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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy and Buildings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild

Study on aging of solar reflectance of the self-cleaning high

reflectance coating
Taizo Aoyama a,∗ , Takeshi Sonoda a , Yasushi Nakanishi a , Junichiro Tanabe b ,
Hideki Takebayashi b
a
Kaneka Corporation, 1-8, Miyamae-cho, Takasago 676-8688, Hyogo, Japan
b
Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The self-cleaning system consisting of waterborne two-component acrylic silicon polymers and alkyl
Received 1 October 2016 silicate is used as a highly effective self-cleaning coating. This system is useful in the formation of a self-
Received in revised form cleaning topcoat that effectively maintains the high solar reflectance of a cool roof after coating. This
31 December 2016
capability was confirmed by an outdoor exposure test that compared self-cleaning and non-self-cleaning
Accepted 10 February 2017
coatings. The energy savings of the self-cleaning coating for cooling were estimated via a cooling load
Available online xxx
calculation.
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Acrylic silicon polymer
Alkyl silicate
Self-cleaning
Aging
Solar reflectance
Topcoat
Cool roof

1. Introduction reflectance of cool-roof coatings has been found to decrease shortly

Cool-roof coatings have received considerable attention world-
wide as a solution for the “heat island” effect in urban areas.
The effects of cool-roof coatings, including their reduction of air-
conditioning loads, have been studied. High reflective cool-roofs
have been widely assessed as an effective solution to save cooling
energy [1,2] and offset CO2 emissions [3]. Cool-roof coatings remain
cooler than the absorptive roofs due to their high solar reflectiv-
ity and high infrared emittance. Cool-roof coatings can also reduce
the ambient temperature of the building by reducing the emit-
ted sensible heat. A large number of experimental studies have
been performed on existing residential [4,5] and non-residential
buildings [6].
To maintain maximum cooling energy saving throughout the
service lifetime, high-albedo roof coatings should retain their orig-
inal properties for the entire duration [7]. However, the solar
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 5031336683.
E-mail addresses: Taizo.Aoyama@kaneka.co.jp (T. Aoyama),
Takeshi.Sonoda@kaneka.co.jp (T. Sonoda), Yasushi.Nakanishi@kaneka.co.jp
(Y. Nakanishi), 151t036t@stu.kobe-u.ac.jp (J. Tanabe), thideki@kobe-u.ac.jp
(H. Takebayashi).
after installation [8]. Roofing materials are exposed to environmen-
tal conditions and consequently degrade over time. Some research
pointed out that this decrease in solar reflectance is due to roof
soiling (chemical–physical modifications) and biological growth on
the coating [9]. Other studies suggest that black carbon particles,
known as soot particles, are the primary cause of reflectance loss.
Further investigations proposed that the service life of the reflec-
tive surfaces may be extended if the surface temperature is lowered
during the sunshine hours to reduce the diurnal thermal expansion
and contraction [10]. The change in reflectance caused by sun expo-
sure and washing, as well as the simulation of annual cooling and
heating load are studied [11].
Various evaluation methods for cool-roof coatings have been
studied. Studies have investigated the decrease in the solar
reflectance due to soiling of the coating and the relationship
between outdoor-exposure and accelerated-aging tests in partic-
ular [12–15]. In Japan, the main component of soil is carbon. It has
been reported that, after 16 weeks of exposure of the white test
piece, the reflectance in the visible light region is reduced by about
5 to 10% [16].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.021
0378-7788/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Table 1
Binder and formulation of the test paint.
Part A
Main component Acrylic silicon polymer
Nonvolatile content ∼50%
Viscosity ∼200 mPa s
pH ∼8
Minimum film formation temperature ∼40 ◦ C
Particle size ∼190 nm
Surfactant Anionic/nonionic
Blend ratio Part A:part B = 6:1
In this paper, we report the results of a study on the applica-
tion of a self-cleaning paint to a cool roof for the prevention of soil
deposition and reduction of solar reflectance.
Self-cleaning paint is used to coat walls in buildings, and its
ability to minimize soiling, especially by dirt, has been reported
[17].
There are two types of self-cleaning systems: a photocata-
lyst system with titanium oxide [17] and an alkyl silicate system
[18–20]. The photocatalyst system has high hydrophilicity but can-
not be used on organic-based paint because decomposition will
occur. In addition to the usual paint layer, two more layers (a pro-
tective layer and photocatalyst layer) are required with this system.
Therefore, the photocatalyst system is somewhat expensive. On
the other hand, the alkyl silicate system works as well on ordi-
nary paint, and the self-cleaning layer with base-coat binder resin is
applied via a one-coat process. An acrylic silicon polymer base resin
is useful for the formulation of alkyl silicate self-cleaning paint. In
sum, this system is a useful self-cleaning paint system with a simple
coating process and high cost-performance. We applied this system
to cool-roof coatings.
The effects of the acrylic silicon polymer on solar reflectance
and the reduction of air-conditioning loads have been studied [19].
Acrylic silicon/alkyl silicate-based coatings have been reported to
achieve a 10% difference in reflectance and 10% reduction in air-
conditioning energy consumption when used as self-cleaning cool-
Fig. 1. Image of a waterborne two-component acrylic silicon polymer system and hydrophilic surface formation.
