ABSTRACT offers temperature compensation

Transistor biasing stands as a

compared to fixed bias, making it
fundamental element in the design of
suitable for applications requiring
transistor circuits, playing a vital role
heightened performance.
in ensuring proper functionality and
The work also examines the voltage
performance. This abstract aims to
divider bias method, employing a
investigate and discuss prevalent
resistive voltage divider network to
transistor biasing methods frequently
determine the bias voltage. It
utilized in electronic circuits.
elucidates how this method allows
Commencing with an introduction to
flexibility in adjusting the bias point
the concept of transistor biasing, the
and enhances stability compared to
focus is on its significance in
fixed bias.
establishing the desired operating point
Additionally, the collector-to-base bias
for a transistor. Emphasis is placed on
method is explored, involving a
the pivotal role of biasing in defining
resistor between the collector and base
appropriate DC voltage and current
terminals. This section emphasizes the
conditions, ensuring the transistor
method's advantages, such as increased
operates within its linear region.
stability and reduced sensitivity to
The exploration then delves into
transistor parameter variations.
distinct transistor biasing methods. It
In conclusion, this research provides
covers the fixed bias method,
an overview of diverse transistor
employing resistors to establish a
biasing methods and their significance
stable bias voltage across the
in electronic circuit design. It
transistor. This section highlights the
underscores the importance of
method's simplicity and cost-
selecting the appropriate biasing
effectiveness, while also noting its
method based on specific circuit
susceptibility to temperature variations
requirements, considering factors like
and changes in transistor parameters.
stability, temperature compensation,
Proceeding, attention is directed
and transistor parameter variations. A
towards the emitter bias method,
comprehensive understanding and
utilizing a resistor connected to the
application of proper transistor biasing
emitter terminal for bias voltage
methods are imperative for achieving
establishment. The discussion outlines
how this method enhances stability and

1
 optimal performance and reliability in criteria is referred to as transistor
electronic circuits. biasing.
INTRODUCTION Transistor biasing involves achieving

The fundamental role of a transistor is the appropriate flow of zero signal

signal amplification, where a feeble collector current and preserving the

input signal is directed to the proper collector-emitter voltage as the

transistor's base, yielding an amplified signal passes through. The primary

output in the collector circuit. To objective is to keep the base-emitter

achieve faithful amplification, junction consistently forward biased

maintaining the signal's magnitude and and the collector-base junction

shape is crucial. This fidelity in consistently reverse biased during

amplification necessitates adequate signal application. This objective can

transistor biasing. This process be accomplished either by using a bias

involves keeping the input circuit battery or by associating a circuit with

(base-emitter junction) forward biased a transistor, with the latter method

and the output circuit (collector-base being more efficient and commonly

junction) reverse biased consistently employed. The circuit responsible for

during the signal. By ensuring proper providing transistor biasing is known

transistor biasing, the transistor as a biasing circuit. It is crucial to note

operates within its desired regions, that transistor biasing is indispensable

facilitating precise and undistorted for the correct functioning of a

signal amplification. transistor in any circuit.

