Temporal Order of Words in Sanskrit

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Temporal order of words in Sanskrit

Posted on June 16, 2012 by gshah
In the article Similarities between Sanskrit and Programming Languages, we translated the sentence मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः
द्विपदः पशुः। There we showed that this sentence conveys the existence of a single person who has 5 properties viz. he
is stupid, he must be avoided, he is located in front of the eyes, he has two legs and he is an animal. But we never discussed
about which among the 5 properties comes first. In other words, how do we decide which of the following translations is the
most accurate ?
1. A stupid person must be avoided. He is like a two-legged animal in-front of the eyes.
2. The one who is in front of eyes having two legs is animal, stupid and avoidable.
3. One having two legs in front of eyes is a stupid animal and should be avoided.
To answer this question and decide whether option 1 or 2 or 3 is the correct translation, we shall first understand the
classification of Sanskrit words according to derivability and usage. We give that classification below.
The Sanskrit Series
1. Features of Sanskrit that make it an extra-ordinary language
2. Mechanism of generating new words in Sanskrit
3. Similarities between Sanskrit and Programming Languages
4. Verbless sentences in Sanskrit
5. The building blocks of Sanskrit language
6. No punctuation in Sanskrit !!
7. The flexibility of Sanskrit
8. Efficiency of Sanskrit: Less words more meaning!
9. Temporal order of words in Sanskrit
There are 3 types of words in any Sanskrit sentence viz. योग, रूढ and योगरूढ.
योग words
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योग words are those that are derivable from more basic entities and can be used to represent any object. For
example, समविभक्ताङ्ग = one whose parts are symmetrically distributed. This word is a योग, because it is derivable from 3 more
basic entities viz. सम + विभक्त + अङ्ग and it can be applied to any object which has symmetrically distributed parts. In
Ramayana, this word is used to describe श्री राम because his body was symmetrical. But this word can also be used to describe
a sunflower, because a sunflower’s petals are spread out radially/symmetrically from its center.
Similarly, we have तुल्यप्रियाप्रिय = someone who behaves uniformly in favorable as well as unfavorable situations. This word
occurs in Gita and is used by Krishna to describe the qualities of an ideal human being. This is a योग word because it is
derivable from 3 more basic units viz. तुल्य + प्रिय + अप्रिय and can be used for any person with that quality.
Note that both समविभक्ताङ्ग and तुल्यप्रियाप्रिय can be splitted into other words and not dhAtus. A word derived this way by
compounding 2 or more words (and not dhAtus) is called a समास.
https://uttishthabharata.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/sanskrit-syntax/ 1/9
But words can also be derived directly from dhAtus. The general form of a word derived
directly from dhAtus is उपसर्ग + धातु + प्रत्यय। For example, a word that is derived directly
from the dhAtu भज् is विभक्त. It is derived as follows. वि (उपसर्ग) + भज् (धातु) + क्तवत् (प्रत्यय)
are combined. Then some algorithms are applied to this combination of उपसर्ग + धातु +
प्रत्यय to generate the word विभक्त. (These algorithms were designed by maharSi pANini
and can be found in aStAdhyAyI). Similarly, another word derived directly from dhAtu is
प्रिय. प्री (धातु) + यत् (प्रत्यय) are combined and then some algorithms are applied to the
combination to generate प्रिय. To summarize, योग words fall in 2 categories. (1) Those
derived from other words (समास) and (2) those derived from dhAtus (कृ दन्त). योग words
are infinite in number and we do not require a dictionary for them. They form the bulk of
Sanskrit literature.
Krishna explains to arjun that one who
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समासयोग words
समविभक्ताङ्ग = सम + विभक्त + अङ्ग
तुल्यप्रियाप्रिय = तुल्य + प्रिय + अप्रिय
परोत्सवनिजोत्सव = पर + उत्सव + निज + उत्सव = one who considers a happy occasion for others as a happy occasion for himself
सर्वतःपाणिपाद = सर्वतः + पाणि + पाद = one whose hands and legs emerge from everywhere
कृ दन्तयोग words (derived by applying Panini’s algorithms)

