12 Thermodynamics

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ZEROTH LAW OF (c) Internal energy : The internal energy of a gas is sum of
THERMODYNAMICS internal energy due to moleculer motion (called internal
Thermal Equilibrium kinetic energy UK) and internal energy due to molecular
Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other configuration (called internal potential energy UP.E.)
if they have the same temperature.
i.e., U = UK + UP.E. ……(1)
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a (i) In ideal gas, as there is no intermolecular attraction,
third object C then objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium hence
with each other. 3n
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS U = UK = RT ……(2)
First law of thermodynamics gives a relationship between 2
heat, work and internal energy. (for n mole of ideal gas)
(a) Heat : It is the energy which is transferred from a system to (ii) Internal energy is path independent i.e., point function.
surrounding or vice-versa due to temperature difference (iii) In cyclic process, there is no change in internal energy
between system and surroundings. (shown in fig.)
(i) It is a macroscopic quantity. i.e., dU = Uf – Ui = 0
(ii) It is path dependent i.e., it is not point function.
Þ Uf = Ui
(iii) If system liberates heat, then by sign convention it is
taken negative, If system absorbs heat, it is positive.
(b) Work : It is the energy that is transmitted from one system
to another by a force moving its points of application. The
expression of work done on a gas or by a gas is
V2
W = ò dW = ò PdV
V1

where V1 is volume of gas in initial state and V2 in final

state.
(i) It is also macroscopic and path dependent function.
(ii) By sign convention it is +ive if system does work (i.e.,
expands against surrounding) and it is – ive, if work is
done on system (i.e., contracts).
(iii) In cyclic process the work done is equal to area under
the cycle and is negative if cycle is anti-clockwise and
+ive if cycle is clockwise (shown in fig.(a) and (b)).
(iv) Internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on
temperature eq.(2).
First law of thermodynamics is a generalisation of the
law of conservation of energy that includes possible
change in internal energy.
First law of thermodynamics “If certain quantity of heat dQ is
added to a system, a part of it is used in increasing the internal
energy by dU and a part is use in performing external work
done dW
i.e., dQ = dU + dW Þ dU = dQ - dW
The quantity dU (i.e., dQ – dW) is path independent but dQ and
dW individually are not path independent.
Applications of First Law of Thermodynamics
(i) In isobaric process P is constant
V2
so dW = ò PdV = P(V2 - V1 )
V1
so dQ = dU + dW = n CP dT
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304 PHYSICS

(ii) In cyclic process heat given to the system is equal to work For ideal gas, dQ = 0
done (area of cycle). dU = mCVdT (for any process)
(iii) In isothermal process temperature T is constant and work
V2 V2 K
done is dW = ò PdV = ò dV
V1 V1 Vg
V2 V2
dW = òV1
PdV = nRT Log e
V1
(where PVg = K = constant)

Since, T = constant so for ideal gas dU = 0 K æ 1 1 ö ( P V - PV )

= ç g -1
- g -1 ÷ = 2 2 1 1
1 - g è V2 V1 ø 1- g
V2
Hence, dQ = dW = nRT Log e (for ideal gas)
V1 where PVg = constant is applicable only in adiabatic process.
(iv) In isochoric process W = 0 as V = constant Adiabatic process is called isoentropic process (in these
It means that heat given to system is used in increasing process entropy is constant).
internal energy of the gas. (iii) Isobaric process : A process taking place at constant
(v) In adiabatic process heat given or taken by system from pressure is called an isobaric process. In this process
surrounding is zero i.e., dQ = 0 dQ = n CpdT, dU = n CVdT and dW = P(V2–V1)
(iv) Isochoric process : A process taking place at constant
é nR ù é (P V - P V ) ù
dU = -dW = - ê ( T1 - T2 )ú = ê 1 1 2 2 ú volume is called isochoric process.
ë g - 1 û ë g -1 û In this process, dQ = dU =n CVdT and dW = 0
It means that if system expands dW is +ive and dU is –ive (v) Cyclic process : In this process the inital state and final
(i.e., temperature decrease) and if system contracts dW is state after traversing a cycle (shown in fig.) are same.
–ive and dU is +ive (i.e., temperature increase). In cyclic process, dU = 0 = Uf – Ui and dW = area of cycle
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES = area (abcd)
(i) Isothermal process : If a thermodynamic system is perfectly
conducting to surroundings and undergoes a physical
change in such a way that temperature remains constant
throughout, then process is said to be isothermal process.
P

T = constant

Slope of adiabatic and isothermal curve :

For isothermal process PV = constant
On differentiating, we get PdV + VdP = 0
V
And slope of isothermal curves
For isothermal process, the equation of state is
PV = nRT = constant, where n is no. of moles. æ dP ö P
ç ÷ =- ... (1)
For ideal gas, since internal energy depends only on è dV øisothermal V
temperature.
V2 V2 dV P
dU = 0 Þ dQ = dW = ò PdV = nRT ò
V1 V1 V Isothermal
V2 V
or dQ = nRT log e = 2.303nRT log10 2
V1 V1
(ii) Adiabatic process : If system is completely isolated from
the surroundings so that no heat flows in or out of it, then Adiabatic
any change that the system undergoes is called an V
adiabatic process. For adiabatic process PVg
= constant
P On differentiation, we get slope of adiabatic curve
æ dP ö
ç ÷ = -g(P/V) .... (2)
è dV øadiabatic
It is clear from equation (1) and (2) that the slope of
adiabatic curve is more steeper than isothermal curve as
shown by fig by g time (g = CP/CV)
V
 Thermodynamics 305

Graphs of thermodynamic processes : 4. For isochoric process, the P–V, V–T and P–T graphs :
1. In the figure (i) P–V graph the process ab is isothermal, bc
is isobaric and ca is isochoric. 2 2
P
T

P a 1 1
V V

c b
2
P
V
Fig (i)
1

The fig (ii) is the P–T diagram of fig (i) T

5. For isobaric process, the P – V, P – T and V – T graphs :
V P
P a

P T
c b
V

T
Fig.(ii)
T
2. Figure below shows P – V diagrams for two processes. 6. For isothermal process, the P – V, V – T and P – T graphs :

P V
P I

II V T

The heat absorbed in process I is more than that in II. T

Because, area under process I is also more than area under
process II. The work done in the process I is more than that
in II. Also, the change in internal energy is same in both
cases.
3. The P–V and corresponding V–T diagram for a cyclic
process abca on a sample of constant mass of ideal gas are
shown below:
a b c b
P V
a 5.
c help of two thermodynamical variables is called indicator
V T
Keep in Memory
1. In thermodynamics heat and work are not state variables,
whereas internal energy is a state variable.
2. For ideal-gas
(i) relation between P and V is PV g = constant
(ii) relation between V and T is TV g –1 = constant
(iii) relation between P and T is T g P 1– g = constant
3. A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process such
that system remains in thermal and mechanical equilibrium
with the surroundings throughout.
4. Pressure, volume, temperature and mass are state variables.
Heat and work are not state variables.
A graphical representation of the state of a system with the
diagram.
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306 PHYSICS

REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS

Reversible Process : Hot Q1 Q2 Cold
Working
A process which can proceed in opposite direction in such a Reservoir Substance Reservoir
way that the system passes through the same states as in direct T1 T2
process and finally the system and the surroundings acquire
the intial conditions.
Conditions for a process to be reversible : Work (W) = Q1 – Q2
(a) The process must be extremely slow.
(b) There should no loss of energy due to conduction, or The coefficient of performance of refrigerator or heat pump is
radiation. The dissipating forces should not be in the system. Heat extracted from cold reservoir Q2 T2
(c) The system must always be in thermal and chemical b= = = ,
Work done on refrigerator Q 1 - Q 2 T1 - T 2
equilibrium with the surroundings.
where T2 is temperature of cold body and T1 is temperature of
Examples : Fusion of ice, vaporisation of water, etc. hot body.
Irreversible Process : CARNOT ENGINE
The process which cannot be traced back in the opposite Carnot devised an ideal engine which is based on a reversible
direction is defined as irreversible process. cycle of four operations in succession : isothermal expansion,
Examples : Work done against friction, magnetic hysteresis. adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic
• In nature all process are irreversible, because no natural compression.
process can fulfil the requirement of a reversible process. A Isothermal
HEAT ENGINE Q 1 expansion

c o mp re s s io n
T1
Ad ia b a tic
A heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into

expa n s io n
Adia b a tic
mechanical energy. B
P D
T2
Hot Q1 Q2 Cold
Working Isothermal C
Reservoir Reservoir Q2
Substance compression
T1 T2 V1 V2
V
Efficiency of Carnot engine,
æV ö æV ö
µRT1 In ç 2 ÷ + µRT2 In ç 4 ÷
W è V1 ø è V3 ø
Work (W) = Q1 – Q2 h= =
Q1 æV ö
µRT1 In ç 2 ÷
Efficiency of heat engine is given by è V1 ø
The points B and C are connected by an adiabatic path as
Work done (W ) are the points D and A. Hence, using this eqn. and the
Efficiency η =
Heat taken from source (T1 ) adiabatic gas eqn.
Q2 T
T1V2(g – 1) = T2 V3(g – 1) and T1V1(g – 1) = T2 V4(g – 1).
= 1- = 1- 2 V2 V3
Q1 T1 Combination of the above eqns. gives V = V , and,
1 4
where Q2 = amount of heat rejected per cycle to the sink T1 - T2 Q1 - Q2
(of temp T2) h= =
T1 Q1
Q1 = amount of heat energy absorbed per cycle from the source
Q2 T2
(of temp T1). or, h = 1 - Q = 1 - T .
The efficiency of heat engine h is never greater than unity, 1 1
The percentage efficiency of Carnot’s engine,
h =1 only for ideal engine & for practical heat engine h < 1.
T -T Q - Q2
REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMP : h = 1 2 ´ 100% or, h = 1 ´ 100%
T1 Q1
Refrigerator or heat pump is a heat engine running in backward
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is never 100% because it
direction i.e. working substance (a gas) takes heat from a cold
is 100% only if temperature of sink T2 = 0 which is impossible.
body and gives out to a hotter body with the use of external
Q T Q Q
energy i.e. electrical energy. A heat pump is the same as a In a Carnot cycle, 2 = 2 or 1 = 2 .
refrigerator. Q1 T1 T1 T2
 Thermodynamics 307

Carnot Theorem : No irreversible engine (I) can have Example 1.

efficiency greater than Carnot reversible engine (R) A cyclic process is shown in fig. Work done during isobaric
working between same hot and cold reservoirs. expansion is
T2 Q
i.e., hR > hI or 1 - > 1- 2
T1 Q1 2
2 × 10 A B
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
It states that it is impossible for a self acting machine unaided P
2 2
by any external agency, to transfer heat from a body at a lower (N/m ) 10 D C
temperature to a body at higher temperature.
It is deduced from this law that the efficiency of any heat engine
can never be 100%. 1 2 3
3
Entropy : V(m )
Entropy is a measure of disorder of the molecular motion of a
system. The greater the disorder, the greater is the entropy. The (a) 1600 J (b) 100 J
change in entropy is given by (c) 400 J (d) 600 J
Solution : (c)
Heat absorbed by the system (dQ) Isobaric expansion is represented by curve AB;
DS =
Absolute temperature (T ) Work done = area under AB
= 2 × 102 × (3 – 1) = 4 × 102 = 400 J.
dQ
S1 - S2 = ò (here T is not differentiable) Example 2.
T An ideal gas heat engine operates in carnot cycle between
Clausius inequality 227ºC and 127ºC. It absorbs 6 × 104 cal of heat at higher
dQ dQ temp. Amount of heat converted into work is
Ñò
£ 0 or, dS ³ ò (a) 1.2 × 104 cal (b) 2.4 × 104 cal
T T
or, dQ = TdS ³ dU + PdV (c) 6 × 104 cal (d) 4.8 × 104 cal
Also, S = K logew Solution : (a)

w2 Q 2 T2
DS = K log e As = ;
w1 is the microscopic form of entropy, where Q1 T1

K is Boltzmann's constant and w respresents the number of Q2 127 + 273 400 Q2 T

possible microscopic states. \ = = (As h = 1 - = 1- 2 )
6 ´ 10 4 227 + 273 500 Q1 T1
Energy entering a body increases disorder.
Energy leaving a body decreases disorder. 4
When a hot body is brought into thermal contact with a Q2 = ´ 6 ´ 104 = 4.8 ´ 104 cal
cold body for a short time, then :
5
(i) Each body will experience a change in the entropy of \ W = Q 1 - Q 2 = 6 ´ 10 4 - 4.8 ´ 10 4 = 1.2 ´ 10 4 cal.
its particle.
(ii) The hot body experiences a decrease in entropy (a Example 3.
negative change) of magnitude An ideal carnot engine whose efficiency is 40% receives
heat at 500 K. If its efficiency were 50%, then what would
DQ be intake temp. for same exhaust temp ?
DS1 =
T1 Solution :
(iii) The cold body experiences an increase in entropy (a
T2 T2 40 3
positive change) of magnitude From, h = 1 - ; = 1- h = 1 - = ;
T1 T1 100 5
DQ
DS2 =
T2 3 3
\ T2 = T1 = ´ 500 = 300 K
(iv) The net change in entropy 5 5

DS = DS1 + DS2 T2 300 50 1

Again = 1 - η' or = 1- =
The effect of naturally occurring processes is always to T1 ' T1 ' 100 2
increase the total entropy (or disorder) of the universe.
or T1 ' = 600K
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Example 4. Example 6.
When a system is taken from state a to state b, in fig. along A Carnot engine working between 300 K and 600 K has a
the path a ® c ® b, 60 J of heat flow into the system, and work output of 800 J per cycle. What is the amount of heat
30 J of work are done : energy supplied to the engine from source per cycle?
(i) How much heat flows into the system along the path Solution :
a ® d ® b if the work is 10 J. W = 800 J, T1 = 600 K, T2 = 300 K
(ii) When the system is returned from b to a along the
curved path, the work done by the system is –20 J. T1 W 300 800 800
\ h=1– = =1- = or 0.5 =
Does the system absorb or liberate heat, and how T2 Q1 600 Q1 Q1
much?
Heat energy supplied by source,
(iii) If, Ua = 0 and Ud = 22 J, find the heat absorbed in the
process a ® d and d ® b. 800
Q= = 1600 joule per cycle
0.5
P Example 7.
c b
The temperatures T1 and T2 of the two heat reservoirs in
an ideal Carnot engine are 1500°C and 500°C respectively.
Which of the following : increasing T1 by 100°C or
decreasing T 2 by 100°C would result in a greater
a d
improvement in the efficiency of the engine?
Solution :
V
T2
Solution : The efficiency of a Carnot's engine is given by h = 1 -
T1
For the path a ® c ® b
dU = dQ – dW = 60 – 30 = 30 J or Ub – Ua = 30 J Given T1 = 1500°C = 1500 + 273 = 1773 K and
T2 = 500°C = 500 + 273 = 773 K.
(i) Along the path a ® d ® b
When the temperature of the source is increased by 100°C,
dQ = dU + dW = 30 + 10 = 40 J
keeping T2 unchanged, the new temperature of the source
(ii) Along the curved path b – a is
dQ = (Ua – Ub) + W = (–30) + (–20) = –50 J, T´1 = 1500 + 100 = 1600°C = 1873 K. The efficiency becomes
heat flows out the system
T2 773
(iii) Qad = 32 J; Qdb = 8 J h´= 1 - = 1- = 0.59
T´1 1873
Example 5.
Two samples of a gas initially at same temperature and On the other hand, if the temperature of the sink is decreased
pressure are compressed from a volume V to V/2. One sample by 100°C, keeping T1 unchanged, the new temperature of
is compressed isothermally and the other adiabatically. In the sink is T´2 = 500 – 100 = 400°C = 673 K. The efficiency
which sample is the pressure greater? now becomes
Solution :
T´2 673
Let initial volume, V1 = V and final volume, V2 = V/2 h´´= 1 - = 1- = 0.62
T1 1773
Initial pressure, P1 = P ; final pressure, P2 = ?
For isothermal compression Since h´´ is greater than h´, decreasing the temperature of
the sink by 100°C results in a greater efficiency than
P1V1 PV increasing the temperature of the source by 100°C.
P2V2 = P1V1 or P2 = = = 2P
V2 V/2 Example 8.
Calculate the work done when 1 mole of a perfect gas is
For adiabatic compression
compressed adiabatically. The initial pressure and volume
g g of the gas are 105 N/m2 and 6 litre respectively. The final
æV ö æ V ö
P2' V2g = P1V1g or P2' = P1 ç 1 ÷ = P ç volume of the gas is 2 litres. Molar specific heat of the gas
è V2 ø è V / 2 ÷ø
at constant volume is 3R/2. [(3)5/3 = 6.19]
or P2´ = 2gP Solution :
Since g > 1 \ 2g > 2 \ P2' > P2 For an adiabatic change PVg = constant
Pressure during adiabatic compression is greater than the P1V1g = P2V2g
pressure during isothermal compression.
 Thermodynamics 309

