovneba da mis oficial WirisufalTa grZnoba-alRoianoba
imdenad gayinulia, rom am axal qurumTa civgula susxisagan frTebi dascve-
niaT. es ki didi usamarTloba da umadurobaa Cveni sasceno xelovnebis winaSe.
saerTo STabeWdileba araCveulebrivi iyo: aseTi SexamebiT SerCeuli ferebiT,
erTsulovnebiT dadgmuli piesa iSviaTad gvinaxavs: xma, musika, ferebi, cekva,
morTuloba, saxis moxatuloba, grimi da sxv. didi xelovnebiT iyo Sesxmuli.
wunia patarZlebma sxva rom veRara gaawyes ra CasCurCulebdnen: raRa Targ-
maniT daiwyes sezoni, piesa momabezrebeliao da sxva aseT `naklTa~ CamoTvla-
Si ki TiTqmis xelidan gaeparaT is garemoeba, rom Cveni sasceno xelovnebis
cis tatnobze axali sxivi gamoCnda da gaZlierebisaTvis xeli unda SeewyoT.
axalgazrda scenis muSakni imdenad momzadebulni iyvnen, ro Znelad Tu erTs
meores amjobinebdiT: TiTqos zepirad asrulebdnen, mokarnaxis xma sul ar
ismoda. TiToeuli msaxiobTagani gasaocari tipiurobiT axorcielebda na-
kisr rols...~ 4 me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe
frangi dramaturgi eJen brie franguli tendenciuri dramis warmomadgene­
lia. am tipis dramaturgiidan giorgi jabadarisaTvis yuradsaRebi iyo misi
umTavresi principi _ pirovnuli arCevnis sakiTxi. im periodis qarTuli
cxovrebis sinamdvileSi sazogadoebis, Tu misi konkretuli wevris arCev­
nis problema, erT-erTi gadamwyveti sakiTxia qveynis momavali orienti­
ris gansazRvris urTules sakiTxTa Soris. qarTvel sazogadoebas Tval­
naTliv unda daenaxa, rom igi dgas mTavari gamowvevis winaSe _ gaakeTos
swori arCevani progress, winsvlis, ganviTarebis, Tu retrogradul yofis,
gacveTil tradiciul msoflmxedvelobaas da Caketil sazogadoebriv cno­
bierebas Soris.
piesis scenuri gacocxlebisaTvis giorgi jabadarma ansambluri Teatris
principebs mimarTa. reJisoruli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli es Teatra­

3 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918, noembris 24, gv.2-3

4 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918, noembris 24, gv.2-3

_ 399 _
luri modeli aseTi tipis dramaturgiis gascenurebis yvelaze optimaluri
saSualebaa. amasTan, mxatvrulmTliani speqtakli mxolod aqtiorTa ansam­
bliT miiRweva. amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda kidec erT-erTi recenzenti Tavis
statiaSi:
`yvelaferi SedarebiTia da rodesac Cvens Zvel warmodgenebs vadarebT am
warmodgenas, SeuZlebelia ar iTqvas, rom Cveni Teatri winsvlis gzas dasd-
gomia; mas mouwadinebia ara marto TiTo-orola niWiT gavides iolad fons,
aramed sasceno xelovnebaSi xelovneba Seitanos.
Cven win guSin ori sami artistis garda umravlesoba pirvelad gamovida
scenaze da pirveladve aseTs SedarebiT rTul piesaSi, rogoricaa `sarwmu-
noeba~.
am ukanaskneli Ziebis dros sasceno xelovnebaSi ufro ganmtkicda is azri,
rom umjobesia saerTo ansambli iyos uzado, vidre dro da dro ifeTqos erT-
ma romelime niWierma artistma da sxvebi ki ubralo statistebi iyvnen. cxa-
dia reJisors swored am mxarisaken miuqcevia yuradReba da yoveli moqmedi
piri cdilobda xelovani yofiliyo~.5 speqtakli `sarwmunoeba~ imiTacaa
yuradsaRebi, rom es aris veriko anjafariZis debiuti qarTul scenaze. is
speqtaklSi mTvar rols, qurumi qalis iaumas rols TamaSobda da mas part­
niorobas misi momavali meuRle mixeil Wiaureli uwevda.
qarTuli klubis scenaze giorgi jabadaris mier 1918 wlis 18 noembers
warmodgenili Teatr-studiis pirveli speqtaklis, `repeticia TiTqmis 150-
jer gamarTes da piesa zepirad Seiswavles~ 6 da igi daiwyo zustad daniSnul
dros, saRamos rva saaTze, mesame zaris Semdeg, rac qarTuli Teatraluri
procesisTvis gamorCeul siaxles warmoadgenda.
` b-n jabadars etyoba sakmaod ganviTarebuli hqonia saxelovno gemovneba,
sasceno unari, codna da Tu imdeni Zala gamoiCina, rom Cveni sazogadoebrivi
saxelovno yinulic gaalxo momavali misia da am rwmeniT vusurvebT warmate-
bas...~ 7
1919 weli studiis cxovrebaSi is periodia, rodesac man xeli mihyo Te­
atraluri sezonis intensiur warmoebas. warmodgenebis sistematuri marTva
ufro iZulebiT xasiaTs atarebda, vidre SemoqmedebiTs. studias Tavi unda
erCina, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. Tanxa, romelsac gaxsnamde dapirdnen
studias, dapirebad darCa da araviTari materialuri daxmareba aranairi
organizaciisagan, arc mTavrobisagan, 1919 wlis bolomde ar miuRia. (1919
wlis bolos igi koordinatorTa centraluri kavSiris subsidiaSi Sedis).
studiisgan ki moiTxovdnen sezonis intensiur warmoebas da igic iZulebu­
li iyo zedized ramdenime warmodgena gaemarTa.
Teatr-studia qmnida axal Teatralur models, romelsac nawilobriv,
im xanad evropaSi axlad fexmokidebuli pirobiTi Teatris saxe hqonda.

5 borCeli, gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1918, 2 noemberi, gv. 4

6 Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba, 1918, #14, gv.15
7 winamZRvari, Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1918, #16, gv.14

_ 400 _
magram pirobiTi Teatris esTetika ara mxolod reJisoris metaforul
azrovnebaSi gamoxatuli, aramed aqtiorTa ansamblis koordinirebis sa­
SualebiT gacocxlebuli.
samwuxarod, eqsperimentebi, siaxleebi, axali principebis da Tvise­
brivad gansxvavebuli Teatraluri modelis damkvidrebis cdebi, sruliad
miuRebeli iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis erTi nawilisTvis. gansakuTrebiT
maTTvis, vinc TandaTan kargavda Teatralur xelovnebaSi gabatonebul
mdgomareobas, radgan studia qmnida ara mxolod axali tipis msaxiobTa
ansambls, aramed safuZvels umagrebda Zveli Teatris upirveles metoqes
_ reJisorul Teatrs. reJisorebis v. SalikaSvilis, m. qorelis, a. yuSit­
aSvilis, a. faRavas Teatr-studiaSi mowveva, am motiviTac iyo nakarnaxevi.
Teatr-studiisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba TandaTan iZabeboda da
1919 wlis bolos gazeTi `saxalxo saqme ` werda: `redaqcias saWirod miaCnia
am sakiTxis Taobaze (saubria studiaze _ g.C.) yvelas misces saSualeba Tavisi
azri gamosTqvas.~ 8 sakmaod bevrma gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba. azri erT­
maneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli. ajamebdnen ra Teatr-studiis ganvlili
muSaobis Sedegebs, bevri recenzenti aRniSnavda: `studia Tavis daniSnulebas
unda daubrundes, studiam xeli unda aiRos sasezono warmodgenebis marTvaze,
Tunda am warmodgenebs gamarjvebac sdevdes Tana. warmodgenebis samzadisi
xels uSlis studiis muSaobas da mowafeTa gawvrTnas. karg masalas frTxili
movla-patronoba da mudmivi Tval-yuris devna unda...~ 9 aSkaraa, sazogadoe­
bis erTi nawili midis daskvnamde, rom axali samsaxiobo ZalebiT qarTu­
li Teatris ganaxleba ufro saWiroa, vidre mravalricxovani da Tundac
mravalferovani piesebisgan Semdgari repertuariT. studiis saSualebiT
unda momxdariyo qarTuli Teatris profesionalizacia da exsna igi SemTx­
veviTi msaxiobebisagan. es miscemda saSualebas aRorZinebuliyo qarTuli
scena da ara is, rom mas kviraSi erTxel axali warmodgena gaemarTa.
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi studiisaTvis sakuTari Senobac ki ver moi­
Zebna. amitom, igi xan erT, xan meore organizacias sTxovda ramdenime xniT
daeTmo oTaxi repeticiebisaTvis. `...studia dRes iRupeba da iRupeba ubinao-
bis gamo, Tavis sakuTar deda-qalaqSi. Cven viciT, rom studielebs hsurT da
es ori weliwadia hsurT meliq-azariancis Teatri miniaturi. Tu ki qalaqma
evreinovisaTvis SesaZlod scno senatSiac ki gadaetana meliq-azariancis
sakiTxi, ratom ar SeiZleba moxdes igive qarTuli studiisaTvis, miT ufro
evreinovi imden qiras ver gadaixdis, ramdensac kooperativTa kavSiri, ro-
melsac surs am Teatris SekeTeba. Cven moviTxovT dauyovnebliv gadaeces es
Teatri, radgan imave baton perones tfilisSi aqvs oTxi sinematografi...~ 10
araerTgzis amgvari moTxovnebis miuxedavad, Teatr studias Senoba ar ga­
moeyo, rac misi daSlis erT-erTi safuZveli Seiqna.

