The Tactics

of f,nd-Games
b Jen6 Brin

CORVINA PRES S
 CONTT
Title of the Hungetian original:
vEGIAIEToK TAKTIKAIA

Traosldcd &om thc Hungarian by

Jen6 Bochkor
Prcfre
Ftma'-n.rrl C.mcepts .. -.--
Tb C.rncept of End-Games

Tb Cmoept of Tactic$ .... ..--o-

Thc Eemeots of Combination -.--?
I.FighforaDraw .:....
Thc Salemate ...
Staleoate Positions in Pawn Ead&
Ifallingln... ....----
The Queen as a Factor in SoIc ;

The Fight against the Passcd hr, --,

SeE-Pinning
Direction with Passed Pawr
Pmitional Draw ...-.---i

How to Achieve a Theoretical DE ---.

This book ia a joint edition of Sir Isasc Pitman & Sons, Ltd., London and CORVINA, Budapcst Perpenral Attack .. - ----!.
Solc distribudm rigbt for thc United Kingdom and the British Commonwcalttr ie granted
II. Fight for Victory ...----..
to Sir fgaac Pitnan & Sons, Ltd., London
Zagzuraag
The llarmfirl Piece

@ I.rro B6n rg6: Stalemate

Avertingthe --------;
Lines
Opening of roor*,
Discovery ..-...-.--{
Printcd in Hungary 1953 Preliminary Oeening of e Lic ----.
Athenocum Printing flouse, Budapest :
Clearing the Path, Cleeriry e $q- .

Closing of Lines .. -. ---.

 C ONT ENT S

Preface 7
Fundamental C-oncepts o. ..... i 9
9
The Finish and the Srudy II
The Concept of Tacticg r3
The Elements of Combination r5
I. Fight for a Draw 23
The Stalemate ... 23
Stalemate Positions in Pawn End-Games ... 24
Wa[ing In ... z6
The Queen as a Factor in Stalemate . .. zB

3r
Self-Pinning ..:... 36
Direction with Passed Pawns g8

Positional Draw 42
Virtual Stalemate 42
How to Achieve a Theoretical Draw <I
td-nidCIIIINA' Bualrlcrt Perpetual Attack 57
ts -red II. Fight for Victory 6l
lrLl- Ztgzwatg 6t
The Harmfirl Piece ... ... 76
85

Opening of Lines IOI

Discovery to2
Preliminary Opening of a Line ro8
Clearhg the Path, Clearing a Square III
Closing of Lines II5
 Focal Point r r.... 126
Square Blocking and Blockade r28
Opening-Shutting Combinations r34
Chase r38
Driving On .. t46
Driving Off or Diversion r59
Driving Off (Diversion) by Pinning 169
Break-Through . t72
Direction r78
ffudeoelopa{bl
Range and Concerted Action t87
tlu sctet oI tlp frW
The Fighting King t87 olchani*. TIE fu rrr
The Geometrical Motif t87 ranlt nqidno * dl
The Range of the Knight r9o e,aet.Alostdrutt
ConcertedAction ...... r93
tlufowdatiosdbf
4s to tlw o p c nirt
Double Threat ... r94 odtlufnstotffi -ot
Gain of Time .... r97 Ing cemsia d I
Close-Range Fighting r99 cless ?W, *U gq : fut
Attack against a Defending Piece .. .. .. 2or wiatiors;rrtotbffilt
cia of the nidilea* t
The King as a Direct Target ... 2o4
Hnfl, irrdd! As ta
Index .r.. l. l.,.... l! r. ! r!... !,... ?. !, t....... !..: ! ! ! ! ! !r t. ! r r. r.. ,.... 213 is stll udqid4 d s t
tlro, tlu tw-
Yatlusoilod64l
try.Vlry? fuc r-4;
ilwaicios to tb l* a
dbgs.Tkir q*d*a
ryoAarurs ol utaflC
ffi.ry utafu rld
in irytou airt eH
Wdcbtk
drtnwllw.Itf,-4d
T@irsartuIbt;I

;@it
E, u,lorlsfifr ed -
n6 PRE FACE
r28
r34
r38
r46
r59
r69
172
r78
t87
187
187
r90
r93
rg4
r97
r99
201
20.4
of each and eoery combinntionrfrom the simplest to thc most deeply calculated.
FU N DAf EI
As tlu title shoats' our PurPose is
games. These are in no waY diffamt
-m;aak-Saru;
it is onlY for the sake
the ilhitratioe examplei chosm are relatioely simple positions with a_minimwt
numberof The readpr will be nnprised to note hoat many
interestiitg subtleties a,re concealed in eaen these apparently

