CH

Organic chemistry
0 N SP

Compound Carbon its oxides Carbonates and

of except ,
hydrogen
Carbonates satts are known as
Organic Compounds .

Carbon
Hydrocarbon ->
Hydrogent
Hydrocarbon
L I

Aliphatic or open Cy dis or closed

chain Compounds chain Compounds

L -> L ->

Saturated Aromatic
Unsaturated Alicydic H

hydrocarb on
hydrocarbon i- I
- I
· H
I
= 2
-
H
&
I ·
↑ GD electrons
-e
·
- e &
H- -
H
↓ ↑1 2 &

Alkanes - I H
in
(paraffins) A kenes Alkynes cyclohexane (4n +2) is electrons
Colefins] 0 1, 2 3
n ... - -

CnHen+ 2
=

, ,

CnHen Su Han-2
cystobutane
CH4
C214 Ceter
[H6 C3H6
H

I
C H H C c H H - 2 =
C -
H
H
-
- -
=

I I
M H
H

Incase of Saturated
hydrocarbons Carbons are joined via
Single bond .

unsaturated
Incase of
hydrocarbons Carbons are joined via double and
triple bond

Carbon

L I

Catenation
tetravalency
2
, I I
covalent bonds
- C- -
= C=
I
 Catenation self linking of atoms
->

1 1 I
,
-C-c- c c 1 - c- chain
straight chain
-

open
- -

I , , , 1

- (closed/cyclic)
eI
P -
-

I
- C -
I
c - -

=
- -
=C -

I I

-
↳-- -
CEN :

Saturated Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon
i All the valancies satisfied
.

All the valancies are satisfied by i .

the bonds
are not
by
the
single bonds .

single .

i
- - -
i . =

! Ov -
=C -

1 I

of loosely bound electrons

i electrons in
.

non-availability of .

presence .

iv . Substitution Reaction . is .

Adittion reaction .

·
Pibond

- --
a -
=
↑
E
-
-
-
[EC-

11 -Sigma
bond (10 +

2 is) System

Sigmar bond 16 + 1

in nature
stronger
bonds
pibonds are weak Compare to
Sigma .
So , the electrons in
the pibonds are
loosely bound .

that's
why unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than the
saturated
hydrocarbons .
 Series
Homologous -
A
homologous Series is a
group
or a class of
organic Compounds having Similar structure and chemical
properties in which the a Successive Compounds differ by
a -
che group .

Homologous Series of Alkanc :

-

Cn Hentz
CH4
+
CH2
: C216 +C42 CsH8+CM - C4H10

Homologous Series of Alkene

+ CH2 +
CH2
C214 >
3 H6 >CnH8

tomologous Series of Alkyne : -

terr tele
C2Hz ,
sitly uH6

importance of homologous Series -

:

i .
It helps to
predict the
properties of the members of the
Series that are
yet
to be prepared .

i .

From the Homologous Series we can do the

systematic study of the
compounds .

in natura
. The
of any member
of the family can be determined if the

properties of the first member are known .

Functional group :
-

Functional be defined the atoms atoms

group of
Can as or
groups
a

which is responsible for the characteristies properties of the compound .

-
OH 3 Alcohol .
⑧
11
Aldehyde
>
->
[H0 -> - c -
H
>

-
cool ->
Carboxylic Acid .

free hydrogen .

-
COOCH -
Ester
,

R/R'- Alkyl
11
C I Ketone
R
-
R group .

R - 0 -
R ~ Ether
 Hatom
Alkyl
-

Alkane ,
group .

CH4 s
-

Cty group (Methyl group)

Gett-H , -ects group (Ethyl group (

C3H8 =1 , -C3H7 (propyl group)

CnMo
-H
, -CpHg (Butyl group)

structural formula : -

this formula shows how the atoms of different elements are linked
together in a molecule .

C6H10 -
(Alkyne) (Hexyne)
H Hi H
I 11 I
c ( H
H c c = -

- -
c c - - -

1 11 I
H H H + -
Structural formula .

Ch H10
H H H H

I 11 I
H --
- c -
c- e -
H
11 I ↓
H H H H

show
Isomerism -

Organic Compounds with Some molecular

formula can

different structures and properties . This phenomena is called

isomerism and the compounds are called isomers .

Isomerism

L
'Stereo isomerism X
Structural Isomerism

L
Geometrical
isomerism
optical
L - isomerism
chair
->

position Functional Metamerism

group

position isomerism : -

C4H100
① Els-enz ex-ess-OH =

1-butand
H

⑧ Ens-Exe-e-'e 2 - butand
b
 functional group Isomerism : -

62H60

CH3-eHz- " H .....O- ets

Alcohol Ether

C3H60

↑ i ens ci-emi
Ketone Aldehyde .