8 `saxalxo saqme~, 1919, 28 noemberi, gv. 4

9 advaZe p., `saxalxo saqme~ 1919, 15 noemberi gv. 3
10 vinme, `saxalxo saqme~ 1919. 24 dekemberi, gv. 2

_ 401 _
 studiis irgvliv Seqmnili atmosfero TandaTan iZabeboda. dapirisp­
irebam kulminacias miaRwia. ubinaobam, mtrulma garemocvam, Surma cixe
Signidan gatexa. TanamoazreTa koleqtivs bzari gauCnda. konfliqti ise
gamwvavda, rom studiis damaarsebeli giorgi jabadari iZulebuli gaxda
mietovebina mis mier Seqmnili koleqtivi. studiidan wasvlis win man saW­
irod CaTvala qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis aexsna wasvlis mizezebi.
`Cemi mizani iyo dameyenebina Teatri iseT niadagze, rogorc mowyobilia
evropaSi. Semeqmna axalgazrda Zalebi, romelnic Tu ZvelebiviT niWierebi ar
iqnebodnen, is upiratesoba mainc eqnebodaT, rom SeiTvisebdnen erTgvar sko-
las.
umecrebma Cven mogvnaTles `Ziebis Teatrad~ ... yvelgan amas gaiZaxodnen,
rom studiam `axali~ araferi Seqmnao. batonma axmetelma erT krebaze ga-
nacxada: me studiaSi axali vera vnaxe, iq mxolod warmodgenebi ufro `dau-
Tovebulia~ (es baton axmetelis terminia).
batonma a. faRavam Tavis moxsenebaSi sTqva: studiis warmodgenebi `kore-
qtorulia~ da sxva araferio.
es orni marTals amboben da mizanic jer-jerobiT is iyo, rom Cveni warmod-
genebi `koreqtoruli~ da `dauToebuli~ yofiliyo, rom yvelas scodnodaT
rolebi da mizanscenebi da es rolebi Sesrulebuli yofiliyo, intonaciis
mxriv SegnebiT swored da ara ise yalbad, rogorc aqamdis; yofiliyo ansambli
ise rogorc Tanamedrove TeatrSia da ara ise, rogorc winad iyo: erTi rome-
lime roli ar yofiliyo gamoCenili. Cven gvindoda dagvemyarebina discipli-
na Cven saqmeSi, disciplina mkacri da ara iseTi, rogorc aqamdis gamefebula
qarTul TeatrSi.
ai, jerjerobiT gvindoda amisaTvis migveRwia da gana metis gakeTeba Sei-
Zleboda erT weliwadSi? Cven qarTvelebi mouTmeneli xalxi varT, yvelaferi
uceb gvinda: bedniereba, simdidre, Teatri da sxva. erT weliwadSi metis ga-
keTeba SeuZlebeli iyo, isic imisTana pirobebSi, ranair pirobebSic Cven vi-
myofebodiT: ara gvqonda erTi patara oTaxic ki, samadlod xan vin Segvike-
dlebda, xan vin. TiTqos Zalad, CvenTvis yovlisferi gaZnelda, yovelmxriv
Tavs gvesxmodnen, yovelmxridan intrigebs eweodnen. scdilobdnen saqme Cae-
fuSaT, radgan naTlad grZnobda mteric ki, rom studiam qarTul dramatiul
xelovnebaSi Seitana axali sxivi, rom studielebma icodnen rolebi da araf-
riT waagavdnen `Zvelebs~ es ra Tqma unda ar moswondaT, magram studia mainc
umagrdeboda, itanda yovelsave gaWirvebas da muSaobda Segnebulad, axalgaz-
rduli aRtacebiT.
garedan intrigebma veraferi dagvakles. TiToeuli gamosvla `recenz-
entebisa~ Cven winaaRmdeg _ gvmatebda mxolod axal energias, radgan Zalian
kargaT vicodiT, vin iyvnen es `recenzentebi~, ra mizniT da visi STagonebiT
swerdnen.
fuli rom aRar gvqonda _ kooperativi aRmovaCineT da rodesac koopera-
tivTan molaparakeba daviwyeT, dasta-dasta xelmouwereli werilebi misdio-
da gamgeobas Cvens sawinaaRmdegod. magram amanac vera dagvaklo ra da miviReT
_ 402 _
sufsidia im pirobiT, rom saTaveSi yofiliyo kolegia. me Zalian winaaRmdegi
viyavi da bolos davTanxmdi mxolod imitom, rom saqme ar CaSliliyo.
ori Tvis muSaobis Semdeg cixe Signidan gatyda. zogierT pirTa wyalobiT
intrigebi daiwyo SigniT. am movlenam kidev erTxel damarwmuna, rom Cven-
Si muSaoba seriozulad jerjerobiT ar SeiZleba. Cveni nakli aris Suri da
es Suri ibadeba ufro ukulturo pirTa Soris, romelTac TiTon saqmis ga-
keTebis unari ara aqvT da scdiloben sxvis gakeTebuli saqme CaSalon da gaa-
fuWon. aris CvenSi aseTi juris xalxi eSmakobiT savse, romelnic pirSi giRim-
ian da pirs _ ukan samares giTxrian. amisTana xalxs aqvs dRes gasavali.
asea Tu ise saqme CaiSala da is studia, romelic me davaarse dRes aRar ar-
sebobs~.11
rogorc vxedavT, giorgi jabadari Teatr-studiis normaluri muSao­
bisaTvis xelisSemSlel bevr obieqtur mizezs asaxelebs da aqve zustad
afasebs studiis mniSvnelobas qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebis urTules
procesebSi.
1920 wlis Jurnali `kavSiri~ (kooperatorTa kavSiris organo) aqveynebs
cnobas: `centraluri kavSiris gamgeobis ukanaskneli sxdomebis sagani iyo
is metad mZime pirobebi, romelSidac uxdeba muSaoba dramatul studias,
rogorc aris, magaliTad, sakuTari saTeatro darbazis uqonloba, sasceno
masalis siZvire da sxv. gamgeoba iZulebuli Seiqmna mdgomareobis gaTvalis-
winebis Semdeg daedgina, sanam pirobebi ar gaumjobesdeba, SeeCerebina studi-
is moqmedeba~.12
Teatr-studiis axalgazrda msaxiobebi saxelmwifo dass SeuerTdnen. gi­
orgi jabadari ki sazRvargareT gaemgzavra.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis am Tu im etapze aRmocenebuli nebismieri
movlenis srulfasovani Seswavla dros da garemos konteqstSia mxolod
SesaZlebeli. miT ufro, Tu es movlena SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTisaa. qarTu­
li dramatuli Teatr-studiis warmoSobac qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi
im etapze, rodesac qveyanam aRadgina damoukidebloba da qarTveli sazo­
gadoebis azrovnebaSi damoukidebeli qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis,
kulturuli reformis da axali saukunis qarTuli xelovnebis formirebis
era dadga, sruliad kanonzomieri movlenaa da erovnuli kulturis ganvi­
Tarebis zogadi tendenciebidan gamomdinareobs.
1918-20 wlebSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT daisva saqarTvelos politikuri
da kulturuli orientaciis sakiTxi. e. w. Zveli Taobis qarTvelebis `ev­
ropizacia~ rom TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, es yvelasTvis naTeli aRmoCnda.
saWiro iyo evropuli msoflSegrZnebis mqone axali Taobis aRzrda. amitom,
yvela erovnuli skola, romelic nacionaluri kulturis da mecnierebis
SeqmnisTvis iyo mowodebuli, evropul modelze aigo.
evropul modelze mowyobilma giorgi jabadaris Teatr-studiam aR­

11 jabadari g., `saqarTvelo, 1920, 17 marti, gv.4

12 `kavSiri~, 1920 # 3-4, gv. 16

_ 403 _
zarda universaluri tipis ganswavluli msaxiobi, romelic srulad flob­
da profesiisaTvis saWiro yvela saSualebas: xmas, metyvelebas, sxeuls. ro­
melsac SeeZlo nebismieri Janris speqtaklebSi TamaSi, romelic Tanabari
pasuxismgeblobiT udgeboda didi Tu mcire rolebis Sesrulebas. msaxio­
bi, romelic gaizarda klasikur Tu Tanamedrove evropul dramaturgi­
aze da, romelmac Tanamedrove qarTuli dramis siaxleebic Seisisxlxorca.
swored am studiaSi aRzrdili msaxiobebisagan dakompleqtda SemdgomSi
rusTavelis Teatris axalgazrduli dasi, romelsac daeyrdno qarTuli
Teatris ori udidesi reformatoris, kote marjaniSvilis da sandro axme­
telis Semoqmedeba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

gaCeCilaZe a., narkvevebi qarTuli dramaturgiisa da Teatris istoriidan,

Tbilisi, 1963, 388 gv.
kiknaZe v., reJisuris istoriis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1982, 277 gv.
nadibaiZe f., filosofiuri azris ZiriTadi mimdinareobani me-20 saukunis
saqarTveloSi 1900-1921 ww. Tbilisi, 1980, 224 gv.
qoreli m ., mogonebebi da werilebi, Tbilisi, 1969, 230 gv.
jabadari g., diqcia, Tbilisi, 1980, 69 gv.
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918-20 w.w.
gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~, 1918-20 w.w.
gazeTi `erToba~, 1920 w.
Jurnali `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1918-20 w.w.
Jurnali `Teatri da musika~, 1919 w.
Jurnali `axali Zala~, 1920 w.

George Chartolani
Doctor of Art Studies, Professor
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

THE ROLE OF GEORGIAN DRAMA STUDIO IN THE PROCESS OF

FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL GEORGIAN THEATER IN 1918-20
Summary

The life of Georgian culture of 1918-21 is unique. New, genres and forms are created
in arts field. Georgian culture undergoes reformist and often even revolutionary shifts.
During the independence of Georgian state, processes in Georgian arts field cannot
be judged independently from each other, as each sector’s development has changed
and influenced another.
Study of any event, especially the one dealing with creativity, taking place at any
_ 404 _
stage of social development is only possible in the context of time and environment.
Emerging of the Georgian Drama Theater Studio is absolutely natural phenomenon and
is based on general tendencies of development of national culture.
In 1918-20, Georgia’s political and cultural orientation was given special significance.
Therefore, all the schools, created to built national culture and science were construct-
ed according to the European model.
All the fields of art in this period are striving for renewal and set a major challenge
_ raising a generation that will prepare the basis for professional Georgian culture.
Creation of a new school was necessary for theatrical art, because the art of theater
is a collective art and the creation of a performance requires a group of people working
at the same task.
The purpose of the drama studio established in Georgia in 1918 was to carry out all
the important reforms in the Georgian Theater, which would fill the Georgian theater
with professional staff.
The studio founded by Giorgi Jabadari was not only giving a professional education
but also had a theatrical repertory season for 2 years. Theater-studios repertoire was
based entirely on European drama. Theater-studio was in line with its performances in
the socio-political or cultural processes taking place in Georgia. Theater-studio, present-
ing the new European drama, informed the public that the future Georgian theater, as
well as the Georgian art in general, takes its way towards European art.
Giorgi Jabadari Theater studio built according to the European model, raised univer-
sal type of educated actor who had a full command of all the means necessary for the
profession: voice, speech, body and who could play in performance of any genre; an
actor who grew up on classical or modern European dramaturgy.
Afterwards the studio actors formed the core of troupe of Rustaveli Theater. Two
great reformers of Georgian Theater Kote Marjanishvili and Sandro Akhmeteli used this
troupe to base their creative talent on.
The work is fully based on the materials that Georgian press of 1918-21 publishing
about the theater studio and the memories of studio’s former actors.
It is noteworthy that there is not a fundamental thesis, except for my research, in
Georgian art scholarship, about Giorgi Jabadari’s drama studio.

