Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334

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Building and Environment

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv

Optical and durability performance of near-infrared reflective coatings for T

cool pavement: Laboratorial investigation
Ning Xiea, Hui Lia,b,∗, Wenzhong Zhaoc, Chao Zhangc, Bing Yanga, Hengji Zhanga, Yi Zhanga
a
Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
b
University of California Pavement Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
c
Hebei Qugang Expressway Development Company, Hebei, 073000, China

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Coating with high reflectance applied on pavement is an effective way of cool pavement to improve the outdoor
Urban heat island thermal comfort and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Cool coating with high near-infrared reflectance is
Reflective coating potential to improve the reflectance without affecting the visual environment or causing glare issue. Limited
Near-infrared reflectance research focused on the near-infrared reflective coatings for pavement and its comprehensive pavement dur-
Orthogonal experiment
ability performance. This study applied pavement coatings with near-infrared fillers and pigments to obtain high
Pavement performance
near-infrared reflectance. The orthogonal experimental design method combining the multi-index integrated
evaluation method (MIEM) and the single index balanced evaluation method (SBEM) were applied to optimize
the formula of coatings with superior comprehensive performance. The optical performance and durability
performance including the skid-resistance, anti-abrasion, and film hardness were investigated. The results
showed that the near-infrared TiO2 is one type of near-infrared reflective pigment with the bigger particle size
and greater bandgap than the energy of near-infrared solar radiation. The near-infrared reflectance of coatings
increased first and then decreased with the increase of near-infrared titanium oxide. The optimal proportion of
red iron oxide, R–TiO2 and NIR-TiO2 is 5:25:8, which has the superior comprehensive performance of optical
properties and pavement durability performance. The near-infrared reflectance could reach 60% and the pa-
vement performance all meet the requirement in practical application. This study will provide useful insights for
the development of cool pavement in dark color with high reflection to mitigate the urban heat island effect.

1. Introduction temperature field of pavement, the most commonly used methodology

“Cool technology”, such as cool roof and cool pavement, has
brought the positive effect on the mitigation of urban heat island
phenomenon [1,2], the improvement of human comfort outside [3,4],
and the reduction of carbon oxide exhaustion [5]. According to the
survey of the urban land type classification, pavement accounts for
30%–40% areas of urban land, which exceeds the proportion of roofs,
vegetation and other types [6]. This determines the great effect of pa-
vement on the thermal environment of urban areas. The temperature of
pavement surface is often higher than the environmental temperature
by 20 °C. Except the thermal effect to the atmosphere, the temperature
of pavement influences their mechanical performance as well, which
will exacerbate the rutting and upheaval damage [7,8]. The heat ex-
change of urban surface to the atmospheric environment could be di-
vided into reflection, convection and conduction [9]. To optimize the
is to change the thermophysical parameters of pavement, such as in-
crease the reflectance [10], decrease thermal conductivity (thermal
resistance pavement) [11,12] and increase the evaporation capacity
(porous pavement [13,14], grass et al.) [15,16]. Recently, researchers
also put forward new ideas of pavement with temperature-reduction
functions. For instance, the thermoelectric generator system (RTEGS)
were applied in the structure of asphalt pavement to transfer the heat
energy into electric energy, which reduced the pavement temperature
by utilizing energy stored in pavement structures [17]; retro-reflective
materials were coated on pavement to reflect mostly the incident ra-
diation in the same direction of the incoming radiation to avoid im-
posing the adverse influence on adjacent buildings in urban canyon
[18,19]. Overall, a variety of methods could meet the requirement of
temperature reduction. Among them, the porous pavement need high
ambient humidity and environment temperature to guarantee the