I. Research And 1.1. Voltage- Divider

Explanation Bias Method
Transistor Biasing
The most commonly employed method
A transistor amplifier must meet three
for biasing and stabilization a transistor
fundamental conditions: (i)
is the Voltage Divider biasing method.
maintaining the correct zero signal
In this method, two resistances R1 and
collector current, (ii) ensuring the
R2 are connected across the supply
proper base-emitter voltage at any
voltage VCC (See Fig. 1.1.1) and
moment, and (iii) sustaining the correct
provide biasing. The emitter resistance
collector-emitter voltage at any
RE provides stabilization. The name
moment. The fulfillment of these
“voltage divider” comes from the voltage
divider formed by R1 and R2
2
 It is clear from eqn. (1.3) above that IC
does not at all depend upon . Though
IC depends upon VBE but in practice V2
>> VBE so that IC is practically
independent of VBE. Thus IC in this
circuit is almost independent of
Fig. 1.1.1
transistor parameters and hence good
The voltage drop across R2 forward
stabilization is ensured. It is due to this
biases the base- emitter junction. This
reason that potential divider bias has
causes the base current and hence
become universal method for providing
collector current flows in the zero
transistor biasing.
signal conditions.
(ii) Collector-emitter voltage VCE.
Circuit analysis. Suppose that the
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to
current flowing through resistance R1
the collector side,
is I1. As base current IB is very small,
therefore, it can be assumed with
reasonable accuracy that current
flowing through R2 is also I1.
(i) Collector current Ic:
Stabilization. In this circuit, excellent
stabilization is provided by RE.
(1.1)
Consideration of eqn. (1.2) reveals this
Voltage across resistance R2 is
fact.

(1.2)
Suppose the collector current IC
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to
increases due to rise in temperature.
the base circuit of Fig. 1.1.1,
This will cause the voltage drop across
emitter resistance RE to increase. As
voltage drop across R2 (i.e. V2) is
independent of IC, therefore, VBE
decreases. This in turn causes IB to
(1.3) decrease. The reduced value of IB
tends to restore IC to the original
value.

3
1.1. A. Advantages
Stability: it provides good stability in
operating point, ensuring that
variations in transistor parameters or
temperature have minimal impact on
the bias point. Fig. 1.1.2
Reasonable Operating Point: it If the ratio is very small, then

establishes a reasonable operating can be neglected as compared to 1 and

point for the transistor, ensuring that it the stability factor becomes:

operates in the active region for most ( )

of the signal range. ( ) (1.5)

Wide Range of Beta Value: it can
This is the smallest possible value of S
accommodate a wide range of
and leads to the maximum possible
transistor beta values without
thermal stability. Due to design
significant shift in the operating point,
considerations, R0 / RE has a value that
thereby enhancing the versatility of the
cannot be neglected as compared to 1.
circuit designed.
In actual practice, the circuit may have
Stability factor: It can be shown
stability factor around 10.
mathematically that stability factor of
1.1.B. Disadvantages
the circuit is given by:
Sensitivity to variations: the operating
point is sensitive to variation in
(1.4)
transistor parameters, such as beta and
the transistor characteristics with
temperature changes. This sensitivity
can lead to potential instability in some
situations.
Voltage dependence: the bias point is
dependent on the supplied voltage.
Changes in the supply voltage can
affect the stability of the operating
point, which may be undesirable in
certain applications.
Limited for low β (beta) transistors:
this method may not be suitable for
4
transistors with very low beta values, Low-Frequency Oscillators: Voltage-
as achieving a stable operating point divider biasing is suitable for low-
becomes more challenging in such frequency oscillators where stability
cases. and simplicity are crucial for
generating periodic waveforms.

1.1.C. Applications in Voltage Regulators: Some voltage

regulator circuits utilize the voltage-
Electronic Devices
divider bias method to set up a stable
The voltage-divider bias method finds
bias point for regulating the output
application in various electronic
voltage.
devices due to its simplicity and cost-
Low-Noise Amplifiers: In
effectiveness. Some common
applications where low noise is
applications include:
essential, the voltage-divider bias
Amplifiers: Voltage-divider biasing is
method can be implemented to
frequently used in small-signal
maintain the transistor in a stable
amplifiers, providing a stable operating
operating region for minimal signal
point for the transistor to amplify
distortion.
signals effectively.
Communication Systems: Various
Audio Amplifiers: In audio amplifier
components within communication
circuits, especially low-power
systems, such as modulators and
applications, the voltage-divider bias
demodulators, may employ voltage-
method is employed to bias transistors
divider biasing to ensure reliable and
in the amplification stages.
stable signal processing.
Radios and Receivers: Transistor
1.2. The Emitter Bias
biasing in radio frequency amplifiers
and receivers often utilizes the voltage- Method
divider bias method to maintain a Fig. 1.2.1 shows the emitter bias

stable operating point for optimal circuit. This circuit differs from base-

signal reception.
Signal Processing Circuits: In various
signal processing circuits, such as
filters and oscillators, voltage-divider
biasing helps maintain the transistor in
the active region for efficient signal
processing. Fig. 1.2.1