_ 405 _
 marine vasaZe
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti

saTeatro Janrebi, formebi da ena meoce saukunis

20-iani wlebis qarTul da evropul TeatrSi

metad mniSvnelovani da yuradsaRebia 1918-1921 wlebSi, saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis damokidebuleba zogadad qarTuli
xelovnebisadmi da konkretulad ki saTeatro xelovnebisadmi. xSirad da­
ismis kiTxva, 1918 wels mopovebuli damoukidebloba ratom davkargeT, ra
iyo amis mizezi. am Temas, bolo wlebia aqtiurad ikvleven mecnierebi da
sazogadoeba. Cveni azriT, sxvasTan erTad, mizezTa CamonaTvals Sorisaa:
maSindeli mTavrobis wevrTa umravlesobis politikuri mrwamsi, social­
isturi ideebiT gataceba, erovnuli TviTSegnebis gancdis nakleboba. es
kargad Cans maT damokidebulebaSi qarTuli Teatrisadmi. yuradsaRebi da
aqtualuria am sakiTxis gaanalizeba, vinaidan dResac saxelmwifo struq­
turebis damokidebuleba kulturisadmi Zalian gvagonebs im periodisas.
1992 wlidan moyolebuli dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT, vercerTma aqamde ar­
sebulma mTavrobam, ver Seigno, rom kultura qveynis `savizito baraTia~,
rom ar SeiZleba yvelaze mcire dafinanseba kulturas hqondes.
uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo giorgi jabadaris mier studiis
daarseba. swored am studiaSi aRzrdil axalgazrdebze dayrdnobiT Seqmna
kote marjaniSvilma fenomeni, rasac dRes Tanamedrove qarTul Teatrs
vuwodebT. giorgi jabadaris studia da im periodis `qarTuli drama~ qar­
Tul TeatrmcodneobaSi naklebadaa Seswavlili. amitom, migvaCnia am Temis
kvleva sainteresod da aqtualurad.
1918-1921 wlis qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb Zalian mwiri samecniero liter­
aturaa Seqmnili. am periodis qarTul Teatrze SesaZlebelia cnobebi mov­
ipovoT: akaki vasaZis ortomeulis _ `mogonebebi fiqrebi~ _ pirvel tomSi,
vasil kiknaZis `qarTuli dramatuli Teatris istoriis~ pirvel tomSi, ami­
ran ciciSvilis naSromSi `ucxoeTSi moRvawe xelovanni~, giorgi CarTolanis
sadisertacio naSromSi _ `meoce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli Teatraluri
reforma da giorgi jabadaris Teatr-studia~ da statiebSi. ra Tqma unda,
1918-1921 wlis saqarTvelos da dRevandel periodikaSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
zogierTi faqti sxvadasxva avotorTan gansxvavebuladaa mowodebuli.
XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi evropaSi arsebulma so­
cialur-politikurma viTarebam, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde, omis
msvlelobisas Tu Semdgom periodSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma, adamian­
Ta cnobierebaSi faseulobaTa gadafaseba gamoiwvia. ra Tqma unda, am mov­