∗
Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University,
Shanghai 201804, China.
E-mail address: hli@tongji.edu.cn (H. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106334
Received 7 May 2019; Received in revised form 6 August 2019; Accepted 7 August 2019
Available online 08 August 2019
0360-1323/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N. Xie, et al.
evaporation efficiency [20,21], which limit its application scope. Unless
the pavement is wetted periodically, the temperature reduction of
porous pavement will be negligible; the thermal resistance pavement
would have adverse impacts on the temperature of pavement during
night, because the heat transfer from the base and ground to the pa-
vement during nighttime, accounting for a high surface temperature
[22]. Increasing the albedo of pavement is the most effective way which
has the greatest effect on the thermal environment and does not affect
the night temperature [23].
Coatings with high reflectance applied on pavement is one of the
easy ways to increase the reflectance of pavement, which does not have
negative impact on the mechanical properties of pavement [24,25]. The
fundamental of increasing reflectance to cooling is to reflect more solar
radiation rather than to absorb [26]. Solar radiation (shortwave ra-
diation, 300–3000 nm) is the direct heat source of pavement thermal
environment, which could be divided into different region based on
wavelength [27]. Visible region radiation(400–700 nm) and the near-
infrared region(700–2500 nm) radiation contains 95% of the power in
the air mass (AM1.5) standard solar irradiance spectrum. The total
reflectance, ultraviolet reflectance, visible reflectance, near-infrared
reflectance all have different effects. Ultraviolet region radiation
(< 400 nm) has less impact on the thermal environment and visual
perception of humans but influences people's skin health. The ultra-
violet reflection of coatings or other common pavement materials is
lower than 10%, which will not make adverse impact on skin health.
Visible region radiation (400–700 nm) is the only part within the range
of visual perception of humans, in which region different colors are of
different wavelength. Near-infrared region radiation (700–2500 nm)
could not be perceived by humans' eyes but it influences the thermal
environment. Numerous researchers have studied the cooling effect of
high reflective coatings for pavement. Kinouchi et al. [28] prepared
white coatings including hollow ceramic micro-sphere and found it
could reduce the pavements' highest temperature by 15 °C. Synnefa
et al. [29] found that the white coatings applied on pavement have the
better reflective properties than the white marble stones. Zheng et al.
[30] applied functionally graded nanocomposite reflective coatings on
pavement and the results showed that the convective heat decreased
nearly 50% when compared with the control asphalt pavement. The
total reflectance of white coatings for pavement ranges from 20% to
80% generally, reducing the temperature up to 12 °C [31]. Baral et al.
found that white cement decreased the Global Warming Potential
(GWP) by a factor of five as compared to gray cement and the electricity
demand for buildings decreased by 11.9 kWh per capita per year [32].
Fillers and pigments in coatings are the main functional materials to
obtain high reflectance [33–35]. To increase the reflectance of coatings
but not leading to glare problem, studying the functional theory of
fillers and pigments which increase the near-infrared reflectance but
not the visible reflectance is the effective way [36,37]. The existing
literatures mostly focused on the total reflectance and the visible re-
flectance of coatings for pavement and choosing the lighter color to
improve the visible reflectance [38]. Comparing to the coatings with
lighter color and high visible reflectance, the near-infrared coatings for
pavement are much darker so that the glare and aesthetic problems will
be avoided [39]. Limited research paid attention to the different effect
of solar radiation of visible and near-infrared region and prepared near-
infrared reflective coatings for pavement to avoid glare problems.
Furthermore, except the reflection properties of coatings for pavement,
the pavement performance of coatings are also worthy of investigation
on account of complex traffic environment. However, the research of
cool pavement coatings mainly focused on the optical properties.
Seldom study concerns the pavement performance and the durability of
pavement coatings [40] and there are still no standards for evaluating
cool coatings' pavement performance. The surface roughness and tex-
ture depth of pavement altered because of coating. Thus, this short-
coming should be investigated to guarantee the driving safety in
practical application. Under the complicated road circumstances and
2
Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334
the heavy load of vehicles, the coatings for pavement could have the
better durability performance, especially the skid-resistance and anti-
abrasion performance.
This study aims to find out the effect of near-infrared fillers and
pigments on the optical properties of cool pavement coatings, de-
termine the primary factors influencing the optical properties and pa-
vement performance of coatings, and determine the optimum synthesis
formula of near-infrared pavement coatings. To achieve the goals, this
study applied pavement coatings with near-infrared fillers and pig-
ments to obtain high near-infrared reflectance. Firstly, designing the
coatings by the orthogonal experimental design method. Secondly,
analyzing the effect of near-infrared fillers and pigments to the optical
properties and pavement performance of coatings. Finally, optimizing
the formula of near-infrared coatings by the multi-index integrated
evaluation method (MIEM) and the single index balanced evaluation
method (SBEM) based on the range analysis and the analysis of var-
iance. Findings from this study will provide the references for cool
colored pavement coatings to mitigate the urban heat island effect and
reduce pavement damages.
2. Materials and methodology
2.1. Materials
The cooling coatings are mainly made of emulsion, functional fillers
and pigments, in which the fillers and pigments determine the reflec-
tion behaviors of coatings. In this paper, the titanium oxide was se-
lected as the functional filler and the water-based emulsion was se-
lected as the binder. The commercial powders, binders and agents used
in this study to form the coating samples are as follows.
(a) Titanium oxide (TiO2) in white was chosen as the functional filler.
According to its optical performance, two different types of tita-
nium dioxide were selected. NIR-TiO2 is one type with high near
infrared reflectance from Venator Materials PLC; R–TiO2 is tradi-
tional rutile titanium dioxide from Tronox Incorporated Company.
(b) Red iron oxide (from Shanghai Beimo industrial CO., LTD) was
chosen as the colored pigment because of its high covering power
and the better corrosion resistance performance.
(c) Organosilicon-modified acrylate emulsion was as the binder with
other additives (dispersing agent 5040, flatting agent RM-2020,
antifoaming agent S-10 and Texano coalescing agent) to form the
coating samples.
2.2. Specimen preparation
To prepare the specimen for studying the optical performance and
pavement performance, the primary step was the preparation of coat-
ings. In laboratory, the following steps were suggested to substitute the
mixture and the mill process in factory production. Firstly, mix the
dispersing agent, antifoaming agent and flatting agent with ratios
(1:1:1); Secondly, the emulsion, functional fillers, pigments and ad-
ditives according to the designed ratios were mixed for 10min using
high speed shearing mixers and the speed was 150–200 r/min; Thirdly,
the coalescing agent were added and mixed at the speed of 100–150 r/
min for 10 min to provide the stability and defoaming effect. Then,
coatings were applied on the targeted substrates with the thickness
greater than 100 μm to achieve the opacity. There are two types of the
substrates, that is, aluminum plate of 10 cm × 10 cm and the asphalt
concrete in different sizes, which will be presented in the following test
methodology section. The aggregates used in the asphalt concrete
samples are basaltic rocks and the binder is high-viscosity asphalt,
which were combined to form the porous asphalt samples to achieve
the goal of sustainability, even if this is not the main focus of this work.
The solidification was at room temperature around 25 °C for at least
24 h to obtain the solidified coating films.
N. Xie, et al. Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334

