ABSTRACT how this method provides improved

Transistor biasing is a fundamental stability and temperature compensation

aspect of transistor circuit design that compared to fixed bias, making it

plays a crucial role in ensuring proper suitable for applications requiring

operation and performance. This enhanced performance.

abstract aims to explore and discuss Furthermore, this work discusses the

various transistor biasing methods voltage divider bias method, which

commonly employed in electronic employs a resistive voltage divider

circuits. network to set the bias voltage. It

We begins by introducing the concept explains how this method offers

of transistor biasing and its flexibility in adjusting the bias point

significance in establishing the desired and provides improved stability

operating point for a transistor. It compared to fixed bias.

emphasizes the importance of biasing Additionally, we will also explore the

in setting the appropriate DC voltage collector-to-base bias method, which

and current conditions to ensure the utilizes a resistor connected between

transistor operates within its linear the collector and base terminals. It

region. highlights the advantages of this

And then proceeds to explore different method, such as increased stability and

transistor biasing methods. It discusses reduced sensitivity to transistor

the fixed bias method, which involves parameter variations.

using resistors to establish a stable bias In conclusion, this research provides

voltage across the transistor. The an overview of various transistor

advantages and limitations of this biasing methods and their significance

method are highlighted, including its in electronic circuit design. It

simplicity and low cost, but also its emphasizes the importance of selecting

sensitivity to temperature variations the appropriate biasing method based

and transistor parameter changes. on the specific requirements of the

Next, we’ll delve into the emitter bias circuit, considering factors such as

method, which utilizes a resistor stability, temperature compensation,

connected to the emitter terminal to and transistor parameter variations.

establish the bias voltage. It explains Understanding and implementing

1
proper transistor biasing methods are fulfillment of these conditions which is
essential for achieving optimal known as transistor biasing.
performance and reliability in The proper flow of zero signal collector
electronic circuits. current and the maintenance of proper
INTRODUCTION collector-emitter voltage during the

The primary function of a transistor is passage of signal is known as

to amplify signals. A weak input signal transistor biasing.

is applied to the base of the transistor, The basic purpose of transistor biasing

and an amplified output is obtained at is to keep the base-emitter junction

the collector circuit. During properly forward biased and collector-

amplification, it is important to base junction properly reverse biased

maintain the signal's magnitude while during the application of signal. This

preserving its shape. This faithful can be achieved with a bias battery or

amplification requires proper transistor associating a circuit with a transistor.

biasing, which involves keeping the The latter method is more efficient and

input circuit (base-emitter junction) is frequently employed. The circuit

forward biased and the output circuit which provides transistor biasing is

(collector-base junction) reverse biased known as biasing circuit. It may be

throughout the signal. Transistor noted that transistor biasing is very

biasing ensures that the transistor essential for the proper operation of

operates within its desired regions, transistor in any circuit.

allowing for accurate and undistorted 1.1. Voltage- Divider

signal amplification.
Bias Method
The most commonly employed method
I. Research And for biasing and stabilization a transistor
Explanation is the Voltage Divider biasing method.

Transistor Biasing In this method, two resistances R1 and

A transistor amplifier must satisfy R2 are connected across the supply

three basic conditions, namely: (i) voltage VCC (See Fig. 1.1.1) and

proper zero signal collector current, (ii) provide biasing. The emitter resistance
proper base-emitter voltage at any RE provides stabilization. The name
instant and (iii) proper collector-emitter ‘‘voltage divider’’ comes from the
voltage at any instant. It is the voltage divider formed by R1 and R2.

