Cargo Handling and Stowage

CONTAINERIZATION
 The concept of containerization was not a new one
when Malcolm P. Lean initiated the container revolution
in April 1956 the Ideal X.
 Containerization (or containerization) is a system of
intermodal freight transport using standard intermodal
containers that are standardized by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). These can be
loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad
cars, planes, and trucks.
Containerization, method of transporting freight by
placing it in large containers. Containerization is an
important cargo-moving technique developed in the 20th
century. Road-and-rail containers, sealed boxes of
standard sizes, were used early in the century; but it was
not until the 1960s that containerization became a major
element in ocean shipping, made possible by new ships
specifically designed for container carrying.
History of intermodal transportation and
containerization

The system of transportation, developed after

World War II, dramatically reduced transport
costs, supported the post-war boom in
international trade, and was a major element
in globalization.
BEFORE AFTER
 Intermodal Transportation

Intermodal transportation reflects the

combination of at least two modes of
transport in a single transport chain
without change of container for the
goods, with most of the route
traveled by rail, inland waterway or
ocean-going vessel and with the
shortest possible initial and final
journeys by road.
INTERMODAL OF CONTAINER
TRANSPORTATION
 Advantages of Intermodal
Transportation
• Regular transportation and fixed price
advantage,
• Being less affected by weather conditions
with respect to the other transportation
systems,
• Lower risk of accident with respect to land
transportation,
• Ecologic transportation not resulting in
environmental pollution,
• Maximum loading optimization due to elevated ceilings of
swap bodies,
• A specific route and a specific program with a block train
dedicated for this job,
• Control and tracking arising from the fact that all wagons
are collected at the same location.
 Type of Container For Intermodal
Transportation
• Containers (or ISO
containers) are the • Containers are 8-foot
primary type of wide by 8-foot high. The
equipment used in most common lengths are
intermodal transport, 20 feet, 40 feet and 53
particularly when one of feet although other
the modes of custom lengths exist.
transportation is by ship.
• In countries where the
railway track gauge is• Containers called
sufficient, truck trailers tanktainers (tank inside
are used. Variations standard container
exist including open- frame) carry liquids.
topped versions covered Refrigerated containers
by a fabric curtain are are used for perishables.
used to transport larger
loads.
 FLATRACKS CONTAINER
Boilers, generators, machinery and transport
vehicles
 VENTILATED CONTAINER
Fruits, vegetables, green coffe(bagged) and
speices(bagged)
 HALF-HEIGHT CONTAINER
Pipes, rolls, beams, drums and ores
 TANK CONTAINER
Chemicals, potable liquids, liquids foods,
gas and hellium
OPEN OR CANVAS-TOP CONTAINER
Machinery, lumber and pumps
 HIGH CUBE CONTAINER
Household good, refrigerators, washers,
furniture, carpets, tobacco and cargoes with
high stowage factors.
 BULK CONTAINER
Grain, cereals, flour, malts, sugar, fertilizers
and coal.
REEFER (THERMAL) CONTAINER
Fruits, vegetables. Etc.
LIVESTOCK, PRODUCE, INSULATED, TILT, SIDE DOOR
AND AUTOMOBILE CONTAINER
 Prior to Transportation Container Handling

Standardized handling equipment is designed for efficiently

transferring containers between rail, truck and sea-going
vessels and includes:
• Transtainers - transferring containers from sea-going vessels
onto either trucks or rail wagons; a transtainer is mounted on
rails with a large boom spanning the distance between the
ship's cargo hold and the intermodal wagon moving parallel to
the ship's side
• Gantry Cranes - straddle rail and road vehicles allowing for
quick transfer of containers; a spreader beam moves in
several directions allowing accurate positioning of the cargo
 Reach Stackers - fitted with lifting arms, spreader
beams lift units to swap or stack containers on top of
each other
 Sidelifters - over-the-road trailers with cranes fitted at
each end to hoist and transport containers in small
yards or over longer distances.
 Prior to Transportation
Container Handling
PORT OPERATIONS WHEELED VERSUS
GROUNDED
 ADVANTAGE

 The container, being standart, can easily be

interchanged among the various transport mode,
allowing intermodalism,
 A decrease in transit time has a tendency to decrase
inventory costs because a shorterd lead time is required
at reorder points,
 A closed and sealed container provides protection,
 The handling of goods themselves is dramatically
reduced.
 The container can serve as protection against the
elements, thereby reducing the need for increased
packaging.
 DISADVANTAGE

 The container must be structurally sound, clean and

seaworthy. If it is not, the possibility of cargo damage
increases,
 The container must be correctly loaded. If it is not, the
cargo, the container and the handling equipment may
be damaged.
 Certain types of cargo may not be transportable by
container simply because of the restrictive size or
carrying capacity of the container.
Container ships and their
features
 Container ships (sometimes spelled containerships) are
cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size
intermodal containers, in a technique called
containerization. They are a common means of
commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry
most seagoing non-bulk cargo.

 Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot

equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-
foot and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with
the latter predominant.
 Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container
ships, and the largest modern container ships can carry over 23,000 TEU
(e.g., MSC Gülsün). Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk
carriers as the largest commercial seaborne vessels.
 Container ships are distinguished into 7 major size
categories: small feeder, feeder, feedermax, Panamax,
Post-Panamax, New Panamax and ultra-large. As of
December 2012, there were 161 container ships in the
VLCS class (Very Large Container Ships, more than
10,000 TEU), and 51 ports in the world can
accommodate them (Wikipedia, 2020).
1- Ultra Large Container Vessel (ULCV)-14500-…… TUE, With a length of 397
m, a width of 56 m, draft of 15.5 m, and a capacity of over 15,000 TEU.

2- New panamax- 10000-14500 TUE, With a beam of 43 m, ships of the COSCO

Guangzhou class are much too big to fit through the Panama Canal's old locks,
but could easily fit through the new expansion.
3- Post panamax – 5101-10000 TUE,
The 9,500 TEU MV COSCO Guangzhou pierside in
Hamburg

4- Panamax- 3,001 – 5,100 TUE,

The 4,224 TEU MV Providence Bay passing
through the Panama Canal
 Feedermax- 2,001 – 3,000 TUE, Container ships under 3,000 TEU are
typically called feeders, and are most likely to have cargo cranes.
 Feeder- 1,001 – 2,000 TUE,
 Small feeder- 1,000-….. TUE, The 384 TEU MV TransAtlantic at anchor.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_container_ships
 The size of a Panamax vessel is limited by the original Panama canal's lock
chambers, which can accommodate ships with a beam of up to 32.31 m, a
length overall of up to 294.13 m, and a draft of up to 12.04 m. The Post-
Panamax category has historically been used to describe ships with a
moulded breadth over 32.31 m, however the Panama Canal expansion
project has caused some changes in terminology.
 The New Panamax category is based on the maximum
vessel-size that is able to transit a new third set of
locks, which opened in June 2016. The third set of
locks were built to accommodate a container ship with
a length overall of 366 metres (1,201 ft), a maximum
width of 49 metres (161 ft), and tropical fresh-water
draft of 15.2 metres (50 ft). Such a vessel, called New
Panamax class, is wide enough to carry 19 rows of
containers, can have a total capacity of approximately
12,000 TEU and is comparable in size to a capesize bulk
carrier or a Suezmax tanker (Wikipedia, 2020)
 Feeder vessels or feeder ships are medium-size freight
ships. In general, a feeder designates a seagoing vessel
with an average capacity of carrying 300 twenty-foot
equivalent units (TEU) to 1000 TEU.
 Feeders collect shipping containers from different ports
and transport them to central container terminals
where they are loaded to bigger vessels or further
transport by truck or rail into the hub port's hinterland.
In that way the smaller vessels feed the big liners,
which carry thousands of containers.
 Over the years, feeder lines have been established by organizations
transporting containers over a predefined route on a regular basis. Feeder
ships are often run by companies that also specialize in short sea shipping.
 As of 2010, container ships made up 13.3% of the world's
fleet in terms of deadweight tonnage. The world's total
of container ship deadweight tonnage has increased
from 11 million DWT in 1980 to 169.0 million DWT in
2010. The combined deadweight tonnage of container
ships and general cargo ships, which also often carry
containers, represents 21.8% of the world's fleet
 As of 2009, the average age of container ships
worldwide was 10.6 years, making them the youngest
general vessel type, followed by bulk carriers at 16.6
years, oil tankers at 17 years, general cargo ships at
24.6 years, and others at 25.3 years.