Table 1 reflectance value was obtained after three records for each sample. The
The factors and levels of fillers and pigments in orthogonal experiment. The PTEE (polytetrafluoroethylene) was as the reference of the total re-
units of levels are g. flectance being around 100. The solar reflectance values in the whole
Experiment Number Column region (Rtotal, 200–2500 nm), ultraviolet region (Ruv, 200–400 nm),
visible region (Rvisi, 400–700 nm) and near-infrared region (Rnir,
A (NIR-TiO2) B (Fe2O3) C (R–TiO2) Error Column 700–2500 nm) were calculated by weighted average method according
to standards ASTM E903-12 [41] and ASTM G173-03 [42]. Considering
1 1 (5) 1 (5) 1 (8) 1
2 1 2 (8) 2 (16) 2 the latitude (3°51′N to 53°33′N) scope of China, the standard solar
3 1 3 (12) 3 (25) 3 spectra in air mass 1.5 was selected as the comparable radiation curve.
4 2 (8) 1 2 3 The calculating method is shown in equation (1). According to the CIE
5 2 2 3 1
(Commision Internationale del’Eclairage) LAB color space, the color
6 2 3 1 2
7 3 (16) 1 3 2 space could be illustrated by three parameters: L*, a*, b*. L* is the
8 3 2 1 3 lightness index, a* and b* stand by the green-red and blue-yellow color
9 3 3 2 1 components. Therefore, here L*(lightness index) was as the indicator of
the level of lightness. The color space parameter E was calculated as
shown in equation (2).
2.3. Orthogonal experimental design
λ
∫λ1 2 R (λ )·E (λ ) dλ
Cooling coatings with different reflectance were obtained by R= λ
∫λ1 2 E (λ ) dλ (1)
varying the masses of NIR-TiO2, red iron oxide (Fe2O3) and R–TiO2. The
orthogonal experimental design method was applied to assess the
E= [(L*)2 + (a*)2 + (b*)2]1/2 (2)
coating formula comprehensively and select the optimum formula.
Under the condition of keeping the quality of binders and agent un- The skid-resistance performance test was illustrated in Fig. 2. This
changed (acrylate emulsion is of 40 g, deionized water of 20 g and agent experiment was according to Field Test Methods of Subgrade and Pave-
of 6 g), NIR-TiO2, red iron oxide (Fe2O3) and R–TiO2 were determined ment for Highway Engineering (JTGE60-2008), China [43] and Inspection
as the three factors in the orthogonal experiment. Each factor had three and Evaluation Quality Standards for Highway Engineering (JTG F80/
levels as shown in the brackets in Table 1. Three levels of each factors 1–2017) [44]. The British Pendulum Tester was used as the measure-
are as follows. For NIR-TiO2(A), it is 5 g, 8 g and 16 g. For red iron oxide ment device. The rutting samples coated evenly with the coating of
(Fe2O3), it is 5 g, 8 g and 12 g. For R–TiO2, it is 8 g, 16 g and 25 g. It was 0.6 kg/m2 and then it was placed at the ordinary temperature of
assumed that any two factors did not interact with each other. The 20–25 °C to dry. The BPN values of samples under dry and wet condi-
orthogonal array of the nine samples is shown in Table 1, designed tion were tested by British Pendulum Tester respectively. The BPN
according to the orthogonal experimental design table L9(34). There values tested at the temperature of 11 °C was transferred to the standard
exists a blank column in the orthogonal experimental design table as BPN values at 20 °C to do the correction according to equation (3).
the error column to obtain the random error. The total reflectance, BPN20 = BPNT + ΔBPN (3)
near-infrared(NIR) reflectance, skid-resistance performance indicators,
anti-abrasion indicators and film hardness of coatings were selected as where the BPN20 is the BPN values at 20 °C; BPNT is the BPN value under
the orthogonal experimental test indicators. The test process of these the test temperature of T; ΔBPN is the temperature correction values
indicators will be demonstrated in the following performance test according to standard [43].
methodology section in details. The anti-abrasion performance test was shown in Fig. 3 according to
Standard Test Methods of Bitumen and Bituminous Mixtures for Highway
2.4. Performance test methodology Engineering (JTG E20-2011), China [45]. The basic specimens were
shaped as the wet track sample and placed under 60 °C for 16 h.
The characteristics of pigments and coatings were classified into Whereafter, the coatings were applied on the basic specimens of 0.6 kg/
four categories: the optical properties (spectral reflectance, lightness), m2 and dried for 48 h. When doing the test, the coated specimens were
skid-resistance performance, abrasion resistance performance, and film put in water baths in 25 °C for 1 h to simulate the worst condition under
hardness. abrasion and water damage. The wet track abrasion machine with
The optical properties test of coatings was shown in Fig. 1. To rubber abrasion hose was used and carried out with a set revolution.
measure the optical properties of coatings for pavement, the coatings Finally, the quality loss and the abrasion coefficient (WTAT value) were
were coated on the cross-section surfaces of asphalt concrete samples. calculated as shown in equation (4).
The spectral reflectance of pigments and coatings were measured fol- ma − mb
WTAT =
lowed ASTM E903-12 [41]. The UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometer (Per- A (4)
kinElmer Lambda 950) was equipped with an integrating sphere of
where ma is the quality of samples before abrasion; mb is the quality of
150 mm diameter. The measuring interval was set as 5 nm. The average
samples after abrasion; A is the abrasion areas of rubber abrasion hose.
The film hardness was tested according to Standard Test Method for

