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Merchants ships can be divided into two large groups depending on the
kind of cargo they carry. They are Cargo Ships and Passenger Ships.
However, there are other types of ships, which can be classified as
Combination Carrier and Special or Service Ship. Cargos Ships can be
divided either into Dry Cargo Ships or Liquid Cargo Ships. In the following
chapter you will find a complete description of the types of Cargo Ships and
their specific characteristics.
Container ships
Container Ships are cargo ships that carry all of their Load in Truck-Side
Containers, using a technique called Containerization. They form a common
means of commercial intermodal freight transport.
The containers are preloaded with goods for export. In this way the goods
can be locked and sealed before they are loaded onto the ship. With off shore
based independent moving gantry cranes the loading and unloading work is
extremely fast.
All the cargo holds contain guides for the containers, so that it is easy to
slide them in place. The containers are made so that the corners can be locked
in place very easily. Because the containers are lowered in place precisely and
the corners are matched for interlocking, it is important to keep the ship at even
keel during the cargo work. For this purpose, container ships have remotely
controlled ballast pumps and valves that can be controlled by deck officers.
Container ships do not carry their own loading gear, so loading and
unloading can only be done at ports or special berths where giant traveling
cranes are available. However, smaller container ships with capacities up to
2900 T.E.U are often equipped with their own cranes.
These are the most modern type of dry cargo carriers constructed to
transport containers of standard dimensions. Container ships are designed so
that no space is wasted. their capacity is measured in T.E.U ( Twenty-foot
Equivalent Unit), the number of Standard 20 foot containers measuring 20 x 8.5
x 8.5 feet ( 6 x 2.6 x 2.6 meters) a vessel can carry.
In line with the fast cargo handling work, container ships are usually built
for speed, so that cargo can arrive at their destinations fast.
DRY CARGO SHIPS:
Bulk carriers are the great work horses of the shipping world, carrying raw
dry cargoes in huge holds, such as coal, iron ore, grain, sulphur, scrap metal.
Currently there is a huge demand for these vessels, driven by the extraordinary
expansion of the Chinese economy. Imports of iron ore into China have
boosted the earnings of bulk carriers owners as freight rates have gone through
the roof into uncharted territory.
Since the first specialized bulk carrier was constructed in 1852, the world
trade has increased the demand for these ships causing them to grow in size
and sophistication.
Unlike Containers ships, these vessels can be loaded without having to trim
their cargo by means of sloping sides, therefore this helps unload the cargo
easily by grabs or other systems.
Loading and unloading operations are difficult and dangerous, and can take
up to 120 hours on larger ships.
The Engineering staff also deals with the ship's facilities on board, notably
the sewage, lighting, air conditioning and water system. There is also a
Catering or Steward's Department which is in charged of preparing and
serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers'quarters and the Steward
department areas; and receiving, issuing and inventorying store supplies.
Tanker Ships: They are cargo ships constructed or designed for the carriage in
bulk of liquid cargoes of an inflammable nature. The cargo space is subdivided
into separate tanks by means of bulkheads, and every tank is connected to
the pumping system for loading and unloading .
This type of ships transport oil in huge tanks. Tankers are special vessels used
to carry oil from fields to refineries and different refined products from the
refineries to distribution centers. Due to this double service, there are two types
of oil carriers; the Crude Carrier and the Product Carrier.
Depending on their tonnage, the crude carriers can be divided into two
types: the V.L.C.C (Very Large Crude Carrier) which has about 250.000 tons
and the U.L.C.C (Ultra Large Crude Carrier), which has over 400.000 tons.
According to the International Maritime Organization (I.M.O) regulations
tankers must be constructed with double bottom to prevent oil spillage in case
of collision and the hull get broken.
Many countries have implemented severe restrictions regarding the transport
of oil so they only allow double hull tankers navigate their waters or maritime
spaces. These regulations are imposed to prevent maritime pollution by oil
spillage.
GAS TANKERS: They are vessels that carry gas under high pressure in liquid
form. these ships can be classified as:
L.P.G (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): They are special tankers designed to carry
natural gas, mainly Butane and Propane liquefied at temperatures of about - 42
degrees Celcius. Different from the oil tankers, these vessels have all their
cargo handling pipes on deck, the pipes entering each tank from the top.