As molar specific heat of gas at constant volume P P

3 P0
Cv = R
2
(a) P0 (b)
3 5
CP = CV + R = R + R = R ; V0/2 V0 V V0/2 V0 V
2 2 2V0 2V0

CP (5 / 2) R 5 P V
g= = =
CV (3 / 2) R 3 V0
P0

g 5/3 (c) P0/2 (d) V0/2

æV ö æ 6ö
\ From eqn. (1) P2 = ç 1 ÷ P1 = ç ÷ ´ 105 N / m 2
è V2 ø è 2ø T0/4 T0 T
T0
T

= (3)5/3 × 105 = 6.19 × 105 N/m2 Solution : (c)

Process AB is isothermal expansion,
1
[6.19 ´ 105 ´ 2 ´ 10 -3 - 10 -5 ´ 6 ´ 10 -3 ]
BC is isobaric compression and in process CA
Work done =
æ 5ö
1- ç ÷ nRT
è 3ø Pµ Þ P2 µ T
P

é 2 ´ 102 ´ 3 ù P
= -ê (6.19 - 3) ú
ëê 2 ûú A
P0
= – 3 × 102 × 3.19 = – 957 joule C
P0/2 B
[–ve sign shows external work done on the gas]
Example 9.
T0/4 T0
A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 90C. If
room temperature is 360C, calculate the coefficient of Example 11.
performance. A Carnot’s heat engine works with an ideal monatomic
gas, and an adiabatic expansion ratio 2. Determine its
Solution :
efficiency.
Here, T1 = 36°C = 36 + 273 = 309 K, Solution :
T2 = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 K V3
Given, r = V = 2 and g for a monatomic gas = 5/3.
T2 283 283 2
COP = = = = 10.9
T1 - T2 309 - 283 26 g -1
æ 1ö
Example 10. Using, h = 1 - ç ÷
è rø
One mole of an ideal gas at pressure P0 and temperature
we have, the required efficiency
T0 is expanded isothermally to twice its volume and then
5
compressed at constant pressure to (V0/2) and the gas is -1
æ 1ö 3
brought back to original state by a process in which P µ V h = 1- ç ÷ = 1 - 0.63 = 0.37 or 37%
è 2ø
(Pressure is directly proportional to volume). The correct
representation of process is
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 Thermodynamics 311

1. Which of the following is incorrect regarding first law of 10. One mole of an ideal gas at temperature T was cooled
thermodynamics? P
(a) It is a restatement of principle of conservation of isochorically till the gas pressure fell from P to . Then,
n
energy. by an isobaric process, the gas was restored to the initial
(b) It is applicable to cyclic processes temperature. The net amount of heat absorbed by the gas
(c) It introduces the concept of entropy in the process is
(d) It introduces the concept of internal energy RT
2. Choose the incorrect statement related to an isobaric (a) nRT (b)
n
process.
(c) RT (1 – n–1) (d) RT (n – 1)
V 11. Ice contained in a beaker starts melting when
(a) = constant
T (a) the specific heat of the system is zero
(b) W = PDV (b) internal energy of the system remains constant
(c) Heat given to a system is used up in raising the (c) temperature remains constant
temperature only. (d) entropy remains constant
(d) DQ > W 12. A uniform sphere is supplied heat electrically at the centre
3. The internal energy of an ideal gas does not depend upon at a constant rate. In the steady state, steady temperatures
(a) temperature of the gas are established at all radial locations r, heat flows outwards
(b) pressure of the gas radial and is ultimately radiated out by the outer surface
isotropically. In this steady state, the temperature gradient
(c) atomicity of the gas
varies with radial distance r according to
(d) number of moles of the gas.
(a) r–1 (b) r–2
4. During isothermal expansion, the slope of P-V graph –3
(c) r (d) r–3/2
(a) decreases (b) increases
13. For an ideal gas graph is shown for three processes. Process
(c) remains same (d) may increase or decrease 1, 2 and 3 are respectively.
5. During melting of ice, its entropy
(a) increases (b) decreases Work done (magnitude)
(c) remains same (d) cannot say
6. Which of the following processes is adiabatic ? 3
(a) Melting of ice 2
(b) Bursting of tyre
(c) Motion of piston of an engine with constant speed 1
DT
(d) None of these Temperature change
7. At a given temperature the internal energy of a substance
(a) in liquid state is equal to that in gaseous state. (a) Isobaric, adiabatic, isochoric
(b) in liquid state is less than that in gaseous state. (b) Adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric
(c) in liquid state is more than that in gaseous state. (c) Isochoric, adiabatic, isobaric
(d) is equal for the three states of matter. (d) Isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic
8. Air conditioner is based on the principle of 14. The efficiency of carnot engine when source temperature
(a) Carnot cycle is T1 and sink temperature is T2 will be
(b) refrigerator T1 - T2 T2 - T1
(c) first low of thermodynamics (a) (b)
T1 T2
(d) None of these
T1 - T2 T1
9. A mass of ideal gas at pressure P is expanded isothermally (c) (d)
T2 T2
to four times the original volume and then slowly
compressed adiabatically to its original volume. Assuming 15. In the equation PVg = constant, the value of g is unity. Then
g to be 1.5, the new pressure of the gas is the process is
(a) 2 P (b) P (a) isothermal (b) adiabatic
(c) 4 P (d) P/2 (c) isobaric (d) irreversible
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16. For adiabatic processes (Letters have usual meanings) (a) D Q = D U + DW (b) DQ = DU - DW
(a) PgV = constant (b) TgV = constant
(c) DQ = DW - DU (d) DQ = – DW - DU
(c) TVg–1 = constant (d) TVg = constant
22. The work done in which of the following processes is equal
PV to the internal energy of the system?
17. The gas law = constant is true for
T (a) Adiabatic process (b) Isothermal process
(a) isothermal changes only (c) Isochoric process (d) None of these
(b) adiabatic changes only 23. Which of the following processes is reversible?
(c) both isothermal and adiabatic changes (a) Transfer of heat by conduction
(d) neither isothermal nor adiabatic change (b) Transfer of heat by radiation
18. When heat is given to a gas in an isothermal change, the (c) Isothermal compression
result will be (d) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire
(a) external work done 24. In thermodynamic processes which of the following
(b) rise in temperature statements is not true?
(c) increase in internal energy (a) In an isochoric process pressure remains constant
(d) external work done and also rise in temperature (b) In an isothermal process the temperature remains
19. Volume of one mole gas changes according to the V = a/T. constant
If temperature change is DT, then work done will be (c) In an adiabatic process PVg = constant
(a) RDT (b) – RDT
(d) In an adiabatic process the system is insulated from
R the surroundings
(c) DT (d) R (g – 1) DT
g -1 25. Monatomic, diatomic and polyatomic ideal gases each
20. In changing the state of thermodynamics from A to B state, undergo slow adiabatic expansions from the same initial
the heat required is Q and the work done by the system is volume and same initial pressure to the same final volume.
W. The change in its internal energy is The magnitude of the work done by the environment on
(a) Q + W (b) Q – W the gas is
Q -W (a) the greatest for the polyatomic gas
(c) Q (d) (b) the greatest for the monatomic gas
2
21. If DQ and DW represent the heat supplied to the system (c) the greatest for the diatomic gas
and the work done on the system respectively, then the (d) the question is irrelevant, there is no meaning of slow
first law of thermodynamics can be written as adiabatic expansion