er the pa.ges of this book, castitg a glance at the

'!#r,f;'lwtr;;tr;h'il;:,""7';:;'j';"ffi
hcss endingsryou willfi,nd here rnany an outstanding
composition by
attention to tlrc
connents on thp diagra
prinarily for tlu a
Its intmtion is to
instead offr prafiice is that
THE CONCEPT
tlu pleasing a:hile tying to
OF END.GA.MES
gioe yott. an insight intg tlrc
Zxprissed in the anisilc exa The end-game is tte ld fi
oiru oftm aDDear also in the a game of chess. The scrti4a-
-a
in iess potiltrcd f**. One anuld desribe the finish of ru,ch 4 Samc as a arr end-game is, accatndf
ecstudy-like" ending
"initial position" thd hes bccld
ift author hoD'es tknt, after a careful perusal of this book, the reader from the basic Pcitim &
tbe able to oeate such"study-like" mdings in the course unspecified number of ncrEl r
The content of m 4_
]end B6n that series of moves wtich h* f
his "initial position" to ft -
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE tef,mination of the gre, L e. D
palpable demonstr*im db t
The readq will certainly fi.nd that this book contains mony neu', one out@me. The forn d ft r
ffi
hto
game is determined tt ft i
that are on the boatrd in 6e I
position" or after each re d
Clarke and to myfriend Mr.RaYmond series of moves leading to ft -
ns and ltelP. finish.
Jen6 Bochkor The end-game is ctruli
is content and by ils f@-.Cryd
definition of the fundedc
must derive from ooc Gfudl
 rrfr bpb calatlated. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
tctial mtifs in end-
olo ooctfr in the
-y od doity that
[inr oirtamitimum
'dunou luw ncmy
atlw a?parently
odry a gluce at the
bitis anae selection
b afotq, fot the Our object is to examine the methods of leadi"g from the most di-
, an onstanding
tJtt verse but relatively simple positions that arise on the chessboard during
u G jtott gioe sorne the progress of the game termination, namd a
d @tet od to tlrc victory ofr failing that, into details it seems
hl ht kzt dcsigned necessary to clarify the co later in this connection.
{clrc onpositions.
a d to ilutease your
* tob, tlu illustratioe
Facticeis that THE CONCEPT attributes. As a matter of fact we only
OF END-GAMES know where ttre "last phase" ends,
it is uncettain and disputable where it
fug@turthwgh The end-game is the last phase of begins.
of srl, o game as a a game of chess. The starting-point of It is generally believed that in an
an end-game is, ssgsldingly, an end-game there are only a "few"
"initial position" that has been reached pieces on the board. This definition is,
ifrs b@h the reader
from the basic position after an however, very loose, nor is it necessa-
diqsintlp corrrse
unspecified number of normal moves. rily supported by the tendenry of theo-
The content of an end-game is retical textbooks to deal mostly with
Jend B6n that series of moves which leads from positions comprising 4 or 5 (and very
this "initial position" to the actual rarely 6) pieces. Others again maintain
termination of the game, i. e. to the that it is not the exact number of
pdpable demonstration of its ultimate chessmen but the nunber and tSrpe of
c trur! ,tsw, one outcome. The form of the end= the pieces that determine an end-
ftil ot entirely ruw game is determined by the pieces game. In this [ght any position where
by Mr. Jen6 Bdn one or both of the players have only r
it 4bh. I wish to that are on the board in the "inidal
position" or after each move of the or z pieces left might, irrespective of
ftbtdMr.Raymond series of moves leading to the actual the number of pawns presentr be re-
finish. garded as an end-game.
Ica6 Bochkor The end-game is characterized by Many theoreticians hold that the
its content and by its form. Any closer end-game begins with the moment
definition of the fundamental concept when the role of the kings changes,
must derive from one or other of ttrese i. e. when the position has been so
simplified that there is no danger of
a direct mating attack and the king can
appear as an active factor on the scene.
But we can rarely assume that both
kings will be equally active at the
same tlme; indeed the intervention
of one king may suddenly strengthen
the mating threat to the other.
One often hears, moreover, that
"the outcome has already been decided
in the middle-game-or even in the
opening." This in fact amounts to
sayrng that some games have no end-
game. Not only would such an
assumption obscure our definition but
it would be in flagrant contradiction
to it.
For this reason let us approach the
question from another angle. What is
the difference between the opening and
the middle-game on the one hand and
the end-game on the other? Any
analysis of the opening and middle-
game can lead only to estimated and
probable results. The result of an end-
game, on the other hand admits of a
concrete, tangible and verifiable dem-
onstration based on an obiective
analysis.
In this we may already have a clear-
cut definition of the concept at issue,
indicating as it does, irrespective of
the varying number and position of
thepieces, the exact moment at which
the ending phase occurs in anypartic-
ular game. Accordingly, thetransition
to an end-game has been completed as
soon as the player to move has an
opportunity of demonstrating by a The borderline between the two is
sequence of forcing moves inall
variations, his unquestionable victory
or the absolute futitity of his oppo-
nent's effofts to win.
IO
Consequentlg the *initial position"
of an end-game already implies the
elements of the final position, in-
cluding the outcome; the shorter or
longer chain of moves connecting the
two is made up of links, each of
which is amenable to an obiective,
scientific analysis.
Of course, this premise might as
well be extended to make the concept
of the end-game cover that of the
whole game, the basic position itself
being regarded as the "initial posi-
tion." Theoretically and logically
there is nothing against it, but the
limited scope of our knowledge and
the immensity of the field of research
would thwart any attempt to do
One may encounter many a position
with a mere 5 or 6 pieces which,
though simple in form, is of a content
that cannot be fully explored even by
the most thoroughgoing
research;
and again, there are many apparently
complicated "full board" positions in
which evident and concrete moves
lead to a calculable outcome-the final
position.
All positions-irrespective of the
number of pieces-the appraisal of
which does not lead to an irrefutable
result, should be classffied as middle-
game positions, while positions
(again disregarding the number of
pieces) from which the outcome may
be objeaively deduced by sequences
of best moves on both sides, should
be regarded as end-game positions.
that area of incessant research where
fresh ground is being reclaimed by
degrees from the impenetrable iun-
gle of the middle-game to give free
passage through the sFEr r
glade of end-games.
THE FINISE
AND THE STT'DI
As we have said the eodAr
last phase of a game. Sire c
shortest game has its ld p
follows that every qfrPr i
those which, in form, ec-'"a5
natein the middle-gamc c t
ing, must have a Phasc Ylirt
designated as its endare-
The shortest game cmccirl
sists of only two moves :
so.
r. P-KN4, P-K4 z P-l
Q-R5-mate !
"Where is here the d{
Vell, in trc [!
one might ask.
previous definition, 6c cl
position arose when fu lf
demmsu-
move was able to
to react L
tably his ability
position." This follod t
gross blunder on thesedr
Black had merely to meb c
but fully convincing, movehr
meet the requirement : 'H
The shortest matcb4ch
chess literature went dcag-
lar lines :
Gibaud-Lazatd (Paiq rg
r. P-Q4, N-KBI z. I
P-K4 3. P x P, N-N5 a ?-
N-K6 ! ! and Vhite r€stsd
The final position:
 6c'initial position"
itr.hcady implies the
I d .rlp finel pcition, in_
ft om; the shorter or
h dmves onnecting the
ry of links, each of
uHe b an obiective,
rrtFfoL
tfo P,r€mise might as
cd o rmte the concept
ower that of the
6c b.sic psition itself
s 6e "initial posi-
icetry and logicafly
ding egdnst it, but the
of our knowledge and
cy dee fidd of research
uy stempt to do so.
ar'orErrFr rruny a position
jc6pieceswhich,
in form, is of a content
bc frtry erplored even by
tmgbgoing research;
1f,31c rxE rnrny apparently
:frll bos161'r positions in
od concrcte moves
ffiao,rnFthe final
of the
ft=-<tc ap,praisal of
6i lr"l b a irre table
h.t-...m"a as middle-
stile positions
tte number of
rtkt tre outcome may
d-lEced by sequences
m bpth sides, should
3 ct-gamc positions.
betwcen the nro is
at ;qtrs-nt research where
is being reclaimed by
6c iryeuetrable iun-
nidOo-pe to give free
passage through the ever widening
glade of end-games.
THE FINISH
AND THE STUDY
As we have said the end-game is the
last phase of a game. Since even the
shoftest game has its last phase, it
follows that every game, including
those which, in form, actually termi-
natein the middle-game or the open-
ing, must have a phase which may be
designated as its end-game.
The shortest game conceivable con-
sists of only two moves :
r. P-KN4, P-K4 z. P-KB3??,
Q-R5-mate !
"Where is here the end-game?"
onemightask.Vell, in the light of our
previous definition, the end-game
position arose when the player to
move was able to demonstrate irrefu-
tably his ability to reach the "final
position." This followed White's
gross blunder on the second move and
Black had merely to make one single,
but fully convincing, move in order to
meet the requirement : "Black wins."
The shortest match-game known in
chess literature went along very simi-
lar lines :
Gibaud-Lazard (Paris, rgzl).
r. P-Q4, N-KB3 z. N-Qz,
P-K4 3. P x P, N-N5 4. P-KR3 ?
N-K6 ! ! and Vhite resigned.
The final position:
I.
Of the moves played here the last
one only belongs to the "end-gamer"
but inherent in it are two variations
demonstrating victory. One of them is,
in fact, the same mating position as
we saw in the previous example: 5.
P x N, Q-RS ch, 6. P-KN3, Q x P
(N6)-mate. The other variation
leaves White a queen down (against
a knight).
In the latter alternative to prove the
continuation to the actual mate would
undoubte.lly be a laborious task, but
Black's material superiority (without
any positional disadvantage !) is so
convincing that we can rightly accept
it on the principle of an "adequate
logical basis."
A striking feature courmon to both
end-games-apart from the unusually
large number of pieces still on the
board-js that the majority of the
pieces play no part in the final out-
come.
Ifsomeone wished-for the purpose
of
insuuction or entertainment-to
show simply the forcing motif by
which it is possible to mate a king
(walled in by his own pieces) with a
II
queen or even a bishop, or else wished
to demonstrate how mate or loss ofthe
queen was inevitable after the sacrifice
of a knight, he could remove quite a
number ofpieces from both the White
and the Black armies and still leave the
meaus of achieving his final aim or the
character ofthe final result unchanged.
The mating position in the first
game canbe shown most economically
as follows:
Thus by removing the "super-
fluous" pieces an "initial position"
created in a very early stage of the
opening can be transformed and
simplified-with its content left in-
tact-so that the residual position will
at first glance give the impression of an
"end-game."
Not only is such a transformation
possible but it is in fact desirable from
the didactic point of view. The ways
and means of winding up a game can
be shown more clearly and decisively
if we retain only those pieces which
play an actual part, active or passive,
in bringing about the final result.
Theoretical books on end-games
therefore mostly employ examples
which are not positions from actual
play but positions intentionally de-
signed, transfonned or simplified for
the purpose. These positions meet the
t2
requirement that they can be legally
derived from the basic position by a
series of regular moves but the manner
of derivation is extraneous and there-
fore unimportant.
The use of artificial end-games in-
stead of actual game-endings as exarn-
ples has several advantages: (t) An
artificial end-game may in a simple
condensed form comprise all the
practical lessons to be drawn from
numerous game-endings of similar
character. (z) The artificial endingpre-
sents its motifs divested of all ir-
relevancies, motifs which might other-
wise get lost among the many alter-
native variations of aaual play or
which will occur but seldom. $) The
artificial ending may actually fill gaps
in practical experience and draw
attention to possibilities which so far
have not occurred in actual play. (+)
Exploration of the content of an
artificial end-game opens up a field of
impersonal, obiective research, be-
cause it is not bounded by any se-
quence of moves aaually made by
the two players.
An artificial end-game may simply
be an instructive demonstration of
some qpical end-game technique,
or else a truly artistic study demon-
strating some quite extraordinary or
unique termination of an imaginary
game.
Grandmaster Richard R6ti (t889-
tg2g) who was among the best both as
a chess player and as a problemist gave
the following concise definition of the
study: "A simple position of extra-
ordinary content." Subscribing to
R6ti's opinion, we cannot but acknowl-
edge the merits of the study both as
a source of aesthetic pleesore d
us€ful didaaic medium-
For this reason most d c cr
ples have been chmeo ftn r
studies that are simple in h
rich in content.
THE CONCEM OF TACII
Tactics are the art d h
forcm in battle. Itr tr''m cf
chessboard this means fu
-
science of correct direaftn d c
tive execution of local slinib
minor but fierce actiom. In rEl'
fare there is genemty c t
among the manY which llrlh
fate of the whole wu. Tb't
have often been seid "E h c
battle except the lasc" So I
chessboard, where in 6c h 1t
the game, i.e. in the at-,
Iast encounter may decib &
come of the whole fighr
This last enconnter ny -
radically change the siuir
reverse the course of em. tr
fore, it is especidly impcmrl
ourselves familiar with fu &d
the tacticd methods whln 4j t
in handy during end-grr3.
Tactical changes in a gre dr
are characterized by ingEufD
ning, surprise attacks, tr+c d
like. Under the micrcqe dd
dve research such elemcm GC
and surprise become trcuE
disappear, but sufficitm r--
view to lead us inevitaHy E t
dusion: Fotcing is 6c Ifi
of tactics !
In pursuing this princidc '
be no fastidiousness abour-
 tu tut m be lega[y
ft hic pcition by a
rch&emanner
Lm andthere-
d-ilidd cn&ganes in-
l-oaingE 6 exam-
ddvmgs: (r)An
*g- uy in a simple
h rybc all the
h b bc drawn from
l-anqgp of similar
Th utiftialeudingpre-
riB diYtsrcd of dl ir-
diB rtichmight other-
h mg tre many alter-
d acttral play or
ccur (f) The
bnrt seldom.
mry actually fill gaps
c+clnce and draw
o pwhilities which so far
cr!"rrd in actual play. (+)
d 6c oontent of an
opcos up a field of
**nive research, be-
m bmded by any se-
DIED @try made by
+gpe may simply
ic dcmonstration of
lH +glme technique,
dt rtfutb study demon-
qdtE crraordinary or
im of an imaginary
Rinmd Reti (1889-
r mnng 6e best both as
daeproblemistgave
striGc rlefinition of the
rA .ilC? pcition of extra-
@-" Subscribing to
rcmotbUecknowl-
Eirs d the study both as
a source of aesthetic pleasure and as a
useful didaaic medium.
For this reason most of our exsllr-
ples have been chosen from among
studies that are simple in form but
rich in content.
THE CONCEPT OF TACTICS
Tactics are the art of handling
forces in battle. In teuns of the
chessboard this means the art and
science of correct direction and effec-
tive execution of local skirmishes and
minor but fierce actions. In real war-
fare there is generally one battle
among the many which decides the
fate of the whole war. The British
have often been said "to lose every
battle except the last." So on the
chessboard, where in the last phase of
the game, i.e. in
the end-game, the
last encounter may decide the out-
come of the whole fight.
This last encounter may in fact
radically change the situation and
reverse the course of events. There-
fore, it is especially important to make
ourselves familiar with the details of
the taaical methods which may come
in handy during end-games.
Tactical changes in a game of chess
are characterized by ingenuity, cun-
ning, surprise attacks, traps and the
like. Under the microscope of obiec-
tive research such elements as cunning
and surprise become transparent and
disappear, but sufficient remains in
view to lead us inevitably to the con-
clusion: Forcing is the principle
oftactics !
In pursuing this principle there can
be no fastidiousness about means. It is
the end which is all-important and
towards that end every available
means may be utilized.
Vhat are the forci'g motifs in
chess ?
(a) Capturing. The capture of a
piece forces the opponent to recapture
a piece of the same value, failing
which the bdance of power is upset.
(b) Attack. Attack on an imPor-
tantpieceforces the opponent to or-
ganue the defence or rescue of the
attacked piece, or possibly-if his king
is not involved-to launch an immedi-
ate counter-attack against a hostile
piece of the same value.
(c) Threat. This means an immi-
nent attack which-according to its
gravity-compels the oPPonent to
make provision against it. Thus the
threat limits the opponent's freedom
of action.
Beside these three factors the move
itself-irrespective of its content-
can be regarded as a forcing motif,
because accordirg to the rules it com-
pels the opponent to make his own
move. In certain cases ttris obligation
can be very unpleasant. (See: Zug'
zwang.)
The sequence of moves comprising
the motif of forcing is called tactical
operation. The main feature of tac-
tical operations is that of the three
elements of chess play: material, sPace
and time. Time is here the most sig-
nificant.
There is not always an oPPortunitY
in a game for effective forcing. Such
opportunities must be carefully pre-
pared and established by means of
methodical play. The establishment
and preparation of the play and the
r3
alignrnent of the forces before the
decisive battle constitute strategy.
The
strategically established possi-
bilities or the unexpected chances re-
sulting from some particular move by
the opponent are exploited by taaical
means.
The time factor which underlies all
tactical possibilities makes it necessary
that in a momentarily given posi-
tion immediate and prornpt measures
are taken and in the process we rnust
keep harassing our opponent by a
continual succession of forcing motifs
without, as it were, pausing for breath.
Promptness and vigour are of even
greater importance if our opponent is
also using tactical weapons and, in
reply to our attack, launches a
counter-attack.
It is in this sense that we must
stress thepriority of the time factor,
adding that this priority also applies
to endings with a few pieces when the
board is nearly "empty" although
space and its importance will in-
crease in proportion with the number
of empty squares. In tactical oper-
ations also space plays a not altogether
insignificant part which, however, al-
ways'plays second fiddle to time.
The third element, material-i. e.
the total value of pieces at one's dis-
posal-will during tactical opera-
tions completely lose the impor-
tance it is normally given on a relative
or exchange value ! action will often be utilized-for
The general value of a piece is de-
termined by its "ability" to exercise
direct control over a certain area, to
occupy certain ranks, files, diagonals
or squares and to move in that area
with the aim of capturing other
r4
Squdres. A queen is ttmore valuable"
than a rook, because it keeps more
squares under control from its post
and being able to move in all direc-
tions, it will be ready to conquer
many more in a single move.
When, however, the situation is
ripe and the concrete aim is within
reach, the role of the pieces will be
limited to the accomplishment of
the task on hand, hence their value
will be exclusively determined by
their ability to accomplish that end.
Let us now, by way of example,
take a position where White has the
opportunity of capturing a queen by
giving a simultaneous check to Black's
king and queen but where the square
making this double attack possible is
controlled by one of Black's knights.
It is obvious that at this juncture our
attention is drawn to Black's knight,
which is standing in our way and our
primary task will be to drive away or
((kill" this knight. It will not make
any
essential difference whether we simply
attack the knight with a pawn move
or capture it prosaically with, say, a
bishop, or else annihilate it by the
more elegant sacrifice of a rook or even
a queen ! As a result we may not be
a full queen ahead but the advantage
accruing frcm the capture of the
knight will for all prectical purposes
be nearly as important.
It follows that the piece thrown into
tactical reasons-without any con-
sideration of its "exchange value."
Therefore, the execution very often
takes the form of a sacrifice.
By sacrifices are meant those delib-
erate, voluntary, and hence "un-
forcs4" moves and cryts r
lced to the oplrcneot kYi6 r
nEtErirl advantage. C.nc.f
crcry move is a sacdfice ff
fr:t glance, so far fr,on cndirit
dcmeutar-y ideas of m s
ctess play, namely b ft cfr
socnre an advantagg arrrlty q
to fly in the fae of ir
Of coursg such vdurrrrrSr r
ceD6e iS gnreasonable rrntrrn rt i
ryparentty in contradirin ril
effort to win- In rEatity l o
qscrffice is nothing hn a q
imoductory part of a ne[*i t
cel operation, desrg'nea u d
ffi€t the tempo,rary sc6..* L
trmsform it into m advrqa
The tactical operdln 1rcd
a sasifice is called e cmh
This term aptly €xpE€ssrs ft I
principle of correct rhfis Lr
nmdy that it is na ri'rCb, ii
Eores which should be ft d*
w "eYaluation" bm e uE
queae of them liDted EGtrrE
udry of conteut Itis mfyfu fi
bclane of the conbintfon -' - I
to be favourable aDd it rd h
rs umeasonable to evalute -1r.
imtmediate phascs (n ftL
rrr its as it would be to rly t
6e course of a gme thr €!f
qoeeo ahea{" wtea E r
nEf,t moYe is actually gdry s u
trIIE.
It is in the course of I cml-
tht the principle d fucia i 1
fus sidest scope. The phFrr*i
initidve may so effccri$dlrcrFl
olrlment's freedm d e
ttr* throughout a shac c I
i€qpeoce of movts b fu tl
 A qp.-t fo'more valuable"
!E[t, I-r-FG it ke*6 more
* ffid ftm its post
* o rrrc in all direc-
ril bc rc.dy to @nquer
in r siqlc moye
fowct,
r orr'trc6crinsituation is
is within
r* dft picces will be
D ' ryfstment of
c h4 lgrce their value
-'"+mlcty dmmined by
o rc'rrfilish that end.
w, by way of example,
bin Ytere White has the
d rynuing a gueen by
check to Black's
h wtere the square
1."".',
Enu fuHe dtack possible is
bgr rrP of, Black's knights.
fu c rtis iuncture our
ri furn m Black's knight,
G-,ltrE in our way and our
d utlt be to drive away or
ih+fti Itvrll not make any
fiGr-rr ufiether we simply
hdEh with a pawn move
i pcaicrlty dtr, say, a
r cbe rrrrihilte it by the
s.nkr da rook or even
! & e rtsrh vE rnay not be
tud ht 6e advantage
fril 6c cryture of the
fu rlt fcdcal purposes
G EPatlTL
tr6e pirr thrown into
d rf"n be utilized-for
prr-$ttrcm aDy con-
d b 'crchmge Yalue."
tb eqnim very often
fu da sacrifice.
arcnrernttrose delib-
mqf, md hence "un-
forced" moves and captures which
lead to the opponent having a net
material advantage. ConsequentlS
every move is a sacrifice which, at
first glance, so far from conforming to
elementary ideas of common sense in
chess play: namely to the effort to
secure an advantage, actually appears
to fly in the face of it.
Of course, such voluntary munifi-
cence is unreasonable unless it is only
apparently in contradiction with the
effort to win. In reality a correct
sacrifice is nothing but an organic
introductory part of a well-knit tacti-
cal operation, designed not only to
offset the temporary setback but to
transform it into an advantage.
The tactical operation preceded by
a sacrifice is called a combination.
This term aptly expresses the basic
principle of correct chess thought,
namely that it is not single, isolated
moves which should be the subiect of
our "evaluation" but a whole se-
quence of them linked together by a
unity ofcontent. Itis onlythe ultimate
balance of the combination that needs
to be favourable, and it would be iust
as unreasonable to eval-uate any of the
intermediate phases on their own
merits as it would be to say during
the course of a game that "White is a
queen aheadr" when Black on the
next move is actually going to recap-
ture.
It is in the course of a combination
that the principle of forcing is given
its widest scope. The player taking the
initiative may so effeaively curtail his
opponent's freedom of manoeuvre
that throughout a shorter or longer
sequence of moves he is able to
direct the course of play. In this way
he will significantly reduce the num-
ber of possible alternatives, because
the opponent, more often than not,
has only some forced move at his
disposal. This permits the develop-
ments to be calculated to the last
degree. This calculation foresee-
-i.e. for
ing the final aim and searching a
route to it-is the process of corr-
bination orr in other words, the
methodical examination and utiliz-
ation of tactical possibilities.
THE ELEMENTS OF
COMBINATION
Before proceeding to examine what
can be achieved by combination, and
inwhat way, we must be aware of our
own purpose, we must know what we
want to make the opponent do.
In the last reso6 our aim is to give
mate by building up a position in
which we can ensnare the opponent's
king. But practically equivalent to this
is the creation of such positions as will
enable us to acquire a decisive mo-
terial superiority (e.g. winning a
queen or a rook, or queening a pawn).
No matter how infinitely great the
number of possible situations on the
board, the possibilities of obtaining
material advantage can be divided
into a few, exactly defined groups.
If for simplicity's sake we tempora-
rily disregard qualitative considera-
tions, then the conceivable general
possibilities of capturing and
gainilg a piece are as follows :
(a) Double attack. A situation in
which one or two pieces make their
r5
offensive effect simultaneously felt ).
by two hostile Pieces which -are
either unprotected or ofgreater value.
It results in winning one of the at-
tacked pieces.
A double attack can be a fork when ,%
the aggressive piece can exercise its
effect in two directions at the same
time (e. g. fork with a Pawn, or check Rook skeaw. The rook etcerts its ffict
to both the king and the queen with "thrurgh the body of the king." After
a knight), it can be a "skewer" when tlu ki.ng's rnuae Black's rook is lost.
two hostile pieces on the sa:ne file, (Geometrical motif.)
rank or diagonal find themselves in