2
 It is clear from eqn. (1.3) above that IC
does not at all depend upon . Though
IC depends upon VBE but in practice V2
>> VBE so that IC is practically
independent of VBE. Thus IC in this
circuit is almost independent of
Fig. 1.1.1
transistor parameters and hence good
The voltage drop across R2 forward
stabilization is ensured. It is due to this
biases the base- emitter junction. This
reason that potential divider bias has
causes the base current and hence
become universal method for providing
collector current flows in the zero
transistor biasing.
signal conditions.
(ii) Collector-emitter voltage VCE.
Circuit analysis. Suppose that the
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to
current flowing through resistance R1
the collector side,
is I1. As base current IB is very small,
therefore, it can be assumed with
reasonable accuracy that current
flowing through R2 is also I1.
(i) Collector current Ic:
Stabilization. In this circuit, excellent
stabilization is provided by RE.
(1.1)
Consideration of eqn. (1.2) reveals this
Voltage across resistance R2 is
fact.

(1.2)
Suppose the collector current IC
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to
increases due to rise in temperature.
the base circuit of Fig. 1.1.1,
This will cause the voltage drop across
emitter resistance RE to increase. As
voltage drop across R2 (i.e. V2) is
independent of IC, therefore, VBE
decreases. This in turn causes IB to
(1.3) decrease. The reduced value of IB

3
tends to restore IC to the original
value.
1.1. A. Advantages
Stability: it provides good stability in
operating point, ensuring that
variations in transistor parameters or
temperature have minimal impact on
the bias point. Fig. 1.1.2

Reasonable Operating Point: it If the ratio is very small, then

establishes a reasonable operating
point for the transistor, ensuring that it
operates in the active region for most
of the signal range.
Wide Range of Beta Value: it can
accommodate a wide range
transistor beta values without
significant shift in the operating point,
thereby enhancing the versatility of the
circuit designed.
Stability factor: It can be shown
mathematically that stability factor of
the circuit is given by:
(1.4)
can be neglected as compared to 1 and
the stability factor becomes:
( )
( ) (1.5)
This is the smallest possible value of S
of and leads to the maximum possible
thermal stability. Due to design
considerations, R0 / RE has a value that
cannot be neglected as compared to 1.
In actual practice, the circuit may have
stability factor around 10.
1.1.B. Disadvantages
Sensitivity to variations: the operating
point is sensitive to variation in
transistor parameters, such as beta and
the transistor characteristics with
temperature changes. This sensitivity
can lead to potential instability in some
situations.
Voltage dependence: the bias point is
dependent on the supplied voltage.
Changes in the supply voltage can
affect the stability of the operating

4
point, which may be undesirable in
certain applications.
Limited for low β (beta) transistors:
this method may not be suitable for
transistors with very low beta values,
as achieving a stable operating point
becomes more challenging in such
cases.
Signal Processing Circuits: In various
signal processing circuits, such as
filters and oscillators, voltage-divider
biasing helps maintain the transistor in
the active region for efficient signal
processing.
Low-Frequency Oscillators: Voltage-
divider biasing is suitable for low-
frequency oscillators where stability

1.1.C. Applications in and simplicity are crucial for

generating periodic waveforms.
Electronic Devices
Voltage Regulators: Some voltage
The voltage-divider bias method finds
regulator circuits utilize the voltage-
application in various electronic
divider bias method to set up a stable
devices due to its simplicity and cost-
bias point for regulating the output
effectiveness. Some common
voltage.
applications include:
Low-Noise Amplifiers: In
Amplifiers: Voltage-divider biasing is
applications where low noise is
frequently used in small-signal
essential, the voltage-divider bias
amplifiers, providing a stable operating
method can be implemented to
point for the transistor to amplify
maintain the transistor in a stable
signals effectively.
operating region for minimal signal
Audio Amplifiers: In audio amplifier
distortion.
circuits, especially low-power
Communication Systems: Various
applications, the voltage-divider bias
components within communication
method is employed to bias transistors
systems, such as modulators and
in the amplification stages.
demodulators, may employ voltage-
Radios and Receivers: Transistor
divider biasing to ensure reliable and
biasing in radio frequency amplifiers
stable signal processing.
and receivers often utilizes the voltage-
1.2. The Emitter Bias
divider bias method to maintain a
stable operating point for optimal Method
signal reception. Fig. 1.2.1 shows the emitter bias
circuit. This circuit differs from base-

5
 positive voltage of + VCC to the top of
RC.