5
 Collector current (IC). Applying
Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the base-
emitter circuit in Fig. 1.4, we have,

Fig. 1.2.2
bias circuit in two important respects.
First, it uses two separate d.c. voltage
sources; one positive (+ VCC) and the
other negative (– VEE). Normally, the
two supply voltages will be equal. For
example, if VCC = + 20V (D.C.),
then VEE= – 20V (d.c.). Secondly, there
Collector-emitter voltage (VCE).
is a resistor RE in the emitter circuit.
Fig1.2.3 shows the various voltages of
We will begin by redrawing the circuit
the emitter bias circuit with respect to
in Fig.1.3 as it usually appears on
ground.
schematic diagrams. This means
Emitter voltage with respect to ground
deleting the battery symbols as shown
is
in Fig. 1.4. All the information is still
VE = – VEE + IE RE (1.6)
(See Fig. 1.2.2) on the diagram except
that it is in condensed form. That is a Base voltage with respect to ground is

negative supply voltage – VEE is VB = VE + VBE

applied to the bottom of RE and a Collector voltage with respect to

ground is VC = VCC – IC RC (1.7)
positive voltage of + VCC to the top of
RC.

1.2.A Circuit Analysis of

Emitter Bias method
Fig. 1.4 shows the emitter bias circuit. Fig. 1.2.3
We shall find the Q-point values (i.e.
d.c. IC and d.c. VCE) for this circuit.

6
 provide stable Q-point if properly
designed.
1.2.B. How Emitter-Bias
Subtracting VE from VC and using the Method Enhances Stability and
approximation , we have,
Temperature Performances
Compare to Voltage-Divider
Bias method
Alternatively. Applying Kirchhoff’s
Emitter-Bias (also known as Self-Bias
voltage law to the collector side of the
or Automatic Bias) and Voltage-
emitter bias circuit in Fig. 1.4 (Refer
Divider biasing are two common
back), we have,
methods used to bias transistors in
VCC – IC RC – VCE – IC RE + VEE = 0
electronic circuits.
or VCE = VCC + VEE – IC (RC +
Emitter-Bias method enhances stability
R E)
and temperature performance
Stability of Emitter bias. The
compared to Voltage-Divider bias for
expression for collector current IC for
several reasons:
the emitter bias circuit is given by; Temperature Stability: Emitter-Bias
(1.8) relies on the inherent temperature
stability of the transistor's base-emitter
junction voltage. As temperature
It is clear that IC is dependent on VBE changes, the base-emitter voltage
and β, both of which change with changes, automatically adjusting the
temperature. If RE >> RB/β, then bias point and maintaining stability. In
expression for IC becomes: Voltage-Divider bias, the bias point is
determined by resistors, and their
values are fixed. Temperature
This condition makes variations can significantly impact the
independent of β. characteristics of these resistors,
If IC is independent of β and leading to a less stable bias point.

