Textbook Cargo Operations

Unit 1.
Sea Transportation
Glossary:
Merchandise is the commodities or goods that are bought or sold in business.

Benefit is a helpful or good effect, or something intended to help.
Shipping is the physical movement of goods from one point to another.
International shipping industry is the industry that is responsible for cargo carriage by
ships.
Maritime Industry is waterborne commerce that means moving people and goods over
the water.
Mega vessels are ships with a capacity greater than 10,000 TEUs (twenty foot equivalent
unit)
Raw materials are materials or substances used in primary production or manufacturing
of goods, for example, steel, oil, grain, plastic, coal, and natural gas.
Cargo handling is the activity of moving goods on and off ships, planes, trucks, trains,
and etc.
A side loader is a self-loading trailer with two hydraulic lifting cranes to lift a container
onto it.
Consignee is the receiver of the shipment and is usually the owner of the goods, this may
be an individual or a company.
Pre-reading Tasks
Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

lifting capacity грузоподъемность, подъемная сила
storage capacity емкость, вместимость (склада, контейнера…)
unit load загружаемая единица, грузовая единица, тарное место
pallet поддон для перевозки груза, паллет
strapping строповка, прикрепление или стягивание ремнями
slinging строповка, прикрепление или стягивание канатами
stuffing загрузка груза в контейнер
stripping демонтаж, разгрузка груза из контейнера
fork lift truck автокар с вильчатым захватом
portainer набор инструментов для загрузки/разгрузки контейнеров
shiptainer подъёмно-транспортные механизмы для работы с контейнером
transtainer контейнерный кран
straddle carrier портальный автопогрузчик, самоходная тележка
hinterland водный район удаленный от побережья вглубь
FCL полностью загруженный контейнер (партия груза равна
грузовместимости контейнера)
LCL сборный контейнер (партия груза меньше, чем грузовместимость
контейнера)
CFS склад (пункт обработки) контейнерных грузов
Task 2. Show your competence on the following points:
1. What does ‘general cargo vessel’ mean?
2. What is cargo stowage?
3. What cargo handling equipment do you know?
4. What port facilities can be used for loading/discharging a ship?
5. What transport can be used for sea transportation?
Task 3. Scan the text and find the terms in bold. Their meaning can be checked in the
glossary.
READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT
Sea Transportation
Up to 90% of world’s merchandise is carried by sea and the reason is that there are
multiple benefits for foreign trade compared with air, rail or road transport [International
Shipping Day, December 2016]. The international shipping industry pays a great role
in the world foreign trade.
In an ever-growing globalized economy, the necessity for shipping bigger volumes
of cargo in the less time possible is increasing. This has led to the construction of the so-
called mega vessels, with the capacity to carry huge amounts of goods into thousands of
shipping containers at once. This dynamic benefits the economy of scale and foreign
trade, import, and export of all kinds of merchandise and raw materials.
New cargo handling techniques have been developed to improve cargo handling
procedures and reduce labour and cost expenses. Among such techniques the most
essential are the following unit load concept, multi-purpose vessel concept,
containerization, roll on/roll off concept, barge carrying vessels.
Unit Load Concept. General or break bulk cargo, which consists of any
arrangements of boxes, crates, bags, drums, cartons. etc., was formerly transported by the
so-called general cargo vessels. The weight and the dimensions of the cargo were limited
to the lifting capacity of the shore-based crane or by the derrick of the ship. Cargo
stowage in the holds was carried out manually. The Unit Load Concept (ULC) was
introduced to decrease ship's time in port. The pallet and cargo handling techniques such
as pre-strapping, pre-slinging, and machines like the fork lift truck (FLT) form the basic
components of ULC.
Side loading and the multi-purpose vessel. The application of ULC techniques led
to the new developments of ships, such as the side loader and the multipurpose vessel.
The cargo can be loaded and unloaded quickly, due to the elimination of the so called lift
on/lift off procedures and due to the modular shape or the cargo. One possible
disadvantage of this method is the possible loss of space in the holds.
The multipurpose ship is a further perfection of the former general cargo vessel.
The basic features of this type of ship are: wide hatches, more easy operated hatch
covers, increased capacity of the ship's lifting equipment, possibility of carrying heavy
lifts on deck, shifting of the wheelhouse superstructure to aft to ensure less obstructed
cargo handling in port. The capacities of multipurpose ships range from 10 to 30,000
dwt.
Containerization. The basic unit of containers is the 20 foot container. The
container storage capacity is usually expressed in TEU (twenty foot equivalent unit).
Various types of containers exist, not only for the transportation of break bulk cargo, but
also for refrigerated, liquid and, on a smaller scale, bulk cargo. As well as containers,
other units of break bulk cargo, such as ro-ro units and barge loads, belong to this group.
The first ships to carry containers were the modified general cargo vessels
mentioned. Soon after the transatlantic crossings started, the first fully cellular container
vessels were built. At present the following types may be distinguished: 1st generation
of container ships, i.e. the original ships; 2nd generation, which has a capacity ranging
from 800 1500 TEU, and 3rd generation, with a capacity ranging from 1700 to 3000
TEU and over.
Cargo handling equipment has been adjusted to fulfil the requirements of the
container concept. The traditional cargo handling equipment could no longer cope with
the bigger and heavier units, so special equipment had to be designed. This equipment
includes portainers, shiptainers, transtainers, straddle carriers, container fork lift trucks,
side loaders, etc.
Roll on/roll off concept. Ro-ro stands for the method of cargo handling by which
cargo is not lifted on and off board, as in the case of lift on/lift off vessels, but is lifted
and moved on and off the ship horizontally, on its own or on temporary wheels, via the
ramp, which is a hinged door being lowered onto the quay.
Barge carrying vessels. In this system the mother ship arrives in the port area,
where she loads and unloads a certain number of barges and leaves the port again. These
operations do not have to be executed alongside a berth, since the barges are floating.
The only requirement for barge handling procedures is a relatively large area of water
protected from waves higher than about one meter. The additional advantage of this
system is the relative independence of port facilities and the relatively easy further
transportation from the port to the consignee in the hinterland and vice versa by means of
inland waterways. The major types of barge carrying vessels that have been developed
are the Lash and the Seabee type ships.
The introduction of the above shipping technologies has allowed for the
development of the so called multimodal and intermodal services in the world
transportation of goods.
After-reading Exercises
Exercise 1. Find some synonyms among the following words:
goods, benefit, to meet requirements, loading, assembling, permit, raw materials, reduce,
merchandise, stripping, diminish, lead to, commodities, let , advantage, to fulfil
requirements, crude materials, result in, decrease, profit, raw stuff, lessen, conduct to,
allow, to satisfy requirements, discharging, disassembling, shipment.
Exercise 2. Match the given title with the certain passage:

The basic idea of
It’s eco-friendly
It´s safe
It´s cheaper
It´s the ideal way to move big volumes of cargo
______Shipping industry has the most competitive freight costs, as is one of the most
cost-effective ways of goods transportation through long distances.
______Vessels are built to carry huge amounts of goods and raw materials in comparison
with the capacity of airplanes or trucks. In addition, shipping allows the movement of
liquids, gas and dangerous cargo. For this matter, there are certain regulations to keep the
safety of the vessel, the crew, and the cargo.
______The percentages of losses caused by incidents during transport by sea have
dropped until it lowest since a decade according to reports from Allianz.
______ In comparison with the road transport, the maritime industry is less dangerous for
the environment. The shipping industry is responsible for only 12% of the total of
pollution generated by human economic activities.
______the ULC is that small, individual items of cargo could be coupled, stacked, and
slung together to bigger units. These can be handled easily as they require less time for
handling in the port on the quay.
Exercise 3. Fill in the gaps with the proper verb form, using the verb from the brackets.
With the introduction of the container in international transportation, the so called
door to door concept of transportation ___ (become) a reality some years ago. This
system ____(involve) the loading of a container at the producer's premises from where it
____(transport) to the consumer without any transfer of commodities during that
transportation.
Door to door transport ___ also ___(identify) as Full Container Load (FCL). This
____ (be) to distinguish containers which ____ (arrive) at a terminal loaded with cargo
for one consignee or consumer only.
In many cases, however, container loads ____ (be) less than one FCL and ___
(call) Less than Container Load (LCL).The Container Freight Station (CFS) ___ (be) the
place where full container loads ___ (assemble) or _____ (dissemble), including
stuffing/stripping of containers.
Exercise 4. Look through the following statements which of them can be considered as
advantages of sea transportation or as disadvantages. Prove your point of view.
 Maintenance cost of water transport is quite less.
 Sea shipping is a slow means of transportation.
 The sea transport channel is quite cheap as compared rail and road transport.
 The maritime industry is less dangerous for the environment.
 Heavy and bulky goods can be transported easily at little cost through water
transport.
 This means of transportation has a limited area which is served by canals, rivers,
seas and oceans.
 Sea transport is more risky as compared to other means because there is always
danger of sinking ships.
Exercise 5. Make up your own report (75-100 words) about one of the aspects of modern
shipping technology:
 Unit Load Concept (ULC)
 Side loading and the multi-purpose vessel
 Containerisation
 Roll-on/roll-off concept
 Barge - carrying vessels.
Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss the topic of this unit.
Exercise 7. Self-assessment questions:

1. What is sea transportation?
2. What does ULC stand for?
3. Discuss the main characteristics of the modern multipurpose vessel.
4. What is containerisation? How many generations of container ships do you know?
5. What does TEU mean?
6. Explain the abbreviations CFS, LCL, FCL.
7. What is the principal technical feature of ro-ro ships?
8. What is the essence of the barge-carrying system?
9. What is the meaning of the collocation "intermodal transport"?
10. Why sea transportation is so widely used? Prove your opinion.
Unit 2. Types of Cargo Vessels.