Fig. 1. Optical properties test of coatings, in which coatings were applied on Fig. 2. The skid-resistance performance test of coatings on the cutting asphalt
the asphalt concrete samples with the thickness greater than 100 μm. concrete samples using the British Pendulum Tester.

3
N. Xie, et al.
Fig. 3. The anti-abrasion performance test of coatings.
Fig. 4. The film hardness test of coatings applied on the aluminum plates.
Film Hardness by Pencil Test (ASTM D3363-05) [46], which is shown in
Fig. 4. The smooth aluminum plates with the side length of 10 cm were
firstly sanded and then coated with the prepared coatings in the
thickness of 200 mm. The pencil was firmly with the lead against the
film at a 45° angle. The hardness of coatings was demonstrated by the
pencil hardness varied from 6B to 6H. The scratch hardness was de-
termined as the threshold of hardness, which was represented by the
hardest pencil that will not rupture or scratch the film.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Physical properties and optical characterization of pigments
Above all, to relate the physical properties and the optical perfor-
mance of the two different titanium oxide, the particle size and particle
morphology in coatings were studied through the scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The scanning results were shown in Fig. 5. With the
same magnification factor of 20000, NIR-TiO2 and R–TiO2 shows dif-
ferent properties. The mean particle size of NIR-TiO2 is 1 μm while the
R–TiO2 is 0.2 μm. Smaller particle size is equal to better near infrared
reflectance. Furthermore, because of the smaller particle size, R–TiO2
particles agglomerate and present the inferior dispersibility in the sol-
vent.
The ability of fillers and pigments in coatings to reflect the incident
Fig. 5. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with magnification
factor of 20000. (a) NIR-TiO2; (b) R–TiO2.
4
Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334
Fig. 6. The reflectance spectra and optical parameter of fillers and pigments
applied in cooling coatings. The solar radiation is divided into ultraviolet re-
gion < , visible region, short-wave near-infrared region and long-wave near-
infrared region.
solar radiation is on account of the following two reasons, that is, the
bandgap theory and the scattering theory. The first one is that most
inorganic fillers and pigments are semiconductor materials, of which
the electron bandgap is the most important characteristic parameter.
Sunlight radiation varies from 200 to 2500 nm wavelength, in which
the near-infrared region is between 700 and 2500 nm. Correspondingly,
the near-infrared solar radiation energy is between 0.5 and 1.77ev.
When the incident solar light radiation arrives at the materials surface
and the energy matches the bandgap of the specific materials, valence
electrons in materials will absorb heat to break the electron energy
level and jump from the valence band to the conduction band, thereby
generating holes or depressions in valence band. This process will cause
the light energy absorption and generate heat. Different materials in
different particle size and different crystal form will have different
energy band structure. As demonstrated in Fig. 6, the reflectance of
NIR-TiO2 is larger than R–TiO2 in long wave near-infrared region but
the visible reflectance is smaller than R–TiO2. To obtain the bandgap Eg
of these three fillers, the calculation equation and transition process
based on the reflectance measurement were shown in equation (5)-(6).
As can be seen from Fig. 7, the bandgap of NIR-TiO2, R–TiO2 and red
iron oxide is 3.05, 3.32 and 1.97 ev, respectively. That is, the bandgap
Fig. 7. The bandgap of fillers and pigments applied in cooling coatings (For
interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is re-
ferred to the Web version of this article.)
N. Xie, et al. Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334

of NIR-TiO2, R–TiO2 are beyond the strong near-infrared light absorp-

tion range, indicating these two fillers are near-infrared reflective fillers
with better reflective performance in near-infrared region. The bandgap
of red iron oxide is smaller, which means that red iron oxide does not
determines the optical performance of coatings. Thus, the main goal is
to balance between two types of titanium oxide and control the dosage
of red iron oxide.
1240
E=
λ (5)