VBE, the Q-point is not affected Self-Adjusting Bias Point: Emitter-

Bias is a self-adjusting method. If the
appreciably by the variations in these
temperature increases, the base-emitter
parameters. Thus emitter bias can
voltage drops, reducing the bias
current. This decrease in current helps
7
counteract the temperature-induced automatically adjust the bias point in
changes, providing a form of automatic response to temperature changes,
stabilization. Voltage-Divider bias reducing sensitivity to component
does not have this self-adjusting variations and aging. This makes it a
property. Changes in temperature can preferred choice in applications where
cause shifts in the bias point, stable operating conditions are crucial.
potentially leading to undesired 1.2.C SAMPLE
variations in the operating point of the CALCULATIONS
transistor.
Let's go through some sample
Reduced Sensitivity to Component
calculations for both Emitter-Bias and
Tolerances: Emitter-Bias is less
Voltage-Divider biasing methods. For
sensitive to variations in transistor beta
simplicity, we'll consider a common
(β) compared to Voltage-Divider bias.
NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
Since it relies on the base-emitter
A sample calculation for the Emitter-
voltage, changes in β have a lesser
Bias method is given below:
impact on the bias point. In Voltage-
Given: VCC = 35V, VBB = 4 V, RE =
Divider bias, variations in β can cause
2kΩ, RC = 4kΩ, VBE = 0.7 V
significant shifts in the Q-point,
Find: IE, IC, VCE, operating point
leading to potential performance
Solution:
issues.
IE=REVBB−VBE ÷ RE= 8−0.7 ÷ 2
Improved Stability under
=7.65Ma
Component Aging: Emitter-Bias is
IC≈IE=7.65mAVCE = VCC – ICRC =
more robust against aging effects in
35−7.65×4=4.4V
components. As components age, their
Operating point: (7.65 mA, 4.4 V)
characteristics may change, but the
Emitter-Bias Method:
self-adjusting nature of Emitter-Bias
Given parameters:
helps mitigate the impact on the
Collector supply voltages ( Vcc ) = 12V
transistor's operating point.
Collector current ( I c ) = 2mA
Voltage-Divider bias may be more
susceptible to aging effects in resistors, Base-emitter voltage ( VBE ) at the

affecting the stability of the bias point. operating point = 0.7

In summary, Emitter-Bias offers better Emitter Resistor ( RE ):
stability and temperature performance
because it leverages the inherent
characteristics of the transistor to
8
Choose a reasonable value or resistor (
RE ) to set the desired collector current
( I c ).
Let’s assume RE  5.6k  .
Base resistor ( RB ):
Calculate RB base on the current ( I b )
required for the transistor.
RE (Assuming  is known let say
  100 )
Choose a common value of I b ,( say
I b  20 A
because I b  I C  2mA  20 A )
 100
1.3. Collector Feedback
Bias Method
In this method, one end of RB is
connected to the base and the other end
to the collector as shown in Fig. 1.6.
Here, the required zero signal base
current is determined not by VCC but
by the collector- base voltage VCB . It is
clear that VCB forward biases the base-
emitter junction and hence base current
I B flows through RB . This causes the
zero signal collector current to flow in

Vcc  VBB 12V  0.7V the circuit.

RB    565k 
Ib 20 A Circuit analysis: The required value of
Voltage-Divider Bias Method: RB needed to give the zero signal
Given parameters:
current I C can be determined as
Collector supply voltage ( Vcc ) = 12V
follows. Referring to Fig. 1.3.1,
Collector current ( I c ) = 2mA (1.9)

Base-emitter voltage ( VBE ) at the or

operating point =0.7 V

Base Resistor ( R1 ):

Choose a reasonable value for R1 .

Vcc  VBE 12V  0.7V

R1    565
10.I c 10* 2mA

(A common rule of thumb is to set I c

to be approximately 10 times I b )

Emitter Resistor ( RE ):

Calculate RE based on the desired

Fig. 1.3.1
collector current.
VBE 0.7V
RE    350 .
Ic 2mA
9
It can be shown mathematically that
stability factor S for this method of
biasing is less than (β + 1) i.e.
Stability factor, S < (β + 1)
Therefore, this method provides better
thermal stability than the fixed bias.
Example 1.1. Fig. 1.3.2 shows a
silicon transistor biased by collector Fig. 1.3.2
feedback resistor method. Alternatively,
Determine the operating point. Given
that β = 100.
Solution A very slight difference in the values is
Since it is a silicon transistor, VBE = due to manipulation of calculations.
0.7 V. One practical example of the
Assuming IB to be in mA and using the Collector-Feedback bias method is in

relation the design of audio amplifiers, where it

is used to provide a stable operating
point for the transistor. In an audio
amplifier, the transistor is required to
operate over a wide range of
frequencies and amplitudes. The
Collector-Feedback bias method helps