Glossary:
A merchant ship or trading vessel is a ship that transports cargo or carries passengers for
hire.
Traffic means the number of ships moving along a route.
A shipper, also known as a consignor, is a person or a company responsible for
organizing and transporting goods from one point to another.
A jumbo derrick is a lifting device composed of two components (a tower and a boom) that
can operate with up to 100 tones.
Ship’s particulars consist of general information about a ship, gross tonnage (tonnage,
deadweight, displacement), principal dimensions, and cargo spaces and accommodations.
Pre-reading Tasks

irrespective независимо
scheduled запланированный, рейсовый, регулярный
freighter 1. грузовое судно
2. фрахтователь
short sea trade малый каботаж
coastal trade прибрежная перевозка, каботажное плавание
deep-sea trade дальнее морское плавание
road haulage автоперевозка
tramp трамповое судно
VLCC супертанкер дедвейтом (водоизмещением) 150-300 тыс. тонн
ULCC ультратанкер дедвейтом (водоизмещением) 300-800 тыс. тонн

1. Can a cargo vessel have passengers onboard?
2. Can a ship leave the port if she isn’t fully loaded?
3. Are all the ships designed to cross the oceans?
4. What is ‘deadweight’?
5. What is a ferry?
glossary.
The type of merchant vessel is determined basically by the traffic carried. Broadly
speaking there are three main divisions: liners, tramps and specialized vessels such as
tankers.
Liners are vessels that operate on a regular scheduled service between groups of ports.
Liner services offer cargo space or passenger accommodation to all shippers and
passengers who require them. They sail on scheduled dates, irrespective of whether they are
full or not. Therefore, in liner operation the regular scheduled service is the basis of this
particular type of ships, and it is vitally important to the shipowner that everything is done
to keep sailing and arrival dates.
Cargo liners, or freighters as they are often called, are ships designed to carry general
cargo (conventional cargo), although a few of them have accommodation for up to twelve
passengers. Such vessels operate on fixed routes, serving a group of ports and operate on
fixed sailing schedules - the vessel departing whether she is full or not.
Their capacity varies from 200 dwt (deadweight) with two holds in the short sea and
coastal trades, to 15,000 dwt with six holds or more, in the Mediterranean and deep-sea
trades. Their speed varies from 13 to 22 knots in the deep sea and Mediterranean trades
where the majority of the liners are found. They require efficient cargo handling gear to
serve all hatches, including a jumbo derrick capable of dealing with heavy lifts. In many
cargo liners, refrigerated accommodation, together with deep tanks for liquid cargo, is
provided.
In more recent years container ships capable of conveying up to 2 200 TEU containers
with a speed up to 20 knots have appeared in many liner cargo trades. This transformation
will continue and probably the vessels will become larger. In the Short Sea Trades (SST),
vehicle ferries often described as roll-on/roll-off ships carrying cars, passengers, and road
haulage vehicles are prominent.
The tramp, or general trader as she is often called, does not operate on a fixed sailing
schedule, but merely trades in all parts of the world in search of cargo, primarily bulk
cargo. Such cargoes include coal, grain, timber, sugar, ores, fertilizers, copra etc., which are
carried in complete shiploads. Many of the cargoes are seasonal. The tramp is an
unspecialized type of vessel with two to six holds, each with large unobstructed hatches,
and primarily designed for the conveyance of bulk cargoes. Some ships are built with
special facilities particularly suitable to the five main tramp trades: grain, coal, bauxite,
phosphates and iron ore.
A typical modern tramp vessel is a multi-purpose ship. She normally has a crew of 30, a
speed of 15 knots and has tween deck accommodation. The vessel length is usually 140
meters and she has a beam of 21 meters. Five holds are provided. The accommodation is
placed amidships aft. Each hold is served by derricks and her total grain cubic capacity
exceeds 764,000 cu. ft. The total cargo deadweight tonnage is approximately 14,000.
Exercise 1. Explain in English the following words and phrases:
liner service, tramp service, shipper, consignor, consignee, shipowner, freighter (two
separate meanings), short sea trade, deep sea trade.
Exercise 2. Tick the correct box:

Statement Liner Tramp
1. A ship operating on a
fixed sailing schedule.
2. A ship sailing to ports
where there is some cargo to
pick up.
3. Freighter.
4. General trader.
5. A ship designed to carry
ore, coal, grain.
6. A ship engaged even if
she isn’t fully loaded.
7. A ship carrying primarily
bulk cargoes.
Exercise 3. Supply the missing phrase/sentence part

A. in a single trip
B. with a size ranging between 320,000 to 500,000 DWT.
C. They are primarily used
D. operating cargo vessels in the world
E. 63 meters width and 35 meters draught
F. Long-haul crude transportation
G. Due to their mammoth size
VLCC or Very Large Crude Carriers and ULCC or Ultra Large Crude Carriers are
the largest vessels in the world (1) ____. With a size in excess of 250,000
Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT), these giant ships are capable of carrying huge
amount of crude oil. Known as Supertankers, (2) _____ these vessels are primarily
used for long-haul crude transportation from the Persian Gulf to countries in
Europe, Asia and North America.
ULCC or Ultra Large Crude Carriers are the largest shipping vessels in the world
(3) ____ 320,000 to 500,000 DWT. (4) ____, they need custom built terminals. As a
result they serve a limited number of ports with adequate facilities to accommodate them.
(5)______ for very long distance crude oil transportation from the Persian Gulf to
Europe, Asia and North America. ULCC are the largest shipping vessels being built
in the world with standard dimensions of 415 meters length, _____ (7).
Exercise 4. Look through the following statements, which are True or False? Correct the
false sentences.
1. Liners sail only when they are full.
2. Tramps ply only when they are full.
3. Freighters can also carry a dozen passengers.
4. Liners are not used in deep-sea service.
5. Tramps are used only in coastal shipping.
6. Cargo liners carry bulk cargo.
7. Liners operate on fixed routes.
8. Tramps operate on scheduled dates.
9. Container ships are used in the liner trade.
10. Ro-ro ships carry both vehicles and passengers.
11. Only tankers can be use in tramp service
12. Container ships use their own cargo gear to load and unload containers.
Exercise 5. Make up your own report (75-100 words) about different types of tankers:
 Oil carriers (ULCC,VLCC, VLOC,ULOC)
 Gas carrier (LNGs, LPG)
 Chemical tankers (ST1,ST2, ST3)
 Product tankers (Juice tankers, Wine tankers, product tankers)
 Separate types (Panamax, Aframax, Suezmax)
Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss the issues of this unit:

 Liner vs Tramp service
 Short sea and deep sea trade
 Types of tankers.

1. What are the main divisions of merchant vessels?
2. What other cargo vessels are not mentioned in the text of this unit?
3. What is the alternative name to cargo liners/tramp vessels?
4. What is the difference between shipper and consignee?
5. Who is a freighter? What is the difference between freighter and shipowner?
6. What is the difference between short sea shipping and coastal shipping, if any?
7. What is opposed to short sea shipping?
8. What is the principal difference between a tramp and liner services?
9. Where do liners/tramps operate?
10. What do you know about a tanker?
11. What are the ship’s particulars of a cargo liner/a tramp/a tanker?
12. What are the holds and hatches of tramp ships like?
13. What is a coaster?
14. What are the recent types of liners/tramps/tankers?
15. What kind of cargo do liners/tramps/tankers usually carry?
Unit 3. Requirements to Cargo Ships.

Glossary:
Cranage is the use of crane as loading/discharging means.
Pilferage or pilfering is the theft of something of small value, for example, the stealing of
small portions of a load rather than an entire container of goods.
Timber means wooden items.
Pre-reading Tasks

ramp аппарель
turn-round оборот судна (время разгрузки и новой погрузки в порту)
ripening созревание
deteriorate портиться
chilled охлажденный
heavy lift ships для перевозки тяжеловесных грузов
troublesome хлопотный, вызывающий дополнительные действия
facilitate способствовать
convey перевозить

1. What is a liner service?
2. What is heavy lift cargo?
3. What is Ro-ro vessel?
glossary.
Container vessels are becoming increasingly predominant in many cargo liner trades.
This type of tonnage integrates with other forms of transport and keeps a door-to-door
service which will prevail in the general cargo trade. The roll-on/roll-off type of vessel was
developed after the Second World War, and is frequently termed a vehicle ferry. It was
designed for the conveyance of road haulage vehicles and private cars. At each terminal, a
ramp is provided enabling the vehicle to drive on or off the vessel. This, of course,
eliminates cranage and allows a quick turn-round. It also eliminates cargo handling, and
reduces pilferage to a minimum. This type of vessel operates primarily in the short sea
trade, and is growing in popularity.
Fruit carriers are similar in design to refrigerated vessels. Cool air systems are
installed in the holds to keep the fruit from over-ripening. Such vessels convey apples,
citrus fruits, and bananas, and are often owned by the cargo owners. Fast voyage times are
essential, otherwise the fruit over-ripens and deteriorates. Refrigerated vessels, or reefers
are designed for the carriage of chilled or frozen meat, butter or eggs. Such vessels operate
on liner cargo services, and are provided with large insulated holds with refrigerating
machinery to control the temperature of the cargo.
Timber carriers are provided with large unobstructed holds and large hatches to
facilitate cargo handling. They are frequently called three-island vessels and incorporate a
raised forecastle, bridge and poop, thereby facilitating the stowage of deck cargo which is
usually packaged.
Heavy lift ships are designed to transport unusually heavy or bulky cargoes which are
likely to be troublesome or impossible to carry for the ordinary liner cargo vessel. These
ships are equipped with jumbo derricks, which are capable of lifting over 200 tons.
Exercise 1. Explain in English the following words and phrases:
turn-round, short sea trade, liner service, stowage of cargo, cargo handling.
facilitate, box, convey, ferry, outfit, lift, support, refer, transfer, equip, carry, help,
transport, fit, raise, container, tonnage, refrigerated vessel, roll-on/roll-off ship.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the following words:
• door-to-door • vehicles • raised forecastle • over-ripening

• liner service • heavy loads • reefers
1. Road haulage ____________ include trucks, lorries, vans, etc.