विभक्त = वि + भज् + क्तवत्
प्रिय = प्री + यत्
अतुल्य = न + तुल् + यत्
Note that संधि is NOT a mechanism of forming new words. More on संधि in a later article.
रूढ words
रूढ words are those that are not derivable and represent a fixed object. Examples are given below.
कर्पास = cotton (कपास in hindi)

निम्ब = neem tree (नीम in hindi)
स्याल
To find=
outwife’s brother
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how to control in hindi)
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These words are not derivable and can only be used to represent fixed objects. They are finite in number and we require a
dictionary for them.
योगरूढ words
योगरूढ words are those that are derivable but are used to represent only a few objects. For
example, संसार = something that keeps changing in all possible ways. Though there are many
objects to which this word applies, but in Sanskrit literature, this word has always been used
to denote the world.
Similarly, वृक्ष = something that is cut down. Though this word can apply to many objects, in
Sanskrit literature, this has always been used to represent either a tree or the trunk of a tree.
maharSi pANinI has described
algorithms that can be applied to
dhAtus and other basic units to
Again, if a योगरूढ word is derived from dhAtus, then it is called कृ दन्तयोगरूढ word and if it
generate complete Sanskrit. He has
is derived from other words then it is called समासयोगरूढ word. Below are some examples. written his aStadhyAyi as a sequence
of instructions that can be used to
form the algorithms. He was the first
कृ दन्तयोगरूढ words (derived by applying Panini’s algorithms) person to describe grammar in the
form of a computer-program. Only
सागर = स + गॄ + अ = one which can swallow anything => used to denote a sea or an ocean or that his program was never compiled
by a machine. But the program works
a big snake
and has no errors!
संसार = सम् + सृ + अ = something that keeps changing in all possible ways => used to denote
the world
समासयोगरूढ words
भास्कर = भाः + कर = something that creates light => used to denote the sun or gold
पङ्कज = पङ्क + ज = one which grows in wet mud => used exclusively for lotus
These words, though finite, are lakhs in number and there meaning can be guessed approximately without a dictionary, but a
dictionary is necessary to find out the exact meaning.
So how does this knowledge of योग, रूढ and योगरूढ words help in translating the sentence मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः | ?
To understand this, we need to grasp the concept of विशेष्य and विशेषण.
विशेष्य – विशेषण
In a sentence, विशेष्य is any word which denotes an object whose qualities are being described in the sentence. And the words
used to describe those qualities are called विशेषण.
For example, consider the sentence भारिणी शिला लुण्ठति | which means A heavy rock rolls down. (भारी शिला लुढ़कती है | in
hindi). Here, शिला is the word which denotes an object viz. rock, whose quality viz. heaviness is being described
by भारिणी| Hence, शिला is विशेष्य and भारिणी is विशेषण in this sentence. As a general rule of thumb, in any sentence, रूढ
and योगरूढ words are विशेष्य and योग words are usually विशेषण. Hence, the knowledge of योग, रूढ and योगरूढ words helps in
identifying the विशेष्य and विशेषण in a sentence. But, why is identifying विशेष्य and विशेषण important ?
The notion of विशेष्य and विशेषण is important because of two very basic rules of grammar. Below I give those rules.
Rule1: In any sentence, a विशेषण has the same विभक्ति, लिंग and वचन as the विशेष्य. So if विशेष्य belongs to first vibhakti, स्त्रीलिंग
and एकवचन then the विशेषण should also belong to first vibhakti, स्त्रीलिंग and एकवचन |
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Hence, पुल्लिंग) how
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the (विशेषण) भारिणी and (विशेष्य) शिला should have the same विभक्ति, लिंग and वचन |
Rule2: If a विशेषण comes immediately before विशेष्य then it means the विशेष्य already has the quality being described
by विशेषण, while if the विशेष्य comes immediately before विशेषण then it means that the sentence is informing the reader that
the quality described by the विशेषण is there in the विशेष्य.
Example of this rule is give below.