Metamerism ->
Unequal distribution of Alkyl group .

S4 #10

1
-
0 -

CH2-cHn-CH3 C CH-0-et-CH3

chain isomerism -
molecular Same but the structural formula is different

C4H10 +
Butane .

CH3

eHz-CH2-CH2-CH3 CHz-CH -

CH3
n. Butane Iso-Butane-

C5HI2 -
Pentane .

CHz-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH , -CH-CH3

[H3
n-pentane .

Iso-pentane .

Substituents
:...
~> .

&He
I
HsC
-

e- CH3

&
H3 Neo-pentane .
 Impac Nomenclature -

prefix + Word root +

Suffix

primany secondary .

we can understand -
-

the functional
what kind
represents the represent
-
of substituents
Determine
in the organic in the
group present
there total
are no .

of whether the

Compound Carbon atom in compound is

Organic Compound
.
.

the main chain alkane alkenes

,

Alkyna .

the
Represent
nature of 2-e

bond present in

the Organic Compound .

(main chain)

Step-1
-

Find out the no .

of Carbon atoms in the given compound to worite the

,

word root for it .

atoms word root

No .

of e

meth

2 Eth

3
prop
4 But
5 pent

If Saturated add Suffix

Step-2 the Compound is and to the word woot .

If the Compound is Unsaturated add 'ene' or "yue' to the word root-

for"the for the

double boud triple bond .

functional group is present in the

Compound it is indicated
Step-3 If the
by
adding its
Secondary Suffix .

functional Group Secondary Suffix

-
OH Ol

- COOH oie acid

0

- -
H al
 ⑧
Il
- one

R-0-R Alkoxy Alkane .

Functional Group Substituents

priority -> ·

* Find out the Carbon chain containing most number of Carbon atom -

*
we have to assign the number in a that the Carbon attached to the functional
way
will get the least possible number locant Rule
Group , .

'CH3
I
H
26 CH3 2,
2-dimethyl propane
3
Hs

n-n-enz-en--ens- Hs
ets 3-methyl Hexame .

2H3
I 2 1 4

CHy-eHz-c-cH-cH 3 ,
3, 4-trimethyl Hexame
I
Cy EHz-CH3

12 3 4 5

CH3 -

CH-cHz-cH2-CH3
2 bromo
.
pentane

it

BU
5 6
2 31 4 *
*
~
CHz-el-CH-CH-CH2-CH3 follow the Alphabetical order
dis for the Substituents

(3-bromo-2-methyl Hexane)

4 3 2 I

1 C -
HC =
eH -
CH3 But-2-ene
~
in -en-e-= EH
6

CHs -

5- EthylHex-Igna .

en ,,

Il
H -CH2
,
-c -

CH3 Butan-2-one

01

che-e-et-ce
E

CH
=
212-CH2-cHz - -

>

CHz(H2 CH3 -

I
nc-cH2-CH-COOH

O O W

H-c-CHz-cz-c-- -
- -> Aldehyde
0

Il
C -> Ketone
no free hydrogen .

~ CHS -
Beat CH3

CH3

~ CH3-CH
* ( CH3
-

q
-
-
-

did -Hy
CH3
I
~ C c CH-COOH
13
-
-

1
Br CH3

~ CH
-
-CH-CH3

COOH
 ~
10 - e-et-conte acid
y-trimethyl pentan-1-oic
.

3, 4,

CH3
-Goo
5 41
CHy -
C In
I
CH> CH3

Alkanes
·
Saturated hydro Carbons
All the Carbon atoms are bonded via
single co-valent bond .

CnHautz

Series of Alkane :
Homologous
taMe tatt
CH4 teles cate , astly , Cuttio

CHy-Marsh Gas-Green house

gas

Saturated at normal condition

Alkanes , ->
mostly unreactive .

↳
paraffins .

Alkanes chain isomerism

Isomers are
Compounds with Same molecular formula and different structural

formula . this phenomena is known as Isomonism .

I somers of Butane -

Butane
CHy -CH2-CH2-CH3 n -

Cy -CH -
CH3 iso-Britane
2H ↳ one branch

Isomers of pentane : -

CHI-eH2-CH2-212-Cls -pentance

CHa -
CH-CH2-CH3 iso-pentane
EH3 ↳ I branch

CHS
I
CH - c -

CH3 neo-pentane
I
↳ I branches
CH3
Structure of Methane = -

H
I
H
M <
Geometry of CHy is tetrahedral
-
-

I
H

H - This Hatom is on the plane .

sp
1098' 0C -
(H c H =

.....
-
-

⑱ H

I LiveAge
H

. ↳
=

H
Bash line
line
Hatom is above the

↓ atom is plane .

below the plane

Preparation of Methane : -

A
Sodium Acetate +
Sodalime <Methane .