2. Heavy lift ships are specially designed to carry ____________ .
3. ____________ is avoided by the installation of a cool air system.
4. Container ships prevail in the ____________ service.
5. Reefers are normally employed in the _____________ .
6. Refrigerated ships are often called______________ .
7. Three island ship means a ship with a _______, amidships structure, and poop.
1. Container ships _____________ (provide) with cells for the stowage of containers.
2. Last year a new bow ramp _____________ (provide).
3. Heavy lift ships must _____________ (provide) with jumbo derricks.
4. No cranage _____________ (provide) on vehicle ferries.
5. _____________ you _____________(provide) the ship with the new Sailing
Directions?
6. The cargo may _____ (stow) in containers, on trailers, or in various types of
packaging.
7. The introduction of ro-ro ships and car ferries has _____ (facilitate) the use of quay
cranes.
8. Liner services is a service that ____ (operate) within a schedule and has a fixed port
rotation with published dates of calls at the advertised ports.
9. With the use of containers pilferage has _____________ (eliminate) to a minimum.
10. Ro-ro ships _____ (design) to carry road haulage vehicles and private car.
Exercise 5. Insert the right word from the brackets and check its meaning:
measure, measurement; package, packaged, packing, packaging

1. _______ timber is usually made up into pallet slings.
2. General cargo is carried in various types of ____ , such as cases, crates, containers, etc.
3. Three ______ have been lost in transit.
4. Timber _____ are among the most complicated ones.
5. Timber planks (деревянные доски) must be cut to ______ .
6. The standard is the most frequent timber _____ .
7. On inspection it was found that both the cargo and its ______ were damaged.
Exercise 6. Be ready to sum up everything about different types of cargo ships from Unit
1-3.

1. What are break bulk cargo ships?
2. Which types of cargo do they carry?
3. What type of ships will prevail in the general cargo trade?
4. Describe a ro-ro ship (i.e. roll-on/roll-off ship).
5. What is the ship’s peculiarity of fruit carriers?
6. What are reefers designed for?
7. How are the holds and hatches of timber carriers built?
8. What is a three-island vessel?
9. What is timber carrier?
10. What is heavy lift vessel?
Unit 4. Cargo Operations.
Part 1
CARGO WORK: LOADING, DISCHARGING & STOWING CARGO
Glossary:
Cargo operations involve the preparation of cargo shipment, the loading and
discharging, and the transfer between the storage facilities and ships.
Cargo work means a certain cargo operation, for example, discharging or stowage.
Stowage means the action or manner of stowing something.
Dunnage is inexpensive or waste material used to load and secure cargo during
transportation.
Stevedores are people employed by the port authorities or a company engaged to load or
unload cargo from ships.
A stable ship is a ship afloat in an upright position and, if inclined under the action of an
external force (wind, waves), she is able to return to this position after the external force has
ceased acting.
A seaworthy ship is in good enough condition to safely be taken on an ocean trip.
Draught marks are painted at the bow and stern of a ship to indicate the distance from the
lower edge of the number to the bottom of the keel or other fixed reference point.
A list is an inclination of a ship without external force influence.
An inclination is a deviation from the true vertical state of a ship.
A heel is a ‘temporary’ inclination of a ship, caused by the external forces such as winds or
waves, or during a ship’s turn.
Load lines indicate the extent to which the weight of a load may safely submerge a ship, by
way of a waterline limit under specified conditions such as geographical (T-tropical) and
seasonal (W-winter, S-summer).
Pre-reading Tasks

unacquainted не знающий, незнакомый
dunnage подстилка под груз, дренаж; крепление и защита груза
ascertain убеждаться, устанавливать, выяснять
liability ответственность (в денежном выражении, имущественного
характера)
decay распад, разрушение
stiff чрезмерно остойчивый (опасна скольжением и
опрокидыванием груза)
tender валкий, малоостойчивый (опасно опрокидыванием судна)
encounter сталкиваться (об метеорологических явлениях), испытывать
shift отклоняться, смещаться
cubic capacity валовый объем помещений, кубатура
taint отрицательно влиять, портить
sweating отпотевание, конденсация влаги или паров
broaching of cargo вскрытие груза (несанкционированное, незаконное)
bear in mind принимать во внимание, учитывать
destination место назначения
punch штамповать, выбивать, наносить (на поверхность)
lashing крепление найтовыми (специальные тросы)
securing крепление (с учетом обеспечения защиты от порчи, например)
bay секция
row ряд
tier ярус

1. What are the main parts of a ship?
2. Who is responsible for cargo operations?
3. Who handles the ship’s cargo actually?
4. What do you know about cargo work?
5. What cargo operations can be carried out by the ship’s crew?
glossary.
Loading, Discharging & Stowing Cargo
The aim of ship’s officers and crewmembers on board should be to prevent damage
or deterioration whilst the cargo is under their care and to deliver it, as far as possible, in as
good condition and order as it was when received aboard. If unacquainted with a certain
type of cargo you should ascertain as to its nature and any necessary precautions.
Therefore, the Master and officers of all vessels require a good working knowledge of the
various kinds of cargo they are likely to carry: their peculiar characteristics, liability to
damage, decay, or deterioration, their measurement, and the usual methods of packing,
loading and discharging, stowage, dunnaging, etc., as the Master is responsible for the safe
loading of his vessel and the proper stowage of the cargo.
The actual handling of the cargo in loading and discharging is done by stevedores,
who are experienced men appointed for this purpose when a vessel arrives at a port. This
does not release the Master from the responsibility for the safety of the ship and cargo, and
he must supervise the work of the stevedores for general safety.
Therefore, during stowage the first consideration must be given to safety, i.e. the
cargo must be stowed so that the ship will be stable and seaworthy, and it must be secured
in such a manner that it cannot shift if the vessel encounters heavy weather.
The type of vessel, the cubic capacity of her compartments destined for the cargo and
the appliances on board or on shore for loading or discharging, as well as the nature of the
cargo, affect the question of how to stow the cargo in the best possible manner. The ship
must be made neither stiff nor too tender. The next consideration is for the safety of the
cargo itself: it must not be damaged by shifting; certain commodities become easily tainted
by others, water might find its way into the hold and condensation or sweating must be
prevented. Valuable cargo may be stolen or broached.
Finally, the Chief Officer must bear in mind the various destinations of the goods the
ship carries, and arrange things, as far as he can, to see that the cargo for a certain place can
be lifted out without disturbing the other cargo. The Chief Officer must watch closely the
ship's stability (i.e. what the ship's trim is or how she is sitting).
Since a ship is supported by fluid pressure she will incline in any direction according
to the position of the weights placed on her.
The trim, therefore, is the angle that a ship is making, fore and aft, with the water.
The levels are read by numbers painted on the ship's stem and stern. These are called
draught marks. Another word is heel. This means a list or inclination from one side to
another, caused by loading. The Chief Officer must watch the load lines. They are welded
or punched on and then painted.
Loading, discharging, stowage, lashing, securing, etc. are the operations and
activities specific for each type of ship and cargo and these will be discussed in the text of
the unit 5.
Exercise 1. Translation practice. Pay attention to underlined terms.
1. Ceiling (настил) is a surface of three-inch boards put on top of the tanks, below
the lower hold, which is called permanent dunnage.
2. One use of wood dunnage is to make sure that water from sweating/condensation
will trickle into the bilges (дно трюма) and to ensure that ventilation is efficient,
and that fresh air reaches the cargo.
3. Inflatable dunnage bags for use in securing sensitive cargo where traditional
timber dunnage is inappropriate, for example with pulp (целлюлоза, пульпа)
cargoes where contamination by wood splinters (щепки) is unacceptable.
4. Cargo battens (трюмные рыбинсы, или пристенные решетки) are wood battens
used in the hold to keep the cargo away from the ship's side and to allow the
necessary through ventilation.
5. To speed up loading, much of the cargo is unitized. The process of unitizing
consists of strapping together individual items of cargo to form a single unit.
6. The preferred method of loading container vessels is with a rail mounted gantry
crane.
7. Bad/improper stowage can take many different forms, but the most potentially
damaging example occurs when heavyweight containers find their way into the
upper tiers of container stacks on deck.
8. The difference between shipping and shipment is in the fact that ‘shipping’ is the
process of the goods being transported, while ‘shipment’ is the cargo being
transferred.
Exercise 2. Match the term with its meaning.
TERM MEANING
1. Dunnage a. shows longitudinal sections of the ship and the spaces
reserved for the various items.
2. Broken stowage b. is the material to protect cargo, and ensure good stowage.
3. Cargo plan c. means petty (мелкая) theft.
4. Leakage d. goods sent for shipment by sea.
5. Pilferage e. entrance or escaping of a fluid through a hole.
6. Shipment f. is responsible for loading/discharging in port
7. Stevedore g. means stowage space which cannot be used on account of it
being too small.
Exercise 3. Supply the missing phrase/sentence part
1. Safety arrangements 8. on container stacks

2. Improper stowage 9. the distribution of weight
3. increased utilization 10. collapse of container stack
4. securing of 11. the fourth tier
5. to a lashing plan 12. stability for the ship
6. lashing 13. of securing
7. on container lashings 14. loading
The securing or ______ of containers on ship's decks is a difficult operation in

terms of the work environment. There are great problems during _____ or discharging of
containers. The stevedores who carry out this work, known as riggers (строповщики),
have to work ______ which often are 13 meters high or more above the ship's deck.
_______ are in some ports poor and the work frequently has to be performed in the dark,
under windy and rainy or sometimes icy conditions. The difficulties are to a large extent
due to the lashing equipment. The immense diversity of the devices used gives rise to
great problems. ______ of containers is the responsibility of the ship's master, which can
mean that there are large differences in the manner in which the operation is effected
between individual vessels and shipping companies.
For early generation of container ships, two systems ______ the cargo were
common. One relied on the use of twistlocks (замки поворотного типа) in conjunction
with lashing bars (крепежные планки) or chains, and the second relied on the use of
stacking cones (штабелирующие конусы) and bridge pieces in conjunction with lashing
bars or chains. Gradually, due to the _______ of differing height containers, the second
method became redundant and it became common practice to use twistlocks throughout
the stow. This method normally allowed containers to be stacked three high and, in some
cases, four high if ________ was light in weight or empty. For first generation vessels,
computer technology was not available onboard to speedily calculate dynamic loads
acting ______ and frames. The shipboard computer (if any) was only used to calculate
stresses and _______ itself. Therefore, the shipboard staff would ensure the vessel was
lashed according _______ taken from the lashing equipment manufacturer's manual,
which appeared to assume an ideal stow with respect to ______ in each stack (the
homogenous stack).
______ (containers stowed six-high)
or improper use of cargo handling
equipment can cause heavy damage
or _______ due deformation of
bottom container.
.
Container position numbering
___ (enable) the position of a
container on a ship to be
___(specify), a standard numbering
system _____(use). Container slot
positions aboard ship _____
(expressed) by three co-ordinates
indicating :
Bay - Row - Tier
Bays ____ (number)
lengthwise from bow to stern with
odd numbers for 20' containers and
even numbers for 40' containers.
The even number between two 20'
containers is used _____ (define)
40' bays.
Rows ____ (number) from centreline (диаметральная плоскость) to portside with
even numbers and from centreline to starboard with odd numbers. The container row
stowed on the centreline ____(mark) 00.
Tiers. In underdeck stows, container _____ (numbered) vertically downwards with
even numbers from top to bottom. The bottom row will ____ (be) 02, except where as a
result of the hull contour, the bottom of an adjacent row ___ (be) at a higher level. In
case of two half heights the bottom ones are to ____ (number) by an odd number. On
deck stowage _____ (indicate) by code key 8 followed by an even number sequence.
Exercise 5. Say the following sentences in English.
1. 20-ти футовые контейнеры образуют секции, которые нумеруются