1.2.A Circuit Analysis of

Emitter Bias method
Fig. 1.2.1 Fig. 1.4 shows the emitter bias circuit.
We shall find the Q-point values (i.e.
d.c. IC and d.c. VCE) for this circuit.
Collector current (IC). Applying
Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the base-
emitter circuit in Fig. 1.4, we have,

Fig. 1.2.2
bias circuit in two important respects.
First, it uses two separate d.c. voltage
sources; one positive (+ VCC) and the
other negative (– VEE). Normally, the
two supply voltages will be equal. For
example, if VCC = + 20V (D.C.),
then VEE= – 20V (d.c.). Secondly, there
Collector-emitter voltage (VCE).
is a resistor RE in the emitter circuit.
Fig1.2.3 shows the various voltages of
We will begin by redrawing the circuit
the emitter bias circuit with respect to
in Fig.1.3 as it usually appears on
ground.
schematic diagrams. This means
Emitter voltage with respect to ground
deleting the battery symbols as shown
is
in Fig. 1.4. All the information is still
VE = – VEE + IE RE (1.6)
(See Fig. 1.2.2) on the diagram except
Base voltage with respect to ground is
that it is in condensed form. That is a
VB = VE + VBE
negative supply voltage – VEE is
Collector voltage with respect to
applied to the bottom of RE and a
ground is VC = VCC – IC RC (1.7)

6

Fig. 1.2.3
Subtracting VE from VC and using the
approximation , we have,
Alternatively. Applying Kirchhoff’s
voltage law to the collector side of the
emitter bias circuit in Fig. 1.4 (Refer
back), we have,
VCC – IC RC – VCE – IC RE + VEE = 0
If IC is independent of β and
VBE, the Q-point is not affected
appreciably by the variations in these
parameters. Thus emitter bias can
provide stable Q-point if properly
designed.
1.2.B. How Emitter-Bias
Method Enhances Stability and
Temperature Performances
Compare to Voltage-Divider
Bias method
Emitter-Bias (also known as Self-Bias
or Automatic Bias) and Voltage-
Divider biasing are two common
methods used to bias transistors in
electronic circuits.

or VCE = VCC + VEE – IC (RC + Emitter-Bias method enhances stability

R E) and temperature performance

compared to Voltage-Divider bias for
Stability of Emitter bias. The
several reasons:
expression for collector current IC for
Temperature Stability: Emitter-Bias
the emitter bias circuit is given by;
relies on the inherent temperature
(1.8)
stability of the transistor's base-emitter
junction voltage. As temperature
changes, the base-emitter voltage
It is clear that IC is dependent on VBE
changes, automatically adjusting the
and β, both of which change with
bias point and maintaining stability. In
temperature. If RE >> RB/β, then
Voltage-Divider bias, the bias point is
expression for IC becomes: determined by resistors, and their
values are fixed. Temperature
variations can significantly impact the
This condition makes
independent of β.