K (1 − R∞)
F(R) = =
S 2R∞ (6)

The second reason is the scattering theory. According to the Mie

theory, the reflective capacity of fillers and pigments depends on the
difference of refractive index between fillers and coating binders. This
could be depicted in equation (7). The refractive index of acrylic
emulsion is 1.48, while the refractive index NIR-TiO2, R–TiO2 and red
iron oxide are 2.63, 2.60 and 1.85, respectively. Therefore, the re-
flective performance of near-infrared titanium dioxide is the best be- Fig. 9. The reflectance spectra of coatings with different weight ratio of NIR-
tween them. TiO2 pigment.(For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend,
np the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
m=
nr (7)

where np is the refractive index of fillers and nr is the refractive index of

coating binder.
To obtain the influence of NIR-TiO2 pigment on the optical char-
acterization of cool coatings, the reflectance values and the reflectance
spectra of coatings with increased NIR-TiO2 were measured. Here the
quality of coatings was determined to be 100 g, in which the quality of
emulsion, deionized water and agent are 40 g, 20 g and 6 g, respec-
tively. Thus, the quality of fillers and pigments is 34 g in total, among
which the mass of iron oxide red is 8 g. The weight ratio of NIR-TiO2 is
0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total mass of the coatings. Through
the conversion, the mass ratio of NIR-TiO2 to the mass of fillers are 0%,
15%, 29%, 44% and 58%, respectively. The weighted reflectance
spectra results could be seen in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. It is obvious that with
the increase of NIR-TiO2 pigment, the total reflectance and the near-
infrared reflectance increase firstly and then decrease, the visible re-
flectance decreases, the ultraviolet reflectance almost keeps unchanged
(around 7%) with some fluctuation. That's because the near-infrared
reflectance of NIR-TiO2 is larger but the visible reflective performance Fig. 10. The LAB color space parameters (L*, a*) of coatings with different
is worse. When the substitute ratio of NIR-TiO2 to R–TiO2 excess 44%, weight ratio of NIR-TiO2.

there will be more refraction and absorption between particles in dry

coatings so that the reflective performance will be worse.
As for the CIE (Commision Internationale del’Eclairage) LAB color
space, it could be seen from Fig. 10 that the lightness index(L*) de-
creased but the green-red color components fell after increased first
along with the raise of NIR-TiO2 pigment component. This indicates
that the covering power of coatings is the highest when the content of
NIR-TiO2 is 10%, at which point the coatings shows the most saturated
color, which means the lowest covering power. The lower the covering
power, the pigment will be more suitable for dark and colored coatings.
Thus, the content of NIR-TiO2 around 10% fits for the requirement of
color and brightness.

3.2. Optical properties of coatings

The optical properties of coatings consist of the spectral reflectance

Fig. 8. The reflectance variation in different solar radiation region (Rtotal, Ruv,
Rvisi, Rnir) with different weight ratio of NIR-TiO2 pigment.
and the CIE LAB color space parameters. In the orthogonal experiment,
the reflectance values in different solar radiation region (Rtotal, Rvisi,
Rnir), the lightness index (L*), a* and b* of the nine coating samples
were tested, which is shown in Fig. 11 and Table 2. Comparing with the
asphalt concrete(AC) and the cross section of asphalt concrete, the total
reflectance (Rtotal) of coated samples improve from 5% to 30%–40%,

5
N. Xie, et al. Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334

Fig. 11. The reflectance spectrum of coated samples#1~ #9 and the asphalt
concrete sample.(For interpretation of the references to color in this figure le-
gend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) Fig. 12. BPN20 values of coatings in different formula (#1~#9) and the ori-
ginal uncoated sample.
the near-infrared reflectance(Rnir) increase from 3% to 50%–60%. But
the lightness index (L*) of coated samples is still relatively low (44–60),
even equally to the cross section of asphalt concrete. The chromatic
aberration(E*) of coated samples are similar to the cross section of
asphalt concrete. Although the green-blue component(b*) of these
samples are similar, the green-red component (a*) of coated samples
are obviously higher than asphalt concrete because the coatings are in
red.

3.3. Skid-resistance performance of coatings

The BPN values of samples under dry and wet condition were tested
by British Pendulum Tester. The test results are shown in Fig. 12. The
original uncoated asphalt sample was as the comparison. Each sample
were tested five different places on the plate and calculated the average
values and the errors. Comparing to the original uncoated samples, the
BPN values slightly decrease but still are in the controllable range. This
is because the coatings cover the original textures of asphalt concrete
and make it smoother. In the dry condition, the BPN values are all
higher than 75; In the wet condition, the BPN values are higher than 50. Fig. 13. The anti-abrasion test results of sample #1 ~ #9.
This could satisfy the requirement of Inspection and Evaluation Quality
Standards for Highway Engineering (JTG F80/1–2017) [44], in which the durability of coatings. In this test, the rubber abrasion hose was used to
BPN values of expressway and the firs-class highway should be higher simulate the true rubber wheels. From the test results shown in Fig. 13,
than 45 in the condition of standard temperature as 20 °C. coatings in different formulas have different wet track abrasion test
(WTAT) value. The quality losses are all less than 5 g and the WTAT
3.4. Anti-abrasion performance of coatings values of coatings are less than 150 g/m2.