нечетными числами: 01,03,05,07.
2. 40-ти футовые контейнеры нумеруются четными числами: 02,08,10,14.
3. Нумерация секций идет от носа к корме.
4. Система «секция-ряд-ярус» соответствует трем измерениям: длине, ширине,
высоте.
5. Нумерация контейнеров, установленных в трюмах, начинается с 02 снизу
вверх, а расположенных на палубе с 8.
6. Две следующие друг за другом секции 20-ти футовых контейнеров образуют
одну 40-ка футовую секцию.
7. Нумерация рядов начинается от диаметральной плоскости судна в сторону
левого борта четными числами, а в сторону правого борта нечетными
числами.
8. Если общее число рядов от борта до борта оставляет нечетное число или если
ряд контейнеров находится прямо по диаметральной плоскости, то он
нумеруется 00.
9. Контейнеры, расположенные непосредственно на главной палубе, имеют
номер 80, и с каждым ярусом к цифре будет прибавляться 2.
10. Положение контейнера на борту судна определяется номером секции,
номером ряда, номером яруса – шестизначным числом (six-digit number),
например, 020382 – это 20-ти футовый контейнер на палубе секция 02, ряд
03, ярус 82.
Exercise 6. Make up your own report (50-75 words) about different bulk carrier loading
Sagging
Shearing
Hogging
Homogenous loading
1. What is the aim of the ship's personnel as regards the receiving, stowage, carriage
and delivery of cargo?
2. What should you ascertain before receiving the cargo on board?
3. What must the Master and officers know about the cargo they are likely to carry?
4. Who is responsible for the safe loading and proper stowage of cargo?
5. What is the job of stevedores?
6. What is the Master responsible for?
7. What must be taken into consideration when stowing cargo?
8. What is the stowage of cargo affected by?
9. When is a ship stiff/tender?
10. What kind of damage or risk must be taken into consideration as far as the safety
of cargo is concerned?
11. What is the ship’s stability?
12. What is the difference between a list and an inclination?
13. What are the draught marks?
14. What are load lines?
15. Decipher the container’s number: 180210
Unit 5. Cargo Operations. Part 2

Cargo Receiving Procedure
Glossary:
‘Under/in a sound condition’ means that something is not broken or damaged.

Shipment is an amount of a particular kind of cargo that is sent to another country on a ship
or on any other type of transport.
A Mate’s receipt is a temporary receipt issued and signed by the officer of a vessel, to
confirm the goods ready to be loaded on a ship. This document acts as evidence that goods
were loaded in the vessel, but it is doesn’t have the same legal force as the bill of lading.
The utmost importance is the importance of the highest degree.
A Bill of Lading is a legal document between a shipper and carrier detailing the type,
quantity, and destination of goods being shipped.
A boat man (boatman) is an alternative name for a carrier.
A charter party is a maritime contract between a shipowner and a ‘charterer’ for the hire a
ship for the carriage of cargo or passengers.
Shortage or ‘short’ denotes shipments that contain a lower than reported quantity.
An ISO container is an international intermodal container that is manufactured according to
the specifications outlined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
These containers are suitable for ship, rail and truck.
Pre-reading Tasks
unsound плохой (о качестве), с дефектами

tampered with поврежденный чем-то, с нарушенной целостностью
torn разорванный
stained подмоченный; в пятнах
reject не принимать, списывать, исключать (из накладной)
reconditioning повторная упаковка, восстановление первоначального товарного
вида
shipment отправка груза, перевозка груза
Mate’s receipt штурманская расписка
clean receipt чистая расписка (без оговорок)
clause оговорка
fellow здесь: подобный, принадлежащий к той же группе предметов
sound reason веская причина, логичное основание
deficiency недостающее количество, недостающее число
out turn разгрузка
render передавать, предоставлять
Bill of Lading коносамент (морская накладная на перевозку груза)
tally book книга регистрации (груза при погрузке или выгрузке таллиманом)
tallyman тальман, таллиман
triplicate составлять в трех экземплярах
peaks максимальное значение
dispute спор, разногласие
solution решение
endorse подтверждать; делать отметку на обороте документа
prima facie очевидное доказательство
evidence
letter of банковская гарантия возмещения убытков
indemnity
negotiable товарораспределительный документ
claim претензия, иск
consignee получатель груза
hesitation сомнение, колебание
freight container грузовой контейнер
stuff размещать (внутри контейнера, тары…)
intact ненарушенный (о пломбе на двери контейнера)
1. How can we call the process of cargo transferring from a ship to the berth/cargo
receiver?
2. Who is responsible for cargo operations?
3. Who can be a cargo officer?
4. What can happen with the cargo during its carriage?
5. Do you know the abbreviation ‘ISO’? What does it stands for?
glossary.
Cargo Receiving
Goods or packages which are received in unsound condition clearly cannot be
delivered in a sound condition. It is essential, therefore, that a careful watch be maintained
at all times when loading for any packages which may have been tampered with or which
are improperly or inadequately protected, broken, leaky, damaged, repaired, spilled, torn or
stained.
Packages that are torn, badly broken, leaking or tampered with should be rejected. If,
after satisfactory reconditioning, it is decided to accept the shipment, the Mate’s receipt
must be suitably endorsed. A clean receipt should not be given unless the condition of the
package is in all respects identical with its fellow with that exception has not been taken.
Care should be taken to see that any packages for which receipts have been issued
and which, for some sound reason may have been sent on shore for reconditioning, are
delivered back to the ship.
Mate's receipts. When the Chief Officer signs the receipt for goods he is personally
liable for any deficiency in the number proved to exist on discharge of the goods, i.e.
between shipment and out turn. It is the duty of the First Mate to receive and discharge
cargoes. It is upon his responsibility, and the act which he performs in signing the receipt
that the Master signs the Bill of Lading, thereby rendering his owner’s responsibility to the
consignees. This is undoubtedly a duty of the utmost importance.
They should be carefully drawn up, marks and numbers copied from the tally books,
not from boat or charter’s notes, all quantities shown in words and not in figures and
particulars of rejected packages shown thereon.
Mate's Receipts should be issued on ship's forms and numbered. Receipt books
should be in triplicate forms, one copy for boat man, one for the agents, and one left in the
book. If receiving from lighters or boats, receipts should not be issued until after same
including peaks have been searched. Disputes should be investigated immediately while a
recount may still be possible. When this is not done, and another means of arriving at a
satisfactory solution is not available, the number in dispute should clearly be stated in
words on the receipt the number on which there is agreement being separately shown thus:
"Received on board 17 packages: three more in dispute"
and not as sometimes done thus:
"Received 20 packages, three in dispute".
When the charter party calls for Mate's receipts to be granted for cargo alongside
and not actually on board, they should be endorsed "at shipper's risk until actually shipped".
When in doubt as to weight, quantity and condition, Mate's receipts as well as the bills of
lading should be caused "weight, quality, quantity and condition unknown".
A bill of lading, which is a negotiable document, and in most cases quickly passes
out of the hands of shipper, is prima facie evidence of shipment against the ship both as to
condition as well as quantity. It follows, therefore, that a letter of indemnity against any
clauses in the bill of lading affords no protection whatever to the ship against claims by the
consignees, in as much as letters of guarantee or indemnity have no legal force against a
third party.
There should be no hesitation in endorsing Mate's receipts and bills of lading with
such clauses as are left to be necessary and justified by the facts of the case, in order to
protect the ship from claims for shortage of, damage to, or deterioration of, the cargo.
Bills of lading may, under certain circumstances, be issued prior to the cargo arriving
on board the vessel. This is particularly so in the case of ISO freight containers where the
shutting and sealing of the container doors after the cargo is stuffed may be sufficient to
allow a bill of lading to be issued. Thus it is important that all stuffed containers loaded on
board have seals and locks in position and intact.
Exercise 1. Write down all the adjectives in the text that refer to a damaged condition of
the goods.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below:
1. The bill of lading is signed by the master only after _____

2. If repaired packages are accepted again for shipment, they should be _____
3. The duty of the First Mate is _____
4. Copies of the mate's receipt are given to _____
5. All the containers on board must be checked as to _____
Exercise 3. Supply the words:

PART A. alongside, shipped, evidence, exchange, rail, tally, receipt
The ship's responsibility regarding cargo commences when it is delivered ____

the vessel ready for loading, or when it crosses the ship's ______, depending on the
custom of the port and the terms of the contract of carriage.
A mate's receipt is the primary ______ of acceptance of cargo, particulars of which
are entered on it. It is the given by the mate when the cargo is _____.
The condition and _______are carefully noted and any clauses intended for
insertion in the B/L must be entered on the mate's receipt. The mate's receipt is given up
to the master in _______for the bill of lading.
PART B. receive, receiver, receiving, receipt; endorse, endorsement
1. The cargo officer issues the ________ for the goods on board.
2. A bill of lading must be suitably______ with remarks as to the quantity and condition
of the goods.
3. The _____ of the mate's ______ must be made immediately on shore or on the ship's
hold.
4. On _____ the cargo a ______ is given to the shipper.
5. The goods must be delivered to the _____or holder of the B/L.
false sentences.
1. Torn packages or badly broken ones are normally received on board with no
endorsement.
2. Packages that have been reconditioned require no examination again.
3. The Chief Officer is responsible for any deficiency in the number on the discharge
of the goods.
4. Mate's receipts are made on the basis of tally sheets.
5. The B/L is issued on the basis of Mate's receipts.
6. Receipts are normally issued on the boat or charter’s notes.
7. Disputes on receipt of cargo can be investigated at a later stage, i.e. on delivery.
8. Package numbers are given in words and are preferred to numbers.
9. A B/L is evidence that the cargo has been received for shipment or actually loaded
on board.
10. Endorsing a B/L or M/R can be made at ease at a later stage of shipment.
11. All torn or broken packages shouldn’t be rejected.
12. No leaky drums must be allowed to cross the ship's rail.
13. The receipts for cargo should be written on any forms.
14. The condition of the goods must be suitably endorsed in the B/L.
15. Bills of lading have to be correctly dated.
Exercise 5. Make a plan of cargo receiving procedure.
Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss the officer’s responsibilities during cargo receiving and
explain the difference between the mate’s receipt and bill of lading.