1. A gas at 27ºC and pressure of 30 atm. is allowed to expand to (a) 7.5 × 105 joule (b) 7.5 × 105 erg
atmospheric pressure and volume 15 times larger. The final (c) 12 × 105 joule (d) 6 × 105 joule
temperature of the gas is
(a) – 123ºC (b) +123ºC 3. A refrigerator works between 0ºC and 27ºC. Heat is to be
(c) 273ºC (d) 373ºC removed from the refrigerated space at the rate of 50 kcal/
2. A system changes from the state (P1, V1) to (P2, V2) as minute, the power of the motor of the refrigerator is
shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system? (a) 0.346 kW (b) 3.46 kW
(c) 34.6 kW (d) 346 kW
5
6×105 (P2, V2) 4. A perfect gas goes from a state A to another state B by
2

5×105
Pressure in N/m

absorbing 8 × 105 J of heat and doing 6.5 × 105 J of external

4×105
work. It is now transferred between the same two states in
3×105
2×105 another process in which it absorbs 105 J of heat. In the
1×10 (P1, V1) second process
(a) work done by gas is 105 J
(b) work done on gas is 105 J
1 2 3 4 5 (c) work done by gas is 0.5 × 105 J
Volume in metre 3 (d) work done on the gas is 0.5 × 105 J
 Thermodynamics 313

5. The temperature of 5 moles of a gas which was held at 15. The temperature at which speed of sound in air becomes
constant volume was changed from 100º to 120ºC. The double of its value at 27° C is
change in the internal energy of the gas was found to be 80 (a) 54°C (b) 327°C
joule, the total heat capacity of the gas at constant volume (c) 927°C (d) None of these
will be equal to 16. 1 gm of water at a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa is converted into
(a) 8 joule per K (b) 0.8 joule per K steam without any change of temperature. The volume of 1
(c) 4.0 joule per K (d) 0.4 joule per K g of steam is 1671 cc and the latent heat of evaporation is
540 cal. The change in internal energy due to evaporation
6. A polyatomic gas (g = 4/3) is compressed to 1/8th of its
of 1 gm of water is
volume adiabatically. If its initial pressure is P0, its new
(a) » 167 cal (b) » 500 cal
pressure will be
(c) 540 cal (d) 581 cal
(a) 8P0 (b) 16P0 17. An ideal refrigerator has a freezer at a temperature of 13ºC.
(c) 6P0 (d) 2P0 The coefficient of performance of the engine is 5. The
7. The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating with reservoir temperature of the air (to which heat is rejected) is
temperatures of 100ºC and –23ºC will be (a) 320ºC (b) 39ºC
(c) 325 K (d) 325ºC
100 + 23 100 - 23
(a) (b) 18. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at a constant
100 100 pressure of one atmosphere from 0ºC to 100ºC. Then the
work done by the gas is
100 + 23 100 - 23
(c) (d) (a) 6.56 joule (b) 8.32 × 102 joule
373 373 2
(c) 12.48 × 10 joule (d) 20.8 × 102 joule
8. By what percentage should the pressure of a given mass of 19. The pressure inside a tyre is 4 times that of atmosphere. If the
a gas be increased so as to decrease its volume by 10% at tyre bursts suddenly at temperature 300 K, what will be the
a constant temperature? new temperature?
(a) 8.1 % (b) 9.1 % (a) 300 (4)7/2 (b) 300 (4)2/7
(c) 300 (2) 7/2 (d) 300 (4)–2/7
(c) 10.1 % (d) 11.1 %
9. A gas has pressure P and volume V. It is now compressed 20. A monatomic ideal gas expands at constant pressure, with
heat Q supplied. The fraction of Q which goes as work
adiabatically to 1/32 times the original volume. Given that
done by the gas is
(32)1.4 = 128, the final pressure is (g = 1.4)
(a) P/128 (b) P/32 2
(a) 1 (b)
(c) 32 P (d) 128 P 3
10. At 27ºC a gas is compressed suddenly such that its pressure 3 2
(c) (d)
becomes (1/8) of original pressure. Final temperature will 5 5
be (g = 5/3) 21. A carnot’s engine takes 300 calories of heat at 500 K and
rejects 150 calories of heat to the sink. The temperature of
(a) 450 K (b) 300 K
the sink is
(c) –142ºC (d) 327ºC (a) 1000 K (b) 750 K
11. A diatomic gas initally at 18ºC is compressed adiabatically (c) 250 K (d) 125 K
to one eighth of its original volume. The temperature after 22. The source and sink temperatures of a Carnot engine are
compression will be 400 K and 300 K, respectively. What is its efficiency?
(a) 18ºC (b) 887ºC (a) 100% (b) 75%
(c) 327ºC (d) None of these (c) 33.3% (d) 25%
12. Absolute zero is obtained from 23. The volume of a gas is reduced adiabatically to 1/4 of its
volume at 27ºC. If g = 1.4 the new temperature is
1 graph
(a) P–V graph (b) P- (a) (300) 20.4 K (b) (300) 21.4 K
V (c) 300 (4) K0.4 (d) 300 (2)1.4 K
(c) P–T graph (d) V–T graph 24. In pressure-volume diagram, the isochoric, isothermal,
13. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between isobaric and iso-entropic parts respectively, are
227°C and 127°C. It absorbs 6 × 104 cals of heat at higher
A B
temperature. Amount of heat converted to work is
(a) 4.8 × 104 cal (b) 6 × 104 cal
(c) 2.4 × 104 cal (d) 1.2 × 104 cal C
14. Three moles of an ideal gas kept at a constant temperature P
D
at 300 K are compressed from a volume of 4 litre to 1 litre.
The work done in the process is
V
(a) – 10368 J (b) –110368 J (a) BA, AD, DC,CB (b) DC, CB, BA, AD
(c) 12000 J (d) 120368 J (c) AB, BC, CD, DA (d) CD, DA, AB, BC
 EBD_7751
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25. Two cylinders fitted with pistons contain equal amount of 33. Figure shows the variation of internal energy (U) with the
an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K. The piston of A is free to pressure (P) of 2.0 mole gas in cyclic process abcda. The
move, while that of B is held fixed. The same amount of heat temperature of gas at c and d are 300 K and 500 K. Calculate
is given to the gas in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature the heat absorbed by the gas during the process.
of the gas in A is 30 K, then the rise in temperature of gas in
B is U
(a) 30 K (b) 18 K a d
(c) 50 K (d) 42 K
26. A Carnot engine works first between 200°C and 0°C and
then between 0°C and –200°C. The ratio of its efficiency in
b c
the two cases is
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.577
P
(c) 0.34 (d) 0.68 P0 2P0
27. A Carnot’s engine works as a refrigerator between 250 K
and 300 K. If it receives 750 calories of heat from the reservoir (a) 400 R ln 2 (b) 200 R ln 2
at the lower temperature, the amount of heat rejected at the (c) 100 R ln 2 (d) 300 R ln 2
higher temperature is 34. The figure shows the P-V plot of an ideal gas taken through
(a) 900 calories (b) 625 calories a cycle ABCDA. The part ABC is a semi-circle and CDA is
(c) 750 calories (d) 1000 calories half of an ellipse. Then,
28. A Carnot engine is working between 127°C and 27°C. The
increase in efficiency will be maximum when the temperature
P A
of 3
(a) the source is increased by 50°C
(b) the sink is decreased by 50°C
2D
(c) source is increased by 25°C and that of sink is B
decreased by 25°C
1
(d) both source and sink are decreased by 25°C each. C
29. During an adiabatic process an object does 100J of work
0
and its temperature decreases by 5K. During another 1 2 3 V
process it does 25J of work and its temperature decreases
by 5K. Its heat capacity for 2nd process is (a) the process during the path A ® B is isothermal
(a) 20 J/K (b) 24 J/K (b) heat flows out of the gas during the path B ® C ® D
(c) 15 J/K (d) 100 J/K
(c) work done during the path A ® B ® C is zero
30. The internal energy change in a system that has absorbed
(d) positive work is done by the gas in the cycle ABCDA
2 kcals of heat and done 500 J of work is
35. A thermodynamic system goes from states (i) P1, V to 2P1,
(a) 6400 J (b) 5400 J
V (ii) P, V1 to P, 2V1. Then work done in the two cases is
(c) 7900 J (d) 8900 J
(a) zero, zero (b) zero, PV1
2
31. In an adiabatic process, the pressure is increased by %. (c) PV1, zero (d) PV1, P1V1
3
36. For an isothermal expansion of a perfect gas, the value of
3
If g = , then the volume decreases by nearly DP
2 is equal to
P
4 2
(a) % (b) %
9 3 DV DV
(a) – g1/ 2 (b) –
9 V V
(c) 1% (d) %
4
DV DV
32. A closed gas cylinder is divided into two parts by a piston (c) –g (d) – g2
held tight. The pressure and volume of gas in two parts V V
respectively are (P, 5V) and (10P, V). If now the piston is left 37. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of T K
free and the system undergoes isothermal process, then does 6R joules of work adiabatically. If the ratio of specific
the volumes of the gas in two parts respectively are heats of this gas at constant pressure and at constant
(a) 2V, 4V (b) 3V, 3V volume is 5/3, the final temperature of gas will be
10 20 (a) (T – 4) K (b) (T + 2.4) K
(c) 5V, V (d) V, V
11 11 (c) (T – 2.4) K (d) (T + 4) K
 Thermodynamics 315