_ 406 _
lenebma asaxva hpova zogadad kulturasa da aseve saTeatro xelovnebaSi.
swored am periodSi iqmneba ideur-Sinaarsobrivad da formiT gansxvavebu­
li dramaturgia, e. w. `axali drama~, ufro mogvianebiT `inteleqtualuri
drama~, romelic `egzistencializmis~, `absurdis~ winamorbedia. asparezze
gamodian sruliad gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobriv_eTikuri poziciebi­
sa da mxatvruli stilis mqone dramaturgebi: ibseni, strindbergi, zola,
hauptmani, Cexovi, Soo, meterlinki da sxvebi, romlebic daupirispirdnen
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul tradiciul, Zvel Teatralur
sistemas. axali dramis avtorebma Secvales dramis ara marto forma da
struqtura, aramed problematikac. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze iqmneba ax­
ali mimdinareobebi: naturalizmi, simbolizmi, eqspresionizmi, inteleqtu­
aluri drama da sxv. axalma dramaturgiam, saTeatro dadgmebsa Tu saSems­
ruleblo xelovnebaSi cvlilebebi moiTxova da moitana kidec. upirveles
yovlisa, Cndeba profesionali reJisoris, dadgmis uSualo xelmZRvanelis
arsebobis aucilebloba. reJisoris Canafiqrs, interpretacias, koncef­
cias eqvemdebareba speqtaklis Semadgeneli yoveli komponenti: samsaxiobo
xelovneba, mxatvroba, ganaTeba, musika... swored am periodSi, TeatrTan
mimarTebiT Cndeba cneba: ansambluri, sinTezuri xelovneba.
`qarTuli profesiuli reJisura, anu sareJisoro Teatri, iseve rogorc
evropuli, erT saukuneze mets iTvlis. vgulisxmobT imas, rom sareJisoro
Teatrs (zogadad) safuZveli Caeyara XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi _ C. kini,
g. kregi, a. apia, an. antuani, o. brami, m. reinhardti, k. stanislavski, vs.
meierholdi...~ (vasaZe m, 2016, gv. 31). msoflio saTeatro rukaze, maT gver­
diTaa kote marjaniSvilisa da aleqsandre (sandro) axmetelis saxelebi,
romelTa saqarTveloSi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis dasawyisi, pirveli da­
moukidebeli respublikis epoqas emTxveva.
Tbilisi XX saukunis dasawyisSi inteleqtualuri da kulturuli samya­
ros erTgvar oazisad iqca. XX saukunis dasawyisidanve ruseTSi politiku­
ri areuloba iwyeba, rasac Tan daerTo ekonomikuri dasusteba. amas mohyva
pirveli msoflio omi 1914 w. im xanad, saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan da evropi­
danac Zalian didi e. w. `inteleqtualuri nakadi~ Semoedineboda. im epoqis,
evropul Tu rusul kulturasa da xelovnebaSi arsebuli e. w. `avangardis~
yvela mimdinareoba, identurad viTardeboda Tbilissa da saqarTveloSi _
naturalizmi, simbolizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi, futurizmi da a.
S. Tbilisi iyo iseTive kulturuli centri, rogorc sxva evropuli kul­
turuli centrebi. Tbilisi CarTuli iyo msoflio kulturaSi mimdinare
procesebSi da, ufro metic... magaliTad, gasabWoebis Semdeg, Tbilisidan
evropaSi gadaxvewili Zmebi zdaneviCebi ganapirobebdnen evropul da zo­
gadad msoflio kulturaSi mimdinare procesebis ganviTarebas. Tbilisi
uSualo monawile iyo evropuli saxelovnebo dargebis mimarTulebebis
ganviTarebisa, rac Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtoria.
saqarTveloSi, saTeatro Ziebebis TvalsazrisiT, 1918-1921 wlebSi sain­
tereso viTarebaa. 1914 wels qarTuli Teatris Senoba daiwva da TbilisSi
_ 407 _
mudmivi qarTuli dasi aRar arsebobda, qarTveli msaxiobebi qarTul war­
modgenebs, marTalia iSviaTad, magram mainc TamaSobdenen zubalaSvilebis
saxalxo TeatrSi, qarTul klubSi, `tartos~ saxelwodebiT arsebuli ru­
suli Teatri ki TiTqmis yoveldRiurad marTavda speqtaklebs. usaxlkarod
darCenili qarTveli saTeatro moRvaweebi sagastrolo turneebs awyobd­
nen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi. moqmedi Teatrebi quTaissa da baTum­
Sic arsebobda. im periodis qarTul TeatrSi Zveli da axali Taobis war­
momadgenlebi gverdi-gverd moRvaweobdnen da erTad ibrZodnen qarTuli
Teatris aRorZinebisaTvis, Tanamedrove saTeatro xelovnebis damkvidre­
bisaTvis. swored im periodSi dramaturgiul moRvaweobas iwyebs polikarpe
kakabaZe. akaki vasaZe wignSi `mogonebebi, fiqrebi~ erT saintereso da mniS­
vnelovan faqts ixsenebs. mixeil qoreli quTaisis TeatrSi muSaobda reJi­
sorad. axalgazrda polikarpe kakabaZe masTan misula saxlSi da waukiTavs
piesa `sami asuli~. mixeil qorels Seuqia axalbeda dramaturgi, mSvenieri
simbolisturi drama dagiweriao, magaram am areul droSi Cvens mayureb­
elSi warmateba ar eqneba. dRes ufro istoriuli dramebi ainteresebTo:
erisTavis `samSoblo~, sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis `Ralati~. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
ibsenis, hauptmanis, meterlinkis piesebi qarTul TeatrSi pirvelad lado
mesxiSvils daudgams.
1918 wels safrangeTidan TbilisSi, `Tavisufali Teatris~ damaarse­
blis, andre antuanis mowafe, reJisori giorgi jabadari brundeba. ja­
badari, dramatuli studiis Sesaqmnelad, axalgazrda msaxiobebs agrovebs.
Tavis momaval studias `qarTuli Teatris aRorZineba~ uwoda. giorgi ja­
badarma saqarTveloSi myofi saukeTeso Zalebi Semoikriba. Teatr-studiis
mTavari reJisori da sasceno metyvelebis pedagogi Tavad giorgi jabadari
iyo; axalgazrdebi sasceno ostatobas valerian SalikaSvilTan da kote
SaTiriSvilTan euflebodnen, isini studiis damdgmeli reJisorebic iyvnen.
reJisoris asistentebad Saqro beriSvili, vaso yuSitaSvili muSaobdnen;
plastikasa da cekvaSi sergei vakareci da bauer-zaqsi avarjiSebdnen; fari­
kaobas z. ciciSvili aswavlida. jabadaris studiaSi axalbedebis gverdiT
TamaSobdnen msaxiobebi: caca amirejibi, aneta qiqoZe, giorgi aradel-iSx­
neli, iuza zardaliSvili, mixeil gelovani, mixeil Wiaureli. pirveli wlis
studielebi iyvnen: veriko anjafariZe, elene gurgeniZe, alisa qiqoZe, mix­
eil cincaZe, dimitri mJavia, giorgi sarCimeliZe, mixeil xerxeuliZe, miSa
Tuxareli, lado faniaSvili, kote sumbaTaSvili, SoTa aRsabaZe, mixeil
lorTqifaniZe, petre cxakaia, akaki vasaZe da sxvebi. jabadaris studia gan­
Tavsebuli iyo `qarTuli klubis~ sadekoraciosa da kulisebSi.
giorgi jabadari antuanis da franguli saSemsruleblo skolis meTodebs
auflebda studielebs. samxatvro Teatris skolagamovlili valerian Sa­
likaSvilis leqciebidan axalgazrdebi stanislavskis sistemis elementebs
swavlobdnen. rac niSnavs scenaze qveteqsts, mizans, gamosaxvis saSualebas,
xasiaTs, gardasaxvas, biografiasa da sxva. aqtioruli ostatobis daufle­
bas damatebiTi saaTebi eTmoboda. pirvel wels studielebi muSaobdnen:
_ 408 _
gedevaniSvilis piesaze `sinaTle~, eJen bries dramaze `sarwmunoeba~, sum­
baTaSvilis `Ralatze~, edmon rostanis `TeTr vaxSamze~ da sxva.
giorgi jabadari cdilobda evropaSi arsebuli Tanamedrove saTeatro
Janrebi da mimdinareobebi qarTul scenaze daemkvidrebina. studielebTan
muSaobis dros safrangeTSi miRebul codnas gadascemda axalgazrdebs. ja­
badars gulwrfelad ukvirda, yvelafer axals, modernizebuls saqarTve­
loSi dekadentobas ratom arqmeveno. mas magaliTad mohyavda omis Semdgomi
repertuari safrangeTSi, germaniasa da inglisSi, sadac iqmneboda da idg­
meboda bries `sarwmunoeba~, jakosis `viTa foTlebi~, meterlinki, vanlen­
bergi, rostani da a. S. yvelas rom dekadentebi SevarqvaT, sad mivalTo?
jabadars kargad esmoda, rom axali, Tanamedrove dramaturgia axal gamom­
saxvelobiT saSualebebs, xerxebs moiTxovs: msaxiobisagan, reJisorisgan,
scenografisgan. studielebTan da kolegebTan franguli Teatri mohyavda
magaliTad da ambobda, rom Teatraluri tradiciebiT mdidari franguli
Teatri mudmivad siaxleTa ZiebaSia. andre antuanis mignebebzec esaubrebo­
da axalgazrdebs. magaliTad, mizanscenebis agebis problemis antuaniseul
gadawyvetaze. antuanma, jer kidev XX s. aTian wlebSi, mizanscenebis ageba
geometriuli da optikuri kuTxidan ganixila da Semdeg daskvnamde mivida,
rom scenaze yvelaze mokle manZili or wertils Soris pirdapiri xazi ki
ar aris, aramed _ mrude, e. i. tempis SegrZneba savaldebuloa aramarto
metyvelebis dros, aramed scenaze moZraobis drosac.
meore wels studiaSi samuSaod mixeil qoreli miiwvies. studielebs
Seematnen: elene cimakuriZe, Salva RambaSiZe da uSangi CxeiZe. reJiso­
ris TanaSemwed jabadarma dodo anTaZe miiRo. mixeil qorelma studiuri
muSaoba gamoacocxla. mas, rogorc gamocdil reJisors da xelmZRvanels
upiratesoba hqonda giorgi jabadarTan SedarebiT da male wamyvani figura
gaxda studiaSi. im areul wlebSi giorgi jabadarma ver SeZlo gadaeWra
Teatr-studiis organizaciul-administraciuli, SemoqmedebiTi sakiTxebi.
mas aRarc saxsrebi hqonda, rac SeeZlo, yvelaferi studias Seswira. 1919
wlis bolos, giorgi jabadari Tvalcremliani gamoeTxova studielebs da
safrangeTSi gaemgzavra. jabadaris wasvliT studia, faqtobrivad, daixu­
ra. studielebma, amxanagoba daaarses da gastrolebi moawyves aRmosavleT
da dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
1920 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi sagastrolod Camodis moskovis `samxatvro
Teatris~ dasis nawili, vasil kaCalovis da olRa kniper-Cexovas meTauro­
biT. maT sagastrolo repertuarSi iyo: Cexovis `alublis baRi~, ostro­
vskis `zogjer brZenic Secdeba~, knut hamsunis `aRsavlis karibWesTan~, da
`cxovrebis brWyalebSi~ (kote marjaniSvilis dadgmuli) da scenebi dosto­
evskis `Zmebi karamazovebidan~. `mxatelebis~ gastrolebi qarTuli Teatris
moRvaweebs daexmara, eTxovaT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobisaTvis, dRevandeli rusTavelis Teatris Seno­
ba SeesyidaT `qarTuli dramisaTvis~ da dotacia ara Teatris direqci­
isaTvis, aramed axlad arCeuli `dramatuli sazogadoebisaTvis~ gadaecaT.
_ 409 _
ruseTidan axaldabrunebuli iyo lado aleqsi-mesxiSvili. akaki faRavam,
momavali `qarTuli dramis~ samxatvro xelmZRvanelma, vaso abaSiZem da
lado mesxiSvilma noe Jordanias sTxoves, qarTuli dramisaTvis saxelm­
wifo Teatri ewodebina. am Txovnaze mTavrobis Tavmjdomares upasuxia:
`SesZleben merme, qarTveli msaxiobebi aseTi maRali prestiJis gamarTle­
baso?~ (vasaZe ak, 2010, gv. 65).
`qarTul dramas~ Senoba SeuZines. `qarTul dramaSi~ imJamad moR­
vawe TiTqmis yvela msaxiobi da reJisori moxvda. maT Soris iyvnen `ja­
badarelebic~. reJisorTa dasayrden Zalas swored axalgazrdebi warmoad­
gendnen. 1920 wlis oqtombris pirvel ricxvebSi, dRevandeli rusTavelis
Teatris SenobaSi, Salva dadianis `guSindelniT~ gaixsna sezoni. speqtakli
kargad miiRes, magram Semdeg warmodgenebze darbazSi mayurebelma iklo.
mayureblis mizidvis, Semosavlis gamo Teatris xelmZRvaneloba iZulebu­
li iyo zedized SeeqmnaT axali speqtaklebi. yovel kviras axal premieras
TamaSobdnen, saxeldaxelod Segrovili trafaretuli dekoraciebiT,
naqiravebi garderobiT. amgvar SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas ki, studiur muSao­
bas miCveuli `jabadarelebi~ ver iRebdnen. `axali dramis~ afiSaze amoi­
kiTxavdiT: sofokles `oidipos mefe~, valerian gunias `aRlumi~, al. diumas
`margarita gotie~, sardus `madam san-Jeni~, n. SiukaSvilis `simaxinje~ da
`suleli~, senkeviCis `vidre hxval ufalo~, nino nakaSiZis `vin aris damna­
Save?~, ioseb gedevaniSvilis `msxverpli~, sandro SanSiaSvilis `ugvirgvino
mefeni~ da `berdo zmania~. repertuaris CamonaTvali naTels xdis, rom `qa­
rTul dramaSi~ muSaobdnen rogorc klasikaze, aseve, Tanamedrove evrop­
ul Tu rusul dramaturgiaze. aqedan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, Ziebebi
mimdinareobda saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi axali formebisa da xerxebis
misagnebad. `berdo zmanias~ dadgmaze axalgazrda sandro axmeteli miiwvies.
dasis axalgazrdoba imediT Sexvda damwyeb reJisors, romelic sandro
SanSiaSvilis piesas _ `berdo zmania~ _ dgamda. qarTul literaturaSi pir­
vel eqspresionistul dramas. misma debiutma warmatebiT Caiara da speqtak­
lma kargi STabeWdileba datova mayurebelze.
`berdo zmanias~ repeticiebis periodSi, rodesac SemoqmedebiTi jgufi
mizanscenebze gadavida, reJisorma msaxiobisagan plastikuri moZraobebi
moiTxova. sandro axmetelis repeticiebi mizanscenebze ufro plastikur
wvrTnas hgavda. `msaxiobis sxeuli ise unda metyvelebdes, rogorc sityva~,
_ xSirad umeorebda axmeteli msaxiobebs. reJisori gatacebiT uyveboda
msaxiobebs 1912 wels reinhardtis gastrolebze peterburgSi, mis cnobil
`oidipos mefeze~, oidiposis Semsrulebel sandro moisis samsaxiobo xe­
rxebze. gansakuTrebulad gamoyofda oidiposis Tvalebis daTxris scenas.
swored am periodSi eqspresionistuli mimarTuleba yalibdeba xelovneba­
Si. germanulma saTeatro eqspresionizmma _ Janrebisa, formebis, xerxebis
TvalsazrisiT, uamravi cvlileba, siaxle, migneba Seitana germanul Te­
atralur xelovnebaSi da udidesi gavlena iqonia msoflio Teatris ganvi­
Tarebaze. sandro axmeteli mraval saintereso faqtsa da movlenaze esau­
_ 410 _
breboda axalgazrda msaxiobebs, imdroindeli peterburgisa da moskovis
Teatraluri cxovrebidan. im periodSi ruseTSi, pirobiTi Teatris mimdi­
na­reobas saTaveSi vsevolod meierholdi edga. sandro axmeteli cdilob­
da, axalgazrdebs warmodgena SeqmnodaT msoflios mowinave Teatralur
mimdinareobebze.
sandro axmetelma mokled gaacno SemoqmedebiT koleqtivs `berdo zma­
nias~ miseuli koncefcia. reJisors dekoracia SirmebSi surda gadaewyvita,
magram mxatvarma valerian sidamon-erisTavma ver gabeda mTeli dadgmis amg­
varad gadawyveta da ferwerul dekoraciasac mimarTa. dimitri arayiSvilis
musikac ar iyo reJisoris Canafiqris Tanxvedri. moqmed pirTa tansacmeli
simboluric iyo da istoriul-eTnografiulic. mizanscenebSi ufro Canda
principuli erTianoba. masobrivi da calkeuli mizanscenebic bareliefis
principebze aago axmetelma. msaxiobTa metyvelebaSi deklamaciuri kilo
Warbobda. miuxedavad amisa, speqtakli qarTuli Teatris maSindeli cnobi­
li dadgmebisgan, gamomxatveli saSualebebiT gamoirCeoda. dadgmis mTavari
Zala, is, rasac warmodgena mihyavda, speqtaklis swori tempo-ritmis monaxva
da moqmedebaSi misi Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba iyo. im periodis qarTul
TeatrSi, amgvari tempo-ritmiT agebuli sxva speqtakli ar arsebobda.
samxatvro Teatri da misi reJisura, SemoqmedebiTi meTodi da `mxatel~
msaxiobTa saxelebi qarTul Teatrsa da sazogadoebaSi, didi avtorite­
tiT sargeblobda. gamocdili reJisorebi siamayis grZnobiT nergavdnen
qarTul TeatrSi samxatvro Teatris `realizms~, `ganwyobas~, `pauzebs~,
repertuars. rac mTavaria, garkveul piesebs samxatvro Teatris mizan­
scenebiTac dgamdnen. sandro axmeteli ki SemoqmedebiTi originalobiT
gansxvavdeboda, magram mxatvruli principebi jer ar hqonda daxvewili. mis
pirobiT-simbolistur speqtakls Canafiqris saxe ufro hqonda, amitomac
praqtikaSi srulyofilad ganxorcieleba gauWirda. amasTan, maSindeli `qa­
rTuli dramis~ dasis umravlesoba yovelive axls eWvis TvaliT uyurebda.
Teatris xelmZRvanelobam sandro axmetels cagarelis _ `rac ginaxavs,
veRar naxav~ _ axal dekoraciebSi aRdgena daavala. speqtaklma veraferi
SesZina damwyebi reJisoris saxels da arc Tavad axmetelma iSroma bevri
mis aRsadgenad. marjaniSvilis `qrTuli dramis~ TeatrSi misvlamde, sain­
tereso axalgazrda reJisoris s. axmetelis moRvaweoba qarTul TeatrSi
droebiT Sewyda.
qarTul reJisuras umaRlesi ganaTleba, specialuri codna, samxatvro
Teatrsa Tu evropis TeatrebSi xangrZlivi muSaobiT mopovebuli gamoc­
dilebac hqonda. magram man ver SeZlo qarTuli Teatri srulad amoeyva­
na provincializmis Waobidan da mieniWebina misTvis maRali profesiuli
kultura. saamisod, reJisurisa da mxatvruli koleqtivis niWi da pira­
di gamocdileba ar iyo sakmarisi, saWiro iyo sazogadoebriv-politikuri
mxardaWerac. qarTuli Teatri, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis
gareSe arsebobda da misi `meurvec~ _ axlad arCeuli dramatuli sazoga­
doebac, `qarTuli dramis~ SemoqmedebiT sakiTxebSi ar ereoda.
_ 411 _
 samwuxarod, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis samTavrobo struqture­
bis warmomadgenlebi kargad ver acnobierebdnen saTeatro xelovnebis
mniSvnelobas. dafinanseba Zalian mwiri iyo. ufro metic, maT saqarTve­
loSi (1919 w.) zaqaria faliaSvilis pirveli operis _ `abesalom da eTer­
is~ _ Seqmnis da dadgmis mniSvnelobac ver gaaanalizes da gaacnobieres...
dadgma xelisSemSlel pirobebSi ganxorcielda da teqnikurad auwyobeli
speqtakli Ramis or saaTze dasrulda. imdroindel ganaTlebis ministris
moadgiles ganucxadebia: `mTel qarTul Teatrs baletis erTi nomeri
mirCevniao~ (vasaZe ak, 2010, gv. 57). am fraziT, man damoukidebeli saqa­
rTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis damokidebuleba gamoxata
qarTuli xelovnebisadmi. amisdamiuxedavad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom 1918-
1921 wlebis qarTuli TeatrSi evropulis msgavsad, Ziebebi mimdinareob­
da, rogorc saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi, aseve dramaturgiaSi. Camoyal­
ibda studia, romelSic pirveli profesionali reJisorebi da msaxiobebi
aRizardnen. es ki, ra Tqma unda, kargi baza iyo ruseTidan saqarTveloSi
dabrunebuli, Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris reformatoris, sareJisoro,
ansambluri, sinTezuri Teatris Semqneli kote marjaniSvilisaTvis.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