1. Why should a careful watch be kept when loading?
2. What are the most frequent damages to packages?
3. When should a clean receipt not be given?
4. What should be done with the packages given ashore for reconditioning?
5. What is a Mate's Receipt?
6. What is the basic duty of the First Mate in respect of receiving cargo?
7. How and on what basis are M/R's signed?
8. When should disputes be investigated?
9. How should the number in dispute be stated?
1O. What is the "legendary story” about?
11. When are M/R's endorsed "at shipper's risk until actually shipped"?
12. What is the purpose of the Bill of Lading?
13. Why is the letter of indemnity not recommended?
14. What is the purpose of endorsing M/R's and B/L's?
15. In which case is the B/L issued before the goods are actually shipped on board? Give
an example.
Unit 6. Cargo Operations. Part 3

Cargo Delivering Procedure
Glossary:
A sea protest is a notarized statement obtained after a ship enters port. This declaration is
made by the Master about the circumstances that attend the damage or loss to the ship or
cargo or may have caused the Master to leave for an unsafe port.
Precautions are some measures that are taken in advance to prevent something dangerous,
unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening.
A surveyor is a person who investigates or examines something, especially ships for
seaworthiness or cargo for proper condition and order.
Claim for short delivery means a claim against a delivery of goods that has fewer items
than invoiced or a smaller total weight than invoiced.
Ullage is the amount that a container or cargo space lacks of being full.
Pre-reading Tasks
anticipate ожидать, предвидеть

extension продление
sight осмотр, наблюдение
on behalf of от имени, в чьих-то интересах
matting покрытие
sound practice рациональная практика
repudiate отвергать, аннулировать
improper/poor/faulty stowage неправильная штивка
lay (laid, laid) aside откладывать
lock up закрывать, сохранять под замком
cooper чинить, ремонтировать тару
bear a mark иметь знак на чем-то (маркировка на таре)
displace перемещать, переносить
slack bag ослабленный, уменьшенный в размерах мешок
tally номер (о товаре)
forthcoming предстоящий
go beyond выходить за пределы; превышать
custody контроль, сфера ответственности
ullage свободное пространство в грузовом
пространстве (трюме, цистерне)
intact целый, невредимый (об упаковке, таре)
1. Who is responsible for cargo storing and securing during the cargo carriage?
2. What is the difference between a delivery and a shipment? If any
3. What are the reasons for cargo damage on a ship?
4. What is dunnage used for?
5. Who is a consignee?
glossary.
Cargo Delivering
If there are reasonable grounds for anticipating serious damage to cargo before
opening the hatches, a sea protest should be noted. This protest should be noted as soon as
possible and not later than 24 hours after arrival. The protest can be extended and should be
made without waiting to sight the damaged cargo, continuing the extension of protest as the
survey of cargo proceeds.
While discharging is in progress, it is always a wise precaution to have a surveyor
on behalf of the ship. Every reasonable facility should be extended to the surveyors
attending on behalf of consignees, but this does not mean that consignees or their
representatives have the right of full access to the ship nor to examination of a vessel's log
book.
Where a surveyor is not in regular attendance, a survey should be called at once when
damaged cargo is found, especially in the case of damage by moisture or water, or leakage
from casks, etc. Dunnage and matting should not be disturbed until they have been sighted
and positioned by the surveyors.
When damaged cargo is sighted in the stow, it is a sound practice to make a sketch or
take photographic evidence of the position of the cargo in relation to other cargo and their
position in the compartment. This can be used as evidence in repudiating the responsibility
of the ship for improper stowage.
All packages which are found broken during discharge should be laid aside on board,
or if discharging on to the dock and the damaged cargo should be locked up. A lock up
should always be provided and carefully recoopered.
Care should be observed to restore into position any parts of cases bearing marks and
numbers that may get displaced. Where this is not possible every effort should be made to
ascertain the correct marks and numbers which should be clearly painted on the packages to
avoid the confusion which might arise in the absence of means of identification.
All torn, slack or empty bags or packages should be carefully collected whilst
discharging is in progress, delivered (against tally) along with the cargo, otherwise claim
for short delivery is likely to follow. It should always be borne in mind that bills of lading
call for a number of bags, and it is the number of bags alone that count so far as the
consignee is concerned.
Packages which appear to have been damaged or broached, for which a clean receipt
is not forthcoming, should not be permitted to go beyond the custody of Ships' Officers
until after their contents have been accurately ascertained (in conjunction with consignee or
customs representative) either by counting, weighing or taking the ullage.
On the other hand, a package which is intact and otherwise in sound external
condition should not be so dealt with. A clean receipt for same should be insisted upon.
Cargo should never be delivered without the original bill of lading that is properly
stamped and endorsed, and should be exchanged for the Master's own signed copy.
prolongation, sound package, cooper package, custody, faulty stowage, displace,

anticipate, inspection, oncoming, whole package, examination, transfer, expect, improper
stowage, unbroken, extension, sight, forthcoming, intact, shift, area of responsibility,
forecast, poor stowage, recondition package.
Exercise 2. Match the given title with the certain passage:
Letters of protest a. If the amount of cargo discharged is less than that

declared by the ship’s figures, or calculations, this event
occurs. Master may issue a letter of protest to declare
the number of the cargo discharged according to his
ship’s records.
hidden damage b. If the Master and the shipper cannot agree upon this
fact or the phrases about it to be recorded in the bill of
lading, this action occurs. Master may issue a letter of
protest noting his assessment of the cargo state in this
case.
cargo condition in dispute c. These documents are used to provide a written record
of events. They are issued by the Master to draw the
attention of some third party to some facts or incidents
which the Master believes may affect either the
performance of the operations, or the condition of cargo.
The circumstances are usually outside the control of the
ship.
cargo quantity in dispute d. When cargo is loaded very fast, it is sometimes
suspected that damage has been caused to this or other
cargo, or to the ship, but the damage is now covered by
the latest cargo loaded. Such a fact will become obvious
upon discharge.
clean bill of lading e. The shipper may offer a letter of indemnity to the
Master in return for this document when the Master
wishes to add clauses about the condition of the cargo.
To issue a clean one in these circumstances is
considered fraud, and such a letter of indemnity is
unenforceable.
Exercise 3. Fill in the appropriate word or phrase
PART A.
freight, charges, consignee, deliver, delivery order, bill of lading, delivery
In the liner trade it is usual for the _____ to present his B/L to the Carrier and
receive in exchange a _____. This is the consignee's authority to take _____ of the goods
from the ship or wharf or warehouse.
If a _____ is presented to the Master, he should see that it is properly endorsed
and that _____ and other _____ have been paid or secured. He can then _____
the goods in exchange for a proper receipt.
PART B.
grounds, damage, numbers, custom, protest
It is usually the _____to note a protest upon arrival at the discharging port. If there
are ______ for anticipating serious _____ to cargo, the ______ should be extended at
once. All broken packages should be attended to by repairing, and the marks and _____
on same should be preserved.
false sentences.
1. A protest is noted within 24 hours of arrival.

2. A protest should be extended immediately after survey.
3. The surveyor has a right of access to the log book.
4. Dunnage should not be disturbed before the surveyor sights it.
5. A photograph cannot be used as evidence in repudiating responsibility for improper
stowage.
6. Displaced marks and numbers need not be restored into their previous position.
7. The bills of lading call for a number of bags shipped.
8. Packages bearing a claused receipt can be delivered to the consignee without counting
or weighing.
Exercise 5. Say it in English
1. Штивка – это перемещение груза в грузовых помещениях судна для его

разравнивания или заполнения подпалубных пустот. Обычно производится
при погрузке навалочных и насыпных грузов.
2. Груз с признаками порчи должен выгружаться в первую очередь и таким
образом, чтобы он не смешивался с невредимым грузом.
3. Коносамент относится к числу важных документов и используется как при
каботажных перевозках, так и в заграничном плавании.
4. Количество составленных и подписанных экземпляров оригинала и копий
указывают на лицевой части коносамента.
5. Если экипаж судна не участвует в сдаче груза в порту назначения, тогда
штурманские расписки не выдаются с судна.
Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss cargo delivering procedure.

