1ST QUARTER MAPEH NOTES

MUSIC - LESSON 1: Music of Indonesia

INDONESIA [derived from the Latin word ‘indus’ – India and Greek word ‘nesos’ – island.]
- An archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands.
- Various cultures are a result of the mixture of indigenous and foreign elements (Pacific
Islands, East Asia, Africa, India, Islam, Europe, and America).
- Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native and linguistic groups having 300 ethnic
groups.
- Various tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied by native musical instruments in
their rituals.
- Several musical genres have traces of foreign influences.
➢ Influences like:
o Gambus and Qasidah from Middle Eastern Islamic Music.
o Keroncong from Portuguese influences.
o Dangdut with Hindu music influence, as well as Malay orchestra.

Indonesian Traditional Instruments

1. ANGKLUNG – zither 5. GONG 9. BUMBUNG
2. KACAPI 6. GAMELAN 10. TALEMPONG
3. SULING – flute 7. DAGUNG 11. KULINTANG
4. SITERAM 8. KEBYAR 12. SASANDO
1. SLENDRO
- A pentatonic scale (5 notes).
- Derived from the Indian Kings of the Shailendra Dynasty who ruled Java between 8th –
10th century.
2. PELOG
- Has seven notes.
- It means “fine” or “beautiful” in Javanese.
 Classification of Indonesian Music
• VOCAL
- In the form of long historical narratives, courting and love songs, devotional praise
melodies, and children’s songs.
➢ Tembang – a solo singing tradition—is rich and diverse.
o Lagu Dolanan – children’s song
o Dukun Dance – theatrical and shamanic dances
o Kotehan – magic
• INSTRUMENTAL
- Predominant instruments are struck metal idiophones and idiophone sets.
- Involves a large ensemble performances, solo instruments are rare.
- Musical forms are portrayed by interpunctuating instruments (gongs) while agogic
instruments—accents that’s emphasized by long duration—(drums) control the kinetics
flow (gong).

GAMELAN [derived from the word ‘gamel’ – refers to a type of mallet that’s used to strike the instruments.]
▪ Made up of tune percussion instruments and other instruments made in sets and designed
to be used together. Sometimes, they employ a vocalist called Sindhen.
o GONGS o XYLOPHONES
o METALLOPHONES o BAMBOO FLUTES
o KENDHANG o REBAB
▪ According to Javanese mythology, it was created by Sang Hyang Guru who ruled from his
palace on the Maendan Mountain and used the gamelan to summon the gods.
▪ It’s believed to be guided by spirits thus, Indonesians offer it flowers and incense.
▪ Shoes must be removed before entering the area of the orchestra.
▪ Stepping over the instruments is forbidden.
▪ Only the best player is allowed to play the gong ageng.
Balinese and Javanese gamelan instruments look the same and differ only in name.
Javanese Gamelan Balinese Gamelan
1. Used for court music 1. Used for sacred music
2. Percussion dominated 2. Consists exclusively of percussion
3. Refined, controlled style of playing 3. Employs sudden changes in tempo
and solemn in character 4. Dynamics is emphasized
4. Frequently includes singers 5. Sounds are very bright and brilliant
5. Played in the Pendopo Pavilion 6. Use of fast and rattling sounds of cymbals
7. Instruments are kept together in a bale (open space).
8. Gamelans are owned by the nobility or temples.
Differences between the Javanese and Balinese Gamelan music:
Javanese Gamelan Balinese Gamelan
1. Has a soft, legato, velvet sound 1. Vigorous, rhythmic, and explosive in
2. Tempos are slow and subtle and there’s quality
little change in dynamics 2. Thin clash of cymbals underlies every
3. Prevailing mood is calm and serene tone, only the great gongs are gently struck
4. Karawitan is the term for gamelan music 3. Its music and dance are turbulent and
in Java dramatic, filled with contrast and bold
5. Its dance and music are never disturbed effects.
BONANG
o Plays the melody in a Gamelan ensemble

GENDER
o 10 – 14 tuned metal bars suspended over a tuned resonator of
bamboo or metal tapped with a mallet made of wooden disks
(Bali) or padded (Java).
SARON
o Seven bronze bars placed on top a resonating frame (rancak)
and is played on the floor by a seated performer. It produces
a tone one octave higher than the demung.
KENONG
o A set of 6 small gongs placed in a half circle with an extra set
of two gongs called ketuk and kempyang.