vasaZe ak., mogonebebi, fiqrebi, t. 1, `kentavri~, 2010

vasaZe, m., robert sturuas saTeatro enis semiotika, `kentavri~, 2016
kiknaZe v., qarTuli dramatuli Teatris istoria, t.1, Tb., 2001
kiknaZe v., cxovreba sandro axmetelisa, Tb., 1986
CarTolani g., giorgi jabadari qarTuli Teatris reformis saTaveebTan,
`Teatri~, #1 (309), 2018

Marine Vasadze
Doctor of Art Study, Associate Professor
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

THEATRICAL GENRES, FORMS AND LANGUAGE IN GEORGIAN AND

EUROPEAN THEATRE OF THE 1920S
Summary

Like the European, Georgian professional directing or the so-called `director’s the-
ater~ is more than a century old. This implies that in general, the `director’s theater~
was founded in the 1880s _ Ch. King, G. Craig, An. Antoine, O. Brahm, M. Reinhardt, K.
Stanislavski, V. Meyerhold. On the global theatre map, these names are accompanied
_ 412 _
by those of Kote Marjanishvili and Sandro Akhmeteli whose artistic pursuits started
simultaneously with the birth of the first independent Georgian Republic.
At the beginning of the XX century, Tbilisi had turned into an oasis of intellectual
and cultural world. At the same time, Russia started to experience political turmoil,
accompanied by the overall economic downfall and followed by the start of the first
World War in 1914. During those times, Georgia and Tbilisi were receiving strong `in-
tellectual currents~ from Russia and Europe, absorbing and developing the same avant-
guardist trends, that existed in the contemporary Europe and Russian culture and art _
impressionism, naturalism, impressionism, expressionism, symbolism, futurism and the
like. Like other European centres of culture, Tbilisi was a cultural centre, participating
in the global cultural processes and moreover, contributing to them. Tbilisi was an inte-
gral part of the development of European artistic genres, which is an important factor.
Historical-typological and dialectic methods used for the analysis allowed analysing
what kind of theatrical experiments were taking place in the contemporary Europe,
Russia and Georgia.
World War I (1914-1918) brought not only physical and moral suffering to people
but resulted in economic hardships. People were protesting, many took to the streets
and artists depicted these processes in their works. Many welcomed the October Rev-
olution as a salvation, a liberating event. In some European countries, (f. e. France,
Netherlands), governments systems were changing. Likewise, the Russian Empire was
starting to shake under the pressure of forthcoming changes accelerated by the war.
Hence, Georgia being a province of the Russian Empire at the time, famous Georgian
poets, writers, directors and other representatives of culture, welcomed the changes
with certain eagerness, much as it happened in Russia. However, many realised their
mistake quite soon and either emigrated to foreign countries or stayed and were im-
prisoned or executed after Sovietization.
Unfortunately, representatives of the first Georgian Republic government did not ap-
preciate the importance of theatre art, allocating meagre finances to it. Moreover, they
were not able to grasp the importance of staging the first Georgian opera `Abesalom
and Etheri~ by Zaqaria Paliashvili in 1919. Despite these obstacles, in 1918, former pupil
of Antoine and a recent returnee from France, Giorgi Jabadari and `MKHAT~ alumnus
Valerian Shalikashvili, established a drama studio in Georgia. The academic repertoire,
theatre genres and forms applied in directing, acting and scenography were identical to
those existing in Europe and Russia.
Around the time, Sandro Akhmeteli starts his first directing acts and the greatest
director of all the times and of global importance, Kote Marjanishvili, returns from
Russia. It was Kote Marjanishvili, jointly with great Georgian actors and directors, who,
on the basis of the first promotion of the drama studio, built the phenomenon that is
called `Georgian Theatre~ today.

_ 413 _
 laSa CxartiSvili
xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, asistent-profesori
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos
saxelmwifo universiteti

politikuri da SemoqmedebiTi qaosi qarTuli Teatris

scenaze saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi
(1918-1921)

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria 1918-1921 wlebis qarTuli Teatri. metadre es
periodi safuZvlianad ar aris Seswavlili qarTveli Teatrmcodneebis da
Teatris istorikosebis mier. Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime werils, an mokle
mimoxilvas aRniSnul periodze.
qarTuli saTeatro SemoqmedebiT-politikuri cxovreba damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos periodSi bevr sagulisxmo istorias da mniSvnelovan faqts
inaxavs, romelic Tavisi TvisobriobiT arc dRes kargavs aqtualobas. me-20
saukunis dasawyisis movlenebis analogebs vpoulobT me-20 saukunis 90-ian
wlebSic, maSin, roca saqarTvelo kvlav damoukidebeli saxelmwifo gaxda.
samecniero kvleva efuZneba induqciur midgomas. kvlevisas gamoyenebu­
lia kontent-analizis meTodi. kvleva eyrdnoba Zvel werilebs, dRiurebs,
sagazeTo statiebs, reportaJebs. am monacemebze dayrdnobiT 1918-1921
wlebis qarTul Teatrze sakmaod mcire samecniero literaturaa Seqmnili.
faqtobrivad vasil kiknaZis monografiis `qarTuli dramatuli Teatris is­
toriis~ (tomi 1) garda, ar arsebobs Tanamedrove, sabWoTa an postsabWoTa
periodis monografia, gakvleva am periodze. Cveni naSromi swored im peri­
odis Tanamedrove Teatris moRvaweTa mogonebebs, presas da arqivs efuZne­
ba. naSromSi gamoyenebulia uSangi CxeiZis, valerian gunias, akaki vasaZis da
sxvaTa mogonebebi; im periodis presa (gazeTebi da Jurnalebi).
1918 wels iwyeba `mudmivi Teatris~ istoriis axali etapi. mas qarTu­
li dramis Teatri ewoda. procesebi, romelic imJamad mimdinareobda uaR­
resad winaaRmdegobrivi da mravalferovani iyo. politikurma qaosma da
mravalpartiulma dapirispirebebma xeli SeuSala erovnuli cnobierebis
gamTlianebas. xalxi saukuneobiT gadasCveoda damoukideblobas da amitom
uWirda axal pirobebTan Segueba.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde qarTul TeatrSi reformistul
muSaobas eweodnen pirveli qarTveli profesionali reJisorebi: al. wu­
wunava, mix. qoreli, val. SalikaSvili, ak. faRava da sxvebi. 1918 wlidan
afiSaze Cndeba aleqsandre axmetelis saxeli. eqsperimentuli Ziebebi, rom­
lebic profesionalma reJisorebma daiwyes, gagrZelda 1918-1921 wlebSic.
magram ganviTarebis kulminacias odnav mogvianebiT miaRwia. gansakuTrebiT