1. What should be done if serious damage to cargo is suspected before opening the hatches
in the port of discharge?
2. When can the protest be extended?
3. Who must attend to the process of discharging, and on whose behalf?
4. What should be undertaken if a surveyor is not in regular attendance?
5. Why is the photographic evidence important?
6. What is done with the broken packages found during discharge?
7. Why should numbers and marks be carefully maintained?
8. What is done with packages or bags that are torn, slack or empty?
9. When can damaged or broached packages be delivered to the receiver, i.e. what should
be done before that?
10. What must the consignee produce in order to take delivery of the cargo?
Unit 7. INCOTERMS
terms условия
transaction сделка
agreement соглашение, договор
interpretation истолкование, объяснение
liability ответственность, обязанность (материальная)
trade торговля
item пункт
invoice счет
sales продажа
publish выпускать, публиковать
accept принимать, соглашаться
pre-defined заранее определенный, установленный
refer to относится к
arise from исходить, быть обусловленным
deal with иметь дело с
determine определять
specify обуславливать, уточнять
vary изменять
revise проверять и исправлять, вносить поправки
keep up with быть на одном уровне, конкурировать
update обновлять данные
occur возникать
clear the goods проводить оформление товаров
all in все включено
glossary.
The Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are pre-defined commercial

terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Three-letter standard
trade terms (e.g. FOB, CFR, CIF) are commonly used in international commercial
transactions for the sale of goods. The Incoterms rules are intended to consider the
obligations, costs, and risks that are associated with the transportation and delivery of
goods. They define the trade contract liabilities between the buyer and the seller (the
consignee and the consignor). Each Incoterm refers to a particular type of agreement for
the purchase and shipping of goods internationally.
The Incoterms rules are accepted by governments, legal authorities, and
practitioners worldwide. They are intended to reduce or eliminate uncertainties that arise
from different interpretation of the rules in different countries. The Incoterms also deal
with the documentation required for global trade specifying which parties are responsible
for which documents, since requirements vary much between countries.
Two items, however, are standard: the Commercial Invoice and Packing List. Their
purpose is to divide transaction costs and responsibilities between buyer and seller.
The Incoterms were first published in 1936, there were 13 ones. They are reviewed
periodically to keep up with changes in the international trade needs. The Incoterms were
revised in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2015 bringing some changes to a
few terms. The latest version of Incoterms, Incoterms® 2020, was launched in September
2019, and included only 11 terms. The Incoterms are most frequently classified by
category. The Incoterms beginning with F refer to shipments where the primary cost of
shipping is not paid for by the seller. The Incoterms beginning with C deal with
shipments where the seller pays for shipping. E-terms occur when a seller’s
responsibilities are fulfilled when goods are ready to depart from their facilities. D-terms
cover shipments where the shipper/seller’s responsibility ends when the goods arrive at
some specific point.
When goods are to be sent by ship, the following Incoterms are used:
 FAS – Free alongside Ship
 FOB – Free on Board
 CFR – Cost and Freight
 CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight
 DPU – Delivered at Place Unloaded (instead of the former DAT – Delivery at
Terminal)
 DAP – Delivered at Place (instead of the former DEQ – Delivered ex Quay).
Incoterms for shipping determine which party will pay for the cost of transporting the
goods to the port of shipment, the cost of loading, freight cost, the insurance cost, and the
cost of unloading the goods in the port of destination.
Exercise 1.
To define the trade contract responsibilities and liabilities, shipping, to agree on a

commercial term, to be used in international commercial transactions, sea and inland
water transport, to be responsible for the freight and cargo insurance, to be used
throughout the world, to make international trade easier, to deal with various
documentation, alongside ship, to vary much between countries, to keep up with, shipper.
Exercise 2.
Fill in the gaps with the proper verb form, using the verb from the brackets. After the
completion scan the description of Incoterms for shipping.
Group F – Main Carriage Unpaid (by the seller)
FAS – Free alongside Ship (followed by a named port of shipment). The seller ____ (be)
responsible for the cost of transporting and delivering goods alongside a vessel in a port
in his country. FAS ____ (should, use) only for ocean shipments, since risk and
responsibility ____ (shift) from the seller to the buyer, when the goods ____ (place)
within the reach of the ship’s crane.
FOB – Free on Board (followed by the named port of shipment). The goods ____ (place)
on board the ship by the seller at a port of shipment named in the sales agreement. The
risk of loss of or damage to the goods ____ (transfer) to the buyer, when the goods ____
(pass) the ship’s rail. The seller ___ (pay) the cost of loading the goods. The buyer ___
(be) responsible for the cargo insurance and other costs and risks. The term FOB _____
(use) for ocean freight.
Group C – Main Carriage Paid (by the seller)
CFR – Cost and Freight (followed by the name port of destination). CFR ____ (require)
the seller to pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named
destination, but the risk of loss or damage to the goods (as well as any cost increases)
_____ (transfer) from the seller to the buyer, when the goods ____ (pass) the ship’s rail
in the port of shipment. Insurance ____ (be) the buyer’s responsibility. The term CFR
____ (use) for ocean freight only.
CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight (followed by the name port of destination). It ____
(be) similar to CFR, but instead of the buyer insuring the goods for the maritime period
of the voyage, the shipper/seller _____ (insure) the merchandise. The seller ____ (must,
pay) the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination,
but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, and additional costs ____ (transfer) from
the seller to the buyer. This term ____ (can, use) only for sea and inland waterway
transport, in practice, CIF generally ____ (use) with bulk goods.
Group D – Arrival
DPU – Delivered at Place Unloaded (instead of the former DAT – Delivery at Terminal),
____(be) where the seller ___ (clear) goods for export and ___(be) fully responsible for
the goods until they ____ (arrive) at a named terminal at the end of destination. The
goods ____ (must, discharge) at the terminal.
DAP – Delivered at Place (instead of the former DEQ – Delivered ex Quay). Under the
DAP Incoterms rules, the seller ____ (be) responsible for the delivery of the goods, ready
for unloading at named place.
false sentences.
1. The Incoterms are divided into 3 groups.

2. The term FOB is used for air freight only.
3. The term CFR stands for Cost and Freight.
4. CIF stands for Cost, Inventory and Freight.
5. CFR requires the buyer to pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to
the named destination
6. The term CFR is still commonly used in the ocean freight.
7. CIF is similar to CFR.
8. The term CIF can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport.
9. DAT is now DPU.
10. There are 5 common Incoterms that can be used by shippers.
Exercise 4. Translation Practice.

Part A.
1. The major difference between CIF and DPU is that the shipping term DPU is used
in all modes of transport, while CIF terms of shipping only for sea and inland water
transport.
2. The difference between CFR and DAP is that the shipping term DAP is used in all
modes of transport, including ships, while CFR terms of shipping is used only for
sea and inland water transport.
3. By DPU, the seller is responsible to deliver the cargo at a specific place.
4. CIF should only be used for conventional sea freight shipments, it is not
appropriate for containerized freight.
5. FOB is generally used for container shipment.
6. Under FAS, once goods are at the port, it’s buyer’s responsibility to take it from
there, paying for the goods to get loaded on the ship.
7. There are only 4 incoterms that only applies to sea/inland water transport.
PART B.
1. Первая буква в составе Инкотермс указывает на момент и место перехода

обязательств поставщика к получателю, например, «Полноценная доставка
(D)» означает, что переход обязательств осуществляется в момент принятия
товара покупателем.
2. «Франко борт» указывает на то, что продавец несет ответственность до того,
как товар перейдет поручни судна и окажется на борту.
3. «Франко борт» применяется только при перевозке морским или внутренним
транспортом, в то время как «Свободно вдоль борта судна» заключается и
для других видов транспорта.
4. «Все включено» означает, что стоимость перевозки включает все
дополнительные сборы, предусмотренные условиями перевозки.
5. Другими словами, термин «стоимость и фрахт» означает оплату покупателем
стоимости товара и его фрахта, т.е. доставки водным транспортом до порта
заказчика.
1. What does the term “Incoterms” imply?

2. What groups are the Incoterms divided into?
3. What are the Incoterms commonly used for shipping?
4. What do they define?
5. What is the purpose of the Commercial Invoice and Packing List?
6. What does ICC stand for?
7. How can the Incoterms be categorized?
8. What does the Incoterms beginning with F refer to?
9. What do the Incoterms beginning with C deal with?
10. What do D-terms cover?
11. What Incoterms place the minimum responsibility on the seller?
12. What Incoterms can be used for ocean freight?
13. What Incoterms can be used only for inland waterway transport?
14. What Incoterms can be used irrespective of the mode of transport?
15. What is the difference between CIF and DPU?
16. What is the difference between CFR and DAP?
17. Do you know any update of Incoterms 2020?
Unit 8. Types of Cargo
Glossary:
Break bulk cargo or general cargo relates to goods that are loaded individually, and
neither in intermodal containers as neo bulk or unitized cargo nor in bulk as with oil or
grain.
Neo bulk cargo is type of marine cargoes that are prepackaged, accountable, and
transported in defined load lines, and not stored in a separate package or in a container.
Self-trimming holds are shaped so that the cargo levels by itself.
Tallyman is a person who tallies, checks, or keeps an account or record (as of receipt of
goods) during loading and discharging; he is hired by the port authority or the company.
Checker is a person hired by the port authority or the cargo owner who checks the
correctness of the cargo marking, load units or cargo classification.
Pre-reading Tasks

break bulk cargo генеральный груз (отдельными местами или партиями)
bundle ~ определенное количество товара (2 пачки бумаги, 7 мотков
пряжи, 9 коробок чая)
bale тюк, кипа (крупная упаковочная мера)
barrel бочка среднего размера; баррель (мера жидких, сыпучих и
некоторых твердых материалов)
drum бочкотара, цилиндрическая коробка (для упаковки рыбы,
фруктов)
crate решетчатый контейнер, ящик для упаковки
carton картонная коробка
cask контейнер (для радиоактивных материалов)
sack мешок
keg кег (емкость металлическая для пива)
hogshead большая деревянная бочка (60 галлонов / около 240 литров)
can or tin металлическая тара
carboy крупногабаритная оплетенная стеклянная тара для кислот
lumber круглый лес (вид древесины)
bauxite алюминиевая руда, боксит
self-trimming трюм с автоматической штивкой, трюм с самовыравниванием
hold груза
petrols в мн. ч. бензин
custody хранение, сохранение (груза на судне при перевозке)
tally считать (количество груза)
check подтверждать, проверять (груз)
keep record регистрировать, вести запись
livestock живой груз (животные)
tinfoil фольга
damp-resisting влагоустойчивое покрытие
paper
perishable скоропортящийся
fragile хрупкий
overstowed помещенный поверх (укладка ящиков один на один)
Task 2. What types of cargo do you know? Study the table below.
All Marine Cargo