L.N.G ( Liquefied Natural Gas): These tankers are also known as Methane
tankers. The tanks in these vessels have to be insulated to keep the
temperature of the liquefied gas away from the hull; thereby separate tanks,
fitted into the hull are needed. The loading system and pumps are fitted with
alarms and safety devices.
Chemical Tankers: They are a type of ship designed to transport chemicals in
bulk. Ocean-going chemical tankers generally range from 5000 metric tons of
deadweight (D.W.T) to 40.000 DWT in size, which is considerably smaller than
the average size of other tanker types due to the specialised nature of their
cargoes and size restrictions of the port terminals where they call to load and
discharge.
Chemical Tankers normally have a series of separate cargos tanks which are
either coated with specialised coating such as Phenolic, Epoxy or Zinc paint, or
made from stainless steel. The coating or cargo tank material determines what
types of cargo a particular tank can carry: Stainless steel tanks are required for
aggressive acid cargoes such as Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acid, while "easier''
cargoes- e.g Vegetable oil can be carried in Epoxy coated tanks.
Many modern Chemical tankers have double hull and have one tank for each
pump with separate piping, which means that each tank can load a separate
cargo without mixing.
Tank Cleaning after discharging is a very important procedure because tanks
which are not properly cleaned can affect the purity of the next cargo loaded.
Furthermore, before tankers are cleaned, it is important to ventilate the tanks
properly in order to free them of potentially explosive gases.
Depending on the chemical being carried, the chemical tankers are divided into
three basic types:
Type One: They are vessels used to transport the most hazardous chemicals.
These ships have Deep Well Pumps which are completely immersed in the
cargo, therefore requiring a pump for each cargo compartment.
RO-RO vessels have built in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently
"rolled on"and "rolled off" the vessel in ports while smaller ferries that operate
across rivers and other short distances still often have built-in ramps. The term
RO-RO is generally reserved for larger ocean-going vessels. The ramps and
doors may be Stern-Only, or bow and stern for quick loading.
The roll on - roll off vessel comes in a number of shapes and sizes; but
generally in two types, the passenger ro-ro and the cargo ro-ro.
Passenger ro-ros have become the most common ones wherever people
want to travel over water with their vehicles. It is probably the only type of
cargo vessel that most people have travelled on. Usually a rear door but
sometimes a bow door) allows for vehicles to be driven on and off, stored on
the car deck below the passenger accommodation areas.
The cargo ro-ros are designed for the carriage of commercial vehicles
where luxurious passenger accommodations are not a primary consideration.
The sea-going RO-RO car ferry with large external doors close to the
waterline and open vehicle decks with few internal bulkheads, has a negative
reputation for being a high risk design, thus an improperly secured loading door
can cause a ship to take on water and sink.
There are various types of RO-RO vessels which include: Ferries,
cruiseferries, cargo ships and barges.
COMBINED CARRIERS
They are designed to transport both liquid and dry bulk cargoes. If both are
carried simultaneously, they are segregated in separate holds and tanks.
Combined Carriers require special design and are expensive, they were
prevalent in the 1970's, but their numbers have dwindled since 1990's.
Combine Carriers can be divided into:
O/O Carriers (oil/ ore): They are tankers equipped to transport ore in the
center cargo compartments. These center compartments have large hatches
and are located over double tanks and free from structural members.
0.B.0 Carriers (Ore/ Bulk/ Oil): These ships are basically bulk carriers, which
have been structurally reinforced to transport oil and high density cargoes.
They need cleaning between voyages due to the fact that the same holds are
used for all cargoes. The main different between O/O Carrier and the O.B.O
Carrier is that the former uses only the center of each hold for dry cargo.
O.B.O Carriers are rarely seen nowadays.
SPECIAL SHIPS:
Dredger: They are vessels designed for underwater excavation, specifically for
deepening canals, harbours, docks and approach channels and for constructing
dams.
Tugs: They are strongly built vessels of small tonnage with very powerful
engines especially designed for towing or pushing large ships or lighters.
Lighters: They are flat, bottomed boats used to carry cargo to and from ships
in docks. these boats are unpowered and must be towed or pushed by tugs.