_ 414 _
es kote marjaniSvilisa da sandro axmetelis SemoqmedebaSi gamovlinda. es
Ziebebi sabolood politikuri porcesebis _ represiebis dawyebis Sedegad,
1933 wels dasrulda.
1917 wlis 30 aprils gaimarTa msaxiobTa yriloba profesiuli kavSiris
dasaarseblad. yrilobas uZRveboda al. wuwunava, Tavmdjdomared airCies
kote andronikaSvili. Sedga 1917-1918 wlebis sezonis samuSao gegma. yri­
lobam reJisorad moiwvia val. SalikaSvili. seozni gaixsna val. SalikaSvi­
lis piesiT `gadaWrili muxa~.
1918 wels aleqsandre wuwunavam Seadgina saxelmwifo dasi, romelsac
daeniSna Tviuri xelfasi. am faqts manamde mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi uZ­
Roda, romelsac aleqsandre wuwunava xelmZRvanelobda, xolo 1920 wlis
4 ivliss Seikriba dramatuli sazogadoebis reJisorTa kolegia. kolegiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: lado mesxiSvili, aleqsandre wuwunava, akaki
faRava, mixeil qoreli da aleqsandre axmeteli. sxdomas uZRveboda ale­
qsandre axmeteli. kolegiam ganixila repertuaris sakiTxi. Teatris is­
torikosi, vasil kiknaZe wers: `kolegiaze daasaxeles 40-mde piesa. saocrad
ekleqturi iyo es repertuari, yvelaferi erTad iyo Cayrili. es ki suraTs
xatavs ra mdgomareobaSi iyo maSindeli Teatri~ (kiknaZe, 1986, gv. 69).
1917 wels vaxtang garikma gamoqveyna werili `xelovneba Tavisufal saqa­
rTveloSi~. es werili erTgvari programuli xasiaTis kvlevaa im periodis
qarTul xelovnebaSi mimdinare procesebze. Teatrze is werda: `es iyo erT­
gvari saxli, sadac qarTvel adamians esmoda qarTuli ena, xedavda Tavis
winaparTa gmirul saqmes da naTlad grZnobda samSoblos suliskveTebas~
(`saqarTvelo~ #4, 1917), magram istoriulad am ucilobelma misiam qaTuli
Teatri CamoaSora esTetikur problemebze zrunvas. igi iyo saganmanaTleb­
lo, iyo cxovrebis sarke, socialur-erovnul moZraobaTa talRaze, magram
ar ecala ezruna stilur mravalferovnebaze.
damoukidebelma saqarTvelom memkvidreobad miiRo iseTi Teatri, rome­
lic ibrZoda ganaxlebisTvis. eZebda krizisuli movlenebidan Tavis daRw­
evis gzas.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodSi saqarTvelo mravalpartiul
qveyanas warmoadgenda. TeatrSi ki iwyeboda axali brZolis talRa _ re­
Jisuris damkvidrebisTvis. am periods daemTxva pirveli profesionali
reJisorebis mosvla qarTul TeatrSi, romlebic cdilobdnen axali es­
Tetikis damkvidrebas, rac Janrobriv mravalferovnebasTan erTad, meTod­
ologiur reformebsac gulisxmobda TeatrSi. reJisuris xelovnebas unda
Caenacvlebina TeatrSi gamefebuli msaxiobis instituti, rac ar iyo ioli.
yvela msaxiobs Tavisi mxardamWeri hyavda mTavrobaSi, reJisorebsac Ta­
vianTi favoritebi politikosTa Soris da maTi politikuri simpaTiebic
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda. am gemovnebisa da simpaTiebis gansxvavebu­
lobam bevri problema Seqmna TeatrSic. erTaderTi razec axali Taobis
reJisorebi Tanxmdebodnen _ reJisuris institutis dominantoba _ iyo. am­
itomac Teatrs ar hqonda erTiani, sistemuri, Tanmimdevruli mxatvruli
_ 415 _
saxe. `am did moZraobaSi istoriam reJisors daavala garTulebuli Te­
atraluri cxovrebis meTauroba. qarTvelma reJisorebma uyoymanod miiRes
es istoriuli misia. saqmis warmatebas mravali faqtori uSlida xels: mZime
materialuri pirobebi, ubinaoba, saxelmwifosgan gulgriloba, gadasawyve­
ti iyo mravali SemoqmedebiTi, organizaciuli da aministraciuli proble­
ma..~ (kiknaZe,1982. gv. 133).
1917-1918 wlebis sezonSi daidga n. SiukaSvilis `suleli~, a. cagare­
lis `rac ginaxavs veRar naxav~, u. Seqspiris `Wirveli colis morjuleba~,
g. hautmanis `meetle henSeli~, l. andreevis `dReni Ceni cxovrebisa~, v.
gunias `aRlumi~ da `da-Zma~, g. sundukinis `pepo~, yazbegis `qeTevan wame­
buli~. momdevno sezonebze repertuarSi gaCnda l. tolstois `cocxali
leSi~, h. heirmansis `imedis daRupva~, sofokles `oidipos mefe~, `anti­
gone~, i. gedevaniSvilis `msxverpli~, S. dadianis `guSindelni~, b. lavre­
nievis `rRveva~v. kirSonis `puri~, u. Seqspiris `makbeti~, e. toleris `ka­
ci-masa~,h. ibsenis `nora~, h. hauptmanis `hanele~, s. SanSiaSvilis `berdo
zmania~ da sxva mravali.
1918-1921 wlebis qarTuli Teatris repertuaris Seswavlisas ixateba
suraTi, romelic politikuri cxovrebis erTgvar anarekls warmoadgens.
repertuars aklia erTiani koncefcia, saerTo Tematika, erTi ideis garSe­
mo gaerTianeba. sxvadasxva reJisori sxvadasxva problemaze svams aqcents.
samagierod inergeba axali xedva Teatris ganviTarebisa, romelic Semdgom
periodSic gagrZelda.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos Teatris repertuari mravalferovani iyo,
ara mxolod avtorTa TvalsazrisiT, aramed Janrobrivadac. am periodSi
vxvdebiT qarTul, dasavleT evropul da rusul Tanamedrove da klasikur
piesebs. Janrobrivad ki: tragediebs, yofiT dramebs, socialur komediebs,
vodevilebsa da farsebs. maTgan bevri saeWvo mxatvruli xarisxis nawarmoe­
bia, Tumca vxvdebiT gamorCeul avtorebs mniSvnelovani piesebiT.
mniSvnelovania, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodis TeatrSi
iWreba modernistuli stili. am mxriv, gamorCeulia 1919 wels dadgmuli
i. gedevaniSvilis `sinaTle~, romelasc faro gamoxmaureba moyva presaSi.
speqtaklze sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovani azri Seiqmna, rac gamowveu­
li iyo aqamde uCveulo Teatraluri stiliT, axleburi ganaTebiT, sce­
nografiiT da musikaluri gaformebiT. rac yvelaze mTavaria: speqtakli
gamoxatavda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodSi arsebul politikur da
SemoqmedebiT qaoss.
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo 1920-1921 wlebis saTeatro sezonSi mixeil
qorelis mier ganxorcielebuli Salva dadianis `guSindelnis~ dadgma. es
iyo am piesis pirveli scenuri interpretacia, romelic warmatebuli aR­
moCnda da es warmateba TiTqos saukuneebia Tan sdevs mas.
S. dadianis `guSindelniT~ gaixsna 1920-1921 wlebis qarTuli Teatris
sezoni. speqtaklis Sesaxeb dodo anTaZe (SemdgomSi cnobili reJisori) wer­
da: `speqtaklSi monawileobdnen Cveni saukeTeso Zalebi, romlebmac Sesan­
_ 416 _
iSnavad gaiTamaSes es niWieri komedia. msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen mondomebiT,
Sewyobilad. ansambluroba am speqtaklSi sasvebiT iyo miRweuli. sasacil­
oni iyvnen da Tan gulsitkivils iwvevdnen scenaze gansaxierebuli perso­
naJebi, zedmiwevniT realisturad ixateboda mayureblis win Cveni soflis
yofa-cxovreba, misi Wir-varami, moqmedeba mkivrclad viTardeboda, gaismo­
da moxdenili dialogi, yoveli moqmedi piri misTvis damaxasiaTebeli eniT
gadmogvcemda Tavis gancdebs da fiqrebs. speqtakls etyoboda mcodne re­
Jisoris xeli. ara marto msaxiobTa SesrulebaSi, maT cxovel urTierToba­
Si, aramed mraval wvrilmanSic igrZnoboda mixeil qorelis dakvirvebuli,
gemovnebiT aRsavse reJisoruli manera, dadgmis stili harmoniulad Sewyo­
bili iyo TviT piesis bunebasTan, mas axasiaTebda simsubuqe da sisadadave,
simkvircxle da Tbili, odnav sevdiani iumori. msaxiobebi SesaniSnavad Ta­
maSobdnen..~ (anTaZe, 1962, gv. 82).
Salva dadianis aranaklebi gamoxmaureba da warmateba hqonda sandro
axmetelis mier dadgmul simbolistur-eqspresionistul piesas `berdo
zmania~. piesa aleqsandre (sando) SanSiaSvilma 1916 wels dawera. is 1920
wels daidga. speqtaklma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia, rac mravali faqtoriT
iyo ganpirobebuli. speqtaklSi dadgmis sruliad qarTuli TeatrisT­
vis sruliad axali, gansxvavebuli stilistika gamoikveTa. am speqtaklSi
s. axmeteli eZebda Zlier pirovnebas, romelic ebrZvis arsebul situacias.
mogvianebiT s. axmeteli e.w. `gmirul-romantikul~ Teatrs qmnis, romelic
Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom koncefciiT politikuri, xolo formiT
nacionaluri (qarTuli) Teatri iyo. misi speqtakli politikur procesebs
exmianeboda da asaxavda im realobas, rac damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pe­
riodSi iyo. s. axmetelma am speqtakliT garkveuli gardatexa moaxdina Te­
atrSi: `gadalaxa dekoraciuli Sabloni, man moSala rampa ise, rom scena
da parteri gaaerTiana. scena gaanaTa ara rampidan, aramed maRlidn, ramac
kidev ufro gaaZliera scenis iluzia~ (kiknaZe v, 1982, gv. 150). litera­
turis kritikosis Salva afxaiZis TqmiT, `es iyo srulaid axali sityva
Cvens saTeatro xelovnebaSi. scena pirvelad amRerda musikiT, artistma
pirvelad igrZno Tavisi sxeuli, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi masala. am speqtak­
lSi s. axmetelma pirvelad Seamzada niadagi CvenSi sinTezuri Teatris Se­
qmnisTvis. igi gamoCnda, rogorc monumenturi Teatris ansamblis da ara
individuauri Teatris vizioneri~ (kiknaZe v, 1964, gv.12). speqtaklma azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba rom gamoiwvia, bunebrivi iyo imitom, rom angrevda Teatra­
lur Stampebs, qmnida axal, gansxvavebul Teatrs, ucxo iyo Tavad Janric _
simbolizmi. amave speqtaklze msaxiobi uSangi CxeiZe werda: `gansxvavdebda
imJamindeli mTeli qarTuli Teatrisgan, kargad organizebuli da gamar­
Tuli masiuri scenebiT, msaxiobebis TamasSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
hqonda miqceuli maTi moZraobis plastikurobas, Jests da saerTod maTi
TamaSis garegnul formas, rac Tu ar vcdebi ufro pirobiTi iyo, vidre
sxva dadgmebSi. speqtaklSi Setanili iyo agreTve cekvebi. es speqtakli
axal elfers atarebda. es iyo mkveTri Suqi siaxlis~ (CxeiZe u, 1975, gv. 67).
_ 417 _
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis mizezs sainteresod xsnis msaxiobi da reJisori akaki
vasaZe, romelic Tavis mogonenebSi wers: `es piesa, maSin, uCveulo for­
miT dawerili mogveCvena. ver mivxdiT, rom saqme gqvonda eqspresionistul
dramasTan qarTul literaturaSi. sandro axmeteli am dadgmiT cdilobda
eCvenebina CvenTvis da raRac warmodgena mainc gqvonoda msoflios Teatra­
lur mowinave mimdinareobebze.~ (vasaZe ak, 1974, gv. 107).
aranaklebi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda saopero reJisuraSi. am cvlile­
bebs saTaveSi sandro axmeteli edga. misi reformatoruli xedva gamovlinda
dimitri arayiSvilis operis `Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze~ dadgmaSi. maSin­
deli presa werda, rom axmetelma `sruliad axali mizanscenebi Semoitana,
gundis Cacmulobac sxvagvari iyo, ufro daaxloebuli qarTul yaidasTan.
saqebaria s. axmetelis dakvirvebuli muSaoba da sasceno gemo~ (`Teatri
da coxvreba~, 1920, gv.15). amave speqtaklze meore recenziac gamoqveynda,
romelSic reJisors madlobas uxdian originaluri dadgmisTvis (`Teatri
da cxovreba~, 1920, gv.14). swored am periodSi, s. axmetelisave sicocxleSi
mis mimarT gaCnda epiTetebi: `originaluri~, `erovnuli~, `novatoruli~...
damoukidebeli saqarTvels periodis Teatrs da Seqmnil politi­
kur-SemoqmedebiT qaoss ase afasebs Teatris istorikosi vasil kiknaZe: `XX
saukunis dasawyisidan axal qarTul sabWoTa Teatramde ganfenili dro
rTulia ara marto politikuri da Rrma socialuri ZvrebiT, winaaRmde­
gobebiT, sxvadasxva socialuri fenis dapirispirebiT, aramed daZabuli
kulturli cxovrebiTac. Teatris ganviTarebis gzac zigzagobrivia da
masSi sacnauri TviT cxovrebiT nakarnaxevi procesebi. am periodSi gansa­
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia reJisuris warCineba da misi brZola Teatraluri
azrovenebis axli formebis damkivdrebisaTvis~ (kiknaZe v, 1982, gv. 155).
swored am brZolis magaliTia 1918 wlis saqarTvelos parlamentis 50-e
sxdomis gamosvlis Canaweri, sadac saTeatro sakiTxebi ixileboda (sxdoma
Janrebze kamaTs mieZRvna). parlamentis wevri iyo Jurnalisti, politikosi
da reJisori sandro axmeteli. am Canaweridan irkveva, aleqsandre lomTa­
TiZe winaaRmdegi iyo TbilisSi operetis Teatris gaxsnis, romelsac didi
winaaRmdegobas uwevda sandro axmeteli: `ratom ar gindaT, rom demokra­
tiam simRera gaicnos? me SemiZlia vismino farsi, vismino drama da amave
dros opereta, komikuri ram. ratom ggoniaT, rom opereta garyvnilia?
ratom SeiZleba drama iyos Tavisufali gadasaxadidan da opereta ara? rac
Seexeba imas, rom balets daedos gadasaxdi: es ufro gasakviria CemTvis, miT
ufro, rom baleti iseTive saWiroa Cveni aRzrdisTvis, rogorc drama da
opera. baleti imitom xom araa miuRebeli TqvenTvis, rom igi qoreografi­
uli moqmedebaa, xolo dramasa da operetaSi laparakoben da mRerian?~
(kiknaZe v, 1986, gv.43). am brZolaSi maSin sandro axmetelma gaimarjva, ken­
Wisyris Sedegad operetis ganmartebaSi amoiSala sityva garyvnili. aseve
baleti da opereta gaTavisuflebulda gadasaxadidan.
damoukidebelma saqarTvelom memkvidreobad miiRo iseTi Teatri, rome­
lic ibrZoda ganaxlebisaTvis, eZebda krizisuli movlenebidan Tavis daRw­
_ 418 _
evis gzebs. `TiTqos ucnauri ram xdeba! qarTvel xalxs ausrulda risTvi­
sac ibrZoda, sisxls Rvrida, ocnebobda da ai, uceb qveyana TiTqos daibna,
gaognda, moumzadebeli aRmoCnda damoukideblobisTvis. metad rTuli iyo
qveSevrdomuli fsiqologiidan gaTavisufleba, erovnuli konsolidaciis
miRweva, radgan sazogadoeba sxvadasxva poziciaze aRmoCnda, magram erSi
ar Canda yvelaze didi idealebi, ris gamoc unda gaerTianebuliyvnen~ _
werda vasil kiknaZe 2001 wels gamocemul wignSi `qarTuli dramatuli Tea­
tris istoria~ (t. 1, gv. 437). samwuxaroa realobaa, rom istoria meordeba,
vinaidan 1991 wels, roca saqarTvelom kvlav moipova damoukidebloba da
gaxda Tavisufali, qarTuli Teatri kvlavac inerciiT agrZelebda meta­
foris eniT diqtaturaze saubars, maSin, roca saqarTvelos saxelmwifom
sruli Tavisufleba moipova. qarTuli Teatris winaSe 1918-1921 wlebSi da
1991 welsac Teatrs gauWirda aqtualuri Temebis moZebna, axali mxatvru­
li problemebis da formebis moZieba, rac gacilebiT mnSvnelovani iyo,
vidre inerciiT TavisuflebisTvis brZolis idea metaforis eniT.
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirobebSi politikur-SemoqmedebiTi qao­
sis paralelurad, qarTul TeatrSi ganxorcielda Semdegi pozitiuri mov­
lenebi:
1. Camoyalibda saxelmwifo qarTuli dasi (1918 w.);
2. TeatrSi movida profesional reJisorTa pirveli Taoba (1917 w.);
3. momavali profesionali kadrebis aRzrdisTvis Seiqmna sasceno xe­
lovnebis studia da Catarda pirveli misaRebi gamocdebi (1918 w.);
4. Seiqmna da scenaze daidga pirveli qarTuli operebi, romelmac
tradicia daudo reJisorulad gaazrebuli saopero dadgmebis tradicias
(1918-1920 ww.);
5. ganxorcielda araerTi SemoqmedebiTi eqsperimenti.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