GONG AGENG
o Largest bronze gong in the Javanese and Balinese orchestra
and the most important instrument of the gamelan.

KEMPUL
o A set of pitched, hanging knobbed gongs made of bronze,
wood, and cords.

CENG
o Six small bronze cymbals mounted upside down and played
with two held in hands.
o They are typically mounted on the back of a wooden
sculpture of a turtle.

KENDANG
o A set of drums of different sizes used for the most solemn or
majestic pieces or may be paired with ketipung.

ANGKLUNG [orignated from two words ‘angkaad’ – tone and ‘lung’ – broken]
o Angklung means “incomplete tone”.
o It’s made out of 2 – 4 bamboo tubes attached to a bamboo
frame which is curved to have a resonant pitch when struck
and are tuned to octaves.
o The base of frame is held in one hand while the other strikes
the instrument.
o One angklung = one tone.
o Angklung ensemble playing requires cooperation and
coordination, and promotes the values of teamwork, mutual
respect and social harmony.
o UNESCO recognized it as a Masterpiece of Oral and
Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
 MUSIC - LESSON 2: Music of Thailand
THAILAND [its name in Thai language is Prathet Thai, which means “Land of the Free”.]
▪ Its culture has been dominated by Indian, Lao, Burmese, Cambodian, and Chinese
influences.
▪ Its prevalent religion is Theravada Buddhism but it has evolved to include many regional
beliefs like Hinduism, animism, as well as ancestor worship.
▪ Its music’s origin is from China and India—assumed to be 600 years old.
▪ Its music remained distinct and unique from its Asian neighbors.
Characteristics of Thai Music
1. Uses Pentatonic scale o It’s polyphonic
2. Melody is heterophonic o Instrument improvised around basic
3. Uses duple meter lines of harmony/melody (paths)
4. Uses layered rhythms and pitches rather o Has little syncopation
than the usual harmony o Emphasis on the final beat of a measure
5. Purely oral in culture and has no written or group of pulses and phrases
notational styles. o Thai scale includes 7 tempered notes. 5 of
6. Calms the mind and satisfies the soul. 7 pitches are used as the principal
pitches

Genres and Styles

1. PLENG LUK THUNG [COUNTRY MUSIC]
- Reflects the daily trials and tribulations of rural Thais.
2. MOR LAM
- Distinctively a Laotian genre characterized by rapid-fire rhythmic vocals and funk-feel
percussions.
- Focuses on the daily life of the rural poor.
3. KANTRUM
- A swift and traditional dance music.
4. POP & ROCK
4.1. Pleng Thai Sakon
- Blends traditional elements with the use of Western notation and instruments.
4.2. Wong Shadow
- Western rock patterned after the music of the Shadow band.
4.3. Phleng Pheua Chiwit [means “songs for life”]
- Nationalistic Thai songs.
- Thai folk-rock protest music for working-class democracy.
 Classification of Thai Instruments
A) IDIOPHONES – instruments as a whole that vibrate to produce a sound when struck,
shaken, or scraped—such as a bell, gong, or rattle.
RANAT THUM
o Low pitched wooden xylophone with 18 wooden keys stretched
over a boat-shaped trough resonator.

KHONG WONG LEK

o A set of 18 knobbed pot gongs placed in a circular wooden frame.

CHING CHAP
o A pair of cymbals made out of a thick metal shaped like a tea cup.

B) MEMBRANOPHONES – instruments that produce sound by way of a vibrating stretched

membrane.
TAPHON
o A barrel-shaped drum with two heads played by both hands.
o Used to accompany performances in Thai shrines meant to
entertain the resident god.
o Considered to be sacred and generally kept in a higher place than
the other instruments.
RAMMANA
o A shallow drum that looks like a tambourine without disks.
THON
o A goblet drum with ceramic or wooden body.