7
characteristics of these resistors, helps mitigate the impact on the
leading to a less stable bias point. transistor's operating point.
Self-Adjusting Bias Point: Emitter- Voltage-Divider bias may be more
Bias is a self-adjusting method. If the susceptible to aging effects in resistors,
temperature increases, the base-emitter affecting the stability of the bias point.
voltage drops, reducing the bias In summary, Emitter-Bias offers better
current. This decrease in current helps stability and temperature performance
counteract the temperature-induced because it leverages the inherent
changes, providing a form of automatic characteristics of the transistor to
stabilization. Voltage-Divider bias automatically adjust the bias point in
does not have this self-adjusting response to temperature changes,
property. Changes in temperature can reducing sensitivity to component
cause shifts in the bias point, variations and aging. This makes it a
potentially leading to undesired preferred choice in applications where
variations in the operating point of the stable operating conditions are crucial.
transistor. 1.2.C SAMPLE
Reduced Sensitivity to Component CALCULATIONS
Tolerances: Emitter-Bias is less
Let's go through some sample
sensitive to variations in transistor beta
calculations for both Emitter-Bias and
(β) compared to Voltage-Divider bias.
Voltage-Divider biasing methods. For
Since it relies on the base-emitter
simplicity, we'll consider a common
voltage, changes in β have a lesser
NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
impact on the bias point. In Voltage-
A sample calculation for the Emitter-
Divider bias, variations in β can cause
Bias method is given below:
significant shifts in the Q-point,
Given: VCC = 35V, VBB = 4 V, RE =
leading to potential performance
2kΩ, RC = 4kΩ, VBE = 0.7 V
issues.
Find: IE, IC, VCE, operating point
Improved Stability under
Solution:
Component Aging: Emitter-Bias is
IE=REVBB−VBE ÷ RE= 8−0.7 ÷ 2
more robust against aging effects in
=7.65Ma
components. As components age, their
IC≈IE=7.65mAVCE = VCC – ICRC =
characteristics may change, but the
35−7.65×4=4.4V
self-adjusting nature of Emitter-Bias
Operating point: (7.65 mA, 4.4 V)

8
Emitter-Bias Method: Vcc  VBE 12V  0.7V
R1    565
Given parameters: 10.I c 10* 2mA

Collector supply voltages ( Vcc ) = 12V (A common rule of thumb is to set I c

Collector current ( I c ) = 2mA to be approximately 10 times I b )

Base-emitter voltage ( VBE ) at the Emitter Resistor ( RE ):

operating point = 0.7 Calculate RE based on the desired

Emitter Resistor ( RE ): collector current.
Choose a reasonable value or resistor ( VBE 0.7V
RE    350 .
RE ) to set the desired collector current Ic 2mA

( I c ). 1.3. Collector Feedback

Let’s assume RE  5.6k  . Bias Method
Base resistor ( RB ): In this method, one end of RB is

Calculate RB base on the current ( I b )
required for the transistor.
RE (Assuming  is known let say
  100 )
Choose a common value of I b ,( say
connected to the base and the other end
to the collector as shown in Fig. 1.6.
Here, the required zero signal base
current is determined not by VCC but
by the collector- base voltage VCB . It is

I b  20 A clear that VCB forward biases the base-

emitter junction and hence base current
because I b  I C  2mA  20 A )
 100
I B flows through RB . This causes the
Vcc  VBB 12V  0.7V
RB    565k  zero signal collector current to flow in
Ib 20 A
the circuit.
Voltage-Divider Bias Method:
Circuit analysis: The required value of
Given parameters:
RB needed to give the zero signal
Collector supply voltage ( Vcc ) = 12V

Collector current ( I c ) = 2mA current I C can be determined as

follows. Referring to Fig. 1.3.1,
Base-emitter voltage ( VBE ) at the
(1.9)
operating point =0.7 V
or
Base Resistor ( R1 ):

Choose a reasonable value for R1 .

9
 Fig. 1.3.1
It can be shown mathematically that
stability factor S for this method of
biasing is less than (β + 1) i.e. Fig. 1.3.2
Stability factor, S < (β + 1) Alternatively,
Therefore, this method provides better
thermal stability than the fixed bias.
Example 1.1. Fig. 1.3.2 shows a A very slight difference in the values is
silicon transistor biased by collector due to manipulation of calculations.
feedback resistor method. One practical example of the
Determine the operating point. Given Collector-Feedback bias method is in
that β = 100. the design of audio amplifiers, where it
Solution is used to provide a stable operating
Since it is a silicon transistor, VBE = point for the transistor. In an audio
0.7 V. amplifier, the transistor is required to
Assuming IB to be in mA and using the operate over a wide range of

relation frequencies and amplitudes. The

Collector-Feedback bias method helps
to ensure that the transistor operates in
the active region, which is necessary
for linear amplification.
To stabilize the operating point of a
transistor using the Collector-Feedback

