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5. (a) y = y(t) = 40t − 16t2. At t = 2, y = 40(2) − 16(2)2 = 16. The average velocity between times 2 and 2 + h is
(i) [2 25]: h = 05, vave = −32 ft s (ii) [2 21]: h = 01, vave = −256 ft s (iii)
6. (a) y = y(t) = 10t − 186t2 . At t = 1, y = 10(1) − 186(1)2 = 814. The average velocity between times 1 and 1 + h is
(iii) [1 11]: h = 01, vave = 6094 m s (iv) [1 101]: h = 001, vave = 62614 m s
(b) Using the points (2 16) and (5 105) from the approximate
tangent line, the instantaneous velocity at t = 3 is about
105 − 16 89
= ≈ 297 ft s.
5−2 3
8. (a) (i) s = s(t) = 2 sin t + 3 cos t. On the interval [1 2], v s(2) − s(1) 3 − (−3)
= = = 6 cm s.
ave
2−1 1
(b) The instantaneous velocity of the particle when t = 1 appears to be about −63 cm s.
x mPQ x mPQ
2 (2 0) 0 05 (05 0) 0
15 (15 08660) 17321 06 (06 08660) −21651
14 (14 −04339) −10847 07 (07 07818) −26061
13 (13 −08230) −27433 08 (08 1) −5
12 (12 08660) 43301 09 (09 −03420) 34202
11 (11 −02817) −28173
(b) We see that problems with estimation are caused by the frequent
oscillations of the graph. The tangent is so steep at P that we need to
its slope.
(c) If we choose x = 1001, then the point is (1001 −00314) and mP Q ≈ −313794. If x = 0999, then is (0999
00314) and mP Q = −314422. The average of these slopes is −314108. So we estimate that the slope of the tangent
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