C) CHORDOPHONES – instruments that make sound by way of a vibrating string or strings

stretched between points.
JAKHAE / JAKHE
o A plucked zither made of wood in a stylized crocodile shape.
o Approximately 20cm high and 140cm long.
o Has raised frets made of bamboo, affixed to the fret board with wax
of glue.
SAW SAM SAI
o A triangular spiked fiddle with a leg, three silk strings but not frets.
o Its body is made from a special type of coconut covered on one end
with animal skin.
D) AEROPHONES - instruments that create noise by pushing vibrating columns of air through
them.
KHAEN
o Most important folk instrument of North Thailand.
o Consists of a series of bamboo pipes in two rows fitted into a wooden
holder.

Thai Classical Ensembles

1. PIPHAT
▪ Features wind and percussion instruments.
▪ It plays for court ceremonies and theatrical presentations.
▪ Mid-sized orchestra that includes two xylophones (ranat), an oboe (pi), barrel drums (klong),
and two circular sets of tuned horizontal gong-chimes (khong wong lek and khong wong ya).
Kinds of PIPHAT:
1) PIPHAT MAI KHAENG – performed in a loud, outdoor style using hand mallets.
2) PIPHAT MAI NUAM – indoor style using padded mallets.
3) PIPHAT KRUEANG HA – smallest piphat composed of six instruments—pi nai, ranat ek,
khong wong yang, taphon/glong thad, and ching.
4) PIPHAT KHRUEANG YAI – the largest piphat consisting of ten musical instruments.
5) MAI KHAENG – accompanies the khon.
➢ Khon – masked theatre evolved in 16th century where actors took role of the puppets
using colorful masks that shows the faces of deities, gods, and demons. The speaking
part is done by the narrator.
LAKHON – dance drama evolved from the village theatre.
▪ Uses more dancing and singing than the khon.
▪ Found mainly in temple festivals.
➢ THET MAHACHAT – to preach high birth.
▪ A festival in which Buddha’s life is rechanted.
➢ NANG YAI – shadow puppet theatre.
▪ A set of puppets (chy) perform pieces from Ramakain.

2. KRUANG SAI
▪ Performed during popular village affairs.
▪ Combination of strings and wind instruments.
▪ Used for instrumental indoor performances and to accompany Thai Hoon grabok, a stick
puppet theater.

3. MAHORI
▪ Accompanies solo and choral singing.
▪ Consist of string, percussion and wind instruments.
▪ It is a small ensemble composed of women that play in courts both Central Thai and
Cambodia.
▪ It combines the xylophone, and gong circles of the Piphat with the strings of the Kruang Sai
ensemble.
▪ It also includes the saw sam sai fiddle which accompanies the vocalist.
 ARTS - LESSON 1: Arts of Indonesia
INDONESIA
▪ Diversity is evident because of the 300+ ethnic groups and is reflected of its art forms.
▪ Design traced back to early animalistic beliefs, ancestor worship, Hindi or Buddhist
influenced motifs.
▪ Handicrafts were developed from the usage of everyday household items and decorated to
be used for ceremonial purposes.
▪ Natural and chemical dyes, beads, and other natural ornamentation are used.
▪ Art forms are rich ▪ The tree of life
in symbolism. ▪ The mythological
▪ Mythical naga or beast—Garuda
dragon. ▪ All have special
MAMULI – pendant meanings in their
is a symbol of traditions, myths,
fertility from Sumba. and belief.

Textile
BATIK
o Hand drawn and stamped.

IKAT
o Double weave from Nusa Tenggara Island.

SHIP CLOTH
o from Lampung

SILK BUGIS SARONG

o from Sulawesi

BALINESE PRADA FABRIC

o Gold-painted

KAIN SANGKET
o Silver and gold-metallic thread.