6.

mentioned varieties of the double

attack:

3.

Discooered attack. Aftt z. R-QB8!'

RxP lYhite has z. K-N6 at his
disposal gioing "discooqed check" to
the king and attacking thc rook at the
same time,
4.
(b) Tying down. A situation in -HT
which a piece cannot escape an attack
because of some other threat. All
attacks against pieces pinned pre-
viously or pieces warding off some
threat belong here. Also the threaten'
ing attack or double threat (similar
to the double attack) comes under
Fork with a pawn ; and with a knight. this heading. For examPle: 'Us*d'
r6
 5. l. 10.

fL rat eraa its effect

4 rtc lillg." After
i Ws tmk is lost.
I
r. K-Nj! threatms R-Bt mate.
TIu king attachs Black's rook at the Ensnaring tlu queen.
G same time. Resuh: winning the rook.
(c) Ensnaring. A situation in The pawns with their resuicted
which a piece cannot escaBe an attack movement will usually fall victim to
because of lack of space, or restriction ensnaring since they are unable to
of movement. Essentially it is the escape the attack.
concept of mate though with reference If afixedpiece-which we want to
to some piece other than the king. map-is adequately defended by the
In ensnaring, the edge of the board opponent, we ctur gain material ad-
and the self-blockade of the pieces vantage by multiple attack, i. e. we
play an important part. Examples: have to concentrate more pieces than
the number of those in defence. The
8.
same applies for defended pinned
pieces.
r- $u r. R-QB8!, (d) Encirclement. A situation in
b z- K-N6 at his which eYery possible move of the
-EqwcrEd cluck" to
opponent leads to a material loss.
tlu rook at the From the point of view of the weaker
side this position is called Zagzwang.
-ti-. t. K-NT "ensnaring" the knight. In the position created by encircle-
bJ A sinution in ment there is no direct attack or
Grrt csrye an attack 9. threat, or rather, the pieces under
dcr threat. AII attack are sufficiently protected. Yet
IiGE linned pre- the very circumstance of having to
Eding off some move, the Zugzwang, compels the
Abo6e threaten- player to leave one of his pieces un-
@ fteat (similar protected or even offer it for slaughter
-r-"t) ounes under without any compensation. For in-
s'Mate" to the rook. stance :

t7
 attack, tylng down, ensnaringr en- ffit ad b DGrGtt irlri- n
circlement and queening. These posi- dlrYdeHcrG zehhgfi
tions may well be given the common h piridc rc cmld ogfy a
designation target positions so that c d wi6m 1 trcrffice if - I
we have a single tenn to describe the ft pqcr tnts [ (E Ql!
ultimate situations we have in mind (La u recrll m gevin r+r;-ri
when embarking upon a combination. .tr-r[rh: if w irrr.rl tD G{fr
Of course there are certain con- }'rttq it rrEtE m diftrcnce I
ditions for bringing about such '-itviftefrtrc*r
"target positions" and slleining an SGEa fu iL)
Encirclement. After Black's motte ilrc actual advantage. ffc-ifie<ftrct
hnight is lost. The combination is the creation IEdctu:Edfu=i4-iractl
of the conditions necessary for trwrGrecildftr
12- allaining a certain target position. Girftrrydet5ftt
Let us take for example the simplest E;:t eocUr.
form of the double attack. Vhat is
needed for such a position? pffiotrr#t Ir
There must be two hostile pieces rLdrfp d:
on two definite squares of the board, (r) Tb tro E i sE
exposed to the same attack. -ftrqufoiiEIIfr-TH -:
There must be a piece of our own e dfoofuGft_ts@
standing by for carrying out the rLacdrtFrt)bfuItrr{l
double attack. rF-TEuyb#-t
The starting point of the attack c"(El*L
must be open for the offensive piece. (z)(LtrdtirL-i
Further conditions of making the FftrDdb-c
Zagzwang. The Player to mooe loses double attack efficacious are that (r)iiriEq
his pawn . . , and tlrc gamc. (i) the trvo pieces under attack O)b rrY i blr..*.4
should not be adequately protected, lsrr- GE rG-D S fu
(e)Queening. A situation in which (ii) they should not be in a position ! -hcrc.
the promotion of a pawn cannot be to organize mutual defence, fhbof,er-1 eh
prevented or if so only by the sacrifice (iii) neither of the two pieces should Fiqlft drXi
of a piece. It follows that the player be able to dodge ttre attack by launch- d r Gr-ftG'{-e-
queening his pawn *ill g"in material ing a counter-attack or gaining a tdbyq d(r)tu-
advantage either by an inctease of his tempo. f,Fi-drdftEtscr[r .
own forces or by a decrease ofthose of In order to secure these conditions t-hnL O)
his opponent. we usually have to remove numerous G,G)!r-EJqrGe
If we regard the mate as a special obstacles from our path by energetic, ai*tr*Dftret-il
instance of "gaining material advan- prompt and forcing measures. The (r) rh H'
tage" bytrapping the opponent's king most frequently employed means of rF iEl GGr fr e Ii
then we have already defined the con- liquidating obstacles is the sacrifice.
cept of all theoretical winning posi- It should be emphasized, however, C-:II ft6
tions that may result from double that the sacrifice is only a form of -e-dcd.hr
-rc&atihbP-
r8 t
 tting dortr, ensnaring en-
md qpcening. These posi-
wdl be gven the common
in target positions so that
e single term to describe the
situmions we have in mind
upon a combination.
@nDe 6cre are certain con-
fG briDging about such
1sitlrc" md obaining an
Ovmgs.
is the creation
c-fiif.ne necessar5r for
e stein target position.
r- 5je,-mFle the simplest
d 6c double attack. What is
fu such a position?
Eust be two hostile pieces
&irc s(Iuares of the board,
E 1}c srrne attack
ffi bc a piea of our own
bt fu carrying out the
rrrrt
fr1ing point of the attack
qra fu the offensive piece.
orrrtitions of making the
d fuious are that
& tn picas under attack
Dt bc dcqudety protected,
$dd nfi bein a irosition
iac rrrr-l ddencg
-ih d6c two pieces should
b&+E6e fiack by launch-
m.oct or gaining a
E m! these conditions
hr b rtmove numerous
ftu oir 1d by energetic,
d furing measnres. The
qloyed means of
Mes is the sacrifice.
bc a"nhasize4 however,
is oDty a form of
-iEcc
forcing and is merely indicative that
all available means are being utilized.
In princrple we could equally attain
our end without a sacrifice if we had
the proper means at our disposal.
(Let us recall our previous theoretical
example: if we intend to capture a
knight, it makes no difference if we
take it with a pawn or sacrifice our
queen for it.)
The sacrifice-as themost €ner-
getic form of forcing-is designed
to remove some or all of the ob-
stacles in the way of achieving the
target position.
Let us examine, for instance, the
possible obstacles to a successful
double attack:
(r) The two hostile pieces are not
in the requisite position. Therefore,
our task is to force these pieces (or
atleast one ofthem) to the appropriate
square. This may be called "driving
on" (Hinlenkung).
(z) Our aggressive piece is not in a characteristic motifs of directing the
position to attack because
(a) it is pinned,
(b) its way is blocked
(c) it cannot reach its "base of
operation" in one move.
Vhat is to be done? Ve have to
speed up the movement of our piece
and to secure the starting point of
the attack by way of (a) diversion
(driving off) ofthe hostilepiece (which
pins down ours), (b) opening of a
file, (c) gaining of tempi (e. g. by
gving check to the hostile king).
(l) The opponent defends the
sqrure which serves for a possible
x
I
surting point of our attack. In this
I
I case we must liquidate the defending
t piece or divert it from its post.
2*
(a) The pieces attacked by us are
adequately defended. We find our-
selves again confronted with the task
of liquidating or diverting the defend-
ing piece.
$) The truo pieces can mutually
defend each other. In this case we
have to disrupt their co-operation by
way of closing a file or erecting a
blockade.
(6) The piece under attack might
escape by gaining a tempo or launch-
ing a counter-attack. Now we must
close a file in order to cut the way of
refuge or counter-attack.
Having enumerated the possible
obstacles we have dso pointed out
the general features of the elementary
tacical operations which define the
aim of the sacrffice in a given case.
trDriving on" and 6sdriving offl'
(diversion) are, however, such basic
concepts that they must be marked
from the very outset as the most
course of a garne. They have a sigdfi-
cantparttoplay not only in the double
attack but also in achieving any of the
listed target positions. Let us look at
two simple examples illusuating these
concepts.
13.
DAMIAITO, r5rz.
Drioing off.
r9
 r. QxP cb QxQ I. B-B5!, BxB
2. N-BZ mate. 2. P-N8 queens and wins.