Packed Unpacked
General Cargo Bulk Cargo
Break Neo Unitized
Bulk Cargo Bulk cargo Cargo Liquid Bulk Dry bulk
bags lumber petroleum coal
barrels gasoline
drums paper LNG iron ore
pallets container chemicals bauxite
boxes steel
crates juice grain
cartons cars
bales wine cement
bundles trucks
glossary.
Marine cargo can be divided into two main categories: Packed/General cargo and
Unpacked/Bulk cargo. Unpacked or packed cargo is related to the goods itself and of
course it defines what ship type should be used for transportation.
Furthermore, general cargo is split into three areas of goods: Break bulk, Neo bulk
and Unitized cargo. Bulk carriers or multi-purpose ships are used for carrying break bulk
cargoes that are packed in shipping boxes, bags, barrels, drums and on pallets. Proper
means of fastening the cargo must be provided by lashing. This non-containerized cargo
presents most stowage problems, because each commodity has its own type of packaging
and characteristics. General cargo is loaded by cranes and the ship’s own derricks.
Neo bulk cargo is typically lumber, paper, steel, cars & trucks that are prepackaged,
counted, and transferred as units at port by bulk carriers or specialized Ro-ro ships. This
category has only become recognized as a distinct cargo category in its own right in recent
decades.
Unitized cargo is packed into containers. Loading and discharging of this cargo is
done in the warehouse. After loading cargo inside the container it should be sealed.
Cargo that is not in boxes, crates, bundles, bales or bags, such as coal, iron ore, grain,
fertilizers is known as unpacked/bulk cargo. Like the packed cargo, the bulk cargo is also
divided into two areas: Liquid bulk cargo and Dry bulk cargo. Transportation of bulk cargo
requires special knowledge to deal with it, or special ships, as ore carriers. Bulk cargoes are
usually loaded in bulk evenly along the whole length of the ship with sufficient trimming
from portside to starboard. The weight of the bulk cargo may be defined by means of a
ship’s deadweight scale. Such dry bulk cargoes as grain, iron ore, coal and sugar are carried
in self-trimming holds. It is discharged automatically by buckets on a conveyor belt
system or through large tubes. Liquid products comprise fuel oils, petrols and lubricants.
Lubricating oils are loaded into oil tankers, containers, and sometimes in casks and cans.
Oil products are carried by oil tankers, which have some oil tanks, pumps and oil-
conducting pipelines for loading/discharging liquid cargoes.
The overall responsibility for the stowage of cargo rests with the Master. In practice,
whilst the Master retains overall responsibility, the supervision of stowage of cargo
normally is delegated to the Chief Officer or First Mate. His task is to see that neither the
ship nor her cargo is damaged. Furthermore, he is responsible for the safe handling,
loading, stowage and carriage, including the custody of the cargo throughout the voyage.
The First Mate draws up a cargo plan based on the information he has received of the cargo
to be loaded. It is important that if the ship is to discharge at more than one port, the cargo
for the first port of discharge is stowed in the upper part of the hold. In other words, cargo,
which is to be discharged at the first discharging port, should be loaded last. The First Mate
also considers the stability of the ship when cargo is loaded. The ship should be neither too
stiff nor too tender to ensure that she will be safe in rough seas. A ship with a centre of
gravity too high will be tender and inclined to roll, thereby creating an unstable vessel.
The cargo is securely stowed in the holds eliminating the possibility of the cargo shifting.
Because any movement of cargo in the ship might affect the ship’s stability and
seaworthiness leading to capsizing, grounding or sinking. The cargo is checked as it is
loaded by a tallyman, and if it is necessary to measure the volumes of the separate items of
cargo, this is done by a checker.
Dangerous goods are classed as cargoes which owing to their inflammable or
explosive nature are liable to spontaneous combustion, either in themselves or when stowed
with other cargoes. Such dangerous liquid cargoes as fuel oil and acids while stowing
should be kept away from inflammable solids, from cargoes, when are dangerous when
wet, or corrosive. This topic will be discussed in the Unit 9.
heavy lifts, register, transport, discharge, tally, report, draw up, livestock, check, count,
oversized cargo, calculate, haul, animals, confirm, keep record, unload, make up, carry.
Exercise 2. Do you know the most common packages for goods? Match the term with its
meaning:
Term Definition
bag a. various goods packed without a container. A number of small cartons
fixed together is also called a bundle.
sack b. a small cask for transferring a beer, for example
carton c. a large bag usually made of jute.
case d. a package of soft goods such as cotton, wool or sheepskin tightly wrapped
in a protective material
crate e. a case, but not fully enclosed; built for particular goods
drum f. light but strong cardboard box
cask g. a small metal container for small quantities of paint, oil, or certain food.
barrel h. strong container made of wood, which is lined with tinfoil or damp-
resisting paper for preventing damage by water, air or insects.
keg i. a cask of medium size
hogshead j. may be of paper, linen, canvas or rubber
can or tin k. a cylindrical metal or wooden container for carrying liquids, chemicals or
paint
bales l. a very large glass container protected in metal or basket with soft packing
between the glass and basket. It is used for chemicals.
bundle m. large cask (capacity 60 gallons)
carboy n. a wooden container used essentially for packing liquids, especially
dangerous ones
Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences:
1. The method of packing depends on __________________ .

2. Packing is designed for __________________ .
3. Bales are suitab1e for conveying __________________ .
4. Bags are most suitab1e for __________________ .
5. Bags are subject to damage by __________________ .
6. Cartons are made of __________________ .
7. Crates are a form of packing used for __________________ .
8. Crates are made of __________________ .
9. Boxes are strengthened by __________________ .
10. The main prob1ems invo1ved in the use of drums are __________________ .
11. The standardized container sizes are __________________ .
12. Heavy and bulky cargoes are usual1y carried __________________ .
false sentences.
1. Livestock means passengers.
2. The Chief Officer is responsible for the stowage of cargo.
3. The Master and the Chief Officer are responsible for the safety of the ship and the
cargo
4. A ship with a centre of gravity too low will be stiff and consequently apt to strain
(склонен к деформации) in rough weather.
5. Cargo for later ports is loaded first.
6. The ship tends to roll when the centre of gravity is too low.
7. If the ship is stiff, she will be subject to strain in heavy weather.
8. General cargo and bulk cargoes are handled by mechanical means such as derricks
or cranes.
9. The sequence of ports of discharge is not a factor which defines the stowage of
cargo.
10. Carboy is used for chemicals.
11. All cargo can be put into the containers.
12. Containerization reduces handling.
Exercise 5. Below you can find some marks that are used on different cargo packages.
Give examples of cargo on which you can see these marks.
Keep dry ………………………………….. Perishable ………………………………..

Protect from heat …………………………. Handle with care …………………………
Fragile…………………………………….. Protect from freezing ……………………
Use no hooks …………………………….. Inflammable ………………………………
Do not drop ………………………………. Acid - with care …………………………..
Do not put on top; not overstowed……….. Open this end ……………………………..
Bottom……………………………………. Do not stow on deck ………………………
Do not turn over………………………….. Do not stow in a damp place………………
Keep upright ……………………………… Weight-gross, net, tare ……………………
Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss different types of cargoes. You may fill in the given table
and use it during our discussion.
Type of Cargo Type of Package Example of Cargo
dry bulk cargo no package cement

break bulk cargo bags coffee beans
barrels beer, sauce, water

1. What are the main types of cargo (according to the text)?
2. What other types of cargo do you know? (Hint: passengers, heavy lifts, refrigerated
cargoes, livestock) What do you know about them?
3. Why does non-containerized cargo present most stowage problems?
4. What do we call bulk cargo?
5. How may the weight of the bulk cargo be defined?
6. How are oil products carried?
7. What refrigerated cargo do you know?
8. What is a cask? What other special packages do you know?
9. Who is responsible for counting the loaded cargo?
10. Who makes a cargo plan? What is a cargo plan?
11. What cargo is stowed first?
12. What is the difference between bulk and break bulk cargoes?
13. Why must the cargo be securely stowed in the holds?
14. What types of loading do you know?
15. What cargoes do we call dangerous cargoes?
Unit 9. Cargo Compatibility

Glossary:
Shelf life means the length of time which an item remains usable, fir for consumption, or
saleable.
A cargo claim or freight claim is a legal demand by a shipper or consignee against a carrier
in respect of damage to a shipment, or loss thereof.
Clean receipts are given in receiving cargo without clausing or notations indicating loss or
damage, i.e. they mean that the goods have been received in apparent good order and
condition.
Overstowing is a situation when the cargo is stowed on top of another cargo.
Deratization is a set of measures to destroy rats, mice and other rodents.
Pre-reading Tasks

susceptible склонный
be subject to подвергаться (воздействию)
liable to незащищенный, подверженный
marsh gas метан
calorific value энергетическая ценность (уголь – показатель калорийности)
oats овес
maize кукуруза (corn в Америке и в Австралии)
cargo claim претензия по грузу
china clay фарфоровая глина
silver sand тонкозернистый песок
jaggery пальмовый сахар
charcoal древесный уголь
overstowing закладка свободной поверхности сыпучего груза
sifting просеивание
vigilance бдительность
unsound поврежденный (об упаковке)
mischief вред (повреждение грызунами)
vermin сельскохозяйственные вредители (паразиты)
ravage уничтожение
fumigate дезинфицировать
lice вши
white ant термит
larvae личинка
tarpaulin брезентовое укрытие
incompatible несовместимый
whitewash белить
indispensable необходимый, незаменимый

1. What are the most often occurred problems of cargo storing?
2. What is pilferage?
3. What is the difference between pilferage and broaching of cargo? If any
glossary.
Cargo Damage
Damage by temperature. Some commodities may be affected by temperature