TAPIS
o Weaving from Lampung
 WEAVING
▪ Utilizes different materials, methods, colors, and designs.
▪ Symbolism is evident in the variety of textiles.
▪ Color, shapes, and their arrangement all have special meaning.
▪ Certain design can only be worn by men or women, or only by members of the royal family
or nobility.
▪ Special textiles are worn or exchanged in life cycle or rights of passage ceremonies
celebrating birth, circumcision, puberty, marriage, childbearing, and death.
➢ PAKAIAN ADAT – traditional dress that exemplifies the diversity of the uses of textiles
throughout the archipelago. It displays the best of each provinces’ textile and
ornamental jewelry traditions.

BATIK
▪ A fabric printed and produced by an Indonesian method that involved hand-printing
textiles.
▪ Originated from the Javanese word triktik which describes a “resist process” for dying
meaning “patterns transferred on textiles by tying and sewing techniques”.
Batik Methods
1. TJANTING – is a clear freehand drawing of every line and dot of the created design.
2. Putting wax on the fabric by with a metal TJAP.
3. Using a brush or sponge to apply the resist.
Categories of Batik
1. GEOMETRIC MOTIFS – refers to earlier designs.
2. FREEFORM DESIGNS based on stylized patterns of natural forms or imitations of a
woven texture.
Fabric Designs
NITIK
o Means to create a dot.
o The most famous design illustrating this effect.

KAWUNG
o Another very old design consisting of intersecting circles.

PARANG
o (rugged, rock, knife pattern, or broken blade)
o Slanting, rows of thick knife-like segment running in
parallel, diagonal bands in dark contrasting colors.
 PUPPETRY
▪ Used to tell the stories of the ancient epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabhrata and ancient
myths.
▪ Modern stories also utilize this ancient art form for contemporary audience.
❖ Wayang Kulit (shadow from hide)
o A Javanese classical puppet drama that uses shadows manipulated by rods against a
translucent screen lit from behind.
o Stylized shape and movements of the early wayang kulit puppets were imitated by
other forms of wayang or 3D wooden figures manipulated by rods.
WOOD CARVING
▪ A traditional and skill that could be found throughout Indonesia.
▪ The most famous being from Bali, Central Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Papua.
▪ Most popular are Javanese and Balinese wooden image carvings, Jepara lattice-like, 3D
reliefs, and Irianese primitive carvings.
▪ Wood used in carving include ebony, teak, mahogany, ironwood, sandalwood, and the
lesser-known indigenous woods.

PEWTER
▪ Items like angels in varying sizes, candlesticks, picture frames, and ornaments are sold in
shops specializing in Bangka pewter items in Jakarta.

CALLIGRASPHY
▪ Islamic calligraphy has developed in various art forms that include embroidery, ceramics,
paintings, and the beautiful gold embroidered tapis cloth of Lampung.
 STONE CARVING
▪ Gods, demons, and knights abound in Balinese carvings.
▪ Plants, animals (mythological and real), geometric forms are also widely used to represent
specific meanings in particular art forms.
▪ Motifs drawn from nature—leaves, flowers, mountain, water, and clouds often represent
religious or mystical symbols related to early forms of animism and Hinduism.
▪ Volcanic rocks are carved to create status depicting characters from ancient Indonesian
myths and epic.