Please cite this article in press as: T. Aoyama, et al., Study on aging of solar reflectance of the self-cleaning high reflectance coating,
Energy Buildings (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.021
Part B
Alkyl silicate + catalyst
∼43%
∼13 mPa s
–
–
–
–
roof coatings [19]. However, the area of the roof investigated in that
study was quite small.
In this study, we investigated the effect of self-cleaning tech-
nology with an acrylic silicon polymer-based alkyl silicate system
on the solar reflectance of a cool-roof coating. From data obtained
through real outdoor exposure, we calculated the energy-saving
effects of self-cleaning technology using the thermal load calcula-
tion model (Energy Plus) for sites in Japan (Osaka), Malaysia (Kuala
Lumpur), and Thailand (Bangkok).
2. Experimental methods and results
2.1. Materials
Table 1 summarizes the binder and formulation of the test paint.
A waterborne two-component acrylic silicon polymer system was
used as the binder in the self-cleaning paint. The binder consists
of two parts: part A contains the base polymer emulsion with an
alkoxysilyl group, and part B contains a hydrolysis/condensation
catalyst and alkyl silicate. A non-self-cleaning paint was formulated
using only part A (Table 1).
Alkyl silicate is hydrolyzed during curing and drying and
migrates to the surface of the coating to form a hydrophilic layer,
creating the self-cleaning effect. The reaction between the coat-
ing materials is shown in Fig. 1. The self-cleaning mechanism is
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Fig. 2. Self-cleaning mechanism of a hydrophilic surface.
shown in Fig. 2. Raindrops (water) can easily wash away hydropho-
bic stains on the hydrophilic surface. In urban areas, pollutants
from vehicular traffic and factories comprise a large portion of
the hydrophobic components [18]. An example of the self-cleaning
effect is shown in Fig. 3. There are no raindrop stains on the water-
borne two-component self-cleaning acrylic silicon polymer shown
in the figure after 1 year of outdoor exposure. However, there are
many raindrop stains on the standard coating without the self-
cleaning effect.
2.2. Test paint formulation
The self-cleaning paint was formulated from the two-
component waterborne acrylic silicon binder (containing parts A
and B). A one-component waterborne acrylic silicon-based paint
containing part A, which did not have a self-cleaning function, was
chosen as a reference for comparison. Both paints were white in
color.
2.3. Outline of measurements
Measurements were taken from May 10, 2014, to September 17,
2015, in Kobe, Japan. A cross-sectional view of the roof is shown in
Fig. 4. Self-cleaning and conventional paints were applied to both
the west and east sides respectively of the roof, while the cen-
ter of the roof was not painted. Two net pyranometers and three
Fig. 3. Self-cleaning effect.
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Energy Buildings (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.021
3
Fig. 4. Cross-sectional structure of the roof and temperature measurement points.
infrared thermocouples were used for continuous measurement of
solar reflectance and surface temperatures, respectively, of the roof
(Fig. 5). Solar reflectance was calibrated using white and black ref-
erence Plates [3] on the summer solstice, autumnal equinox, winter
solstice, and spring equinox.
2.4. Solar reflectance results
Results for the daily average solar reflectance, which was calcu-
lated between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., are shown in Fig. 6. These
results were obtained using the calibration method that employs
white and black reference plates (based on ASTM E 1918a). Daily
measurements of solar reflectance are shown in Fig. 7.
Solar reflectance decreased by 5 to 10% between 3 and 6 months
(from 87% to 77–82%) with self-cleaning paint and by 20 to 23%
(87% to 64–67%) with conventional paint. The decrease of solar
reflectance was likely due to dirt accumulation, and self-cleaning
paint retained its cleanliness better than conventional paint did
after outdoor exposure. After 1 year, solar reflectance decreased by
8% (from 87% to 79%) with self-cleaning paint and by 17% (87% to
70%) with conventional paint.
Solar reflectance of the two types of paint was similar after 1 year
and 4 months of exposure. The increase in the solar reflectance of
conventional paint was believed to have been due to choking. The
annual variation in the solar reflectance of both self-cleaning and
conventional paint was likely due to solar altitude.
The increase in reflectance due to chocking is a phenomenon
where the resin surface deteriorates and the titanium dioxide is
exposed and whitened. This is quite different from the maintained
reflectance due to self-cleaning in the case of self-cleaning type. The
difference of reflectance between the two types was about 10% in
the first 1.5 years. The difference in the electricity consumption dur-
ing this time will be described later. The long term investigations
of solar reflectance were considered to need.
2.5. Surface temperature on the roof
Surface temperature distribution results are shown in
Figs. 8 and 9. The surface temperatures of the self-cleaning
and conventional coatings were nearly the same initially but
differed by about 5 ◦ C after 4 months. The increase in surface
temperature was due to the decrease of solar reflectance caused
by dirt accumulation.
Surface and indoor temperature results are shown in Figs. 10–12
. Outside and inside surface temperatures with the conventional
coating were about 1 to 2 ◦ C higher than those with the self-
cleaning coating.
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Fig. 5. Measurement site. Initial solar reflectance: conventional: 87.7%, self-cleaning: 87.5%, no coating: 40.0%. Measurements were taken once per minute using a net