सुन्दरः बालः। means A cute boy (exists) while बालः सुन्दरः | means that The boy is cute.
भारिणी शिला | means A heavy rock (exists) while शिला भारिणी | means that The rock is heavy.
Summary of the rules
1. In a sentence, रूढ and योगरूढ words are विशेष्य and योग words are usually विशेषण.
2. In a sentence, a विशेषण has the same विभक्ति, लिंग and वचन as the विशेष्य.
3. If a विशेषण comes immediately before विशेष्य then it means the विशेष्य already has the quality being described by विशेषण,
while if the विशेष्य comes immediately before विशेषण then it means that the sentence is informing the reader that the
quality described by the विशेषण is there in the विशेष्य.
Finally, let’s translate मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः | in a step-by-step manner.
1) Identify the योग, रूढ and योगरूढ words.
2) मूर्ख is a रूढ word because it has no derivation and has a fixed meaning.
3) पशु is a योगरूढ word because it has a derivation, but is exclusively used to denote an animal. पशु = पश् + उ = one which is
tethered.
4) परिहर्तव्य, प्रत्यक्ष and द्विपद are योग words because they have a derivation and can be used to denote unknown new objects.
परिहर्तव्य = परि + हृ + तव्यत्
प्रत्यक्ष = प्रति + अक्ष
द्विपद = द्वि + पद
5) From the rule we stated above, मूर्ख and पशु are विशेष्य because they are रूढ and योगरूढ, while परिहर्तव्य, प्रत्यक्ष and द्विपद
are विशेषण because they are योग words.
6) Because मूर्ख and पशु are विशेष्य, the sentence is describing the qualities of मूर्ख and पशु.
7) Because परिहर्तव्य, प्रत्यक्ष and द्विपद are विशेषण, we know that they are being used to describe the qualities of मूर्ख and पशु.
8) It should be understood from the context and sequence of words in the sentence that परिहर्तव्य is denoting the quality of मूर्ख
while प्रत्यक्ष and द्विपद are denoting the qualities of पशु.
9) Hence the sentence can be broken down into two parts viz. मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः and प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः|
10) Each part contains one विशेष्य.
मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः = A stupid person must be avoided.

प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः = A two-legged animal in front of the eyes (exists).
Since मूर्ख and पशु have the same vibhakti, they denote the same object. Hence the sentence translates to A stupid person must
be avoided. He is like a two-legged animal in-front of the eyes. Hence, option 1 above is the correct translation.
In fact, a sentence typically contains one or more विशेष्य. Each such विशेष्य has one or more विशेषणs describing the qualities of
the respective विशेष्य. An easy way of translating a sentence is to split it into groups of विशेष्य and विशेषण, with each group
containing one विशेष्य. In the above example, the groups were मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः and प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः |
Note that to split the sentence into groups, we have relied on guessing the plausible meaning. This may not always be clear
though. So to eliminate any potential confusion, the sentence मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः। can also be written as
मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः। सः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः।or as
यः मूर्खः सः परिहर्तव्यः सः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः।
However, in चाणक्यनीति, आचार्य चाणक्य prefers मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः over the other 2 versions.
Exercise: Translate the following sentence. Identify the विशेष्य and विशेषण in it.
त्रिदलं त्रिगुणाकारं त्रिनेत्रं त्रिधायुतं त्रिजन्मपापसङ्हारं एकबिल्वं शिवार्पणम्।
That’s it for now. Bye.
Each bael leaf (बिल्व) is divided into three

leaflets.
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17 Responses to Temporal order of words in Sanskrit
uday says:
September 12, 2013 at 00:17
I appreciate the good work done in presenting so much detail.