14. 16.

SCHEME. SCHEME.

Drioing on. Driaing on.

r. Q-N8 ch !!, RxQ r. N-N7 ch!, NxN
z. N-B7 mate. . z. P-R6 and wins.
The trro diagrams demonstrate two
typical instances. of enginsgling the
well-known ttsmothered mate." In
Here we see typical examples of the
exploitation of a passed pawn in a
Jb '-
the first Vhite diverts B1ack's queen
from the squareBT, in the second he
bishop and in a knight end-game. The &n-l{!Eb
drives Black's rook to N8, thus
sacrifice of White's bishop serves for tbfurpr
paralysing the hostile king.
the diversion of Black's bishop which
commands the square R7. The sacri-
ffi--L ilhEfuDeft
The latter case-the role of Black's fice of White's knight purposes to
rook in the mate-calls our attention force Black's knight to N7 where it
ts!f d-turaqt
to the fact that some pieces maY be blocks the way of Black's king (after
&cddEfr*,fr
1l[--t_Uh&GilI
not only of positive but also of nega- N-NZ ch!, N xN z. P-R6, K-Br *,dp-ihgrrFc:
dve t'value. " A piece which in a certain
l. P-RZ ! Black's king cannot occupy t
situation has a damaging effect on its
own camp, is a Gsharmfultt Piece.
the square N7). (Alr-F{,I'.{rz-IJ
Now we have seen that both the f{r3. f{d!d-,
15. driving off and the driving on forcibly r@rr?*pL}$2.IJ
SCHEME.
determine the movement of the oppo-
nent's pieces. The difference between
EQl3;L-Di!drL,
the two lies only in the direction of "hcryqfr,rr
%&% In of a diversion ircn-.EB
'rua'% movement. case
(driving off) the "wherefromr" and
HI d+.*-.=
in case of the driving on the t'where- rGr Hr
to" is the essential thing. Of course, -p=frb-dd
rhqhfltt-
in a combination both motifs may *"t-Bdhrrri
occur suceessively, or at the same time
for that matter. Ht--raptr
-TEET-G
 BxB
stypical examples of the
d a posed pawn in a
in a tnight end-game. The
dVhie's bishop serves for
in dBlack's bishop which
rb squae R7. The sacri-
Utie's knight purposes to
ttrittt to N7 where it
rey d Hd's king (after
, NxNz P-R6, K-Br
! E--Ps Ling caonot occupy
ND
* hr scen that both the
dft &iving on forcibly
E&rwun€nt of the oppo-
Tb difference between
b clt in the direction of
Inreofadiversion
t) fu Uen6omr? and
& ddving ou the "where-
gial thing. Of course,
hD both motifs may
; fi d the same time
The following study demonstrates
both concepts in an elementary yet
attractive form:
17.
A. A. TROITSKY, 1924.
White wins.
After r. P-RZ ! Black has two
alternatives to choose from, to prevent
the queeningofWhite's pawn. In both
variations White grves a check to
Black's king and drives it on to the
file or rank of Black's rook. Then-by
a double attack-White diverts Black's
rook, and prevents it from guarding
the promotion square:
(A) r. P-RZ, R-Qr z. R-B4 ch,
K-QZ f. R-Q+ ch ! and wins.
(B) r.P-RZ !, R-KR7 z.R-Br ch,
K{7 3. R-Bz ch ! and wins.
Almost every complicated surpris-
ing or even astounding combination is
based upon such simple elements. Its
progress-if it does not consist of only
r or 2 moves-{i*ply "forces" on us
the comparison with the process of
sowing ripening and harvest, since on
the peaceful battlefield of the chess-
board the same thing happens (taking
a metaphor from agriculture) as on
the fields from auflunn to spring. After
properly "tilling the soil" we can sow
the seeds by sacrificing r or 2 pieces,
then the position ripens for la'rnching
the decisive attack and finally we can
gather in the rich crop.
***
We are now familiar with the con-
cept of winning target positions and
we have outlined the taaical elements.
We might from this proceed to dis-
cuss the details of end-game tactics.
It would be logical first to examine
the simplest operations (of one or two
moves) and then to pass on to the
more complicated ones. But there is
a rub. Beyond the concepts, elements
and motifs we have already discussed,
there are further tactical possibilities of
a quite different kind.
The possibilities in question are
those whose purpose is to secure only
a draw, by means quite removed from
the general princrples of tactics. We
refer to stalemate, the less known
virtual stalemate and perpetual
attack. These too may be considered
target positions, if we modify the
original concept insomuch as our aim
now is to achieve a draw instead of a
victory.
In order to create such situations
we must have a good grasp of the
theory of tactics. The adoption of tac-
tical methods demands also a knowl-
edge of these situations, because it si
evident that the player at a disadvan-
tage will take up tactical arms against
the opponent striving for viaory, with
the purpose of achieving at least a
dtaw.
2T
 For this reason, we shall introduce In the first part of th9 book our L FIGE
first of all the various foims of "special I
I TEE
draws" without going into the details T
t
of the tactical methods to be ad-
I
opted. elements, and their use in end-games.

Th srlm ir r arilc
rhdiry qr ttc Are- Sc r
crasythitfoec@q
ltly
ft
-GeThcfufr41
--ErnrailtEE47I[II
EDTEEo-r f I
' ftG{tt
-GEG
G@edffi-&t|
g. dt dGrifl'il 11fr
Lr*its-rr{
d L4hh!
itt
u-ftYirtdft+fF
+tF

Eq!tq4if-
ITEEI,CI

{c fi
ft ftst part of the book our I. FIGHT FOR A DRAW
1nrposc is to demonstrate THE STALEMATE
nili=, rvhile the second part
rlt fu t ctical methods, their
ddFh use in end-gamsg.
The stalemate is a special case of
winding up the game. Some might
even say that it is a case occurring very
rarely in practice, a misconception
which should, however, be dispelled
at once. The fact that a match-game
sadingin a draw is very seldom labelled
with the word "stalemater" hardly
means more than the equallY rare
occurrence of
t'mate" at the end of a
game actually decided. AdrnittedlS
the number of games terminating in
actual stalemate is sma1l, but in a high
percentage of draws it is the possi-
bility of stalemate, after all, that frus-
trates the viaory of the stronger side.
\trhy is it a futile effort to try to
mate an unsupported king with rwo
knights? Why cannot a queen win
against a pawn advanced toBT or R7?
Vhy is it often impossible to promote
a RP supported by a bishop (or some-
'mes by a knight)? Vhy cannot we
force a win with an active rook and
king against the opponent's cornered
king and bishop? And, as is often
shown in everyday practice, why is
there no hope of crowning a well-
supported pawn when the hostile king
has managed to occupy the square
right in front of it?
In each of these cases there is
only one answer: Becau.se of stale-
mate. It will appear, therefore, that
the peculiar character of stalemate is
by no mearxi attributable to its rare or
unusual occrurence, but rather to a
valuation founded on the rules. As the
rules of chess will have it, the com-
plete imm obitization and encirclement
of the opponent's forces, the deprival
of mobility to all his pieces is in itself
not worth a straw !
This seemingly ilogical nrle gives
logical content to tactical operations
that also appear illogical in fumdling
end-games. It pennits a heaping up
of sacrifices without striving for com-
pensation either in material or in posi-
tion. Indeed our objective now be-
comes the intentional increase in the
opponent's forces and the widening of
their scope, while at the same time
restricting the mobility of our own
pieces. As soon as total immobility is
reached and we have no legal move
available, we have achieved our pur-
pose.
Tactical means of achieving
stalemate:
(i) Forcing sacrifice of the mobile
pieces;
(ii) "Walling in" of the mobile
pieces by self-block or blockade;
(iii) Encircling one's own king by
23
direaing the opponent's pieces or by a Very often the Zugzwang is also of :. A te*book errmpb giying
t
r

royal march to the "stalemate nest." great importance. demonstration of the

These operations can be made more tiooed above. Solutim:
effective if connected with threats that 18.
can only be warded offor prevented by H. RINCK, r9rr.
r. K{6, K{r zP4j"
the opponent at the cost of some other Kr 3. P-83!, K{r 4. F
disadvantage-equalization of the game K-Kr 5. P-85, K{r 6. P.
or even defeat. Often stalemate is com- Px P+talemate.
bined with perpetual chase, i. e. we
offer our mobile piece for sacrifice m.
again and again after each refusal on
the part of the opponent. A. SELESNIEV, r9r&
In the maiority of over-the-board
games stalemate is only an obscure
variation among the many ways lead-
ing to a draw, though it has a decisive
role in the developments. Therefore,
in order to get a clear picture of the Draw.
relevant concepts, it is best to examine
such artistic studies as will bring into r. K-N3, P-R4 2. P-K4, K-
focus the tactical possibilities of N8 l. P-K5!, PxP-stalemate.
achieving stalemate as their main This is an elementary example but
theme. Thus we shall be spared the its simplicity-it clearly illus-
mistake o6 lsxding "brilliant" stale- -in
trates (r) the forced move, (z) the
mate combination into end-games in Zagzwang and (f) the typical "driv- Dtatt.
which their occurrence is not neces- ing-on" pawn sacrifice.
sary but purely accidental. In this sinration Whirc's ti4
Let us now look at the possibilities 19. not, even by the most acqEr
of stalemate in various types of end- noeuwing avoid the Zugzrqr
games. F.LAZARD, 1916.
evenflral loss of its pawm. h
stalemate nest on his KR5 ft
STALEMATE POSITIONS escaPe:
IN PAWN END-GAMES r. K-B6!, K{r L K-
A king forcing its way through the KxP 3. K-K4!, K+! g K-
pawns of the opponent may easily run K-K4 S. K-N+, K-83 6- K-
into a blind-alley, the defensive forces KxP-stdemate.
stopping it in its tracks. In such a case ***
one might try to bar the way of retreat
insteadof a "switchback." Motifs: In the next sinration He* fo
square-blocking, self-block, pawn pelled to stalemate Vhirc's li
blockade<liminating a square vaca- the edge of the board becue d
tion by directing the opponent's pawn. zIflaltg.