fluctuations (which may cause condensation, or accelerate deterioration) or extremes of
temperature which may shorten the "shelf life" of the commodity, or even change its
chemical composition.
Some goods are so susceptible to temperature change or the degree of temperature at
which they may be carried, that controlled temperature may be a requirement. Some
commodities are liable to spontaneous heating, which would include:
1. Coal with accompanying escape of marsh gas increases the risk or explosion, also loss of
calorific value.
2. Rice, oats, maize, oil seeds and other grain especially if shipped in an unripe condition,
give off a great deal of moisture, causing sweat damage to the grain as well as to other
goods in the vicinity.
3. Wool, pepper, cocoa if wet or damp, very liable to spontaneous combustion, sweat
damage and deterioration.
Cargoes which are subject to damage due to heating should be stowed away from
local sources of heat, i.e. away from engine and boiler room bulkheads and casings, and
apart from wet goods to avoid increasing the evaporation of the liquid contents of the latter.
If the cargo is in containers, stowage on board and ashore should be protected from direct
sunlight.
Cargo Mixtures and Compatibility. Cargo claims of this class are mostly in respect
of bulk grain and seed cargoes, but heavy claims may be paid for other mixtures such as
china clay and silver sand, oil with ore, charcoal with sugar, plastic granules with rice, etc.
Such mixtures may also occur in spite of packaging, e.g. plastic granules infiltrating bags of
rice.
To avoid damage and loss of this kind, careful regard should be given to:
1. Overstowing: goods should be selected for stowing on or over others with a view to
eliminating or minimising the risk of such mixtures, avoiding where possible, such stowage
as bagged seeds over jaggery, powdery goods over sugar or seeds, etc.
2. Separations: when different lots of bulk grain, etc., or bagged goods are carried, the
contents of which are liable to mix as a result of torn packages or of sifting.
Rust Damage. Due mainly to moisture, rain, fresh or salt water, and sweat (and the
presence of oxygen) rust is a corrosion. The moisture causing the rust may be introduced
by: leakage, other cargo, packaging, green timber (dunnage), rain (when ashore, or when
the hatches are open), or even the ventilation itself. Processed steel may suffer irreparable
damage if rust is permitted to gain a hold. Canned goods spotted with rust, or worse, may
lose much of their value to the consumer. Goods liable to damage by rust should not be
stowed in the same compartment or container with cargo, packaging or dunnage which is
liable to give off moisture
Pilferage or Broaching Cargo. In order to protect the ship from blame and
responsibility for pilferage occurring on shore the greatest vigilance by the Ship's Officers
is necessary. Incoming cargo should be carefully examined which is best done on the dock
or wharf rather than on board and every unsound or suspicious package rejected until its
contents have been ascertained. When discharging, clean receipts for all packages
delivered should be demanded except, of course, for those actually found to be short of
contents. To guard against pilferage and broaching on board ship, the Ship's Officers should
organise a close watch on the holds and other cargo liable to be broached.
Rats and Mice. A rat consumes approximately its own weight in food per week, but
the mischief, unfortunately does not end there. Deratization is one of the most widely used
methods in such a case, but without some precautions in mooring and other close watches
the ship can be very soon rat infected again.
Exercise 1. Explain in English the underlined words and phrases (meaning or function of
this activity):
1. Protection from the sun and weather can be obtained by the use of tarpaulins.
2. Improper dunnage will result in damage of cargo.
3. Inappropriate preparation of a hold for cotton cargo may result in fire risk.
4. Wet sugar in contact with ironwork will result in rust damage.
5. Inefficient number of gangs employed will result in delay of loading.
6. Cotton is liable to produce heat and is also subject to spontaneous combustion.
7. Packages of light and fragile cargoes should be stowed on the heavy ones.
8. Before loading salt all iron parts in the holds must be whitewashed.
9. Holds should be supplied with thermometers in each compartment to measure the
degree of cargo heating, because coal has the property of self-ignition.
10. If the weather is unfavorable (rain, snow, etc.) loading as well as discharging
must be stopped, otherwise the bulk cargo will be spoiled.
Exercise 2. Say it in English.
1. Ответственность за перевозку груза несет судно.

2. Брезенты защищают груз от солнца, дождя и снега.
3. Необходимо уложить деревянную подстилку на палубу для того, чтобы
обеспечить сток воды.
4. Тяжеловесы очень часто укладывают на палубу.
5. Хлопок подвержен самопроизвольному возгоранию.
6. Сахар не должен быть в контакте с железом.
7. Сырость от сахара может повредить другие грузы.
8. Некоторые грузы перевозятся на палубе.
9. Палубный груз грузится на риск грузоотправителя, если это не оговорено в
чартере иначе.
10. Капитан не несет ответственности за повреждение контейнера.
11. Грузоотправитель отвечает за маркировку, число мест, вес и содержимое
контейнера.
12. Контейнеры должны иметь пломбы.
13. Грузоотправитель покрывает издержки (covers the expense) за небрежную
упаковку, укладку контейнера.
14. Кто платит за поломку контейнера?
15. Есть специальные контейнеры с охлаждающими или нагревательными
устройствами (refrigeration or heating units).
16. Перевозчик не несет ответственности за работу охлаждающих или
нагревательных устройств контейнера.
17. Грузоотправитель несет ответственность за утрату контейнера.
18. Товары, уложенные в контейнер, могут перевозиться на палубе.
19. Погрузка и выгрузка контейнеров на платформы и с платформы уменьшает
затрату времени на портовые работы.
20. Все погрузочно-разгрузочные работы с контейнерами производятся при
помощи портовых кранов.
Exercise 3. Fill in the appropriate word or phrase:
PART A.
be received safeguards causing dunnage liable to
Certain commodities are_______ introduce vermin in the ship, the presence or

ravages of which may prove costly.
Bales of rags, unless thoroughly fumigated, often harbour lice and other insects
which, in turn are carriers of certain diseases. This class of cargo should not _____ on
board unless accompanied by a reliable sanitary certificate, which in most cases requires to
be endorsed by the consul of the country of destination.
Certain tropical woods more especially the kind used for _____ are apt to harbour the
white ant, a most destructive insect capable of _____serious damage to certain kinds of
goods, wood fittings, etc.
Timber dunnage from temperature regions may harbour eggs or larvae, so that some
countries (particularly Australasia), have developed strict _______ and regulations to
prevent the import of these insects.
Part B.
Lowering mischief handling be preferred liable to be used
slinging dragging be responsible packaging
_______ heavy slings or drafts of cargo too fast on to cargo already in stowage may
______ for damage, which often goes undetected until discharge. Similarly, forcefully
______ cargo out that is wedged by other cargo or even overstowed may be another source
of damage at the time of discharge.
The use of cargo hooks may be indispensable in the _______of a large variety of
break bulk commodities, but with bagged cargo, fine baled goods, hides, furs, roils of paper
and matting, light packages, liquid containers, crates and the like, packages whose contents
are exposed or unprotected, the use of cargo hooks may be productive of much _____ and
claims; and should be strictly prohibited.
While special lifting and handling gear may ______ for certain types of cargo, the
improper use of such equipment may damage the cargo or its _____. Net slings are most
useful with many kinds of small packages but if used with bagged stuff, light cases, etc., a
great deal of damage may result. Similarly chain slings are indispensable for certain types
of packages and useful for most classes of iron goods but the use of such with light cases,
sheet iron, coils of copper, piping, sawn logs of valuable timber and other goods _____
buckling, fraying or marking by chain may be productive odd damage or claims.
Canvas or man-made fibre slings should be used for _____ bagged flour, coffee and
light cargo, while the use of trays for certain classes of goods is much to ______ to slinging
by net or rope.
false sentences.
1. Proper means of securing the cargo are not necessary.

2. Tarpaulins are never used to protect cargoes.
3. Wool isn’t liable to spontaneous combustion.
4. The ship is responsible for loss and damage of cargo.
5. General cargoes comprise bagged, baled, barreled, boxed goods.
6. All the cargoes can be incompatible with each other in a container.
7. The weight of the bulk cargo may be defined by means of a ship’s deadweight
scale.
Exercise 5. Make the list of possible reasons of cargo damage.
Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss what should be done in case of cargo damage.

1. How does temperature affect certain cargoes? In particular coal, rice, wool
2. How should cargoes susceptible to temperature change be stowed?
3. What mixtures of cargo cause the majority of claims?
4. How can damages and losses from cargo mixtures be avoided?
5. How does rust damage arise?
6. What is the basic requirement for avoiding and preventing rust damage?
7. How is pilferage or broaching of cargo prevented?
8. What precautions should the cargo officer undertake?
9. Why are rats a great danger to the goods carried by sea?
10. What kind of goods does vermin affect?
11. What are some of the major sources of mechanical damage to cargo?
12. How does the lifting gear and improper use of equipment affect the cargo?

Textbook Cargo Operations

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Textbook Cargo Operations

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Unit 1.

Merchandise is the commodities or goods that are bought or sold in business.

Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

Exercise 2. Match the given title with the certain passage:

Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss the topic of this unit.

Exercise 7. Self-assessment questions:

Unit 2. Types of Cargo Vessels.

Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

Task 2. Show your competence on the following points:

Exercise 2. Tick the correct box:

Exercise 3. Supply the missing phrase/sentence part

Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss the issues of this unit:

Exercise 7. Self-assessment questions:

Unit 3. Requirements to Cargo Ships.

Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

Task 2. Show your competence on the following points:

Exercise 2. Find some synonyms among the following words:

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the following words:

• door-to-door • vehicles • raised forecastle • over-ripening

1. Road haulage ____________ include trucks, lorries, vans, etc.

measure, measurement; package, packaged, packing, packaging

Exercise 7. Self-assessment questions:

Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

Task 2. Show your competence on the following points:

Exercise 2. Match the term with its meaning.

Exercise 3. Supply the missing phrase/sentence part

1. Safety arrangements 8. on container stacks

The securing or ______ of containers on ship's decks is a difficult operation in

Exercise 5. Say the following sentences in English.

1. 20-ти футовые контейнеры образуют секции, которые нумеруются

Unit 5. Cargo Operations. Part 2

‘Under/in a sound condition’ means that something is not broken or damaged.

Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

unsound плохой (о качестве), с дефектами

Task 2. Show your competence on the following points:

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below:

1. The bill of lading is signed by the master only after _____

Exercise 3. Supply the words:

The ship's responsibility regarding cargo commences when it is delivered ____

PART B. receive, receiver, receiving, receipt; endorse, endorsement

Exercise 5. Make a plan of cargo receiving procedure.

Exercise 7. Self-assessment questions:

Unit 6. Cargo Operations. Part 3

Task 1. Study the following words and word combinations:

anticipate ожидать, предвидеть

Task 2. Show your competence on the following points:

prolongation, sound package, cooper package, custody, faulty stowage, displace,

Exercise 2. Match the given title with the certain passage:

Letters of protest a. If the amount of cargo discharged is less than that

1. A protest is noted within 24 hours of arrival.

Exercise 5. Say it in English

1. Штивка – это перемещение груза в грузовых помещениях судна для его

Exercise 6. Be ready to discuss cargo delivering procedure.

Exercise 7. Self-assessment questions:

The Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are pre-defined commercial

To define the trade contract responsibilities and liabilities, shipping, to agree on a

Group F – Main Carriage Unpaid (by the seller)

Group C – Main Carriage Paid (by the seller)

1. The Incoterms are divided into 3 groups.

Exercise 4. Translation Practice.

1. Первая буква в составе Инкотермс указывает на момент и место перехода

Exercise 5. Self-assessment questions:

1. What does the term “Incoterms” imply?