However, I am a little curious about some things about Sanskrit. I would appreciate if you can give your opinion.
1. If Sanskrit was a ‘perfect’ language, why did it not survive as a living language (also called ‘natural language’)?
Natural languages allow cultural and environmental issues to affect the semantics of the language over stretched periods of time. That
means, a specific word may mean some thing today and over period of time, it may accumulate alternate meanings. This process could be
so profound that the original usage may become completely lost in time. For example, see the use of ‘mobile’ in recent times. How does
Sanskrit account for such cultural evolution? Computer languages evolve in a limited way, for example, K & R C evolved in to ANSI C
and in a way to C++. Did Sanskrit evolve in some ways? Or was that inability to evolve made it less acceptable as a ‘natural language?’ If
it did, which version is more ‘context free?’
2. Often, tonal qualities of speech attach varied meanings to the same uttered sentence. Does Sanskrit have ‘tonal’ features or it is to be
always read monotonically? If it has tonal qualities, how that impacts Sanskrit as a computer language?
3. In the specific example sentence you have taken, association of adjectives with nouns is transitory. Your interpretation seems to select
one of the many possible associations. That could be some what misleading for a ‘context free’ grammar. (Some other readers have also
commented on similar lines)
4. Humans have the gift of vocalization, and several vocalizations must have created several languages over the globe. Many animals
communicate is a more elementary form, using various mechanisms of communication. For example, chemical (ants), facial signs and
calls (apes), bio luminescence, etc. Do they use a ‘grammar?’ I understand that this question is out-of-scope of your work, but I just
wanted to mention it to you.
5. It is possible that Sanskrit was one of the earliest attempts to ‘grammatize’ the language usage and hence certain rigor was expected in
such scholarly work. Are we mistaking that rigor to be a ‘context free’ grammar? Again, there are many types of computer languages. For
example BASIC implements ‘LR’ grammar (needs a LR parser) while C and many of the modern languages have a ‘LALR’ grammar.
Which of these grammars does Sanskrit implement? Or can it be used for both? Then there are special purpose computer languages like
‘PostScript’, ‘Ruby’ with their own features. Then there are special orientations like ‘objects’, ‘aspects,’ etc. Can Sanskrit be used to
implement such features? Keeping the question simple, can Sanskrit be used to implement computer language features like functions,
iterations, recursions, data flows, delegates, etc?
6. Finally, do we want to distinguish between ‘computer’ and ‘natural’ languages at all?
Thank you very much for your time and also for sharing your opinions.
Reply
gshah says:
1. I am not sure, what you mean by perfect. If perfection means rigidity, then no language is perfect, including Sanskrit. Like
other languages, Sanskrit too allows for cultural and environmental modification of semantics, but in a different way. A
sanskrit word represents a property. With cultural and environmental changes, the specific objects represented by that word
also change (like in other languages), but all such objects still possess the property depicted by the word (unlike in other
languages.) For example, आकाशवाणी in Mahabharat meant “a voice from heaven”. Today it means “All India Radio”.
“inability to evolve made it less acceptable as a natural language?” I vehemently disagree. Sanskrit does not need to evolve,
because the same word can mean different things in Sanskrit. Words would remain the same but their meanings would change
over time. We see same words being used in Vedas, Upanishds, Ramayana, Mahabharat, ArthShastra, Puranas. RigVeda and
Bhagavat Purana were compiled atleast 3000 years apart, if we go by European historians’ version. Many words in the two
texts are common, but their meanings are different. Sanskrit semantics can evolve without the language itself evolving!! By
the way, in no language do we have literature separated by such a huge time period. Saying that sanskrit got extinct because
of rigidity is unfair. Which other language has survived for so long in first place ? The oldest spoken language today, I think is
Tamil, which is 2500 years old. BTW, Sanskrit is still not extinct. We had 50000 thousand Sanskrit speakers in 2001 census.
The main reason for the lost popularity of Sanskrit is not its rigidity, but the fall of political institutions that supported it. And
I am sure Sanskrit will expand once again to become a dominant language in future. The last 200 years have just been a dry
patch. Sanskrit will reemerge, I am sure.
2. Sanskrit has tonal features and they are highly developed and intricate. Each vowel in Sanskrit can be pronounced in 3
different ways and the meaning of a word changes on the basis of the tone. For example, राजपुत्र can mean “king’s son” or
“one whose son is king” depending on the tone.
How that impacts Sanskrit as a computer language ? I do not know.
3. You are right. Context and intuition are as important in Sanskrit as in other languages. After all, it was a spoken language.
But then, any sentence can always be paraphrased in a way so as to eliminate the dependence on context. I have given
examples for this in the above article.
4. I think even animal languages have grammar. Different permutations of facial expressions by monkeys may mean different
things, just as different sequence of words in a human language may change the meaning.
5. Too technical a question for me. “Are we mistaking that rigor to be a ‘context free’ grammar?” May be. I do not have much
idea about the suitability of Sanskrit to be used as a context free language. The only knowledge I have about Computer
programming is a bit of Java such that I can write basic programs in it. Not more than that. I have no idea how to answer this
question.
6. No comments.
Thank you, Sir, for reading the articles.