Taking the durability performance of coatings for pavement into

consideration, it is essential to assess the performance of coatings under 3.5. Optimization of cool pavement coating formula
the influence of vehicle wheels. To illustrate the real environment of
coatings applied on road, the anti-abrasion test was chosen to assess the To analyze the experiment results and obtain the optimal formula of

Table 2
The optical experiment results of coated samples#1~ #9 and the asphalt concrete sample.
Sample ID Rtotal(%) Rvisi(%) Rnir(%) L*(error/%) a*(error/%) b*(error/%) E*

Sample1 37.91 20.89 55.07 52.16(1.05) 22.42(0.57) 11.76(0.62) 57.98

Sample2 34.14 16.79 51.2 46.85(0.67) 23.46(0.87) 11.93(0.88) 53.74
Sample3 34.72 19.62 49.92 49.97(1.05) 22.74(0.56) 9.59(1.07) 55.73
Sample4 40.05 21.54 58.63 52.83(1.12) 22.61(1.07) 11.37(0.89) 58.58
Sample5 38.64 21.2 56.16 52.13(1.02) 23.04(0.57) 10.98(1.07) 58.04
Sample6 31.13 10.89 50.29 44.04(0.87) 24.66(1.07) 14.46(0.57) 52.5
Sample7 40.5 20.7 60.11 58.18(1.03) 21.58(0.59) 9.89(0.64) 62.84
Sample8 34.58 13.59 54.67 49.15(0.98) 23.24(1.05) 12.52(0.89) 55.79
Sample9 33.47 13.25 52.78 48.42(1.05) 22.41(0.79) 11.38(1.05) 54.55
Cross section of AC 27.37 22.7 32.68 56.93(1.73) 2.74(1.18) 10.70(1.02) 57.99
Asphalt Concrete 4.49 3.84 3.37 21.59(1.57) 0.44(1.05) 0.72(0.89) 21.61

6
N. Xie, et al. Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334

Table 3
The dimensionless indicator values and the comprehensive scores of coating samples.
Number(i) Test Results –

Rtotal Rnir L* Film hardness BPN20 WTAT value –

1 37.91 55.07 52.16 5 68.6 47.06 –

2 34.14 51.2 46.85 4 60.6 41.18 –
3 34.72 49.92 49.97 5 61.8 35.29 –
4 40.05 58.63 52.83 5 62.4 55.88 –
5 38.64 56.16 52.13 5 62.6 79.41 –
6 31.13 50.29 44.04 3 67.8 32.35 –
7 40.5 60.11 58.18 5 59.2 76.47 –
8 34.58 54.67 49.15 5 63.6 141.18 –
9 33.47 52.78 48.42 4 64.2 32.35 –

Number(i) Dimensionless indicators Colligation score

Rtotal Rnir L* Film hardness BPN20 WTAT value

1 0.72 0.51 0.43 1 1 0.86 0.7

2 0.32 0.13 0.8 0.5 0.15 0.92 0.43
3 0.38 0 0.58 1 0.28 0.97 0.46
4 0.95 0.85 0.38 1 0.34 0.78 0.76
5 0.8 0.61 0.43 1 0.36 0.57 0.64
6 0 0.04 1 0 0.91 1 0.4
7 1 1 0 1 0 0.59 0.69
8 0.37 0.47 0.64 1 0.47 0 0.45
9 0.25 0.28 0.69 0.5 0.53 1 0.49
Weight factor 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.15 –

Table 4
The optimization calculation results of coating samples in multi-index in-
tegrated evaluation method (MIEM).
Factor

Number (i) A (NIR- B (Red iron oxide) C (R–TiO2)

TiO2)

1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2
3 1 3 3
4 2 1 2
5 2 2 3
6 2 3 1
7 3 1 3
8 3 2 1
9 3 3 2
K1 0.530 0.717 0.517
K2 0.600 0.507 0.560
K3 0.543 0.450 0.597
R 0.070 0.267 0.080
ID of factors BCA
Theoretical Optimized B1C3A2
Formula Fig. 14. The effect curve diagram of different factor in different level on col-
Practical Optimized Formula B1C2A2 ligation score in multi-index integrated evaluation method (MIEM).