38. If DU and DW represent the increase in internal energy If Q1, Q2, Q3 indicate the heat a absorbed by the gas along
and work done by the system respectively in a the three processes and DU1, DU2, DU3 indicate the change
thermodynamical process, which of the following is true? in internal energy along the three processes respectively,
then
(a) DU = - DW , in an adiabatic process
(a) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 and DU1 = DU2 = DU3
(b) DU = DW , in an isothermal process (b) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and DU1= DU2 = DU3
(c) DU = DW , in an adiabatic process (c) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and DU1 > DU2 > DU3
(d) DU = - DW , in an isothermal process (d) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and DU1> DU2 > DU3
39. During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does 44. Choose the correct relation between efficiency h of a
–150 J of work against its surroundings. This implies that Carnot engine and the heat absorbed (q1) and released
(a) 150 J heat has been removed from the gas by the working substance (q2).
(b) 300 J of heat has been added to the gas q2 q1
(c) no heat is transferred because the process is isothermal (a) h = 1 + (b) h = 1 +
q1 q2
(d) 150 J of heat has been added to the gas
40. When 1 kg of ice at 0°C melts to water at 0°C, the
q1 q2
resulting change in its entropy, taking latent heat of ice to (c) h = 1 - (d) h = 1-
be 80 cal/°C, is q2 q1
(a) 273 cal/K (b) 8 × 104 cal/K 45. In the given (V – T) diagram, what is the relation between
(c) 80 cal/K (d) 293 cal/K pressure P1 and P2 ?
41. A mass of diatomic gas (g = 1.4) at a pressure of 2
atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so that its V
temperature rises from 27°C to 927°C. The pressure of the
gas in final state is P2
(a) 28 atm (b) 68.7 atm P1
(c) 256 atm (d) 8 atm
42. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle ABCD q2
as shown in figure. Heat rejected by the gas during the q1
cycle is T

(a) P2 > P1 (b) P2 < P1

D C (c) P2 = P1 (d) Cannot be predicted
2P
46. A system goes from A to B via two processes I and II as
shown in figure. If DU1 and DU2 are the changes in internal
Pressure

energies in the processes I and II respectively, then

p II
P A B

V 3V A B
Volume I

(a) 2 PV (b) 4 PV v
1 (a) relation between DU1 and DU2 can not be determined
(c) PV (d) P V
2 (b) DU1 = DU2
43. An ideal gas goes from state A to state B via three different (c) DU1 < DU2
processes as indicated in the P-V diagram :
(d) DU1 > DU2
47. Which of the following statements about a thermodynamic
process is wrong ?
A 1
P 2 (a) For an adiabatic process DEint = – W
3 B (b) For a constant volume process DEint = + Q
(c) For a cyclic process DEint = 0
(d) For free expansion of a gas DEint > 0
V
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48. In a Carnot engine efficiency is 40% at hot reservoir (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
temperature T. For efficiency 50%, what will be the correct explanation for Statement-1
temperature of hot reservoir? (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
a correct explanation for Statement-1
2 (d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(a) T (b) T
3 49. Statement-1 : At a given temperature the specific heat of a
gas at constant volume is always greater than its specific
4 6 heat at constant pressure.
(c) T (d) T
5 5 Statement-2 : When a gas is heated at constant volume
some extra heat is needed compared to that at constant
Directions for Qs. (49 to 50) : Each question contains
pressure for doing work in expansion.
STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following. 50. Statement -1 : If an ideal gas expands in vacuum in an
insulated chamber, DQ, DU and DW all are zero.
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true Statement-2 : Temperature of the gas remains constant.

Exemplar Questions T T
1. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the
same initial state (figure). Four processes are adiabatic, 2 1 1 2
isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. Out of 1, 2, 3 and 4 which
(iii) (iv)
one is adiabatic?
p p
4
(a) (iv) (b) (ii)
p 3 (c) (iii) (d) (i)
2 4. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown
1 in given p-V diagram. The amount of work done by the gas
is
V
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1 p
2. If an average person jogs, he produces 14.5 × 103 cal/min. D C
2p0
This is removed by the evaporation of sweat. The amount
of sweat evaporated per minute (assuming 1 kg requires p0
580 × 103 cal for evaporation) is A B
(a) 0.025 kg (b) 2.25 kg
(c) 0.05 kg (d) 0.20 kg V
V0 3V0
3. Consider p-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in figure.
p 1
(a) 6p0V0 (b) –2p0 V0
p=
constant (c) +2p0V0 (d) +4p0V0
V
5. Consider two containers A and B containing identical gases
2 at the same pressure, volume and temperature. The gas in
V container A is compressed to half of its original volume
Out of the following diagrams, which figure represents the isothermally while the gas in container B is compressed to
T-p diagram? half of its original value adiabatically. The ratio of final
T T pressure of gas in B to that of gas in A is
2 2
g-1
g-1
æ1ö
(a) 2 (b) ç ÷
è2ø
(i) 1 (ii) 1
2 2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
p p (c) ç ÷ (d) ç ÷
è 1- g ø è g -1 ø
 Thermodynamics 317