radiation meter. The measurement site was the rooftop of a single-story laboratory building at Kobe University. : net pyranometer, : infrared thermocouple.

Fig. 6. Daily average solar reflectance calculated between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.

Fig. 7. Daily measurements of solar reflectance.

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Fig. 9. Surface temperature distribution after 4 months on September 9, 2014 at

Fig. 8. Initial surface temperature distribution on May 1, 2014 at 1:13 p.m.
0:03 p.m.

Fig. 10. Surface temperature on the rooftop from July 25 to 31, 2014.

Fig. 11. Surface temperature under the rooftop from July 25 to 31, 2014.

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Fig. 12. Outside and inside surface temperatures and solar radiation from July 25 to 31, 2014.

3. Thermal load reduction 3.3. Solar reflectance calculations

3.1. Outline of calculations
The energy-saving effect of cool-roof coatings was calculated
using the thermal load calculation model (Energy Plus) for sites in
Japan (Osaka), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), and Thailand (Bangkok)
from data obtained via exposure tests at the Osaka factory of Kaneka
Corporation [19] and Kobe University. The coordinates of these
locations are as follows: Osaka in Japan is at 34◦ N 135◦ E, Bangkok
in Thailand is at 13◦ N 100◦ E, and Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia is at
3◦ N 101◦ E.
The objective building was a one-story factory of Kaneka
Malaysia with a floor area of 1185 m2 (Fig. 13), because the priority
of introducing cool roofs was given to buildings with non-sufficient
insulation such as one-story factories. The building of a real one-
story factory in Malaysia was chosen in order to verify the results
of the simulation in the future.
3.2. Configuration of building materials
The configuration of the building materials of the objective
building is shown in Table 2.
Solar reflectance calculations for different conditions are shown
in Table 3. The difference in solar reflectance between the dark-
colored roof (22%) and cool roof (87%) at Kaneka Corporation’s
Osaka factory was 65%. The difference in reflectance between the
light-colored roof (50%) and cool roof (87%) at Kaneka Malaysia
was 37%. The difference between the self-cleaning (82%) and con-
ventional (67%) roofs at Kobe University 3 months after coating
was 15%. The difference between the self-cleaning (70%) and con-
ventional (79%) roofs at Kobe University 1 year after coating was
9%.
3.4. Monthly integrated cooling load
Monthly integrated cooling load results for sites in Malaysia,
Bangkok, and Osaka with a set room temperature of 26 ◦ C are shown
in Figs. 14–16. The energy-saving effect of the cool roof and self-
cleaning coating was great throughout the year in Malaysia and
Bangkok. On the other hand, this effect was small in Osaka because
it occurred only in summer (from June to September).

Fig. 13. Objective building, a one-story factory of Kaneka Malaysia (floor area: 1185 m2 ).

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Table 2
Configuration of building materials.

Element Material (thickness, mm) Total thickness (mm)

Roof Steel plate (0.48), glass wool (50.0) 50.5

Ceiling Steel plate (0.48), air (52.0), steel plate (0.48), air (52.0), and gypsum board (15.0) 120.0
Wall above window Steel plate (0.48), air (87.52), rock wool (50.0), and gypsum board (12.0) 150.0
Wall under window Plaster (20.0), brick wall (110.0), and plaster (20.0) 150.0
Floor Ceramic tile (550.0) 550.0

Thickness (m) Transmittance Reflectance Emissivity Thermal conductivity (W/m/K)

Double glazing 0.006 0.611 0.232 0.83 0.76

Glass wool Rock wool Gypsum board Steel plate Plaster Brick wall Air Ceramic floor

Thermal conductivity (W/m/K) 0.034 0.038 0.22 45 0.62 0.62 0.0257 8

Density (kg/m2 ) 32 40 750 7860 1950 1700 1.166 3600
Specific heat (J/kg/K) 810 1030 1130 460 840 990 1005 750
Emissivity 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.25 0.9 0.9 0.9
Solar absorptance 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.55 0.4 0.4 0.4