coatings, the multi-index integrated evaluation method (MIEM) and the
single index balanced evaluation method (SBEM) were combined to be
the analysis method. They will be explained respectively as follows.
3.5.1. Multi-index integrated evaluation method
The orthogonal experiment results were summarized in Table 2.
Before the comprehensive evaluation of these six indicators, making
these indexes to be dimensionless is the most important step. Here the
membership degree (MD) was calculated as shown in equations (8) and
(9). There are six indicators in total to assess the performance of
coatings for pavement. For the optical performance, the total re-
flectance, the near-infrared reflectance and the lightness index were
chosen as the indicators. The first two indicators are the positive in-
dicators (the larger the value, the better). The lightness index (L*) are
the negative index (the smaller the value, the better). For the pavement
performance, the film hardness, the average BPN20 value, WTAT value
are as the indicators. Among them, the film hardness and the average
BPN20 value are the positive indicators while the WTAT value is the
negative one. According to the different types of these indicators as the
positive and negative indicators, the calculation method is different.
Index value − minimum value
MD(Positive indicators) =
Maximum value − Minimum value (8)
Maximum value − Index value
MD(Negative indicators) =
Maximum value − Minimum value (9)
According to the degree of importance and the degree of influence
on coatings application, these indicators were given different weight
factor (WT) as shown in the last row in Table 3. Based on the weight
factor and the membership degree, the comprehensive scores of every
sample were calculated as shown in equation (10).
Colligation Score (i) = Dimensionless indicators (j ) × Weight factor (j )
(10)

7
N. Xie, et al.
Fig. 15. The effect curve diagram of different factor in different level on different performance indicators in single index balanced evaluation method (SBEM). The
performance indicators are: (a)total reflectance; (b) near-infrared reflectance; (c) lightness index; (d) film hardness; (e) BPN value; (f) WTAT value.
where i is the number of coating samples in the orthogonal experi-
mental design; j is the number of indicators in the orthogonal experi-
mental design method.
To find out the primary and secondary order of different factors and
the optimization formula of coatings, the corresponding average value
Ki of each factor in the same level i and the range R were calculated
respectively as follows.
∑ Colligation Score (i)
Ki =
3 (11)
R = Kmax − Kmin (12)
where Ki represents the impact of level i of each factor to the colligation
score(i = 1,2,3). The higher the Ki is, the better the comprehensive
performance of coating sample is. Kmax is the maximum among three Ki
8
Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334
values of each factor and Kmin is the minimum value. R reflects the ID of
different factors, which indicates the primary and secondary order of
factors. The factor with higher R means a stronger effect on the per-
formance of the coating samples.
As seen in Table 4 and Fig. 14, the degree of the factors significantly
influence on the colligation score are B(Red iron oxide), C(R–TiO2) and
A(NIR-TiO2), in a sequence. Among them, the optimized level of B(Red
iron oxide) is level 1(3%), the optimized level of C(R–TiO2) is level
3(15%) and the optimized level of A(NIR-TiO2) is level 2(5%). In this
way, the theoretical optimized formula of coatings is B1C3A2. But this
formula was not contained within the nine coating samples in the or-
thogonal experimental design. Thus, it is necessary to compare this
theoretical optimized formula and the optimized formula (#4, B1C2A2,
the colligation score of it is the highest) among the nine coating samples
in the orthogonal experiment. The difference of the two formulas is
N. Xie, et al. Building and Environment 163 (2019) 106334

