LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S development, there are two stages.

Similar to
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT how Piaget believed that not all people reach
the highest levels of cognitive development,
BIOGRAPHY Kohlberg believed not everyone progresses
Lawrence Kohlberg to the highest stages of moral development.
Date of Birth: October 25, 1927
Place of Birth: Bronxville, New York, USA Levels of Age Stage
Moral included in
Kohlberg was born into a wealthy family. His development This level
father, Alfred Kohlberg, was a successful silk
merchant, and his mother, Charlotte Albrecht, Preconvention 0-9 Stage 1:
al Morality Obedience
was an amateur chemist. Despite the family's
and
financial success, Kohlberg's parents punishment
divorced when he was just 14, a factor that
may have influenced his interest in moral Stage 2:
reasoning and justice. Individualism
and
DEFINITION exchange
Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral Conventional Early Stage 3:
development, a comprehensive stage theory Morality Adolescen Developing
of moral development created by Lawrence ce to good
Kohlberg in 1958 based on Jean Piaget's Adulthood relationships
theory of moral judgment for children (1932).
Kohlberg's theory is cognitive in nature, Stage 4:
Maintaining
focusing on the thinking process that occurs
social order
when deciding whether a behavior is proper
or wrong. Thus, the theoretical emphasis is Postconventio Seome Stage 5:
on how one decides to respond to a moral nal Morality adults,rare Social
problem, rather than what one decides or Contracts
does. and
Individual
rights
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a Stage 6:
theory that focuses on how children develop Universal
morality and moral reasoning. Kohlberg's Principles
theory suggests that moral development
occurs in a series of six stages and that
moral logic is primarily focused on seeking Level 1. Preconventional Morality
and maintaining justice. Preconventional morality is the earliest period
of moral development. It lasts until around
WHAT IS MORAL DEVELOPMENT? the age of 9. At this age, children's decisions
Moral development is the process by which are primarily shaped by the expectations of
people develop the distinction between right adults and the consequences of breaking the
and wrong (morality) and engage in rules. There are two stages within this level:
reasoning between the two (moral STAGE 1: Obedience and Punishment
reasoning). Orientation
Focus: Avoiding punishment
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT - Moral reasoning is based on fear of
Kohlberg's theory is broken down into three authority and the consequences of
primary levels. At each level of moral disobedience.
- people at this stage see rules as fixed and
absolute
- obeying the rules is important because it is
a way to avoid punishment.
STAGE 2: Individualism and Exchange
Focus: Seeking personal gain
- Moral reasoning is driven by self-interest,
and actions are evaluated based on the idea
of reciprocity.
- at this stage children account for individual
points of view and judge actions based on
how they serve individual needs.
LEVEL 2.Conventional Morality
During this time, adolescents and adults
internalize the moral standards they have
learned from their role models and from
society.
This period also focuses on the acceptance
of authority and conforming to the norms of
the group. There are two stages at this level
of morality:
STAGE 3: Interpersonal Relationships
Focus: Conforming to social expectations
- Moral decisions are influenced by the desire
to please others and maintain social
harmony.
- Often referred to as the "good boy-good
girl" orientation
- this stage of the interpersonal relationship
of moral development is focused on living up
to social expectations and roles.
STAGE 4: Maintaining Social Order
Focus: Upholding social order and duty
- moral reasoning is based on a sense of
duty and obedience to authority, with an
understanding of the importance of
maintaining societal order
LEVEL 3. Postconventional Morality
At this level of moral development, people
develop an understanding of abstract
principles of morality. The two stages at this
level are:
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual
Rights
Focus: Balancing societal needs with
individual rights
- Moral decisions are based on an
understanding of social contracts and a
recognition of the need for laws that benefit
the greater good.
- The ideas of a social contract and individual
rights cause people in the next stage to begin
to account for the differing values, opinions,
and beliefs of other people.
- Rules of law are important for maintaining a
society, but members of the society should
agree upon these standards.
STAGE 6: Universal Principles
Focus: Guided by ethical principles
- Moral reasoning is driven by universal
ethical principles and a commitment to
justice, even if it conflicts with societal rules.
METAPARADIGM
Person:
The individual is the primary unit of analysis
in Kohlberg's theory. The phases of moral
development define an individual's cognitive
and moral growth as they advance through
various levels and stages.
Environment:
In Kohlberg's theory, the environmental
component refers to the social and cultural
milieu that influences moral growth. Cultural
standards, society expectations, and
interpersonal interactions all influence an
individual's moral reasoning.
Health:
"Health" can be figuratively tied to moral