Operating point is 10.4 V, 9.6 mA.
to ensure that the transistor operates in
the active region, which is necessary
for linear amplification.
To stabilize the operating point of a
transistor using the Collector-Feedback
bias method, a resistor is connected
between the collector and the base of
the transistor. The voltage drop across
this resistor is proportional to the
10
collector current, which is also the In a self-biased configuration, a
emitter current. This voltage is then fed resistor divider network is connected
back to the base of the transistor between the transistor's collector and
through a coupling capacitor. The base. This network typically consists
feedback voltage opposes any changes of resistors R1 and R2. The voltage
in the collector current, which helps to developed across R2 is used to bias the
stabilize the operating point. base-emitter junction. As the collector
The significance of the Collector- current increases due to variations or
Feedback bias method is that it temperature changes, the voltage drop
provides a stable operating point for across R1 changes, compensating for
the transistor, which is independent of these variations and maintaining a
the transistor’s beta value and relatively stable Q-point.
temperature variations. This method is The self-biasing technique is
particularly useful in circuits where the particularly useful in common emitter
transistor is required to operate over a amplifiers because it provides a stable
wide range of temperatures or where operating point that is independent of
the transistor is subject to significant the transistor’s beta value and
variations in the supply voltage. temperature variations. This method is
Compared to the Voltage-Divider bias also simple and requires only one
method, the Collector-Feedback bias resistor, which makes it cost-effective
method is more stable and provides and easy to implement.
better temperature performance. Design considerations for self-biasing
include choosing resistor values that
1.4. CONCEPTS OF provide a reasonable range for

SELF-BIASING AND collector current variation.

When designing a self-biased common
ITS OPERATIONS
emitter amplifier, the following
Self-biasing, also known as emitter
considerations should be taken into
bias or voltage divider bias, is a
account:
method of biasing transistors in
The value of RE should be chosen such
electronic circuits. In common emitter
that the voltage drop across it is large
amplifiers, this technique is commonly
enough to provide adequate biasing,
employed to stabilize the operating
but not so large that it causes excessive
point (Q-point) without relying on
power dissipation or thermal
precise component values.
instability.
11
The value of RC should be chosen such
that it provides the desired voltage gain
and output impedance.
The value of VBB should be chosen
such that it provides the desired
operating point, taking into account the
voltage drop across RE and the base-
emitter voltage VBE.
The stability of the operating point
should be analyzed to ensure that it is
not affected by variations in the
transistor’s beta value or temperature.
II. COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
stability and suitability for large signal
amplifiers.
When choosing a biasing method,
designers should consider factors such
as circuit stability, complexity, cost,
and specific application requirements.
2.2 IMPACT ON CIRCUIT
PERFORMANCE
Configuration: A common emitter
amplifier with a bypass capacitor
across the emitter resistor, as shown in
Fig 2.2.
The common emitter amplifier is a
widely used configuration in transistor
amplifier circuits. There are different
biasing methods, such as fixed bias,

2.1 COMPARISON OF collector feedback bias, and emitter

bias. Let's briefly discuss how each
BIASING METHODS
biasing method can affect the circuit's
Comparison chart
performance in terms of voltage gain:
(See TABLE 2.1, page 15)
The Base Resistor and Voltage Divider
biasing methods offer simplicity and
cost-effectiveness but lack stability and
suitability for large signal amplifiers.
On the other hand, the Emitter
Feedback and Collector Feedback
biasing methods provide greater
Fig. 2.2
stability and are suitable for large
signal amplifiers and audio amplifiers,
respectively. However, these methods
are more complex to design and
calculate. The Self-Biasing method is
simple and cost-effective but lacks