24
 fu hgmry is also of A textbook erample gving a fine
demonstration of the theme men-
tioned above. Solution :
l&
E BINCK, I9II. r. K{6, K{r z. P-B5!, K-
Kr 3. P-B3!, K{r 4. P-B4,
K-Kr 5. P-B5, K--Qr 6. P-B6,
PxP-stalemate.
20.
A. SELESNIEV, r9r8.
P-R4 2. P-Y4., K-
PxP---stalemate.
t dcocatary example but
riEplicity-it clearly illus-
6c forced move, (z) the
d 6) the typical "driv- Draw.
s'rifice:
In this situation White's king can-
not, even by the most accurate ma-
noeuvring avoid the Zugzwang and the
eventual loss of its pawns. But the
stalemate nest on his KR5 offers an
escape :
r. K-B6!, K{r 2. K-Q5!,
KxP 3. K-K4!, K-Q3! 4. K-B3,
K-K4 5. K-N+, K-B3 6. K-R5!,
Kx P-stalemate.
***
In the next situation Black is com-
pelled to stalemate White's king at
the edge of the board because of Zag-
Do. zwang.
21.
V. IIALBERSTADT, tgzg.
Draw.
r. K{7, K-Q6 z. K-K6, K-
K6 3. K-B5, P-N6 4. K-N4!,
K-BZ S. K-Rl! and Black has no
better continuation than 5. . . ., P-
R4 with stalemate as a result.
In the eYent of other winning at-
tempts White would bring about a
theoretical drawing position by win-
ning Black's KRP, e. g. 3. K--B5,
P-R+ +. K-NS, K-B7 5. K x P,
P-N6 6. K-N6 !, K x P 7. P-R5,
K-B6 8. P-R6, P-N7 g. P-R7,
P-N8 (Q) ch ro. K-B7 ! and draws.
Forcing White's king in front of its
pawn would create a stalemate; con-
sequently Black cannot gain time for
advancing his own king.
This variation shows how a pawn
is able to draw against a queen. It is a
well-known fact that a BF advanied
to the seventh rank and supported by
its own king can put up a successful
fight if the hostile king is far away.
Motif ofthe draw : sacrifice ofthe pawn
by withdrawing the king into the
corner.If the opponent's queen cap-
tures the BP, the king is immobilized.
25
 Since the stress is upon this par-
ticular stalemate position, it should
not seem surprising that even a cen-
tral pawn may secure a draw, should
its fall, under certain favourable cir-
in a similar stale
cumstances, result
mate. Such a possibility is shown by
the next study:
22.
A. A. TROITSKY, 1899.
Draw.
Black's distant RP is very menac-
ing. It is hopeless to seek defence by
a back-pedalling circular tour of
Vhite's king because the RP and the
I(P would then fall prey to Black.
There is only one way left: active
counterplay.
r. K-N6!, K-Br P-
(otherwise
R6, P-R7 P-
etc. would follow) z.
R6, K-Nr! l. P-RZ ch!, K-Rr
4. K-B7, P-R+ 5. KxP (Q6),
P-R5 6. KxP, P-R6 7. P-K5,
P-RZ 8. P-K6, P-R8 (O s. P-
K7, Q-Q4 ch ro. K-B7, Q-Kg
rr. K-Q8, Q-Ql ch rz. K-B8!!,
QxP-stalemate.
Here the cornered position of
Black's king has the effect of moving
the edge of the board one file in to
IVhite's benefit. In this situation
z6
Vhite's I(P has the same role as the
BP would have in thd customary case.
It may be added that Black cannot
make capital out of his king's close
proximity because e. g. t2. K-B8,
Q-Bf ch r3. K{8, K-Nz would
be followed not by t4. P-K8 (Q??
(r+. . . ., Q-B2 mate !!) but first by
14. P-R8 (Q ch !-forcing the king's
reflrrn and then r+. ..., KXQ tS.
P-K8 (Q.
WALLING IN
The faa that pawns move one way
only is apt to lead to a completely
mechanicd restriction of moves and
total immobility of pieces.
This motif calls our attendon to the
fact that a stalemate can be achieved
also by walling in, by way of building
up a self-blockade.'Sometimes it
is
enough to build a wall of fixed pawns
around the king but sometimes it is
necessary to do so also around other
pieces. Examples:
23.
J. BERGER, 1889.
r'%,,
%A
a"ffi
Since Blrrck's RP m bI
trkeor White must dso tryo Gd
r distant passed pawr. Tb lql
Ery r. P-Nl is tm slot' fu I
cuches up with WhiE in tb;
result would be the setnc & *
P-R+PxP z.P-BqDK+-1
leaves us r. P-BC as 6c dt d
n*ive with a promisinghc*fi
(r. P-R4? 2. P45; I
3. P-R4!). What arre rt b dS I
strer, if r. P-B4! is m bY r. ,
K-Bz!? Then oomes fu rnqE
trrrn, inwiubly lcading o e fi
r. P-B4!, K-B2! z Pxfl
a R+:. K-N3, P-RS + K{t
R6 5. P-N3!+dftre-
b omplete.
24.
I. C. CAMPBEIJ- rts5;.
Dra.
At first glance it is hlilY c
eble that White can 1n qr.-
frl fight against RlecPr
pc€d pawns' h it u - b
obvious rhrt my cmirh
Hd's part lcads b r a4
h 6c same role as the Since Black's RP cannot be over- case of "walling inr" whereby we
in6e customary case. taken, White must also tr,v to establish secure a draw-if only we have an
ilr.t Black cannot a distant passed pawn. The prepara- eye for it ! It takes but three moves :
G d his king's close tory r. P-Nl is too slow, for Black r. B{z!-2. B-RS!-g. P-N4!
E rz. K-B8,
e- catches up with White in 'me; the -with a frozen stalemate position,
K-{g K-Nz would result would be the same also after t. irrespective of what Black has done in
by rL P-K8 (Q?? P-R4, P x P z. P-84, K-Bz. This the meantime.
-tra mr !!) but first by leaves us r. P-B4! as the only alter-
***
tt Hucing the king's native with a promising break-through
aEa r+ ..., KxQ rS. (r. ..., P-R4? 2. P-Bs, PxP It is much harder to conceive the
3. P-R4!). What are we to do, how- walling in of a piece without the pres-
ever, if r. P-84! is met by r. . .., ence of pawns on the boar4 with the
IN K-Bzll Then comes the unexpectd siguificant exception of a comered
turn, inevitably leadi.E to a stalemate: bishop, which can in fact be paralysed
PasE move one way by merely blocking a single square.
5 le-'l to a completely r. P-84!, K-Bz! z. PxP!, P-
icti@ of moves and a R+ g.K-N3, P-RS 4. K-R4, P- 25.
dpiem. R6 S. P-Nl!-and the walling in
celb mttendon to the is complete. A. and K. SARYTCHEV, t929.
c=n be achieved
m, bt way of building 24.
'Sometimes it is
e wall of fixed pawns I. C. CAMPBELL, 1855.
h sometimes it is
& so aho around other

Draw.

Vhite's chief concern is how to

Draw. rescue his endangered bishops, be-
cause the continuation r. B-Br ch,
At first glance it is hardly conceiv- K-N6 threatens the pin R-N8 and
able that White can put up a success- even 2. B-K4 is no salvation on ac-
ful fight against Black's connected connt of z. .. . , R-Kr with an in-
passed pawns, but it soon becomes direct threat of mate. The bad posi-
obvious that any continuation on tion of Vhite's king is accordingly the
Dr@. Black's part leads to a stereotSped main source of trouble. But it is iust

27
such a siege that usually offers the sacrifice. These two aims may be
pcsmy
And finally a fourth
possibility of a stalemate combina- realized simultaneously by way of a r. R-QRI, Q-K6 ch z K-
tion. directing (driving-on) sacrifice. ch 3. K-N3!, QxR d
it goes :
Here is how First of all let us examine how the fKZ
r. P-N3 ch!, BxP (. . ., KXP? z. immense ccmbined strength of two
4. Q-K4 ch! (4. Q-R5 ct?,
R3!) result in a stalemar pd
B-KS ch) 2. B-Br ch, K-NS queens may turn-to a disadvantage.
demonstrating the Fa
(otherwise 3. K-Nz) 3. B-Rr!!, soope of two queens. :

R-N8 4. K-Nz! and after R x B 26.

the stalemate is achieved. Any 27.
F. J. PROKOP, t925.
other continuation would permit
White to bring his bishop into safety. L. I. KUBBEI. rg1t-

THE QUEEN AS A FACTOR IN

STALEMATE

The queen may menace too many

squares at a time, make too large
an area "forbidden land" for the
hostile pieces, and her power cannot,
therefore, always be regarded as an
advantage. We all remember the
unpleasant experiences of our tyro
days when, a queen ahead, we
triumphantly massacred the steadily
dwindling forces of an opponent on
the brink of defeat only to wake up
to the sad truth that the game had
suddenly ended in . .. stalernate!
More often than not the queen is
the "hero" of the simplest stalemate
combinations, though naturally in a
passive sense. A queen responsible
for stalemate looks on the board like
some clumsy Cyclops outwitted and
mocked by Ulysses, a case of "more
brawn than brain!"
T[hat are the tactical elernents
of utilizing this lesson in practice?
(t) Driving the opponent's queen to
the square from which it immobilizes
our king. (z) Annihilation of the rest
of our mobile pieces by their forcing
White offers a rook sacrifice by
which he either captures one of the
queens or brings about various
stalemate positions, making the circle
complete round the "loosely" posted
king.
The first stalemate position:
r. R-QRI!, QxR z. Q-K4 ch!,
Qx Fstalemate!
The second:
r. R{Rr!, Q-Qr ch z. K-Bz!,
QxR 3. Q{S ch!, QxQ-stale-
mate!
The third:
r. R-QRI!, Q-K6 ch z. K-Bz,
QxR 3. Q-QB8 ch, K-Rz 4. Q-
N7 ch!, KxQ-stalemate!
Drm.
-t- d
Our first impression is
a typical instance of thc f I
seventh rank securing I d
agBinst the queen- Ve uc ili
bm aa eldinary apprd E L
shed goal would be carre fu d
pointment. r. P-B7? d r
bccause the continurirn r-
fN+ ch 2. K-RZ, KJ
LNnQ-Nr ch4 K-!$BQ
ir a sure win for Blact.
The solution:
r. 8.{6 ch!, K-B{! u. F
Q{7 ch 3. K-RzL QxBal
(Q) ch!, QxQ-uh*C
A tnrth worth reoeubcri:
thc simFlat psitions ofr- I
$urprise !

z8
 These two aims may be And finally a fourth possibility: ?3.
of
cirnntt-neorrsly by way a
r. R-QRI, Q-K6 ch z. K-Bz,
5 (&ivingn) sacrifice. L. I. KUBBEL, 1922.
ddt h p'-mine
us how the Q-KZ ch 3. K-N3!, QxR and now
ca-rrhinsd stlength of two 4. Q-K4 ch! (4. Q-RS ch?, Q-
R3!) result in a stalemate position
demonstrating the enormous
scope of two queens.

27.

L. I. KUBBEL, t925.

Draw.