anTaZe d., dReebi axlo warsulisa, Tb., 1962, t 1

vasaZe ak., mogonebebi, fiqrebi, `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1974, #7
kiknaZe v., qarTuli dramatuli Teatris istoria, t.1, Tb., 2001
kiknaZe v., cxovreba sandro axmetelisa, Tb., 1986
kiknaZe v., qarTuli reJisuris istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 1982
kiknaZe v., sandro axmeteli, Tb., 1964
gariki vaxtang, `xelovneba Tavisufal saqarTveloSi~, gaz. `saqarTvelo~,
#4, 1917
Jurn. `Teatri da coxvreba~, 1920, #2
Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1920, #4

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 Lasha Chkhartishvili
PhD in Arts, Asistant Professor
Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgia State University

POLITICAL AND CREATIVE CHAOS ON GEORGIAN STAGE

IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA (1918-1921)
Summary

New stage of theatre’s history starts in 1918, it was called Georgian drama theatre.
Processes going through that period were really tough and diverse. Political chaos and
multi-party confrontation was a barrier for uniting the national consciousness. People
became unaccustomed to sovereignty for centuries so adaptation to new environment
was very hard.
Before the sovereignty was declared, the first Georgian professional reformist the-
atre directors were : Al. Tsutsunava, Mikh. Koreli, Val. Shalikashvili, Ak. Paghava, and
others. The experimental researches took place in 1918-1921 as well.
The main subjects of our research is finding answers to questions such as: what did
the theatre gain from the sovereignty? Did it cause any kind of development of the the-
atre? What kind of crucial activities have been detected and what was the reason for
that? What kind of base did these activities create for new Georgian theatre? During
research we discovered that in that period rather than solving aesthetic problems, the-
atre had already become political tribune. Multi-party and inner contradictions really
became obstructive for unification around common idea. V.Garick published a letter:
`Art in Free Georgia~ in newspaper: `Georgia~ in 1917. This letter is a kind of program
modelled type of research about ongoing processes of Georgian art in that period. That
is what he was writing about theatre: `It was like a house, where a Georgian could
hear the Georgian language, could see his ancestors’ heroism and clearly feet aspiration
for homeland~, but according to history the above mentioned mission kept Georgian
theatre apart from caring about aesthetic problems. It was educational, was a mirror
of life, was on the top of social-national movement but didn’t have spare time to think
and care about stylistic diversity.
Independent Georgia received the theatre as a heritage. The theatre had been
fighting for renovation, was searching for the right ways of critical situations. The first
generation of the professional directors stepped in the theatre in that current period
they were fighting to establish the new theatre. This battle was not easy, it was fol-
lowed by resistance.
In the process of researching Georgian theatre repertory of 1918-1921, we have the
clear reflection of the political life of that period. The repertory has a lack of thematic
wholeness, unification around one main idea. Each director focuses on different prob-
lem. On the other hand, new theatrical vision was being implemented and this process
was long-term.