BOROBODUR
▪ A 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Central Java.
▪ Consists of nine stacked platforms, six square, and three
circular. Topped by a central dome.
▪ Decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha
statues.
▪ World’s largest Buddhist temple and one of the greatest
monuments in the world.
▪ A UNESCO world heritage site.
 ARTS - LESSON 2: Arts of Thailand
▪ Thai craftsmen were considered “true artists”.
▪ They were taught to possess superior intellect, a full understanding of culture, and wide-
ranging wisdom.
▪ Had the capacity to create force but are also cultural reflections of the art and its use in Thai
society and culture.
▪ Traditional art is primarily composed of Buddhist art which often has Hindu elements and
iconography in it.
▪ Traditional Thai sculpture almost exclusively depicts images of Buddha.
▪ Painting usually consists of book illustrations and painted ornamentation of buildings such
as temples.
▪ Thai architecture and design are characterized by subtlety of design and form with
considerate use of symbols, amulets, mystical drawings, and both public and private
statuaries.
Thai Silk
▪ Famous traditional Thai silk is handwoven and mainly produced in the Khorat Plateau.
▪ It is known for its special qualitied bearing unique patterns and colors.
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. It has unique luster with a sheen that has two unique blends: one color for the wrap and
another for the weft. Color changes as you hold the Thai silk fabric at varying angles against
the light.
2. Thai silk smells like hair when burned, proof to the natural fiber that comes from the
silkworm similar to the composition of human hair and fingernails. If you move the flame,
Thai silk immediately stops burning. Artificial silk smells like plastic when burned.
3. Thai silk is usually 10 times more expensive than artificial silk.
4. The “wedding ring” test. When you attempt to pull a yard or two of Thai silk fabric through a
wedding ring, it will ease through showing the smoothness and flexibility of the fabric.
Imitation fabrics will crunch up and will be difficult to pull through a wedding ring.
5. Genuine Thai silk has a peacock emblem to authenticate and protest it from imitations.
6. Thai silk village is the place where you can find all kinds of Thai silk products in classic and
elegant designs.
HAND MADE THAI SILK SILK WOVEN THAI FABRIC
 Loi Krathong Festival
▪ A colorful festival held annually on the full moon of the 12th
month in the Thai Lunar Calendar.
▪ The name could be translated as to “float a basket”, and
comes from the tradition of making krathong or buoyant,
decorated baskets floated on the river.
▪ It’s decorated with elaborately-folded banana leaves,
incense sticks and a candle. A small coin is sometimes
included as an offering to the river spirits. Many used it to
thank the Goddess of Water.
▪ According to HM King Rama IV writing is 1863, it was a
Brahmanical festival adapted by Thai Buddhist to honor
Buddha. The candle venerates the Buddha with a light
while the floating krathong symbolizes letting go of one’s
hatred, anger, and defilements.
▪ People sometimes cut their fingernails or hair and place the clippings on the krathong as a
symbol of letting go of past transgressions and negative thoughts.
▪ This Thai festival is held all over the country but the particularly beautiful celebrations are
held in Chiang Mai, Ayutthaya, and Sukhothai where they take place for several days.
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION - LESSON 1: Review of FITT Principles
EXERCISE
This replenishes energy in the body because it rebuilds and repair tissues as well as
strengthens muscles and bones.
FREQUENCY
▪ Refers to the number of times you exercise.

INTENSITY
▪ Refers to the difficulty level of exercise
▪ It measures the aerobic endurance training needs of an individual.
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL’S HEART RATE
MHR (Maximal Heart Rate) To get the Target Zone:
o Is the maximum number of beats made by PHR x 50% and PHR x 70%
your heart in 1 minute of effort. Example: You are 12 years old
o The formula for individual MHR is: 220 – 12 = 208 50% = 0.5
MHR – age = Predicted Heart Rate (208)(50%) = 104
Example: You are 12 years old (208)(70%) = 145.6 70% = 0.7
220 – 12 = 208 (PHR) Target Heart Rate Zone is between 104 to 145.6

TYPE
▪ Refers to activities that make use of large muscles.

TIME
▪ Refers to the length of time you do the physical activity—which may be 20 minutes to 30
minutes while maintaining the heart rate.

Creating a Physical Activity Program

BENEFITS:
In planning for an individual activity program, one should consider its cardiovascular
benefits.

CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS
▪ It refers to the muscles and functions of the heart.
▪ It includes healthy circulation of the blood which provides warming of the muscles that
leads to a good stretch or flexibility.
FLEXIBILITY
▪ Maintaining and improving your flexibility can help prevent joint pain and stiffness, reduce
your risk for lower back pain, and prevent injuries.