health or moral well-being in Kohlberg's
theory. Moving through the stages of moral
development is regarded as a desirable
element of psychological health, since it
indicates a more nuanced and ethically
mature knowledge of moral dilemmas.
Nursing:
The nursing or action component of
Kohlberg's approach involves the fostering of
moral development. This can be
accomplished through educational
procedures, moral reasoning conversations,
and the creation of situations that promote
ethical development. Teachers, parents, and
other major persons in a person's life can
help guide moral development.
 ERIK ERIKSON’S THEORY OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Erik Erikson was a German-American
developmental psychologist who proposed a
theory of psychosocial development that
spanned the entire lifespan.
- He was born on June 15, 1902 in Karlsruhe
Germany.
- His theory, often referred to as Erikson's
stages of psychosocial development, outlines
eight stages, each characterized by a specific
psychosocial crisis or conflict that individuals
must successfully navigate in order to
achieve healthy development.
- The theory emphasizes the importance of
social and cultural factors in shaping
personality and identity.
Erikson's theory was based on what is known
as the epigenetic principle. This principle
suggests that people grow in a sequence that
occurs over time and in the context of a
larger community.
Conflict During Each Stage
Each stage in Erikson's theory builds on the
preceding stages and paves the way for
following periods of development. In each
stage, Erikson believed people experience a
conflict that serves as a turning point in
development.
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0-1
year):
Outcome: If the caregiver provides
consistent and reliable care, the infant
develops a sense of trust in the world.
- A lack of trust may result in fear and a
general sense of mistrust.
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(Early Childhood: 1-3 years)
Outcome: Successful navigation of this
stage results in a sense of autonomy and the
ability to make simple decisions.
- Overprotection or criticism can lead to
feelings of shame and doubt in one's abilities.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3-6
years):
Outcome: Children who are encouraged in
their initiative and curiosity develop a sense
of purpose and the ability to plan.
- Overly restrictive environments can lead to
feelings of guilt and inadequacy.
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
(Elementary School: 6-12 years):
Outcome: Successful development of skills
and competence in various areas results in a
sense of industry and accomplishment.
- Failure to master tasks or constant criticism
can lead to feelings of inferiority.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
(Adolescence: 12-18 years)
Outcome: Adolescents who explore and
form a clear sense of identity develop a
strong sense of self.
- Role confusion may occur if there is
difficulty in establishing a stable identity.
Stage 6:Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young
Adulthood: 18-40 years)
Outcome: Successful development of
intimate relationships leads to a sense of
connection and intimacy.
- Fear of commitment or social isolation may
result if one is unable to form meaningful
relationships.
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
(Middle Adulthood: 40-65 years)
Outcome: Contributing to society, mentoring
others, and raising the next generation leads
to a sense of generativity and
accomplishment.
- Stagnation may occur if one feels
unproductive or lacks a sense of purpose.
Environment:
Erikson's theory of the environment refers to
the social and cultural context in which an
individual develops. The support and
influences of a person's family, community,
and larger society are critical in shaping how
they progress through the psychosocial
stages.

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Late Nursing:

Adulthood: 65+ years)
Outcome: Reflection on a life well-lived and
acceptance of one's accomplishments and
failures result in a sense of integrity and
wisdom.
- Despair may occur if there are unresolved
issues or a sense of regret about missed
opportunities.
In the context of nursing, the nurse's role is to
provide support, guidance, and care to help
individuals successfully navigate the
psychosocial stages. Nurses can help to
create a supportive environment and assist
individuals in dealing with the challenges that
arise at each stage.

While Erikson's stages provide a general

structure, individuals may advance through
them at varying rates, and the consequences
are not fixed. Early stage resolution adds to
favorable results in later stages, yet issues in
one stage can still be addressed and
overcome in later life stages. Individuals may
also return to various stages throughout their
lifetimes, particularly at times of big life
changes or challenges.

METAPARADIGM
Person:
The "person" in Erikson's theory refers to the
individual as they advance through the
psychosocial phases of development. Each
stage includes a distinct psychological crisis
that the individual must overcome in order to
achieve healthy growth.

Health:
In nursing, the concept of health frequently
extends beyond the absence of illness to
include overall well-being. Erikson's theory
defines "health" as the successful resolution
of each psychosocial crisis, resulting in a
well-adjusted and emotionally healthy
individual.