CH-BcoNat + NaoH
CaO

300'
> CHG4 + NazCOs

we are
collecting the methane
ga
via downward displacement
water methane is soluble in water and lighter
of because
slightly
than air .

O
swo
CH-CHL-CHc- - Nat +
NaOH
300 E
> CH-eH-CHs +
NazCO3

11 H
Nat Car
NaOH
(Syclohexane)
7 +
NazCOS
+

3006

atty-CH2--oNat + Naot
CaO
300C
> C2H6 +
Na ,COs

method to and 62Hs

Alternative
prepare CHy
-

1) CH -
I + 2 [H] -> CH4
+

HI

HI
CHy-CH2-I [41 ->HC-CH3
+
+ 2

nascent

hydrogen
*
-
* *

2
AlG3 +
12 H0 < 3 CH44 +4 Al(OH) ,

Formation of Altrane from Alkyl halide : -

H
H
I I
H H < - e
H
-
- -

I I
- H
H

Alkane Alkyl halide .

Waitz Reaction : -

CHy- ! xa .....,
+
I-cH3 <
H
-

CH + 2NaE
- ...........

Ethane

2 CHy-CH2-I
+ 2 Nas ?

..... CH2
[Na
. . . .

< 2- CH-cH-CHs 2 NAI

............... CH3
+

I
Hy -

2H2 - +
+
1 - -

Butane .

and
of
*
* mixture propane , Butane
* CHy-cR-1 + 2Na+I -

CH3 >

Ethane .

CHy-CH2 -
1 +
2Na+ 1- CH-CH3 -

CHy-CH2-2H2-CH3

CHy-I 2 Na I CH3 >

Hz2 CH3
-
+
+ -

13) -

CH2-I + 2Na+ 1- cHs =>

CHy-CH2-CH3

that's
why incase we can not
produce alkanes with odd no -
of Carbon
carbon atoms of wait reaction .

Substitution Reaction :
-

n -
4 -

⑪ -
n- c
I
-
e

In i
is
getting substituted
t
by clatom .
 CH + de Sunlight , CHy-cl
+
Hel

This of Reaction via freeradical mechanism

type
A occurs .

CH3-CHs + cle hVs H Cr2Hz-el

+
Hel
y

CH4 + de (excess) -

el Hel
+e2 -H
+

CH4
-

d + e -
H-ez Hd
H
+

DCM

H cre +
de > HC-Cly + Hel
Chloroform

Chels +d -
ely + Hel

carbon tetrachloride .

C2Hs + d [excess) ?

Cetts ->
Cettsel > Callycl> Celtics > Caltecy

↓
C2C6 < CcHd5

hexachloroethane -

Reaction with oxygen -

I
2CH4 +

302 < 2C0 +

GH20

partial oxidation
2(2H6 +
502 >
-
40 +

6420

CH4 +02 < c +

H20
(soot)
↳ It is used to
manufacture the
inks and
printing tyres .

Pyrolysis : the
decomposition of any Substance by Heat
-

the is called
in
presence of air
pyrolysis .

the in alkanes , the process is termed

When
pyrolysis occurs

as
cracking .

By pyrolysis s

Small chain Hydrocarbons

long
chain Hydrocarbons :
 500 + Ha
CHz -
H3 > McC = CH2
Al 203

400 600c
=

>Cyto + CeH6
C1H16
Al203
Butane propene

Catalytic Oxidation of Allsane : -

475K Cu tube

i 2
Cy 02 , 2 CH OH
+

,
120 atm
(Methanol)

n) C14 02 Mo0
> HCH0 + H20

(Formaldehyde)

i) 2
CH + 302
Mn based
Catalyst > 2HCOOH +
2428
100'
Formic Acid

457K astabe
iv) C2H6 +02 >H
, -CH2-OH
120 atm
Ethanol .

MOO
v) C2Hs Or CHO + H20
+ CH
,
-

Acetaldehyde Ethanal .

Pt
viD C2H5OH +O2 <
HyC-cooH +2 H2
Acetic
Acid) Ethanoic Acid
step wise Oxidation
of CHy (Slow Combustion)

CH4 [01
, CH3-OH # ,
techo E , Root

120 + 102 <

[01 &
501--oxidising agent
-

s ( K2Cr207 +Conc H2SO4 .

ii) KMnoy