r. K-R8, Q-QNZ 2. P-R4!,

KxP l.K-RZ, Q-87 ch 4. K-R8,
Drqo. Q-B6 5. K-R7, Q-Bz. (Since
Black is unable to give check on the
des a rook sacrifice by Drazt. KR file, he endeavours to reach the
h .ftfr? captgres one of the square Kz (White's K7) by gaining
(: btings about various Our first impression is that this is tempos, and posting the king on KR3
pcttim, rn-ting the circle a typical instance of the BP on the (White's KR6) whereafter he can
rd tte'1ocely" posted seventh rank securing a draw easily, win against White's promoted
against the queen. We are not far out, pawn. To serve this aim he may also
but an ordinary approach to the de- choose the manoeuvre Q-Q6-QS-
sired goal would be cause for disap- K5-K4 etc.)
pointment. r. P-B7? would not do 6. K-R8, Q-K4 Z. K-RZ, Q-
QxR z. $K4 ch!,
the continuation r. . . .,
because K2 8. K-R8, KxP 9. P-N8 (Q)
$N+ ch 2. K-R7, K-B+ 3. ch, K-R3! (This Zugnxrang position
B-N7, Q-Nf ch 4.K-N8, FKf is generally regarded as a typical
is a sure win for Black. winning position of queen endings.
Q{r ch z. K-Bz!, The solution: Black would easily win if all the pieces
ch!, QxFstale- t. B-Q6 ch!, K-B4l z.P-BZ were posted two or more files to the
Q-QZ ch 3. K-R7!, Qx B 4. P-88 left, but now. . .)
(Q) ch!, QxQ-stalemate! ro. Q-K6 ch!!, QxQ-and
A truth worth remembering : even Vhite is stalemated!
Q-K6 ch z. K-Bz, the simplest positions often hide a In these examples the annihilation
(l-QB8 ch, K-R2 4.Q-
KxQ--sal,enate! surprise ! of the White pieces, which were
ieopardizing the stalemate, is carried
out by brutally forcing active sacrifi ces.
This method can generally be applied
if we want to liquidate a queen, or,
less frequently, a rook. It is far more
difficult, for instance, to sacrifice a
knight so that the opponent has no
alternative to capturing it. A mere
attack, an orgy of checks to the king
will, of course, not meet the case; the
move aiming at the annihilation of the
knight should also contain some real
threats.
The stalemate combinations carried
out with a knight occur as a rule not
in a distilled form, but mixed with
motifs aimed at winning the queen
(pinning, geomeffical positions, si-
multaneous check to king and queen)
and at achieving perpetual check.
These motifs are shown in the follow-
ing masterpiece of remarkable beauty
29.
L. I. KUBBEL, tgzt.
6 White is stalemated. It is worth
&
,,%,
Draw.
r. N-Q+!!
3o
Opens up the third rank, closes-
at the same time-the bishop's long
diagonal and also endangers the squares
QB6 and K6. White threatens
R-Rt ch followed by R-QN3, and
R-K6 (winning the queen at once) as
well. Black cannot parry these threats
by moving the king or the bishop, ed
the queen is in danger both on the
QR-N-B files and the sixth rank.
One might make an attempt at r. . ..
Q-{r, but in this case the dominant'
knight would make its effect felt :
r. .. ., Q{r z. R-R3 ch, K-
Nz 3. R-Nl ch, K-Br (K-Bz?
4. N-K6 ch) +. R-N8 ch!, KxR
5. N-B6 ch-and draws.
So the "quiet" knight move, in
faa, is a forcing sacrifice. First it
appears as if the aim were to achieve
: perpetual check. . . pinning or blocking) of tbc IiE
r.-- QxN
z. R-R3 ch K-N+
3. R-N3 ch K-B5
4. R-B3 ch K-Q+
. . . but this attempt to escape reveals
an unexpected point:
5. R-Q3!! QxR
-and
noting how many-sided the final rook
move is : it directs the queen, annihi-
lates the rook and blockades the pawn.
AII this by means of a pin which in-
cidentally parries the mating threat
that has also been in the air all the
time (Q-N7).
In an over-the-board game many
would call this "blind luck." But only
those who blindly pass by their
luck. . .
rHE FIGHT AGAINST TE
PASSED PAW}.I
It often happens in m codiq t
one is wilting to offer maic m
sacrffices in order to paee thc lry
a passed pawL In such irtrncEi P
rrioos may come about in shid o
fte players is a piee- o( oEEa
pieces, ahead aud still nct dt
preveot within a rnort (r tro
promotion of the oppm$ IE
Pawn
If the appearance of a w q-r
going to turn the scalg thcre q
no other saving @urse fu f :
csnbinative staleoc pff
To attain stalemm E'e fr
ir
snrive for the annihilztiom pu
the bmrd aod for thc ryg
direcing of the oe,pccds EI
qufcn- C-ompared ritr fu cut
ready oxrmined (st.o 6c fiEL
curied on, agaiDst an alrtedy efo
qucn), our ulsk nos fo fu r
eaier since the op,pocm's rur
ing freedom is more rcsci=d &
tbe introductor-Y EovEs, oriE u
hct as yet of a gumrud
kDffi which sguae Erll be fu- ti
pLce ofthe prospcciYE goco- ft
drr hend, our cehhin fo o
plicuEd by the fzr th{ fu o1lp
h= wery right to pm ft
Ymcing pawu not ml-c @ r qGEr
tD Ey mher piece. Cmsc+Eilt,
cirsmstance prEdu.ln fcrilr
fu pcibility of sriEring -
tim inthehqe ddhiqel
- r after 6e quecdy gml
lrp tlc thid rank, closes- fHE FIGHT AGAINST THE 30.
L tirthe bishop's long PASSED PAWN F. AMELUNG, r9o5.
thesquares
K6. White threatens
trlcrsed by R{N3, and
Hvrgthc queen at once) as It often happens in an ending that
crmmot parry these threats one is willing to offer major material
E6c Ling or the bishop, ffid sacrifices in order to pave the way for
E i$ ie dmger both on the a passed pawn. In such instances posi-
F.l fih ald the sixth rank. tions may come about in which one of
the players is a piece, or even two
;; pieces, ahead and still not able to
prevent within a move or two the
promotion of the opponent's passed
L,q{, z. R-R3 ch, K- pawn.
pN3 ch, K-Br (K-Bz?
If the appearance of a new queen is Draw.
E6 ctr) 4 R-N8 ch!, KxR going to turn the scale, there may be
5 ct:...od draws. no other saving course than to seek At first glance it seems that White's
b ..quiet" knight move, in combinative stalemate possibilities. advantageously posted king might
,e fucing sacrifice. First it To attain stalemate we should be the source for a mating threat or
p f 6. dm were to achieve strive for the annihilation (or possibly perpetual check. But a few attempts
l'.tcct . . . pinning or blocking) of the pieces on will convince us that there is no salva-
the board and for the appropriate tion after r. R-88 ch?, B-Qr z.
QxN
E*
-Nl .h
K-N+
K-Bs
directing of the opponent's nel-born
queen. Compared with the cases al-
R-Br, P-KZ! Q. K-B5, B-N3!).
White's king instead finds a "suitable"
ready examined (when the fight was
+ch K-Q4 carried on against an already existing
place on a much "worse" square :
r. K-B5!, P-KZ 2. K-N4!,
ib trry to escape reveals queen), our task now is that much P-K8 (Q l. RxQ, BxR 4. K-R3!
pcint:
-=d easier since the opponent's manoeuvr-
Queening or a rook promotion
ing freedom is more restricted during
-(E[ QxR the introductory moves, owing to his
would stalemate White, and an under-
promotion would not lead to a win
Ihis stdeoated. It is worth lack as yet of a queen-and we also either, for another bishop would
; r-rr.vdded the final rook know which square will be the birth- obviously be useless, while after 4.
S ldfucas the queen, annihi- place ofthe prospective queen. On the ..., P-N8 (N) 5. K-Nz, N-K7
idad blockades the pawn. other hand our calculation is com- 6. K-Br there would remain in-
,5 r'"-,x. of a pin whiih in- plicated by the fact that the opponent sufficient force to mate.
h Fics the mating threat has every right to promote the ad-
t & bm in'the air all the vancing pawn not only to a queen but ***
$uz)- to any other piece. Consequentln this
r cr+beberd game many circumstance precludes, for instance, The simple motif ofthe former end-
Itii'"hlind luck" But only the possibility of sacrificing all the ing may come in good stead even in
D biliDdly pass by their pieces in the hope of achieving a stale- more complicated cases, as shown by
mate after the queenly promotion. the following study:

3r
 31. r. N-B4!!, BxN 2. RxP ch,
K-N7! 3. R-KN3!!, BxR ch 4.
M. PLATOV, r9o5. K-R3!-and in case of 4. . . .,
P-N8 (a or R) the well-known
stalemate pattem arises. An un-
Il-hite, nor is the b:s:--c a:-: :: :
-f a successful f.gi:t a:r':-.: l-=:,
:iirns after r. R P ;:-. :{ F.
3-N_., K-B: 3. K-Et. I.-)
:. B-Br, K-R-. T:: . -'- -,- :- : .

der-promotion (B or N) would be .:s':id as it searls i- -,-r=-'-- : --

S. K x B and the loss of

followed by li
the RP, and any other move by S.
:-
=:leteiv ioose pcsi-:--: -: :-:,
--:-_:. rs a stajemale ca=:::-:--- --- --
KxP with a "book" draw. :. P-R4 chl, K-\_: : l--:
*** :-BS :a, 3. R P. a -'. : l.
Though it takes only one move, the
"co-operation" on the part of White's
king is extraordinarily effective and
surprisingiy forcing in the next study :
Drazo.
32.
On this situation we can make three
observations : H. I\AATTISON, r9r4.
(i) A rook by itself is helPless

bishop; (iii) The knight might over- 11

take Black's NF via KB4 because of

the possible check to the king from F. T \Z.\F.D.
I(z (secondary range !).
It would seern logical from this to
conclude that a draw might be reached
in sacrificing the rook for the QRP-
forcing the bishop away from control
Draus.
of the KB4 square-and annihilating
the other would-be queen with the t
knight (r.RxP ch, BxRz.N-84, Because of the rook's awkward
IT
=-1

P-N8 (Q ot R) f . N-Kz ch.1. position the bishop cannot obtain

But this seemingly simPle method control of the queening square, and Z
fails if Black chooses to reply r. R x P the king's interference prevents the E
BffiE
ch, K-N7 and now the Pawn Pro- rook from doing so. The Prevention
motion cannot be prevented ! Clearly, of queening or the liquidation of the
salvation lies in another direction pawn when promoted calls for sub-
which is by no means easY to find, stantial sacrifice.
although the two introductory moves The alternativer. B-Bz, P-B8 :. R.-Kl:. F-\- -:- : I.-I
are the same, but in the reverse order (Q z.Rx P ch,Q x R 3. B xQ, Kx B --\Sac:t.-{-3;.- i.:
and with different aims. The solution: would result in a lost Position for r'. -'-3 -: > -i-a : -:-.

32
i-Ba"l" B \ z. RxP ch,
-l 3. F.-L\311, B x R ch 4.
;,-i:: -- ;3s3 of 4....,
e r-i R. the rvel.l-known
E: :':-== adses. An un-
aE:'=:- 3 .-r N) rvould be
x :r .. K. . B and the loss of
F-
=: ::-; c'.:eidraw.
1--,.i
move by S.
-"-"--\
cg: -: .-..-:;t one move, the
ffi.:-' L:'-ie part of White's
q es=:::.-;nariiv effective and
ix-+I:::-i-S in the next study:
2,1
J;.
i{- -', Lr-TTISON, r9r4.
White, nor is the bishop able to put
up a successful fight against Black's
pawns after r. RxP ch, KxR z.
B-N5, K-BS 3. K-83, K-N6
4. B-Br, K-RZ. The only way out,
absurd as it seems in view of the
compietely loose position of Silhite's
king, is a stalemate combination again.
r. P-R4 ch!, K-Ne z. B-Bz,
P-B8 (Q l. RxP, QxR +. K-
Rr!!
The startling point ! The capture
( . . ., Q x B) results in stalemate,
otherwise Black is compelled to give
up his qlueen for nothing because of
the perfec, ,"y*:":.
The role of Zagzurang and the
various forms of pawn promotion are
demonstrated in reciprocal stalemate
variations by the following study :
2. . . ., P-N8 (B) ch 3. K-Bl
and Black is stalemated!
2. .. ., P-N8 (R) 3. R-KBI!,
RxR ch 4. KxR and Black is
stalemated again. The same result
would spring also fronn the knight
promotion, only a single rook tempo
is needed on the first rank.
***
Sometimes the winning combina-
tion is bound up with the directing of
the king. In this case the defence may
attempt to combine the unpleasant
with the useful so that the compul-
sory detour of the king should coin-
cide with its approach to the stale-
mate nest.
34.
F. LAZAR.D, r9rz.

55.
.,ru
F. LAZARD, r9oz.
,m, 6
@

H
,ru, %
_-::._. .

,% Draus.
g=s€ :: ----: :.'ok's awkward
tr -: r:>:r9 cannot obtain The passed pawn cannot be stopped
[.:i --: -1:::-ing square, and % by r. R-QB7, since Black would con-
:{: '-l=I--=:::Ce prevents the ltr veniently close the file by . . .,
::e, : -'- i: i.r. The prevention ffi R-QB+ ! after . . ., R-R4 ch. A
rr'-i
., r..
.-: -: ucuidation of the roundabout way by r. R-NZ ch in-
mf-
.
:::-c:ed calls for sub- Draw. tending to take control over the square
---i--
* !€i-- -: . KNr would only be practicable in
' i::--.--:-.-e
-
I. B-Rz, P-B8 r. R-Kr!, P-N7 ch z. K-Bz, case of r. . . ., K-R5, but would lose
R F::.Q' R3.BxQ,KxB
, P-N8 (Q ch :. K-Bg!, QxR and after r. . . ., K-B5 ! because Black's
-: -
j
sr a lost position for White is stalemated! king could rush to the aid of his pawn.