Reply
Karthik says:
A complete treat! Beautiful stuff!!!

Reply
Amarendra Narayan says:

July 10, 2012 at 22:46
Dear Shree Shah, Yourwork on Sanskrit Grammar is just wonderful. I had some idea about some of the features, but what you have given
us is mind boggling! Thanks and thanks.
Amarendra Narayan
Department of Physics, Patna University.
Reply
virendra1984 says:
July 8, 2012 at 15:54
This is great work. Thank you so much.

Are there more posts coming in this Sanskrit series?
Reply
gshah says:
July 8, 2012 at 23:00
Yes, they will come. May take some time, but will definitely come.
Reply
क्रिस् says:
June 18, 2012 at 11:29
Thank You for more material in this fresh approach to Sanskrit !
Some doubts:
You set up:
—– Rule2: If a विशेषण comes before विशेष्य then it means the विशेष्य already has the quality being described by विशेषण, while if the विशेष्य
comes before विशेषण then it means that the sentence is informing the reader that the quality described by the विशेषण is there in the विशेष्य.
—-
Lets say A is the विशेष्य and B is the विशेषण: I dont see any difference in stating that A has the property B or saying that B is in A. If i say, I
am angry – or if i say, the anger is there in me – it sounds all the same to me.
Moreover, your Rule 2 seems to imply that word order does matter a lot. In your artikel Similarities between Sanskrit and Programming
Languages, you told us, that
“—But in English word order is vary rigid, but Sanskrit has almost zero-rigidity.
You can verify this fact by searching “word order” on the wiki page of Sanskrit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit#Syntax—-”
referring to wikipedia, where it is said, that word order is free. Would Rule 2 not be a contradiction to that ?
I dont see how you solved now the problem of translating

मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः other then just applying Rule Nr.
“—8) It should be understood from the context and sequence of words in the sentence that परिहर्तव्य is denoting the quality of मूर्ख while
प्रत्यक्ष and द्विपद are denoting the qualities of पशु.–”
and that boils down to just saying ” Well, i am sure one should translate it the way i did.”
And, is there in मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः any “context” that would suggest us
“—परिहर्तव्य is denoting the quality of मूर्ख while प्रत्यक्ष and द्विपद are denoting the qualities of पशु–” ?
I personally think, word order in Sanskrit is not at all totally free though in many situations word order in Sanskrit is free due to the
declensions and conjugations of words – but in general, you do achieve by the word order a certain sound effect which suggest you a
specific meaning. Especially if only words of the same vibhakti are used and no verbs at all like in that famos
मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः
So, it means, in translating, you use your intuitional mind to arrive at some translation that seems to fit most the sound of the sentence
and that there are no grammatical rules for every situation.
Reply
gshah says:
June 20, 2012 at 18:27
1) The Rule 2 is only an empirical observation that I have made while analyzing Sanskrit literature. And, by it, I mean the
difference when a visheshya comes before visheshan and when it comes after visheshan is like “The policeman is angry.” and
“An angry policeman (exists).” You have to use “angry” in both cases. In your example, you have used anger in one case and
angry in the other case.
2) There is no language which is 100% word-order free. In reality, there exists a spectrum of languages with one extreme
representing 100% rigidity in word-order and the other extreme representing 0% rigidity in word-order. Sanskrit lies close to
the latter extreme but not on it. There are certain situations in which word-order matters even in Sanskrit. But that occurs
much less frequently than other languages. For more details on word-order, see this article. Here I have shown how flexible
can the word-order in Sanskrit be.
3) Yes, in this particular sentence मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः, one indeed needs to apply intuition and guess the most
appropriate translation. Afterall, 1500 years ago, Sanskrit was a spoken language over a vast land area ranging from modern
Afghanistan in the west to Arunachal in the east and Kashmir in the north to Sri Lanka in the south. This land area is more
than that of today’s European Union. But this should not be taken to mean that the ambiguity cannot be removed. The other 2
versions I have provided are completely unambiguous.
4) While reading Sanskrit, one should always identify which word is visheshan and which word is visheshya. This is similar
to the notion of adjective and noun in english.
Reply
A says:
June 17, 2012 at 08:19
Interesting post. Some comments:
– सागर means “ocean” less because the ocean swallows something up and more because the ocean was said to be dug out by the sons of
सगर. सगर becomes सागर by way of अण्प्रत्ययः, I believe, in the sense of a descendant. (गॄ -> गर -> सगर -> सागर)
– Your rule 2 is not quite comprehensive. For example, consider बाल एव सुन्दरः.
Reply
gshah says:
June 17, 2012 at 09:45
Thanks for the feedback. I did not understand how is बाल एव सुन्दरः not in accordance with rule 2. बाल एव सुन्दरः means The
boy is indeed cute. This sentence is informing the reader that the बाल is cute and this is what rule 2 says.
BTW, saw your blog, I think I’ll find a lot to learn there. I am adding it in the resources section. Thanks.
Reply
A says:
June 17, 2012 at 14:12
Sorry, my mistake; I meant सुन्दर एव बालः.