Operating point is 10.4 V, 9.6 mA. bias method, a resistor is connected

between the collector and the base of
the transistor. The voltage drop across

10
this resistor is proportional to the
collector current, which is also the
emitter current. This voltage is then fed
back to the base of the transistor
through a coupling capacitor. The
feedback voltage opposes any changes
in the collector current, which helps to
stabilize the operating point.
The significance of the Collector-
Feedback bias method is that it
provides a stable operating point for
the transistor, which is independent of
the transistor’s beta value and
temperature variations. This method is
particularly useful in circuits where the
transistor is required to operate over a
wide range of temperatures or where
the transistor is subject to significant
variations in the supply voltage.
Compared to the Voltage-Divider bias
method, the Collector-Feedback bias
method is more stable and provides
better temperature performance.
1.4. CONCEPTS OF
SELF-BIASING AND
ITS OPERATIONS
Self-biasing, also known as emitter
bias or voltage divider bias, is a
method of biasing transistors
electronic circuits. In common emitter
amplifiers, this technique is commonly
employed to stabilize the operating
point (Q-point) without relying on
precise component values.
In a self-biased configuration, a
resistor divider network is connected
between the transistor's collector and
base. This network typically consists
of resistors R1 and R2. The voltage
developed across R2 is used to bias the
base-emitter junction. As the collector
current increases due to variations or
temperature changes, the voltage drop
across R1 changes, compensating for
these variations and maintaining a
relatively stable Q-point.
The self-biasing technique is
particularly useful in common emitter
amplifiers because it provides a stable
operating point that is independent of
the transistor’s beta value and
temperature variations. This method is
also simple and requires only one
resistor, which makes it cost-effective
and easy to implement.
Design considerations for self-biasing
include choosing resistor values that
provide a reasonable range for
collector current variation.
When designing a self-biased common
emitter amplifier, the following
considerations should be taken into
in
account:
The value of RE should be chosen such
that the voltage drop across it is large
enough to provide adequate biasing,
11
but not so large that it causes excessive
power dissipation or thermal
instability.
The value of RC should be chosen such
that it provides the desired voltage gain
and output impedance.
The value of VBB should be chosen
such that it provides the desired
operating point, taking into account the
voltage drop across RE and the base-
emitter voltage VBE.
The stability of the operating point
should be analyzed to ensure that it is
not affected by variations in the
transistor’s beta value or temperature.
II. COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS
2.1 COMPARISON OF
BIASING METHODS
Comparison chart
(See Table 2.1, page 15)
The Base Resistor and Voltage Divider
biasing methods are known for their
simplicity and cost-effectiveness, but
they are not stable and may not be
suitable for amplifying large signals. In
contrast, the Emitter Feedback and
Collector Feedback biasing methods
offer improved stability and are better
suited for amplifying large signals and
audio signals, respectively. However,
these methods are more intricate to
design and calculate. On the other
hand, the Self-Biasing method is
simple and cost-effective, but it lacks
stability and may not be suitable for
amplifying large signals.
When selecting a biasing method,
designers should take into account
various factors including circuit
stability, complexity, cost, and the
specific requirements of the
application.
2.2 IMPACT ON CIRCUIT
PERFORMANCE
Configuration: A common emitter
amplifier with a bypass capacitor
across the emitter resistor, as shown in
Fig 2.2.
The common emitter amplifier is a
widely used configuration in transistor
amplifier circuits. There are different
biasing methods, such as fixed bias,
collector feedback bias, and emitter
bias. Let's briefly discuss how each
biasing method can affect the circuit's
performance in terms of voltage gain:
Fig. 2.2
12
Voltage Divider (Fixed Bias) requirements of the application. The