They are particularly used in areas where shallow waters prevent vessels from
berthing; they are also used for loading and unloading ships.
Barges: They are similar to lighters. Unlike the lighters, these boats have their
own power and in some cases they are fitted with crew accommodation.
Drill Ships: These ships are provided with a pipe which is lowered through a
center well of the ship to the sea floor. They are used for drilling and for doing
maintenance in oil wells. These ships have three legs driven by hydraulic
system; the legs are located at the portside, starboard side and at the stern of
the vessel.
Icebreakers: They are ships used to break ice and make a navigable line.
They have strengthened plating at the water line.
Passenger ships are basically those whose function is to carry passengers.
The traditional form of the passenger ship is the Ocean Liner, apart from
smaller crafts used for coastal voyagers and as ferries. However, nowadays,
the Ocean Liners gave way to the Cruise ships as the predominant form of
passenger ships.
The main difference between the Ocean liners and the Cruise ships lays on the
design priorities: Ocean Liners value the speed and traditional luxury while
Cruise Ships value amenities like swimming pools, theatres, ball rooms,
casinos, sport courts, etc. at the expense of speed. Besides, Ocean Liners
were designed to cross the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and the United
States while Cruise ships typically serve short routes with more stops along
coastlines or among various islands.
Cuestionario 15%
El siguiente cuestionario es sobre los diferentes tipos de buques mercantes.
Los tipos de preguntas son de selección multiple, pareo y completación. Usted
dispone de 25 minutos para responder el examen. Lea cuidadosamente cada
pregunta y responda con las respuestas más apropiadas, ya que usted cuenta
con un sólo intento para resolverlo. El sistema le mostrará un cronómetro que
le indicará el tiempo restante. Una vez que termine de responder envie el
exámen. (Guardar el exámen)
Portacontenedores
Los buques portacontenedores son los buques de carga que llevan todas las de
su carga en camiones-contenedores secundarios, utilizando una técnica llamada
de contenedores. Constituyen un medio común de transporte intermodal de
mercancías comerciales.
Los contenedores son cargados con mercancías para la exportación. De esta
manera, los bienes pueden ser cerrados y sellados antes de su embarque en un
buque. Con base independiente de la costa en movimiento las grúas pórtico de
carga y descarga de trabajo es extremadamente rápido.
Todas las bodegas de carga contiene guías para los contenedores, de modo
que es fácil que se deslicen en su lugar. Los envases están hechos para que las
esquinas se puede bloquear en su lugar con mucha facilidad. Debido a que los
contenedores se bajan en el lugar exacto y las esquinas se emparejan para
enclavamiento, es importante para mantener el buque en aguas iguales durante
los trabajos de carga. Con este fin, los buques portacontenedores han controlado
a distancia las bombas y las válvulas de lastre que pueden ser controlados por
agentes de la cubierta.
Los buques portacontenedores no llevar a su equipo de carga propia, por lo
que la carga y descarga sólo se puede hacer en los puertos o muelles especiales
donde gigantes grúas están disponibles. Sin embargo, los buques más pequeños
contenedores con una capacidad de hasta 2900 TEU son a menudo equipados
con sus propias grúas.
Estas son el tipo más moderno de los barcos de carga seca construida para
el transporte de contenedores de dimensiones estándar. Los buques
portacontenedores están diseñados para que no se desperdicia espacio. su
capacidad se mide en TEU (equivalente a veinte pies Unidad), el número de
contenedores de 20 pies estándar de 20 x 8,5 x 8,5 metros (6 x 2,6 x 2,6 metros)
de un buque puede transportar.
De acuerdo con el trabajo de carga rápida manipulación, los buques
portacontenedores son generalmente construido para la velocidad, por lo que la
carga puede llegar a su destino rápidamente.