Reply
gshah says:
June 20, 2012 at 18:43
I have modified the rule. Thanks.
Reply
Debabrata says:
June 17, 2012 at 01:45
Outstanding. This is something new for me. Greatly appreciate your articles. Keep it coming.
धन्यवाद:।
Reply
sharada says:
June 16, 2012 at 23:02
sir can you please tell me about a good book from which i can learn sanskrit from scratch.i am very much eager to learn it.i know hindi
and can read and write in it.
Reply
gshah says:
June 17, 2012 at 09:48
I will write an article on tips for learning Sanskrit soon. Your question will be answered then. Till then you can check out the
resources section.
Reply
Acharya says:
August 29, 2012 at 21:53
You can check out http://www.sanskritonline.net

Reply
sunerjee says:
June 16, 2012 at 20:11
Many thanks. You may like to add an optional ‘test’/ excercise for those more serious about learning Sanskrit through this medium.
Reply
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27/10/2023, 21:00 Temporal order of words in Sanskrit | uttiSTha bhArata

The Sanskrit Series

1. Features of Sanskrit that make it an extra-ordinary language

2. Mechanism of generating new words in Sanskrit

3. Similarities between Sanskrit and Programming Languages

4. Verbless sentences in Sanskrit

5. The building blocks of Sanskrit language

7. The flexibility of Sanskrit

8. Efficiency of Sanskrit: Less words more meaning!

9. Temporal order of words in Sanskrit

कृ दन्तयोग words (derived by applying Panini’s algorithms)

कर्पास = cotton (कपास in hindi)

Example of this rule is give below.

Summary of the rules

मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः = A stupid person must be avoided.

That’s it for now. Bye.

Each bael leaf (बिल्व) is divided into three

17 Responses to Temporal order of words in Sanskrit

I appreciate the good work done in presenting so much detail.

6. Finally, do we want to distinguish between ‘computer’ and ‘natural’ languages at all?

How that impacts Sanskrit as a computer language ? I do not know.

Thank you, Sir, for reading the articles.

A complete treat! Beautiful stuff!!!

Amarendra Narayan says:

This is great work. Thank you so much.

Thank You for more material in this fresh approach to Sanskrit !

You set up:

I dont see how you solved now the problem of translating

मूर्खः परिहर्तव्यः प्रत्यक्षः द्विपदः पशुः

Interesting post. Some comments:

Sorry, my mistake; I meant सुन्दर एव बालः.

I have modified the rule. Thanks.

You can check out http://www.sanskritonline.net

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