6. Three copper blocks of masses M1 , M 2 and M3 kg (a) 6 J (b) 10 J

respectively are brought into thermal contact till they reach
(c) 12 J (d) 36 J
equilibrium. Before contact, they were at T1, T2, T3 (T1 > T2
> T3). Assuming there is no heat loss to the surroundings, 10. Which of the following relations does not give the equation
the equilibrium temperature T is (s is specific heat of copper) of an adiabatic process, where terms have their usual
T1 + T2 + T3 meaning?
(a) T=
3 (a) PgT1–g = constant [NEET Kar. 2013]
M1T1 + M 2T2 + M 3T3 (b) P1–g Tg = constant
(b) T =
M1 + M 2 + M 3 (c) PVg = constant
(d) TVg–1 = constant
M T + M 2T2 + M 3T3
(c) T= 11 11. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The
3( M 1 + M 2 + M 3 )
engine A receives heat from the source at temperature T1
M 1T1 s + M 2T2 s + M 3T3 s and rejects the heat to the sink at temperature T. The second
(d) T =
M1 + M 2 + M 3 engine B receives the heat at temperature T and rejects to
its sink at temperature T2 . For what value of T the
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
efficiencies of the two engines are equal? [NEET Kar. 2013]
7. A gas is taken through the cycle A ® B ® C ® A, as
shown in figure. What is the net work done by the gas ? T1 + T2 T1 - T2
(a) (b)
5
2 2
P (10 Pa) [2013]
(c) T1T2 (d) T1T2
7
6 B
5 12. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA
4 as shown in fig. The work done by the system in the cycle
3 A
2 C is : [2014]
1 (a) P0V0 P
3 3
V (10 m ) C B
0 2 4 6 8 3P0
(b) 2P0V0
(a) 1000 J (b) zero 2P0
(c) – 2000 J (d) 2000 J P0 V0 P0 D
(c) A
8. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found 2
to be proportional to the cube of its temperature. The ratio (d) Zero V0 2V0 V
Cp 13. A monoatomic gas at a pressure P, having a volume V
of for the gas is [2013]
Cv expands isothermally to a volume 2V and then adiabatically
5 to a volume 16V. The final pressure of the gas is : (take g =
(a) 2 (b) 5
3 ) [2014]
3
3 4 (a) 64P (b) 32P
(c) (d)
2 3
P
9. A system is taken from state a to state c by two paths adc (c) (d) 16P
and abc as shown in the figure. The internal energy at a is 64
Ua = 10 J. Along the path adc the amount of heat absorbed 14. Figure below shows two paths that may be taken by a gas
dQ1 = 50 J and the work done dW1 = 20 J whereas along the to go from a state A to a state C.
path abc the heat absorbed dQ2 = 36 J. The amount of work
done along the path abc is [NEET Kar. 2013]
P B C
d c 6×104 Pa

2×104 Pa
p A
a b
–
2 × 10 3 m3 4 × 10–3 m3
V V
 EBD_7751
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In process AB, 400 J of heat is added to the system and in (c) Compressing the gas isothermally or adiabatically will
process BC, 100 J of heat is added to the system. The heat require the same amount of work.
absorbed by the system in the process AC will be [2015] (d) Which of the case (whether compression through
(a) 500 J (b) 460 J isothermal or through adiabatic process) requires more
(c) 300 J (d) 380 J work will depend upon the atomicity of the gas.
1 19. A refrigerator works between 4°C and 30°C. It is required to
15. A carnot engine having an efficiency of as heat engine, remove 600 calories of heat every second in order to keep
10
the temperature of the refrigerated space constant. The
is used as a refrigerator. If the work done on the system is
power required is: (Take 1 cal = 4.2 joules) [2016]
10 J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at
lower temperature is :- [ 2015, 2017] (a) 2.365 W (b) 23.65 W
(a) 90 J (b) 99 J (c) 236.5 W (d) 2365 W
(c) 100 J (d) 1 J 20. Thermodynamic processes are indicated in the following
diagram : [2017]
16. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is 5. If the
P
inside temperature of freezer is –20°C, then the temperature
of the surroundings to which it rejects heat is [2015 RS] IV
i f
(a) 41°C (b) 11°C I III
II f
(c) 21°C (d) 31°C f 700k
f 500k
17. An ideal gas is compressed to half its initial volume by 300k V
means of several processes. Which of the process results Match the following
in the maximum work done on the gas? [2015 RS] Column-1 Column-2
(a) Isobaric (b) Isochoric P. Process I A. Adiabatic
(c) Isothermal (d) Adiabatic Q. Process II B. Isobaric
R. Process III C. Isochoric
18. A gas is compressed isothermally to half its initial volume.
The same gas is compressed separately through an adiabatic S. Process IV D. Isothermal
process until its volume is again reduced to half. Then : (a) P ® C, Q ® A, R ® D, S ® B
[2016] (b) P ® C, Q ® D, R ® B, S ® A
(c) P ® D, Q ® B, R ® A, S ® C
(a) Compressing the gas isothermally will require more
work to be done. (d) P ® A, Q ® C, R ® D, S ® B
(b) Compressing the gas through adiabatic process will
require more work to be done.
 Thermodynamics 319

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 a
V=
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a) T
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b)
a
9. (a) Let P and V be the initial pressure and volume of ideal \ dV = - dT
gas. After isothermal expansion, pressure is P/4. So volume T2
is 4 V.
Let P1 be the pressure after adiabatic compression. W = ò P dV
Then
RT 2 æ a ö
g g =ò - dT
P1 V = (P / 4) (4 V ) a çè T 2 ÷ø
P1 = ( P / 4) (4) 3 / 2 = 2 P W = – R DT
10. (c) The temperature remains unchanged therefore 20. (b) DQ = DU + DW
U f = Ui . Þ DU = DQ - DW = Q - W (using proper sign)
Also, DQ = DW .
21. (b) From FLOT DQ = DU + DW
In the first step which is isochoric, DW = 0 . Q Heat supplied to the system so DQ ® Positive
P and work is done on the system so DW® Negative
In second step, pressure = . Volume V is increased
n Hence +DQ = DU - DW
from V on nV. 22. (a) In adiabatic process
DQ = 0
P \ DW = – DU
\ W= (nV - V)
n 23. (c) For process to be reversible it must be quasi-static.
æ n - 1ö For quasi static process all changes take place
= PV ç
è n ÷ø
infinitely slowly. Isothermal process occur very slowly
so it is quasi-static and hence it is reversible.
= RT(1 - n -1 ) 24. (a) In an isochoric process volume remains constant
whereas pressure remains constant in isobaric
11. (c) During melting temperature remains constant process.
12. (b) Flow rate µ gradient × r2.
nRdT
When flow rate is constant, gradient µ r–2. 25. (a) W= g is minimum for a polyatomic gas
13. (d) Isochoric proceess dV = 0 g -1
W= 0 proceess 1 Hence, W is greatest for polyatomic gas
Isobaric : W = P DV = nRDT
EXERCISE - 2
nRDT
Adiabatic | W | = 0<g–1<1 P1 V1 P2 V2 P V T
g -1 = \ T2 = 2 2 1
1. (a) We know that T1 T2 P1 V1
As workdone in case of adiabatic process is more so
process 3 is adiabatic and process 2 is isobaric. Here P1 = 30 atm., P2 = 1 atm, V1 = V (say),
T -T V2 = 15 V, T1 = 27ºC = 27 + 273 = 300ºK and T2 =?
14. (a) Efficiency of carnot engine = h = 1 2
T1 Substituting these values, we get T2 = 150ºK
\ T2 = 150ºK = 150 – 273 = –123ºC.
where T1 = source temperature
(1´105 + 6 ´105 ) (5 - 1)
T2 = sink temperature. 2. (c) W=
2
15. (a) PV = constant represents isothermal process.
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 6 ´105 ´ 4
= = 12 ´105 joule
19. (b) PV = RT ; 2
RT RT 2 T2 Q
P= = 3. (a) = 2
V a T1 - T2 W
 EBD_7751
320 PHYSICS

273 50,000 TL W
= \ 1- =
300 - 273 W TH QS
27 ´ 50, 000 æ T ö
W= cal/min
273 Þ W = QS ç1 - L ÷
è TH ø
W 4.2 ´ 27 ´ 50, 000
P= = Joule/sec
t 60 ´ 273 æ 127 + 273ö
= 6 ´ 104 ç1 -
= 346 watt = 0.346 kW è 227 + 273÷ø
4. (d) dU = dQ - dW = (8 ´ 10 5 - 6.5 ´ 10 5 ) = 1.5 ´105 J = 1.2 ´ 104 cal
14. (a) Work done in an isothermal process is given by
dW = dQ - dU == 10 5 - 1.5 ´ 10 5 = - 0.5 ´ 10 J
5