Method: goal is often to balance stability, ease

of design, and desirable voltage gain
Description: In fixed bias, a resistor
characteristics.
divider network provides a fixed
voltage at the base.
Effect on Voltage Gain: The voltage III. PRACTICAL
gain is generally good, but it can be APPLICATIONS
sensitive to variations in transistor Transistor biasing is crucial for
characteristics and temperature electronic devices employing
changes. Stability can be an issue. transistors, such as audio amplifiers
Collector Feedback Bias that enhance signals from sources like

Method: microphones or music players. In these

amplifiers, transistors need to function
Description: This biasing method
across various frequencies and
incorporates a resistor from the
amplitudes, delivering stable and linear
collector to the base.
signal amplification.
Effect on Voltage Gain: It stabilizes
An effective biasing approach in audio
the DC operating point, providing
amplifiers is the Collector-Feedback
better stability and reduced sensitivity
method, utilizing a feedback loop to
to transistor variations. The voltage
stabilize the transistor's operating
gain is relatively stable over a wider
point. Achieved by connecting a
range of conditions.
resistor between the collector and base,
Emitter Bias method:
this method feeds the voltage drop
Description: Emitter bias involves
across the resistor back to the
connecting a resistor from the emitter
transistor's base, ensuring stability. It
to the base.
proves beneficial in circuits with
Effect on Voltage Gain: This method
temperature variations or significant
offers good stability and allows for
supply voltage fluctuations.
better control of the operating point.
This method secures a consistent
The voltage gain is more consistent
operating point for the transistor,
and less sensitive to transistor
unaffected by beta value or
parameter variations.
temperature changes. Especially
Each biasing method has its trade-offs,
valuable in audio amplifiers, where
and the choice depends on the specific

13
transistors operate across diverse
frequencies and amplitudes, the IV. CONCLUSION AND
Collector-Feedback bias method RECOMMENDATIO
guarantees the transistor remains in the
NS
active region, essential for linear
In this assignment, we discussed
amplification.
different transistor biasing methods
and their strengths and weaknesses.
To stabilize the operating point of a
The Base Resistor and Voltage Divider
transistor using the Collector-Feedback
biasing methods are simple and cost-
bias method, a resistor is connected
effective, but they are not very stable
between the collector and the base of
and are not suitable for large signal
the transistor. The voltage drop across
amplifiers. The Emitter Feedback and
this resistor is proportional to the
Collector Feedback biasing methods
collector current, which is also the
are more stable and are suitable for
emitter current. This voltage is then fed
large signal amplifiers and audio
back to the base of the transistor
amplifiers, respectively. However, they
through a coupling capacitor. The
are more complicated to design and
feedback voltage opposes any changes
calculate. The Self-Biasing method is
in the collector current, which helps to
simple and cost-effective, but it is not
stabilize the operating point.
very stable and is not suitable for large
In summary, the Collector-Feedback
signal amplifiers.
bias method is a critical aspect of audio
The Collector-Feedback bias method is
amplifiers, which require a stable and
a critical aspect of audio amplifiers,
linear amplification of the input signal.
which require a stable and linear
This method provides a stable
amplification of the input signal. This
operating point for the transistor,
method provides a stable operating
which is independent of the transistor’s
point for the transistor, which is
beta value and temperature variations.
independent of the transistor’s beta
By using a feedback loop to stabilize
value and temperature variations. By
the operating point, the Collector-
using a feedback loop to stabilize the
Feedback bias method helps to ensure
operating point, the Collector-
that the transistor operates in the active
Feedback bias method helps to ensure
region, which is necessary for linear
that the transistor operates in the active
amplification.