12
 and less sensitive to transistor
parameter variations.
Each biasing method has its trade-offs,
and the choice depends on the specific
Voltage Divider (Fixed Bias)
requirements of the application. The
Method: goal is often to balance stability, ease
Description: In fixed bias, a resistor of design, and desirable voltage gain
divider network provides a fixed characteristics.
voltage at the base.
Effect on Voltage Gain: The voltage III. PRACTICAL
gain is generally good, but it can be
APPLICATIONS
sensitive to variations in transistor
Transistor biasing is pivotal for
characteristics and temperature
electronic devices utilizing transistors,
changes. Stability can be an issue.
like audio amplifiers that magnify
Collector Feedback Bias
signals from sources such as
Method: microphones or music players. Within
Description: This biasing method these amplifiers, transistors must
incorporates a resistor from the function across a broad spectrum of
collector to the base. frequencies and amplitudes, ensuring a
Effect on Voltage Gain: It stabilizes steady and linear amplification of the
the DC operating point, providing input signal.
better stability and reduced sensitivity
to transistor variations. The voltage The Collector-Feedback bias method is
gain is relatively stable over a wider a prevalent biasing technique in audio
range of conditions. amplifiers. This method employs a
Emitter Bias method: feedback loop to stabilize the
Description: Emitter bias involves transistor's operating point, achieved
connecting a resistor from the emitter by connecting a resistor between the
to the base. collector and base. The voltage drop
Effect on Voltage Gain: This method across this resistor loops back to the
offers good stability and allows for transistor's base, contributing to
better control of the operating point. operational stability. This proves
The voltage gain is more consistent particularly advantageous in circuits
where transistors face temperature

13
fluctuations or substantial variations in beta value and temperature variations.
supply voltage. By using a feedback loop to stabilize
the operating point, the Collector-
By providing a stable operating point Feedback bias method helps to ensure
independent of the transistor's beta that the transistor operates in the active
value and temperature shifts, the region, which is necessary for linear
Collector-Feedback bias method is amplification.
notably beneficial in audio amplifiers.
In these applications, where transistors IV. CONCLUSION AND
operate across a wide range of RECOMMENDATIO
frequencies and amplitudes, this
NS
method ensures that the transistor
In this assignment, we discussed
consistently functions in the active
different transistor biasing methods
region, crucial for achieving linear
and their strengths and weaknesses.
amplification.
The Base Resistor and Voltage Divider
To stabilize the operating point of a
biasing methods are simple and cost-
transistor using the Collector-Feedback
effective, but they are not very stable
bias method, a resistor is connected
and are not suitable for large signal
between the collector and the base of
amplifiers. The Emitter Feedback and
the transistor. The voltage drop across
Collector Feedback biasing methods
this resistor is proportional to the
are more stable and are suitable for
collector current, which is also the
large signal amplifiers and audio
emitter current. This voltage is then fed
amplifiers, respectively. However, they
back to the base of the transistor
are more complicated to design and
through a coupling capacitor. The
calculate. The Self-Biasing method is
feedback voltage opposes any changes
simple and cost-effective, but it is not
in the collector current, which helps to
very stable and is not suitable for large
stabilize the operating point.
signal amplifiers.
In summary, the Collector-Feedback
The Collector-Feedback bias method is
bias method is a critical aspect of audio
a critical aspect of audio amplifiers,
amplifiers, which require a stable and
which require a stable and linear
linear amplification of the input signal.
amplification of the input signal. This
This method provides a stable
method provides a stable operating
operating point for the transistor,
point for the transistor, which is
which is independent of the transistor’s
14
independent of the transistor’s beta and is not suitable for large signal
value and temperature variations. By amplifiers.
using a feedback loop to stabilize the Power consumption: The biasing
operating point, the Collector- method should consume as little power
Feedback bias method helps to ensure as possible, especially in battery-
that the transistor operates in the active powered devices. The Self-Biasing
region, which is necessary for linear method consumes the least power,
amplification. followed by the Emitter-Bias method
When selecting a biasing method, the and the Voltage-Divider biasing
designer should consider the stability, method.
complexity, and cost of the circuit, as Application: The biasing method
well as the specific requirements of the should be suitable for the specific
application. application of the circuit. For example,
When selecting a biasing method for a the Collector-Feedback biasing method
specific circuit design scenario, the is particularly useful in audio
designer should consider the following amplifiers, while the Emitter-Bias
factors: method is suitable for large signal
Stability: The biasing method should amplifiers.
provide a stable operating point for the In summary, the choice of biasing
transistor that is independent of the method depends on the specific
transistor’s beta value and temperature requirements of the circuit design
variations. The Emitter Feedback and scenario. The designer should consider
Collector Feedback biasing methods the stability, complexity, power
are more stable than the Base Resistor consumption, and application of the
and Voltage Divider biasing methods, circuit, and select the biasing method
but they are more complicated to that best meets these requirements.
design and calculate.
Complexity: The biasing method
should be simple and cost-effective,
and should not require additional
components that increase the
complexity of the circuit. The Self-
Biasing method is the simplest and
most cost-effective, but it is less stable