3 33
 Who would ever think of looking r. R-N7 ch, K-Br z. R-N5!,
for a stalemate possibility to extricate P-Bs (Q 3. R-BS ch!, QxR-
White from his plight, if this natural stalemate!
position cropped up in an over-the- Let us look now at this old and
board game? Yet the stalemate be- familiar pattern elaborated as an end-
game theme in a composition of later
comes a reality after a reciProcal f- r
date. .-,
driving of the kings ! --
.g
r. R-N7 ch, K-B6 ( . . ., K-R5
z. R-Nr, R-R7! 3. R-QBI, RxP 36.
3. K-K4 is
=.1
l.'E
?_
R-R+ ch F. J. PR.OKOP, 1943.
4. RxR, P
tt
White is st j
(Q or R). -J-
-B8
Black is able to prevent stalemate
by S. . . ., P-BB (B), but a drawn
position will arise also from the con-
tinuation 6. K-B4 !, B-R6 7.
P-Q+ !
Let us, accordingly, analYse some
p
p
p
P Draw,
stalemate nest around him.
Here is the motif in its simPlest
form r. R-N8!, KxP z. RxR, K-Q3
(2. . . ., P-B8 (O would be..met
:

J). immediately bY 3. R-BS ch!) 3.

R-N6 ch, K-Qz 4. R-NZ ch,
E. B. COOK, t864. K-Br 5. R-N5!, P-B8 (Q 6-
R-BS ch! with the same stalemate. -\-
Shoutd Black make an active rook
sacrifice, then a
tttwin" stalemate
pattern might arise :
r. R-N8!, R-R+ ch z. KxR,
KxP l. R-N+!, P-B8 (Q +. n- i.:.:--::;e Li:.:ee:e:t-' i- =r
84 ch!, exR. :: :: i:s sc.:-. -: ---::: -: ::.
***
The directing, driving Power of the
rook is characteristically shown in the
Draw. next examPle:
 r- R-\- ch, K-Br z. R-N5!, 37.
P-BE Q 3. R-BS ch!, Qx R- 38.
ciltrr;:e-
Lct r-:-. ni-r,ok now at this old and
L. I. KUBBEL, 1925. F. J. PROKOP, 1923.
L'rrr-Ii.*r ?:amerll elaborated as aII end-.
pe -'L.eo.e ia, a composition of later
hE-

x.
f'. I. PROKOP, 1943.

Draw. Draw.

Draw,
r. R-Ntl, K;<P z. RxR, K{3
ts . . -, F-B8 (O would be met
imcdmel5 by 3. R-BS ch!) 3.
f,-1i,5 cb., K{z 4. R-NZ ch,
K-tsr r. R-\5!, P-B8 (Q 6.
t-B: +.,1 Fith the sqme stalemate.
Sh,ould Black make an active rook
<'ii,e. theo a "twintt stalemate
fFlfa righl arise :
r- R.-\Sl, R-R4 ch 2. KxR,
K>: P i. R-N+!, P-88 (Q +. R-
B*c''Q
r **
The Crecting, driving Power of the
d is ctraraceristically shown in the
A csam.p'le:
r. R-B4 ch! (r. R-N+? does not
suffice, since Black's victory would be
a cinch after . . ., B-R7 ch z. K-
Q5, P-N8 (Q) 3. R x Q, B x R.)
r. . . ., K-Kl! z. RxP ch, K-{r
l. R-R+! (Either 3. R-N+ or 3.
R-Kr would be a blunder because
of . . ., B-R7 ch 4. K-B5, P-N8
(QS. R x Q, B x R 6. K-N6, K-Br.
But now White threatens mate, there-
fore 3. . . ., B-R7 ch? fails against
RxB.)
3. . . ., Pl +. R-N4!, p-N8
BX
(A (. . ., P-N8 (R) 5. RxB drawn)
5. R-N8 ch!, QxR.-stalemare!
***
If the rook has another companion,
the preliminary annihilation of the
latter is mostly effected in the form of
a sacrifice threatening an exten-
sion of its scope. fn other words: its
capture would result in a stalemate;
but without capture the piece offered
for sacrifice will overtake the passed
pawn or win the promoted queen, as
the case may be.
It is obvious that after r. R-K4
ch Black's king may not go to the KB
R-84 ch and 3.
file for fear of z.
R-Br. On the Q file again, the king
and the prospective queen will be in
geometrical alignment, thus making
possible the rook's direct'ng inter-
vention. This directing in the first in-
stance paves the way for a double
affack on king and queen by the
knight, in the second it gives rise to
the desired stalemate.
r. R-K4 ch, K-Qz z. R-K3!,
P-QB (Q l. R-Qr ch!, QxR +.
N-KS ch!, Bx N-and White is
stalemated.
The other variation:
r. R-K4 ch, K-Qr z. N-K5!,
P-Q8 (Q (2. ..., BxN g. R-Kg
etc. leads to the former path). 3.
R-Q4 ch!, Q x R 4. N-B6 ch and
5' NxQ drawt*
**
It goes without saying that the
directing and suicide manoeuvres,
this chapter, may arise
referred to in

3* 35

in various situations in a diversity of
combined forms.
An especially multifarious con-
certed action maY be exPected from
rninor
passed
SEI-F.PINNING -: rhe line iat:::.:.:-: . :
.^::rh;r amen:: :: :: --:
In order to achieve stalemate it is ''--il cni.v be sua--:,:- -
not explicitly necessary to annihilate _r , , ,, P-R.E .Q ?, :-: :. ::
one's owr pieces, it is sufficient to .. P-R.S iR..l e,r:::::--: '::
immobilize theno, to have them Pin- .----: B1ack ea.t".- -,'
::-i :: :
--'
ned. A conscious recognition of this :.K-N3 I

illustra possibility is especiaily importan! in I . ar-c:l th:.: ::: .- : :'

binatio the figtrt against passed pawns, since :-:I-t3te th: sa'-::: ---l-I.::-
tion is the Product of a quadruPle we can considerabiy increase the use- r-:--3f 'r-a"' l"- l=:::i:,---l
-- :

forcing sacrihce. fulness of the piece chasing a passed :--: ..i';:-ri'-: :-r,: . -- :
?0
J"
pawn. How this can be clone is best -nn'ni\
-. 1.. !' J

illustrated by sorne simple examples.

L. I. KUBBEL, r9o9.
44"

A. rfi/. DANIEI-, r9o8.

r. B-B5 ch KxP Draw.

if r. K-B3
. . ., then z. P-R7, K-
Nz 3. N-Bz ! Here the pin is purposely invited as
z. BxP P-Q7 a kind of sacrifice. Since the rook is
3. N-85 ch K-R+ unable to stop both pawns, it "throws
K-N4
. . ., would be followed bY away its own life" as a last resort, in
3. stead of resorting to a protractedyet-
+. N-r+, P-Q8 (Q S. N-83 ch hopeless defence:
4. P-N4 ch ! KxP r. RxP!, B-B7 2. K-R8!, BxR
5. B-Kr !!
This typical directing pin clears the -stalemate!
This is the simPlest form of the
ground for an effective knight inter- combination.
vention. What would haPPen, however, if
PxB (Q or (R) Black-instead of capturing the rook
6.N-Q3ch! NxN to play 2. . ..) P-R7 !? 3.
-decided
R-Kr looks unsatisfactory because
White is stalemated !
-and
36
 _iEi-F-PI\\ING
-r:;: :: ::'-:.\'e Stalemate it
cL:--; r-.:elsar]' to annihilate
oE--- :::--:. l: rs sufficient to
:G;; --ti-, tc have them Pin-
L :l:--.---::: ::.oeaition of this
u]i;-; -; :.::;a.r1!' important in
:.--:-:: :a-.sed pawns, since
=;
I :::-..:::::-r- ircrease the use-
s ::'-= ::-.e chasing a Passed
H:., --::= car be Cone is best
m-t. -i s-,lr'srmple examples.
4t-'t.
-d. [. Di\IEL, r9o8.
I
t L. I. KUBBEL,
of the line interference B-N8.
Another attempt at setrf-pinning
iS would only be successful in case of
3. . . ., P-R8 (Q) ?, but fail against 3.
. . ., P-R8 (R)! eliminating stalemate,
since Black easily wins after +. R-BS
ch,K-N3 !
To avoid these dangers we filust
elaborate the saving combination in a
subtler way by decreasing the scope
of the offensive pieces first :
r. RxP!, B-ts7 z. K-R8!, P-
RZ! 3. R.-Kr!, B-NS 4. R.-K5!,
P-R8 (R) (4. . . ., P-R8 (Q ?
5. R-QR5!-and draws,
-stalemate!)
because the capture leads to another
form of stal.emate, and also 5. . . .,
B-RZ serves no purpose since
White's reply 6. R-R7 ch does away
with the rnating threat.
4t.
1916.
%'m
,A'"ru,
r. . . ., KxP 2. K-Rr!, P-RZ
3. B-Nr!
Now 3. P-RS (Q) or P-R8 (R)
would lead to stalemate; and 3. . . . ,
K x P would allow tirne for Sfhite's
bishop to catch the passed pawn.
Knight promotion is ineffective be-
cause of 4. B-N6 !, but promotion to
a bishop may give cause for concern.
Even so, S7hite's bishop manages to
save the day, not now by reraaining
passively under pin, but by the
exercise of its active directing powers :
3. .., P-R8 (B) +. B-Q4!,
. B xB
-stalernate! * * *
The stalemate position by self-pin-
ning is, also in the next study (No. 4z),
a decisive element of the knight ma-
noeuvre undertaken with an attack on
the queening square in view:
r. P-B7, K-Kz z.N-K6!, Kx P
3. N-NS ch, K-Bt 4. N x BP!,
P-Bl 5. N-Nr! and in case of
5. . . ., P-B8 (a or R) White is
stalemate,

l-:-' ' 42.

:s ; - := :'-::poself invited as
=:.:--::-::. ,r,ru ,r%, t! II. RINCK, r9o8.
: :: Since the foOk is
t :: ::-: : -= la$-ns, it "throws %26
:-: -::a'' a-. a last resort, in
=;i:=.::-:: ,ffi
"/.,a
"/2,
to a protractedYet-
:=:=- --: :
Draw.
=r*
R. ! . S-B- z. K-RS!, BxR
g-i

Here we see a typical demonstration

-.< - --: =:aplest form of the of self-pinning as a motif in stalemate,
lm ^:'--: happen, however, if rounded off by the pointed frustration
+=:::: cf capturing the rook of all attempts at unpinning.
r:e: :-- r-ar- :. . . ., P-Rl l? l. r. P-N4! (Threatening z. K-Nz
.I - -,: -r.':lsatisfactorY because and 3. B-Nl mate.)