Table 3 There was no available data for sky condition (cloud cover) of
Calculation conditions.
Bangkok and Malaysia; therefore, instead of showing the sky con-
Solar reflectance (%) dition, the precipitation is shown in Fig. 19. It was suggested that
Before coating at Osaka factory 22 because the precipitation in Malaysia was higher than in Bangkok
Before coating at Malaysia factory 50 (Fig. 19); the amount of solar radiation in Malaysia was smaller and
Just after coating 87 the temperature was lower than in Bangkok.
3 months after coating by self-cleaning material 82
3 months after coating by conventional material 67
1 year after coating by self-cleaning material 79 4. Conclusion
1 year after coating by conventional material 70
We confirmed that self-cleaning technology using acrylic sili-
con polymer in the alkyl silicate system helps maintain the solar
reflectance of a cool-roof coating of an actual building. Between 3
3.5. Cost-saving estimates and 6 months, solar reflectance decreased by 5 to 10% (from 87%
to 77–82%) with self-cleaning paint and by 20 to 23% (from 87% to
Cost-saving estimates are shown in Table 4 and are based on 64–67%) with conventional paint. The outside and inside surface
Japan’s electricity cost of 20 yen/kW h. Savings due to self-cleaning temperatures with the conventional coating were about 1 to 2 ◦ C
were great in Malaysia and Bangkok. On the other hand, they were higher than with the self-cleaning coating.
small in Osaka. The solar reflectance of the two types of paint was similar 1 year
A comparison of the monthly integrated cooling load results for and 4 months after exposure. The increase in the solar reflectance
the three cities and the weather conditions in Malaysia and Bangkok of conventional paint was thought to have been due to choking.
are shown in Figs. 14–17 , respectively. Because air temperatures Annual variation in the solar reflectance of self-cleaning and con-
and solar radiation levels are higher in Bangkok than in Malaysia, ventional paint was likely due to solar altitude.
the energy-saving effect in Bangkok was greater. The energy-saving effect was calculated using the thermal load
Solar altitudes of Bangkok, Malaysia and Osaka on August 1st calculation model (Energy Plus) for sites in Japan (Osaka), Malaysia
are shown in Fig. 18. As illustrated in the figure, the solar altitude (Kuala Lumpur), and Thailand (Bangkok) from data obtained from
of Bangkok was a little higher than that of Malaysia and Osaka. exposure tests at the Osaka factory of Kaneka Corporation and

Fig. 14. Monthly integrated cooling load in Malaysia (room temperature of 26 ◦ C).

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Fig. 15. Monthly integrated cooling load in Bangkok (room temperature of 26 ◦ C).

Fig. 16. Monthly integrated cooling load in Osaka (room temperature of 26 ◦ C).

Table 4
Cost-saving estimates (room temperature of 26 ◦ C).

1 Year after 3 Months after Light to cool Dark to cool

Malaysia
Cooling load reduction (W h/m2 ) 1720 2867 10,475 30,974
Electricity cost saving (yen/m2 ) 12.7 21.2 77.6 229.4
Electricity cost saving (yen/building) 15,097 25,168 91,951 271,886
Bangkok
Cooling load reduction (W h/m2 ) 5385 8993 24,197 48,706
Electricity cost saving (yen/m2 ) 39.9 66.6 179.2 360.8
Electricity cost saving (yen/building) 47,271 78,937 212,397 427,532
Osaka
Cooling load reduction (W h/m2 ) 938 1558 4436 9804
Electricity cost saving (yen/m2 ) 6.9 11.5 32.9 72.6
Electricity cost saving (yen/building) 8234 13,673 38,938 86,054

COP of electric cooling device: 2.7, electricity fee: 20 yen/kW h, floor area of factory: 1185 m2 .

Kobe University. The energy-saving effect of the cool roof and self- temperature and solar radiation levels in Bangkok are higher than
cleaning coating was great in Malaysia and Thailand throughout in Malaysia, the energy-saving effect in Bangkok was greater.
the year. On the other hand, it was small in Osaka because it only The effect of self-cleaning has been confirmed via actual building
occurred in the summer (from June to September). Because the air measurements. In particular, the effect of self-cleaning has been

Please cite this article in press as: T. Aoyama, et al., Study on aging of solar reflectance of the self-cleaning high reflectance coating,
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Fig. 17. Weather conditions in Malaysia and Bangkok.
Fig. 18. Solar altitude of Malaysia, Bangkok and Osaka on August 1st.
Fig. 19. Precipitation in Malaysia, Bangkok and Osaka.
suggested in Southeast Asian countries, where the cooling load is
great.
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