WARM-UP EXERCISES
▪ It prepares your mind and body for activity by gradually increasing blood flow to your
muscles and raising your body temperature.
 HEALTH - LESSON 1: Gender and Human Sexuality
HUMAN SEXUALITY
▪ Encompasses diverse behaviors and meanings shaped by an individual’s social, cultural,
and historical factors.
▪ From local to global levels, a significant number of public health challenges involve sexual
and reproductive health.
▪ It refers to the way someone is sexually attracted to another person whether the opposite
sexes, same-sex, to either sex, all gender identities, or not being attracted to anyone sexually.

Relationship Between Human Sexuality and Gender

Human Sexuality ang Gender relations are closely interrelated and together affect the ability of
men and women to achieve and maintain sexual health.

Definition of Terms
SEX GENDER SEXUALITY
o It refers to the o It’s a social and legal o It’s the central aspects of being human
biological status, and set of throughout life that encompasses sex,
characteristics expectations from gender, identities and roles, sexual
that define society—about behaviors, orientation, eroticism, pleasure,
humans as characteristics, and intimacy, and reproduction.
female or male. thoughts.

This is expressed in thoughts, beliefs, subtitle values, behavior, practices, roles, and
relationship which manifests themselves in:
a) Biological and Physical Aspects
- These aspects of sexuality largely concern the human reproductive functions including
the human sexual response cycle and the biological basic drive the exists in all species.
b) Emotional and Physical Aspects
- These aspects of sexuality include bonds between individuals that are expressed
through profound feelings or physical manifestations of love, trust, and care.
c) Social Aspects
- This deals with the aspects of human society on one’s sexuality.
d) Spiritually Concerns
- This is an individual’s spiritual connection with others.

Other Factors That Affect / Influence Sexuality:

1) Biological 7) Cultural
2) Psychological 8) Legal
3) Social 9) Historical
4) Economic 10) Religions
5) Political 11) Spiritual
6) Ethical 12) Emotional
 Teenage Concerns
ADOLESCENCE TEEN PREGNANCY
▪ The period following ▪ Becoming the major cause of concern because of the rising
the onset of puberty numbers of teen mothers.
during which a ▪ It affects not only females but males as well because it causes
young person serious health and education problems.
develops from a ▪ Often associated with an increased rate of delinquent behaviors
child into an adult. including alcohol and substance abuse and many of them belong
▪ Is the stage in life to the low-income group.
when sexual ▪ Most of the youth today (ages 15 – 25) admit to having pre-marital
behaviors develop experience.
and become ▪ Young girls are clueless that they can get pregnant on the first or
established. single intercourse.
▪ Sexually active adolescents may face a variety of risks including
malnutrition, inadequate prenatal care, abortion, fetal death, and
the risk of acquiring cervical cancer.

Prevention of Teen Pregnancies

1) There should be a concerted effort on the part of the 5) Open communication with
parents, schools, and the government to ensure that parents and children.
right pieces of information is transmitted to them. 6) Keep them morally and
2) Make sure that they are in the company of good peers spiritually grounded.
or barkada. 7) They should be well-monitored
3) Parents must strive to keep and maintain an intact and supported emotionally and
family set up at home. psychologically.
4) Children must be kept in school.

▪ One out of four women becomes a mother by age 19.

▪ Four out of ten women in the 20 – 24-year-old bracket has already engaged in sexual activity.
▪ More than the numbers, teenage pregnancy is becoming a cause of concern because of the
imminent importance on the roles played by young women in today’s society, each should
take this as a serious responsibility.

Other Issues of Adolescence on Sexuality

IDENTITY CONFUSION
▪ Usually occurs during early and later adolescence. Sexual attraction toward members of the
same sex starts to begin, often occurring with the absence of attraction towards the
opposite sex and is also the time when they begin to experiment sexually.

SEXUAL IDENTITY
▪ Refers to an individual’s concept of themselves.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
▪ Refers to the actual sexual acts performed by an individual.

SENSITIZATION
▪ The first development stage of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents. This is when a person
recalls feelings of being different from peers of the same sex during early and middle
childhood.