– ve sign indicates that work done on the gas is V2

W = 2.3026nRT log10
V1
0.5 ´ 10 5 J .
Here, n = 3, R = 8.31 J mol–1 degree–1
5. (c) dU = nC v dT or 80 = 5 ´ C v (120 - 100)
T = 300 K, V1 = 4 litre, V2 = 1 litre.
Cv = 4.0 joule/K
1
4/3 Hence, W = 2.3026 × 3 × 8.31 × 300 × log10
V 4
6. (b) P0 V 4/3 = P1 æç ö÷ Þ P1 = P0 84/3 = 16Po
è8ø = 17221.15(–2log102)
= – 17221.15 × 2 × 0.3010 = – 10368 J.
T2 250 123 100 + 23
7. (c) h = 1- Þ h = 1- = = 15. (c) The speed of sound in air, v µ T
T1 373 373 373
v1 T1
P V P ¢ (90 / 100 ) V =
8. (d) = v2 T2
T T
P ¢ 100 10 v1 (27 + 273)
or = =1+ Þ 2v =
P 90 90 1 T2
P ¢ - P 10
or = = 11 .1 % 1 300
P 90 =
2 T2
g
æVö T2 = 1200 K = (1200 – 273)°C = 927°C
9. (d) PVg = P1 ç ÷
è 32 ø
16. (b) dW = P D V = 1 .01 ´ 10 5 [1671 - 1] ´ 10 - 6 Joule
g
or P1 = (32) , P = (32) 1.4
, P = 128 P
1.01 ´ 167
= cal.
10. (c) T1g P11- g = T2 g P21- g 4.2
11. (d) T1 = 18º C = (273 + 18) = 291 K = 40cal. nearly
and V2 = V1 / 8 Δ Q = mL = 1 ´ 540,
We know that T V g -1 = constant ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU
or , T2 V2 g -1 = T1 V1g -1 or D U = 540 - 40 = 500 cal.
g -1 17. (b) T2 = 273 - 13 = 260,
æV ö
\ T2 = T1 çç 1 ÷
÷ = 291 ´ (8)1 .4 -1
è V2 ø T2
K=
T1 - T2
= 668.5 K = 395 .5º C
12. (c) Pµ T if V is constant, where P is pressure of certain 260
5=
amount of gas and T is absolute zero temperature. T1 - 260

L T or T1 - 260 = 52
13. (d) We know that efficiency of carnot engine = I - T
H
T1 = 312 K,
Work output
Also, Efficiency of Heat engine = T2 = 312 - 273 = 39º C
Heat input
 Thermodynamics 321

25. (d) In cylinder A, heat is supplied at constant pressure

5
18. (b) dQ = n C p dT = 1 ´ R ´ 100 while in cylinder B heat is supplied at constant volume.
2
(DQ)A = nCP(DT)A
= 2077 .5 J = 20 . 8 ´ 10 2 J and (DQ)B = nCV (DT)B
Given : (DQ)A = (DQ)B
dU = n Cv dT
CP
3 \ (DT)B = ( DT)A
= 1 ´ R ´ 100 CV
2
= 1246.5 J = 1.4 ´ 30
= 42K
\ dU = dQ - dU
[Q for diatomic gas CP = 1.4 ]
= 8.31 ´ 102 J CV
19. (d) Under adiabatic change
T
1- g 26. (b) h = 1- 2
T2 æ P1 ö g T1
=ç ÷
T1 çè P2 ÷ø 273 + 0
= 1-
273 + 200
1- g
g 200
or T2 = T1 (P1 / P2 ) =
473
1- ( 7 / 5 )
(7 / 5 )
\ T2 = 300 ( 4 / 1) ; g = 1.4 = 7 / 5 for air T
h' = 1 - 2
T1
or T2 = 300 (4) -2 / 7
(273 - 200)
20. (d) Q = nCp DT and W = PΔV = nRΔT. = 1-
273 + 0

5R W 2 200
=
For monatomic gas, C p = . Þ = 473
2 Q 5
Q2 T Q T h 200 273
21. (c) h = 1- = 1- 2 Þ 2 = 2
Q1 T1 Q1 T1 = ´
h ' 473 200
Q 2 ´ T1 150 ´ 500 = 0.577
So T2 = = = 250K
Q1 300
750 250
27. (a) =
T W 300 - 250
22. (d) Efficiency, η = 1 – 2
T1 Heat rejected = 750 + 150 = 900 cal.
T1 (source temp.) = 400 K T1 - T2
T2 (sink temp.) = 300 K 28. (b) T1
is maximum in case (b).
300 1 29. (c) For adiabatic process, dU = – 100 J
\h=1 – = = 25%
400 4 which remains same for other processes also.
(1.4 -1) Let C be the heat capacity of 2nd process then
æVö
23. (c) (300) V (1.4-1) = T2 . ç ÷ – (C) 5 = dU + dW
è4ø
= – 100 + 25 = – 75
T2 = (300 ) ( 4) 0.4 \ C = 15 J/K
24. (d) From C to D, V is constant. So process is isochoric. 30. (c) According to first law of thermodynamics
From D to A, the curve represents constant Q = DU + W
temperature. So the process is isothermal. DU = Q – W
From A to B, pressure is constant . So, the process is = 2 × 4.2 × 1000 – 500
isobaric. = 8400 –500 = 7900 J
BC represents constant entropy. 31. (a) PV3/2 = K
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322 PHYSICS

3 P1V1 - P2 V2 nRT1 - nRT2 nR (T1 - T2 )

log P + log V = log K 37. (a) W= = =
2 g -1 g -1 g -1
DP 3 DV
+ =0 n = 1, T1 = T Þ R (T - T2 ) = 6 R Þ Tf = ( T – 4)K
P 2 V 5 / 3 -1
DV 2 DP 38. (a) By first law of thermodynamics,
=-
V 3 P DQ = DU + DW
DV æ 2 ö æ 2ö In adiabatic process, DQ = 0
or = ç- ÷ çè ÷ø
V è 3ø 3 \ DU = -DW
In isothermal process, DU = 0
4
=- \ DQ = DW
9
39. (a, d) If a process is expansion then work done is positive
32. (a) The volume on both sides will be so adjusted that the
so answer will be (a).
original pressure × volume is kept constant as the
But in question work done by gas is given –150J so
piston moves slowly (isothermal change)
that according to it answer will be (d).
P5V = P'V' ........... (1)
40. (d) Change in entropy is given by
10PV = P'V'' ........... (2)
From (1) and (2), V'' = 2V' dQ DQ mLf
and from V' + V'' = 6V dS = or DS = =
T T 273
V' = 2V, V'' = 4V
33. (a) Change in internal energy for cyclic process (DU) = 0. 1000 ´ 80
DS = = 293cal / K.
For process a ® b, (P-constant) 273
41. (c) T1 = 273 + 27 = 300K
Wa ®b = P DV
T2 = 273 + 927 = 1200K
= nR DT For adiabatic process,
P1–g Tg = constant
= - 400 R Þ P11–g T1g = P21–g T2g
For process b ® c, (T-constant) 1-g g
æP ö æ T1 ö
Wb®c = -2R (300) ln 2 Þç 2÷ =ç ÷
è P1 ø èT ø 2
For process c ® d, (P-constant)
1-g g
Wc®d = +400R æP ö æ T2 ö
Þç 1÷ =ç ÷
For process d ® a, (T-constant) èT ø 2 èT ø
1
Wd®a = +2R (500) ln 2
1-1.4 1.4
Net work (DW) = Wa ®b + Wb®c + Wc®d + Wd®a æ P1 ö æ 1200 ö
=ç
çè P ÷ø
2 è 300 ÷ø
DW = 400R ln 2
-0.4
\ dQ = dU + dW, first law of thermodynamics æ P1 ö
çè P ÷ø = (4)1.4
\ dQ = 400 R ln 2. 2
34. (b,d)(a) Process is not isothermal.
(b) Volume decreases and temperature decreases 0.4
æ P2 ö
DU = negative, çè P ÷ø = 41.4
So, DQ = negative 1
(c) Work done in process A ® B ® C is positve æ 1.4 ö æ7ö
(d) Cycle is clockwise, so work done by the gas is positive çè ÷ çè ÷ø
0.4 ø 2
P2 = P1 4 = P1 4
35. (b) (i) Case ® Volume = constant Þ ò PdV = 0 = P1 7
(2 ) = 2 × 128 = 256 atm
(ii) Case ® P = constant 42. (a) Q Internal energy is the state function.
2V1 2V1 \ In cyclie process; DU = 0
Þ òV1 PdV = P ò
V1
dV = PV1 According to 1st law of thermodynamics
36. (b) Differentiate PV = constant w.r.t V DQ = DU + W
Þ P DV + V DP = 0 So heat absorbed
DP DV DQ = W = Area under the curve
Þ =– = – (2V) (P) = – 2PV
P V
So heat rejected = 2PV
 Thermodynamics 323