Table 5 significant factor. However, the factor of red iron oxide has a negative
The range and variance analysis results of coating samples in single index ba- impact on the total reflectance. This is because the hiding power of red
lanced evaluation method (SBEM). iron oxide is higher. Thus, to keep the total reflectance of coatings in a
A B C relatively high level, the dosage of red iron oxide should be controlled
in a reasonable extent.
Rtotal K1 35.59 39.49 34.54 For near-infrared reflectance (Rnir), the order of factors are B(Red
K2 36.61 35.79 35.89
iron oxide), A(NIR-TiO2) and C(R–TiO2). The optimized formula for this
K3 36.18 33.11 37.95
R 1.017 6.38 3.41 indicator is B1C3A3, among which B(Red iron oxide) and A(NIR-TiO2)
Sum of squares 1.57 61.58 17.74 are the significant factor. This is because in near-infrared solar radiation
F value 0.45 17.69 5.1 region, the near-infrared reflectance has little correlation to the color of
pigment. Thus, the functional near-infrared filler(NIR-TiO2) could im-
Rnir K1 52.06 57.94 53.34
K2 55.03 54.01 54.2
prove the near-infrared reflectance but the dosage of pigment with high
K3 55.85 51 55.4 hiding power (eg. Red iron oxide) should be controlled.
R 3.79 6.94 2.05 For lightness index (L*), the order of factors are B(Red iron oxide),
Sum of squares 23.83 72.66 6.38 C(R–TiO2) and A(NIR-TiO2). The optimized formula for this indicator is
F value 23.69 72.23 6.34
B1C3A3, among which B(Red iron oxide) is the most significant factor.
L* K1 49.66 54.39 48.45 This trend is similar to the total reflectance.
K2 49.67 49.38 49.37 For film hardness, the order of factors are B(Red iron oxide),
K3 51.92 47.48 53.43 C(R–TiO2) and A(NIR-TiO2). The optimized formula for this indicator is
R 2.26 6.91 4.98
B1C3A3 or B1C3A1. But the significant test of each factor to film hardness
Sum of squares 10.16 76.54 42.09
F value 4.13 31.14 17.12
is not obvious.
For BPN value to assess the skid-resistance assessment performance,
Film hardness K1 4.67 5 4.33 the order of factors are C(R–TiO2), B(Red iron oxide) and A(NIR-TiO2).
K2 4.33 4.67 4.33 The optimized formula for this indicator is C1B3A2. For WTAT value to
K3 4.67 4 5
assess the anti-abrasion performance, the order of factors are B(Red
R 0.33 1 0.667
Sum of squares 0.22 1.56 0.89 iron oxide) > A(NIR-TiO2) > C(R–TiO2).
F value 0.14 1 0.57 Taking the multi-index integrated evaluation and single index ba-
lanced evaluation method into consideration, the optimized coating
BPN value K1 63.67 63.4 66.67
formula is B1C3A2, in which the proportion of B(Red iron oxide):
K2 64.27 62.27 62.4
K3 62.33 64.6 61.2 C(R–TiO2): A(NIR-TiO2) is 5:25:8. The verification experiment was
R 1.93 2.333 5.47 carried out under the same condition. The confirmation results showed
Sum of squares 5.88 8.17 49.53 that the near-infrared reflectance is 60.31% and the lightness index of
F value 0.45 0.62 3.76 this coating formula is 55.34, which indicates this coating is one kind of
cool dark coating. The total reflectance is 40.53%. The film hardness is
WTAT value K1 41.18 59.803 73.53
K2 55.88 87.257 43.14 higher than 4H. The surface temperature of this coating was about 9 °C
K3 83.33 33.33 63.72 lower than the traditional asphalt pavement surface, which was cal-
R 42.16 53.927 30.393 culated by the model proposed in Ref. [10]. The average BPN20 value of
Sum of squares 2747.06 4362.61 1443.74
it is 60.6 and the WTAT value of it is 56.73 g/m2. In summary, the
F value 2.02 3.2 1.06
optimized formula of coatings is with higher reflectance and have su-
perior pavement performance.
C(R–TiO2). In order to find out the influence of each factor on the
performance of coatings and extract the complete information from the 4. Conclusions and recommendations
test results, the single index balanced evaluation method (SBEM) were
conducted in the next section. In this paper, the optical properties of two types of titanium oxide in
coatings has been investigated. The orthogonal experiment was applied
to design the multifactorial experiment to assess the performance of
3.5.2. Single index balanced evaluation method (SBEM) coatings for pavement. The impact of factors of pigment and fillers on
Each factor has the effect on the performance indicators. The effect the coatings’ performance was evaluated. The multi-index integrated
curve diagram of different factor in different level on every perfor- evaluation and single index balanced evaluation method were com-
mance indicator are shown in Fig. 15. To obtain the significance of each bined to optimize the formula the coatings. The conclusions and re-
factors, the range analysis and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were commendations drawn from the experiment results could be summar-
conducted and the results are shown in Table 5. ized as follows.
To analyze the results, the range analysis and the analysis of var-
iance (ANOVA) were conducted. The range analysis is similar to the (1) The near-infrared TiO2 is one type of near-infrared reflective pig-
analysis methodology used in the multi-index integrated evaluation ment with the bigger particle size and greater bandgap than the
method (MIEM). Ki represents the impact of level i of each factor to the energy of near-infrared solar radiation.
colligation score(i = 1,2,3). The higher the Ki is, the better the com- (2) With the increase of the mixing ratio of near-infrared TiO2, the total
prehensive performance of coating sample is. R reflects the ID of dif- reflectance and near-infrared reflectance rise firstly and decrease to
ferent factors, which indicates the primary and secondary order of a steady level finally, and the lightness of coatings decrease. It is
factors. The factor with higher R means a stronger effect on the per- recommended the dosage of NIR-infrared TiO2 being limited to 10%
formance of the coating samples. According to the statistical ANOVA to guarantee the optical performance and the economic efficiency.
test, when the F value of a factor is larger than F0.1(=9), the factor has (3) The skid-resistance performance and the anti-abrasion performance
the significant influence on the indicator. of coatings could meet the requirements of pavement standards,
For total reflectance (Rtotal), the order of factors are B(Red iron which illustrates that the water-based coating could be used on
oxide), C(R–TiO2) and A(NIR-TiO2). The optimized formula for this pavement in application. However, the results also show that the
indicator is B1C3A2, among which B(Red iron oxide) is the most anti-pollution performance of pavement coatings should be paid

9
N. Xie, et al.
attention to. This aspect needs more investigation in the further
study.
(4) The optimal proportion of red iron oxide, R–TiO2 and NIR-TiO2of
this type coatings for pavement is 5:25:8, which has the superior
comprehensive performance of optical performance and pavement
durability performance.
Declarations of interest
None.
Acknowledgement
The research is supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and
Technology of the People's Republic of China (Grant No.
2016YFE0108200), National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 5150080567), Department of Transportation of Hebei
Province (Grant No. QG2018-5), and Fund of Shanghai Peak Discipline
(Grant No. 17230711300). The sponsorships are gratefully acknowl-
edged. The contents of this paper only reflect the views of the authors
and do not reflect the official views or policies of the sponsors.
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