 Most of the world's carrying capacity in fully cellular

container ships is in the liner service, where ships trade
on scheduled routes. As of January 2010, the top 20
liner companies controlled 67.5% of the world's fully
cellular container capacity, with 2,673 vessels of an
average capacity of 3,774 TEU. The remaining 6,862
fully cellular ships have an average capacity of 709 TEU
each.
 Largest containership operators, 2019
 Maersk Line – Denmark
 MSC – Switzerland / Italy
 COSCO – China
 CMA CGM Group – France
 Hapag-Lloyd Group – Germany
 Evergreen Line – Taiwan
 OOCL – Hong Kong
 Yang Ming – Taiwan
 MOL – Japan
 NYK Line – Japan
 Cargo holds

 Container-ship design is the use of cell

guides. Cell guides are strong vertical
structures constructed of metal installed into
a ship's cargo holds. These structures guide
containers into well-defined rows during the
loading process and provide some support for
containers against the ship's rolling at sea.
 A system of three dimensions is used in cargo plans to describe the
position of a container aboard the ship. The first coordinate is the BAY,
which starts at the front of the ship and increases aft.
 The second coordinate is the ROW. Rows on the
starboard side are given odd numbers and those on the
port side are given even numbers. The rows nearest the
centerline are given low numbers, and the numbers
increase for slots further from the centerline. The third
coordinate is "TIER", with the first tier at the bottom of
the cargo holds, the second tier on top of that, and so
forth (Wikipedia, 2020).
 Lashing systems

 Twist-locks and lashing rods are widely used to secure

containers aboard ships.
 Numerous systems are used to secure containers
aboard ships, depending on factors such as the type
of ship, the type of container, and the location of the
container. Stowage inside the holds of fully cellular
(FC) ships is simplest, typically using simple metal
forms called container guides, locating cones, and
anti-rack spacers to lock the containers together.
 Three types of systems are currently in wide use:
lashing systems, locking systems, and buttress systems.
Lashing systems secure containers to the ship using
devices made from wire rope, rigid rods, or chains and
devices to tension the lashings, such as turnbuckles. The
effectiveness of lashings is increased by securing
containers to each other, either by simple metal forms
(such as stacking cones) or more complicated devices
such as twist-lock stackers.
 A typical twist-lock is inserted into the casting hole of one container and
rotated to hold it in place, then another container is lowered on top of it.
The two containers are locked together by twisting the device's handle. A
typical twist-lock is constructed of forged steel and ductile iron and has a
shear strength of 48 tonnes.
 Freight market
 The act of hiring a ship to carry cargo is called
chartering. Outside special bulk cargo markets, ships
are hired by three types of charter agreements: the
voyage charter, the time charter, and the bareboat
charter. In a voyage charter, the charterer rents the
vessel from the loading port to the discharge port. In a
time charter, the vessel is hired for a set period of time,
to perform voyages as the charterer directs. In a
bareboat charter, the charterer acts as the ship's
operator and manager, taking on responsibilities such as
providing the crew and maintaining the vessel. The
completed chartering contract is known as a charter
party.
 It has been estimated that container ships lose between
2,000 and 10,000 containers at sea each year, costing
$370 million. A more recent survey for the six years
2008 through 2013 estimates average losses of
individual containers overboard at 546 per year, and
average total losses including catastrophic events such
as vessel sinkings or groundings at 1,679 per year Most
go overboard on the open sea during storms but there
are some examples of whole ships being lost with their
cargo (Wikipedia, 2020).
 OPERATION

 The overriding consideration in performing cargo

operations on conterships is keeping port time to a
minimum.
 The actual loading and unloading operationis quite
simple, but planning where each container is to be
located aboard ship can become quite complex.
Cargo Stow Plan
All containers loaded on board have a unique position number.
The Position number has three parts,

Bay Number: Numbers the containers from fore to aft. Odd numbers
are used for 20’ and even numbers are used for 40’.

Row Number: Numbers the containers from center to port and

starboard side of the ship. Odd numbers are used for starboard side
and even numbers are used for port side. 00 is used for center when
needed.

Tier Number: Numbers the container from hold bottom to highest level.
Numbering starts from 02 in holds and 82 on deck.
Container Information

Location number is explained above. It is easy to locate a container with this

numbering system-

Serial number is a unique number includes owner’s prefix and serial. This
number is printed on stowage plan to make officer know if the containers
positions are correct or not. Gross weight is important for stability so that it
is available for every container on the stowage plan.

Ports of loading and discharging: This information is also printed on

stowage plan to make officer know how many containers are to be
discharged or has loaded at a port.
 Symbols used on stowage plan: Because of large
quantities of containers are loaded on a container
vessel it is useful to use symbols instead of full
words. For example: HC means High Cube, FR
means Flat Rack, RF means Reefer, OH means
Over Height, WB means Wide Body and etc.
 Dangerous Cargoes are important to be loaded at
correct and desired positions. It is also important to
know their locations at emergency situations to
prevent fire or other evidences.
 Video_Container Loading Operation
 Container stowage plans
 Video1Softwire