43. (a) Initial and final condition is same for all process EXERCISE - 3
DU1 = DU2 = DU3
Exemplar Questions
from first law of thermodynamics
DQ = DU + DW 1. (c) For the straight line in the graph denoted by 4, that
Work done shows pressure is constant, so curve 4 represents an
DW1 > DW2 > DW3 (Area of P.V. graph) isobaric process.
So DQ1 > DQ2 > DQ3
W
44. (d) Efficiency h = and W = q1 – q2 4
q1
p 3
q – q2 q
\ h= 1 = 1- 2 2
q1 q1 1
V
45. (b) P1 > P2
For the straight line in graph denoted by 1, that shows
P2 volume is constant, so curve 1 represents isochoric
process. Out of curves 3 and 2, curve 2 is steeper.
P1 Hence, curve 2 is adiabatic and curve 3 is isothermal.
V
2. (a) As we know that amount of sweat evaporated/minute
q2 Sweat produced/ minute
=
q1 T Number of calories required for evaporation/kg

As V = constant Þ Pµ T Amount of heat produced per minute in jogging

=
Hence from V–T graph P1 > P2 Latent heat (in cal/kg)
46. (b) Change in internal energy do not depend upon the 580 × 10 3 calories are needed to convert
path followed by the process. It only depends on initial 1 kg H2O into stream.
and final states i.e.,
1 cal. will produce sweat = 1 kg/ 580 × 103
DU1 = DU2
14.5 × 103 cal will produce (sweat)
47. (a) For adiabatic process Q = 0.
By first law of thermodynamics, 14.5 ´ 103 145
= kg= kg/m
Q = DE + W 580 ´ 103 580
Þ DEint = – W. = 0.025 kg.
48. (d) The efficiency of carnot's heat engine 3. (c) According to given P–V diagram that
T2 pV = constant
h = 1–
T1 So we can say that the gas is going through an
isothermal process.
where T2 is temperature of sink, and T 1 is temperature
of hot reservoir or source. If pressure (P) increase at constant temperature volume
V decreases, the graph (iii) shows that pressure (P) is
T2 smaller at point 2 and larger at point 1 point so the gas
When efficiency is 40% i.e. h = 40/100 = 1 –
T1 expands and pressure decreases. Hence verifies option
(c).
2 T
or = 1 – 2 [T1 = T(given)] 4. (b) According to the given p-V diagram.
5 T
Work done in the process ABCD
3 = (AB) × BC = (3V0 – V0) × (2p0 – p0)
\ T2 = T
5 = 2V0 × p0 = 2p0V0
Now, when efficiency is 50% Here the direction of arrow is anti-clockwise, so work
done is negative.
3
T Hence, work done by the gas = –2p0V0
50 6
h= = 1 – 5 \ T1 = T That shows external work done on the system.
100 1 5
T
5. (a) Let us consider the p-V diagram for container A
49. (a) 50. (c) (isothermal) and for container B (adiabatic).
 EBD_7751
324 PHYSICS

8. (c) According to question P µ T3

2 2 But as we know for an adiabatic process the
p p g
g -1
pressure P µ T .
p0 1 p0 1 g 3 Cp 3
V0 2V0 V0 2V0 So, =3Þg= or,, =
V V g -1 2 Cv 2
Container A Container B 9. (a) From first law of thermodynamics
(Isothermal) (Adiabatic) Qadc = DUadc + Wadc
In both process compression of the gas. 50 J = DUadc + 20 J
For isothermal process (gas A) during 1® 2 DUadc = 30 J
p1V1 = p2V2 (QV1 = 2V0 , V2 = V0 ) Again, Qabc = DUabc + Wabc
Wabc = Qabc – DUabc
p0 (2V0 ) = p2 (V0 )
= Qabc – DUadc
p2 = 2 p0 = 36 J – 30 J
For adiabatic process, (gas B) during (1® 2) = 6J
10. (a) Adiabatic equations of state are
p1V1g = p2V2g (Q V1 = 2V0 , V2 = V0 )
PVg = constant
p0 (2V0 )g = p2 (V0 ) g TVg–1 = constant
g P1–gTg = constant.
æ 2V ö
p2 = ç 0 ÷ p0 = (2) g p0 T
èV ø 0 11. (d) Efficiency of engine A, h1 = 1 - ,
T1
So, ratio of final pressure
æ ( p ) ö (2) g p0 T2
= ç 2 B÷ = = 2g -1 Efficiency of engine B, h2 = 1 -
è ( p1 ) A ø 2 p0 T
Here, h1 = h2
where, g is ratio of specific heat capacities for the gas.
Hence, verifies the option (a). T T2
\ T = T Þ T = T1T2
6. (b) Consider the equilibrium temperature of the system is 1
T. 12. (d) Work done by the system in the cycle
Let us consider, T1, T2 < T < T3. = Area under P-V curve and V-axis
As given that, there is no net loss to the surroundings.
1
Heat lost by M3 = Heat gained by M1 = (2P0 - P0 )(2V0 - V0 ) +
2
+ Heat gained by M2
M 3s (T3 - T ) = M1s(T - T1 ) + M 2 s (T - T2 ) é æ 1ö ù
ê - çè 2 ÷ø (3P0 - 2P0 )(2V0 - V0 ) ú
ë û
M 3 sT3 - M 3 sT = M 1 sT - M 1 sT1
+ M 2 sT - M 2 sT2 P0 V0 P0 V0
= - =0
(where, s is specified heat of the copper material) 2 2
13. (c) For isothermal process P1V1 = P2V2
T [ M1 + M 2 + M 3 ] = M 3T3 + M1T1 + M 2T2
P
M T + M 2T2 + M 3T3 Þ PV = P2(2V) Þ P2 =
T= 11 2
M1 + M 2 + M 3
For adiabatic process
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions g g
P2 V2 = P3V3
7. (a) Wnet = Area of triangle ABC
1 æ Pö g g
= AC × BC Þ çè ÷ø (2v) = P316v)
2 2

1 5/3
= × 5 × 10–3 × 4 × 105 = 1000 J 3 æ 1ö P
2 Þ P3 = ç ÷ =
2 è 8ø 64
 Thermodynamics 325

14. (b) In cyclic process ABCA

Qcycle = Wcycle P
QAB + QBC + QCA = ar. of DABC
1
+ 400 + 100 + QC®A = (2 × 10–3) (4 × 104) Isothermal Adiabatic
2
Þ QC ® A = – 460 J
Þ QA ® C = + 460 J Isobaric

1
15. (a) Given, efficiency of engine, h =
10 V
work done on system W = 10J
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator 18. (b) Wext = negative of area with volume-axis
W(adiabatic) > W(isothermal)
1 9
1-
Q 1- h 10 = 10 P
b= 2 = =
W h 1 1 =9
10 10 Adiabatic

Energy absorbed from reservoir

Q2 = bw
Isothermal
Q2 = 9 × 10 = 90 J
O
16. (d) Coefficient of performance, V0 2V0 V
T2 19. (c) Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator,
Cop =
T1 - T2
Q2 T2
b= W = (Where Q2 is heat removed)
273 - 20 253 T1 - T2
5= =
T1 - (273 - 20) T1 - 253 Given: T2 = 4°C = 4 + 273 = 277 k
5T1 – (5 × 253) = 253 T1 = 30°C = 30 + 273 = 303 k
5T1 = 253 + (5 × 253) = 1518 600 ´ 4.2 277
\ b= =
1518 W 303 - 277
\ T1 = = 303.6
5 Þ W = 236.5 joule
or, T1 = 303.6 – 273 = 30.6 @ 31°C W 236.5 joule
17. (d) Since area under the curve is maximum for adiabatic Power P = = = 236.5 watt.
t 1sec
process so, work done (W = PdV) on the gas will be
maximum for adiabatic process 20. (a) Process I volume is constant hence, it is isochoric
In process IV, pressure is constant hence, it is isobaric