15
Table 2.1
BIASING ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TEMPERATURE APPLICATIO
METHODS STABILITY NS
Emitter Bias Improved Requires careful Moderate. Audio
stability, design for stability, frequency
simplified still sensitive to amplifiers.
biasing circuit, temperature
better changes.
temperature
stability than
fixed bias.
Collector Improved Complex circuit Good. High-gain
Feedback stability and design, higher amplifiers,
Bias reliability, component count. precision
reduced circuits.
sensitivity to
transistor
variations, well-
defined Q-point.
Self-Biasing Automatic Sensitive to changes Moderate. Common
(Voltage stabilization, in beta (β), requires emitter
Divider reduced careful resistor amplifiers,
Bias) sensitivity to selection, limited for where
transistor high-beta transistors. simplicity is
variations. crucial.
Simplified
biasing circuit.

16
References:
https://www.talkingelectronic.com
https://chat.openai.com
Question.AI

17
 Electrical Dapartement
College of Enginerring
University of Liberia
FANDALL CAMPUS
LOUISIANA

Presented by: Jeremiah Reason

ID#:88087

Course: Electronic Devices

Course Code: eengs315

Topic: Exploring Transistor Biasing Methods

Presented To: eng. Shaffa Kokro jr.

B.SC., M.SC.
Course Instructor

Date of Submission: November 27, 2023

18
EXPLORING TRANSISROR BIASING METHODS
Jeremiah Reason
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Liberia
fandall, Liberia
Jeremiahreason1997@gmail.com

19
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract - - -- - - - - - - 1-2
Introduction - - - - - - - - 2
Research and explanation - - - - - - 2
Voltage-divider bias method - - - - - 2-5
a. Circuit analysis - - - - - - 3
b. Advantages - - - - - - - 4
c. Disadvantages- - - - - - - 4-5
d. Applications in electronic devices- - - - - 5
The Emitter-bias Method- - - - - - - 5-9
a. Circuit analysis of emitter-bias method - - - 6-7
b. How emitter-bias method enhances stability and temperature performances compare
to voltage-divider bias method - - - - 7-8
c. Sample calculations - - - - - - 8-9
Collector Feedback bias method - - - - - 9-11
Concept of self-biasing and its operations - - - - 11-12
a. Design consideration - - - - - - 11-12
Comparative analysis - - - - - - 12-13
a. Comparison of biasing methods - - - - 12
b. Comparison chart - - - - - - 12,16
c. Impact on circuit performance - - - - 12-13
Practical applications - - - - - - 13-14
Conclusion and recommendations - - - - - 14-15
References - - - - -
- - - 17

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