14
region, which is necessary for linear method consumes the least power,
amplification. followed by the Emitter-Bias method
When selecting a biasing method, the and the Voltage-Divider biasing
designer should consider the stability, method.
complexity, and cost of the circuit, as Application: The biasing method
well as the specific requirements of the should be suitable for the specific
application. application of the circuit. For example,
When selecting a biasing method for a the Collector-Feedback biasing method
specific circuit design scenario, the is particularly useful in audio
designer should consider the following amplifiers, while the Emitter-Bias
factors: method is suitable for large signal
Stability: The biasing method should amplifiers.
provide a stable operating point for the In summary, the choice of biasing
transistor that is independent of the method depends on the specific
transistor’s beta value and temperature requirements of the circuit design
variations. The Emitter Feedback and scenario. The designer should consider
Collector Feedback biasing methods the stability, complexity, power
are more stable than the Base Resistor consumption, and application of the
and Voltage Divider biasing methods, circuit, and select the biasing method
but they are more complicated to that best meets these requirements.
design and calculate.
Complexity: The biasing method
should be simple and cost-effective,
and should not require additional
components that increase the
complexity of the circuit. The Self-
Biasing method is the simplest and
most cost-effective, but it is less stable
and is not suitable for large signal
amplifiers.
Power consumption: The biasing
method should consume as little power
as possible, especially in battery-
powered devices. The Self-Biasing

15
Table 2.1
BIASING ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES TEMPERATURE APPLICATIO
METHODS STABILITY NS
Emitter Bias Improved Requires careful Moderate. Audio
stability, design for stability, frequency
simplified still sensitive to amplifiers.
biasing circuit, temperature
better changes.
temperature
stability than
fixed bias.
Collector Improved Complex circuit Good. High-gain
Feedback stability and design, higher amplifiers,
Bias reliability, component count. precision
reduced circuits.
sensitivity to
transistor
variations, well-
defined Q-point.
Self-Biasing Automatic Sensitive to changes Moderate. Common
(Voltage stabilization, in beta (β), requires emitter
Divider reduced careful resistor amplifiers,
Bias) sensitivity to selection, limited for where
transistor high-beta transistors. simplicity is
variations. crucial.
Simplified
biasing circuit.

16
References:
https://www.talkingelectronic.com
https://chat.openai.com
Question.AI

17
 Electrical Dapartement
College of Enginerring
University of Liberia
FANDALL CAMPUS
LOUISIANA

Presented by: Jeremiah Reason

ID#:88087

Course: Electronic Devices

Course Code: eengs315

Topic: Exploring Transistor Biasing Methods

Presented To: eng. Shaffa Kokro jr.

B.SC., M.SC.
Course Instructor

Date of Submission: November 27, 2023

18
EXPLORING TRANSISROR BIASING
METHODS
Jeremiah Reason
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Liberia
fandall, Liberia
Jeremiahreason1997@gmail.com

19
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract - - -- - - - - - - 1-2
Introduction - - - - - - - - 2
Research and explanation - - - - - - 2
Voltage-divider bias method - - - - - 2-5
a. Circuit analysis - - - - - - 3
b. Advantages - - - - - - - 4
c. Disadvantages- - - - - - - 4-5
d. Applications in electronic devices- - - - - 5
The Emitter-bias Method- - - - - - - 5-9
a. Circuit analysis of emitter-bias method - - - 6-7
b. How emitter-bias method enhances stability and temperature performances compare
to voltage-divider bias method - - - - 7-8
c. Sample calculations - - - - - - 8-9
Collector Feedback bias method - - - - - 9-11
Concept of self-biasing and its operations - - - - 11-12
a. Design consideration - - - - - - 11-12
Comparative analysis - - - - - - 12-13
a. Comparison of biasing methods - - - - 12
b. Comparison chart - - - - - - 12,16
c. Impact on circuit performance - - - - 12-13
Practical applications - - - - - - 13-14
Conclusion and recommendations - - - - - 14-15
References - - - - -
- - - 17

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