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 The modern style breaks in the Georgian theatre in the period of sovereignty. The
best example is `Light~ directed by I.Gedevanishvili in 1919 which was followed by huge
response in media. Contrastive thoughts had been spread in the society about this play
that was caused by the unusual, unique theatrical style for that period, by the modern
stage lighting, by scenography and music. The most important thing to mention is that
the play was expressing political and creative chaos existing in the period of indepen-
dent Georgia.

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 Anar Yerkebay
PhD in Art History, Associate Professor
Kazakh National Arts Academy named after T. Zhurgenov

THE GEORGIAN THEATER OF THE INDEPENDENCE PERIOD:

A VIEW FROM THE SIDE

The period that entered the history of Georgia as the period of independence of
the Georgian Democratic Republic covers 1918-1921. During this short but historically
important period, there have been changes not only in the political, social, but also
in all thee spheres of spiritual and cultural life of the country. The long-term scenic
art of Georgia, despite the difficult situation in the country, continued to work and
develop new trends in art. One of these centers was the Georgian Drama Society,
which organized a theater studio that was headed by the renowned Georgian director
Giorgi Jabadari, who had returned from France. G. Jabadari staged the `The Faith~ by
E. Brieux, `The White Dinner~ by E. Rostand, `The Treason~ of A. Yujin-Sumbatoff and
others. Although the studio existed for only two years, during this time, it revealed a
galaxy of talented young actors and contributed to its creative growth. From this studio
came the famous later masters of the Georgian theater like Veriko Andjaparidze, Ush-
angi Chkheidze, Dodo Antadze, Akaki Vasadze, Shalva Gambashidze, Mikhail Gelovani
and others (Kiknadze, 1982, p. 184).
In October 1920 in Tbilisi, director A.Pagava and the playwright N.Shiukashvili assem-
bled the troupe and opened the season of the State Drama Theater with Shalva Dadiani’s
play `Yesterday’s~ directed by M.Korelli. In 1920, director Sandro Akhmeteli staged the
experimental play `Berdo Zmania~ based on S. Shanshiashvili’s play. Even then Akhmeteli
tried to realize the most important of Fuchs’s ideas _ the design of scenic space with the
help of architectural and pictorial forms. For the director was the main desire to merge
into one whole the word and the plastic of the actor, artistic design, choreography,
rhythm, music and light. It was also important to create actors’ ensemble, because the
expressive folk scenes acquired tremendous importance in the play. In February 1921, the
Bolsheviks came to power and a new era began. But, the independence of the country
in 1918-1921 prompted theatrical art to speak in a new way.
The second independence of Georgia from Russia came in 1991.
The collapse of the Soviet Union was one of the most significant events of the late
XX century. Many countries gained sovereignty, a new era of history began. For coun-
tries that were in the conditions of forced integration for 70 years, the opportunity was
opened to declare the world community themselves as new, independent, democratic,
secular states. With the gaining of independence, each of the states of the former USSR
expanded its cultural borders, established cultural ties with the near and far abroad.
International theatrical festivals were held not only with the participation of rep-
resentatives of post-Soviet countries, but from Europe and America. Theatrical groups
have significantly expanded the opportunity to participate in international events.
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 For today, festivals, competitions and other cultural projects that are the objects of
cultural cooperation, realize their potential, using all the traditions of building a trade
dialogue. In comparison with the Soviet period, in modern times, cultural cooperation
goes hand in hand with democratic transformations in the country and global integra-
tion processes. Since the 1990s, a new stage in the development of a humanitarian
dialogue is beginning, which based on long-term traditions of cultural cooperation.
Creative relationships between Georgia and Kazakhstan are developing intensively in
recent years. At festivals in Almaty and Astana, the audience got acquainted with the
colorful theatrical art of Georgia. The art of Georgia as a country which is not a part of
the CIS, quickly absorbed the Western vector of development and joined the European
festival movement. Today in Georgia there are several major world-class festivals and
various international theater projects are being realized.
One of such festivals is the Tbilisi International Theater Festival, held since 2009, which
unites creative artists and paves the bridge between the theatrical art of Europe and Asia.
The main program of the Tbilisi International Theater Festival is the Georgian Show
Case, which aims to integrate the national theater into the world cultural space. In
addition, this festival opens new opportunities for theatrical figures in the exchange of
experience, coproduction of plays with foreign colleagues, etc. The program of the fes-
tival presents not only new productions, but also a new drama, modern choreography,
creative experiments.
Indeed, the Georgian Show Case perfectly performs its role. Foreign guests and
festival participants, directors, producers and managers inspire this program and upon
their arrival in their countries they implement plans for cooperation with their Georgian
colleagues. This contributes to creative progress, the development of competitiveness
among national theaters. Therefore, the practical significance of this program is enor-
mous (World Festivals., 2017., p. 432).
The Kazakh theaters have not yet participated in the theater festivals in Georgia, but
theater critics plays an important role in the connections between the two countries’
theaters. Kazakh theater critics several times took part in the unique Georgian Show
Case program and witnessed interesting productions.
We noticed that the Georgian theater, which has rich centuries-old traditions during
the years of independence, has mastered new vectors of development, new stage sty-
listics, and opened new names. We had the opportunity to watch the performances of
world famous stage masters like Robert Sturua, Rezo Gabriadze, as well as Levan Tsuladze,
David Doyashvili, Dato Tavadze, Mikhail Charkviani, Irakli Gogia and other directors.
I especially want to mention a young 25-year-old director David Tavadze, who is
already well known not only in Georgia, but also abroad. His staging of `Prometheus:
25 years of Independence~ represents the history of Georgia through eight charac-
ters-symbols. On the stage, four guys and four girls of the same age of independence
tell their stories. Each of the characters is chained, as if the hero of the ancient drama
Prometheus. A bold decision of political tragedy gives answers to many questions of
modern spectators.

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 It is interesting that the age of the characters and the years of independence of
the country coincide with each other. The young people on the stage are the new
generation of a new country in which it is necessary to grow and develop, to form and
become an independent person. Their main question is to find the line between human
freedom and independence of the country. Did independence really bring the freedom
that is necessary for the spirit of mankind? Is the person independent, independent
from the circumstances, from any social regime, from the social burdens of life? Or
a person is like in the myth of Prometheus, who is a symbol of proud and rebellious
humanity, despite the fact that no elemental forces of nature or spirit are afraid of
him, yet the freedom of the spirit is still chained to the rock? Whatever you say, every
myth grew out of reality and still nourishes it. These questions and answers to them
became the main leitmotif of Dato Tavadze’s performance.
The author and the director of the play is playwright David Gabunia. Set designer
_ Keti Nadibaidze. Actors: Magda Livanidze, Kato Kalatozishvili, Yako Chilaya, Keta Shat-
irishvili.
Through the fate of modern heroes of the play theater rises to understanding peo-
ple’s tragedy, to explain the moral sources of their historical destiny, finding along the
way great strength and certainty of social analysis. In the play, the struggle of world-
views, the struggle of characters, temperaments, the struggle of good and evil in the
soul of a person are firmly tied to a specific period of people’s history _ the last 25
years of the country. In the development of the action of the play the characters them-
selves note in passing time milestones of rising events. The director and actors, first of
all, are interested in the turning points of the heroes’ fate, from which it is necessary
to draw deep moral and emotional lessons.
On the stage, two white walls, which restrict freedom to young people, create a
dead-end situation. Actors act in the role of victims of modern history and spectators,
who coolly and indifferently look at the spiritual and physical sufferings of their contem-
poraries. Each of the actors is a person, a society. Separating from the general mass,
each of them tells its story, its attitude to what is happening around, its perception of
contemporary events. And the garbage scattered on the floor _ cut polyethylene material
gives an association of public garbage, which seems to be the right things, but at the
same time they can’t be used, thrown out, trampled into the mud. The life of characters
as these cellophane pieces, the strength of which is tested throughout the scenic time.
Despite the very free scenic composition of the material, it faithfully conveys the
spirit of modernity, the atmosphere of today’s condition of society, the history of
independence. D. Tavadze remains faithful to the emotional elements of the modern
theater. He continues to search for a bright artistic spectacle, where the increased
emotionality of the action of a subordinate is clearly organized rhythmic score of the
play, where a combination of a major directorial smear with precise and labeled actor’s
work in the purposeful interaction of the director’s will with the creative aspirations of
the artist.
The director puts the actor in such scenic conditions, in which he is most expressive

_ 424 _
and widely distributed with the spatial environment, extracting from each plastic paint
a performance of maximum artistic content. And where the director’s intention falls on
the bright actor’s individuality of the performers, bright modern characters, heroes of
our times and the history of independence are born.
The ability of the director to extract maximum emotional content from each scenic
situation and with amazing ease to instantly switch the action of the performance to
the most contrasting in the heat of feelings game pieces, manifested in this perfor-
mance with exhaustive completeness and strength. D. Tavadze subordinates the entire
visual structure of the play to the disclosure of internal conflicts and shocks. Every de-
tail in the decoration becomes a figurative and emotional milestone in the development
of the conflict of the performance: polyethylene, table, chairs, etc. He seeks the utmost
expression of the subjective truth of the heroes of the spectacle, endowing them with
equality to each other and demanding a temporary non-interference in their thoughts
and actions in terms of objective moral actions (World Festivals., 2017., p. 432).
The intensity of the emotional tension of the characters is transmitted by the young
actors of the Theater of the Royal Quarter not simply through a specifically conditioned,
causal series of sequential analysis, but also through the organic sense of the image as
a single artistic structure. Concrete historicism of a scenic nature does not force them
to deliberately depict one or other of the social colors, but rather to develop and ap-
prove the eternal values ​​of the essence that are uniquely and uneasily manifested in
a certain historical and social situation. To this leads the act its understanding of the
synthesis of thought and feeling, emotion and analysis. Beginning his monologue with
the words “Remember”, each actor is transferred to his memories. Each monologue
reveals the spiritual world of the modern young generation, whose high self-awareness
can rise to the comprehension of the deepest philosophical issues and for which war is
not only a tragic curse, not only an inevitable battle between hostile states, but also a
sacred duty to protect the native land, the struggle for one’s own independence.
Boldly interweaving among themselves a publicistic, documentary and artistic form,
the director and author of the play reveal the modern history of the independence of
his country. Therefore, he shows modern Prometheus. Prometheus is not satisfied with
the existing system, seeking a way out of this situation, a fighter for both physical and
spiritual freedom.

Literature:

Kiknadze V., Georgian Drama Theatre History, Tb., 2002

World Theatre Festivals, Al., 2017

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