Buques de transbordo rodado (ro-ro OFF) están diseñados para transportar a los
transbordadores de carga de ruedas, tales como automóviles, camiones,
camiones semi-remolque, remolques y vagones de ferrocarril. Esto está en
contraste con la LO-LO (LIFT ON-OFF LIFT) los buques que utilizan una grúa para
carga y descarga.
buques RO-RO han construido en las rampas que permiten la carga de manera
eficiente ", rodado en" y "salió" del buque en los puertos más pequeños, mientras
que los transbordadores que operan a través de ríos y otras distancias cortas
todavía a menudo se han incorporado en las rampas. El plazo RO-RO se reserva
generalmente para grandes buques oceánicos. Las rampas y las puertas pueden
ser de sólo Stern, o el arco y la popa para la carga rápida.
El roll on - roll off buque viene en varias formas y tamaños, pero generalmente
en dos tipos, el de transbordo de pasajeros de carga rodada y los de transbordo
rodado de carga.
de transbordo de pasajeros-ros se han convertido en los más comunes donde
la gente quiere desplazarse sobre el agua con sus vehículos. Es probablemente el
único tipo de buque de carga que la mayoría de personas han viajado en. Por lo
general, una puerta trasera, pero a veces una puerta de arco) permite a los
vehículos para ser utilizado dentro y fuera, almacenados en la cubierta para
vehículos por debajo de las zonas de pasajeros alojamiento.
La carga ro-ro son diseñados para el transporte de vehículos industriales en un
alojamiento de lujo de pasajeros no son una consideración primordial.
El ferry de alta mar RO-RO en coche con grandes puertas exteriores cerca de
la línea de flotación y cubiertas de intemperie de vehículos con pocos mamparos
interiores, tiene una reputación negativa por ser un diseño de alto riesgo, por lo
tanto una puerta de carga protegido inadecuadamente puede hacer que un buque
de asumir agua y hundirse.
Hay varios tipos de buques RO-RO, que incluyen: Ferries, cruiseferries, buques
de carga y barcazas.
TRANSPORTE COMBINADO
Están diseñados para el transporte tanto de cargas de graneles líquidos y secos.
Si ambos se llevan de forma simultánea, que están separados en distintas
bodegas y tanques. Los transportistas combinados requieren un diseño especial y
son caros, que prevalecían en la década de 1970, pero su número ha disminuido
desde 1990. Combine los transportistas se pueden dividir en:
S / O Transportistas (aceite mineral): Son los petroleros equipados para el
transporte de mineral en los compartimientos de centro de carga. Estos
compartimentos centro tienen las escotillas y se encuentran en los tanques de
doble y libre de elementos estructurales.
0.B.0 Los transportistas (mineral / Bulk / aceite): Estos barcos son básicamente los
graneleros, que se han reforzado estructuralmente para el transporte de petróleo y
cargas de alta densidad. Ellos necesitan limpiar entre los viajes por el hecho de
que lo mismo se utiliza para todas las cargas. Los diferentes principal entre O
Portadora / O y la Aerolínea OBO es que el primero utiliza sólo el centro de cada
bodega para carga seca. Los transportistas O.B.O rara vez se ven hoy en día.
BUQUES ESPECIALES:
Draga: Son buques diseñados para la excavación bajo el agua, específicamente
para la profundización de canales, puertos, muelles y canales de acceso y para la
construcción de represas.
Remolcadores: Son de construcción sólida buques de pequeño tonelaje con
motores muy potentes, especialmente diseñado para remolcar o empujar grandes
buques o encendedores.
Encendedores: Son planas, de fondo barcos usados para el transporte hacia y
desde los buques en los muelles. estos barcos están sin alimentación y debe ser
remolcado o empujado por los remolcadores. Son especialmente utilizados en las
zonas donde las aguas poco profundas impedir que los buques de atraque, sino
que también se utilizan para la carga y descarga de buques.
Barcazas: Son similares a los encendedores. A diferencia de los encendedores,
estos barcos tienen su propio poder y en algunos casos cuentan con alojamiento
de la tripulación.
Los buques de perforación: Estos barcos están provistos de un tubo que se baja a
través de un centro y de la nave al fondo del mar. Se utilizan para la perforación y
para realizar trabajos de mantenimiento en los pozos de petróleo. Estos barcos
tienen tres piernas impulsada por el sistema hidráulico, las piernas se colocarán
en el lado de babor a estribor, y en la popa del buque.
Rompehielos: Son los buques utilizados para romper el hielo y hacer una línea
navegable. Han fortalecido forro, en la línea de agua.