37

tffi;--:;I
otherwise 6. N-K2 assures a draw.
In this example White's passed
pawn has been responsible for direct-
ing the king in the introductory phase.
Now we propose to examine such
positions in which the directing force
of a passed pawn is the basic motif of
the stalemate combination.
DIRECTION WITH PASSED
PAWNS
A passed pawn is not only a poten-
tial means of increasing our material
superiority by its promotion, but also
a convenient means of forcing direc-
tion, of driving the opponent's pieces
to a desired point of the board. The
advancing passed pawn has a kind of
magnetic effect on part of the hostile
forces and, as a crowned sacrifice, it is
apt to lure the hostile piece lying in
ambush for it to a definite square.
This motif, which, as will be discussed
in a separate chapter, underlies many
other combinations aimed at securing
a draw, comes in handy for creating a
stalemate position. since the driving
manoeuvre is combined at the same
time with the self-arurihilation of
mobile piece.
Among the over-the-board types of
end-games we may refer here to the
case when we send into battle our
BP on the seventh rank against the
opponent's queen. In Diagram No. z7
we have already come across an unusu-
al instance of this familiar situation.
A similar stalemate pattern may spring
from the fight of a NP against a
rook.
38
43. 44,
A. COZIO, 1776. A. SELESNIE\-. :):..
,,
A EpiE
t
Draw.
Dra:'.
The knight canncl --e :,E
--:--=::
This old "textbook example" is not =:count of the matinE :
a study, presenting as it does no ex- ::e balance of matei.r- --*-*
: rrmer example is r3::::='*
ceptional possibility, but the down-to-
earth, technical method of achieving Thite's first move. \=; =:
stalemate in similar positions. -e knight has tiris ad-,''---:=
:::r drive either the ki:-: :: ---
:r r-,::. L
a less favourable
r. K-R7, K-B3 2. P-BS (a) Tnr-te gains time fc: a:,r-:
R-Bz 4. K-
ch!, RxP 3. P-N7, I ai\ n.
R8!, RxP-stalemate!
a r. N-B5!, Kx\ a::i:
R. ,rN z. P-N7, R-B: -:.
That is the shortest way; in the
Last instance also the attempt begin-
J ch! draws).
ning with r. K-NT leads to this chan-
nel, the same applies for the variations z. P-K7, R-K5 3. R-R
with Black to play first. (8. g. Black tsi +. P-N7! and no:i- -: :.:
to play: r. . . . , K-B3 z. K-R7, :on 4. . . ., RxP 5. K.-Ri
R-KBI l.P-NZ !, R x P 4. K-RS ! --:sds to the staiemate L--i:: -
etc. orr. . . ., K-Br z. K-R7, R- a:d the alternative 4.
Rr 3.K-R8 !-l.K-R6? wouldlose :h 5. K-N8, KxP rs'r-- -
because of R-R8.) ..-Cemate position.
 13.
.l- COZIO,
* z?,2
rr, ,trq ,7r/l fi
.t
:lln il*',
W tY "'t7':1
W,ll :2.)
,| ,,
hau.
s o{d "resrbook example" is not
y' Fr+e:ting as it
rlel g'.ssibijiw, but the down-to-
mrr'-r::al ncethod of achieving
i- 5i-,la1 positions.
@e
r-R-, K-Bt 2. P-88 (a)
i,:<P :. P-\-, R-Bz 4. K-
[ -'F-=--aleloatel
r fo ue shortest way; in the
Esrll= also the attempt begin-
ri& r. K-\f leads to this chan-
E f,'r're applies for the variations
E rL s"r plav fint. (E. g. Black
y; r- . . . _. K-83 z. K-R7,
Br 3,. P-\: !, R x P 4. K-R8 !
: r. . . .. K-Br z. K-R7, R-
K-Rts 1-1. K-R6? wouldlose
r ot R-RS.)
44, 45.
1776. A. SELESNIEV, rgzo. L. I. KUBBEL, 1916.
t
G
Draw.
Draw.
The knight cannot be saved on The united passed pawns alone
account of the mating threat; hence would win against the rook-in case
does no ex- the balance of material seen in the of a more favourably posted king.
former example is reached after But !7hite's king is too badly posted,
White's first move. Nevertheless, or rather "badly enough" to find
the knight has this advantage that it refuge in a stalemate.
can drive either the king or the rook r. P-B7, R-KBr 2. P-K6,
to a less favourable place, and thus P-N3! (Preventing P-K7 because
White gains time for advancing his of RxP pinning the pawn on the
kiog.)
Pawn.
t. K-NZ, K-B4. (Now the ,,nat-
ural" continuation 4. K-BZ?, K-
r. N-B5!, KxN (after r. Q+ S. K-QZ would lose after K-
RxN z. P-N7, R-B8 3. P-N8 K4! etc.)
(N) ch! draws). 4. P-KZ!!, RxP 5. K-R6, RxP
-stalemate!
z. P-K7, R-K5 l. K-RZ!, K- ***
Bl +. P-N7! and now the continua-
tion 4. . . ., RxP 5. K-R8!, RxP The directing po\ryer of a passed
leads to the stalemate already known, pawn and a knowledge of the stale-
and the alternative 4. . . ., R-RS mate possibilities resulting from it is
ch 5. K-N8, KxP results in a new of considerable practical importance
stalemate position. also in bishop endings.
39
 46. 47. 6.-- R-B:
z.K-Nz R_8.
J. BEHTING, 1893. L. I. KUBBEL, rg2r.
Now even the pa\\'D na'-rst H
a price has to be paid att* Eu-

8. K-R8 !! R P

Wtrcite is
stalematedl
-and
Who would have eso:;3;
the initial position?. ..
***
This brings us 1o t:g e-rc
Draw. analysis of stalemate possi -J,i--i,
have by no means disc,;s*\*,
This simple-looking position calls Drau. motifs, only the most ch:iz;
for careful and profound analysis. ones.
r. B-K5 Of course, we do not erF€
r. K-R6 !! K-Br eader, if he has got thu,r ir, :i
Obviously the only way of saving hat he has acquired "a rrealtr cr
If r. . . ., B-K6 z. K-N5 !, P- the pawn, otherwise Black would easi- rical experience" and tiur, fcr
B,63. K-B4, B-QZ 4.B.-Bz !, P-
ly win, being a rook ahead. But now
BS S. K-Nl !, P-86 6. B-K4, P
the bishop falls also !
B-Nz White will keep his
-KBZ 7.
own pawn while stopping Black's BP's
r. R-N5 ch
z. -K-QS
-
and securing a draw. After the text, R-N4 ch
!
however, the king alters his course:
3. K-86 ! RxB
z. K-R7 ! B-K6
3. K-RS BxP White has only a single pawn
against two pieces ! But his kit g
3. . .., ts-85 would fix the KBP stealthily approaches its distant goal.
again making 4. B-Bz possible. Black-in order to stop the pawn-is
compeltred to keep on chasing it in the
4. B-Nl !!-drawn, desired direction.

because the capture would result in R-K3 ch

a stalemate (4... ., P-86 8-I(6 +.P-Qz
5. s.K-Nz R_QI
chand6.Bxnr..*. 6. K-B8 !

Finally, let us look at a classical ex- Not K-B7?, because R-Q7 chl
ample demonstrating the enormous 7. K-BS, R-B7 ch would allow the
directing powers of a pawn : bishop to control Black's QBz.

40
 47. 6.-- R-B3 ch on, he will be able to save all his
z.K-Nz R.-B7 ch hopeless games, or every second one,
L L KLTBEL, rgzr. byastalemate...
'W'e
Now even the pawn must fall ! But are very much gratified if these
a price has to be paid after a1l ! model patterns have helped the reader
to see lnore, or at least to consider
B. K-R8 !! RxP more possibilities than he did be-
fore. The stalemate combination is
White is stalemated! only a minor weapon in the tactical
-and
Who would have expected this in armoury of chess, but the forcing
the initial position?. . . nnotifs invclved will also prove useful
in many other instances.
*** For this reason, we need not memo-
This brings us to the end of our rize the positions quoted in this book,
analysis of stalemate possibilities. \Ufle much less reckon with the infinitesimal
have by no means discussed all the chance of their exact recurrence in
Dratt. motifs, only the most characteristic practice, but should remember the
ones. methods that help us-often with very
; fK5 Of course, we do not expect the inferior forces-to take the initiative,
eader, if he has got thus far, to think to direct the course of events and to
Xrriou-.rl the only way of saving hat he has acquired "a wealth of prac- move the opponent's pieces as if
psn:. othersrise Black would easi- tical experience" and that, from now they were mere marionettes.
rin- being a rook ahead. But now
:ti$h".! tells also !

R-N5 ch
l K-{_< l R-N4 ch
I K-ts5 I RxB
[hire 1;-. onlf a single pawn
itrffi ffi-r risces ! But his kiog
rffiili'r E;p;osches its distant goal.
Et-E .-:ier to stop the pawn-is
ryEflEr :r keep on chasing it in the
ird. d:e:drn.
R-K3 ch
R-Q3

Uct K-B- ?, because R-Q7 ch !

K-BE, R-BZ ch would allow the

@ to control Black's QBz.
4r
 POSITIONAL DRA\tr The same idea may for instance b
realized in a forcing manner in suC
rypes of practical end-games as 6ce
where a bishop has to hold the bai.@c
against a knight and an outside P(rl

49.

SCHEME.
VIRTUAL STALEMATE 48.

In the preceding chapter we have SCHEME.

become acquainted with the pursuit
of stalemate as an effective method of
saving a game, even against heavy
odds. We have stressed, however, that
in order to achieve stalemate we have
to adopt manoeuvres that are dia-
metrically opposed to the general " rea'
sonable" principles of play, i. e. we
must actually rather than apparently
and definitively rather than tempora-
Draa,t.
rily strive for the complete annihilation
or immobilization of our forces.
Clearly, whenever our end in view
is a draw, there is, in principle, noth- Draat. Black threatens to close the di.agml
ing against our abandoning this topsy- by N-N7 ffid queen his parr- Tt
turvy method, and reaching our goal only remedy against this is :
by immobilizing the opponent's Here White naturally wants to get
forces instead of our own. There is in front of Black's pawn by r. K-Br!,
Black replies r. . . . , P-R6, z.
if r. B-Rr ! N-N- ch
the rub, however, that in practice we and
z. K-Qz ! K;'. B
are but very rarely offered this option, K-Nr and 3. K-Rr leads to stale-
for in most cases we are confronted mate.
with the opponent's superior forces If Black, however, bars the aPProach And now it has still to be dcci&
whose complete stalemating by our of White's king by r. . . . , K-R7, whether and how Black's kiry crot
weaker army may hardly be reckoned ![hite can no longer adoPt the de- kept pennanently stalematC iD 6
fensive method consisting in self- corner. If we are aware of the hi$r
with.
stalemate, but he maY seize another inherent inability to gain temPi *,^{ t
Yet, there is such a case, or at least
a very similar one. Let us take first a opportunity: z. K-Bz! restricts attack a square of the sarne co[.w o
very simple example which is, how- Blackts manoeuvring freedom so which it stands, then it will om t
ever, of considerable importance in that his king would be stalemated difficult to find the correct schl-@iu
over-the-board play: after further advance of the Pawn. We are to move our ting tt

42
EAF
4&
SCHEME.
Drr'.:.
Fsite uturally
e wants to get
i dBieck's pawn by r. K-Br!,
E rt rcgrlies I. . . . r P-R6, Z.
r Dd 3. K-Rr leads to stale-
h*rhoreser, bars the approach
ic's king by r. ..., K-R7,
cD tro longer adopt the de-
: d,oC consisting in self-
re, but he may seize another
mir-v: z. K-Bz! restricts
fo rt*noeuvring freedom so
b Li.g would be stalemated
idE-. adrance of the pawn.
The same idea may for instance be
realized in a forcing manner in such
types of practical end-games as those
where a bishop has to hold the balance
against a knight and an outside paw:n.
49.
SCHEME.
Draw"
Black threatens to close the diagonal
by N-N7 and queen his pawn. The
only remedy against this is:
r. B-Rr ! N-N7 ch
z. K-Qz ! KxB
And now it has still to be decided
whether and how Black's king can be
kept peruranently stalemated in the
corner. If we are aware of the knight's
inherent inability to gain tempi and to
affack a square of the same colour on
which it stands, then it will not be
difficult to find the correct solution.
We are to move our king to a
square of the same colour as the
one the knight is posted on. (The
same course ought to have been fol-
lowed if Black had captured the bishop
on his first move.)
3. K-Br !!
- and draws,
because the freely moving knight is
unable to prevent White's king from
repeating the moves K-Bz-Br etc.
(You may convince yourself by try-
ing.)
What kind of a situation has been
arrived at here? Though we cannot
speak of a stalemate, we may observe
a partial stalemating of the stronger
side's forces ! Black-even in posses-
sion of an extra pawn and knight-
cannot count on the assistance of his
Hog, since White has managed to
paralyseit and shut it out of the play.
A game can very often be saved
even against heavy odds if we partially
immobilize our opponent's forces in
the manner shown above, for, as is
well known, even the mightiest piece,
the queen, lacks the ability to force
mate if unsupported by "her royal
consort !"
Those exceptional drawing posi-
tions, where an existing measurable
material superiority cannot be exploit-
ed owing to a lasting restriction of the
mobility of some piece or pieces, are
called positional draws. The term
refers to the fact that the material
balance, considerably upset as it is, can
only be re-established in a given
situation, under given circumstances,
through the greater scope and mobil-
ity of inferior materid.
43
 50. 51. It should be pointed om,
that here the draw is om d
J. MENDHEIM, t832. A. A. TROITSKY, i9o8. table outcome of the uhiml
tural situation but much rrd
threat P-NZ ch, permmco
air. Strictly speaking, the sh
of the king would only be Pe
posted (in the final po:tuim
B-B7)another Black Frawa ct
KN7.
In that case, horresgr{l
what we should like to shctn
this example-the sirumicr
not be a draw! \FhY? Bcr
idea of immqlilizing the ffit
realized also by Black b-" ro-*'
Draw. Draw. manoeuvres and eveaeoa$
would be in Zugnrry. If ai
the protecting bishoP cr t+P '
Well over a hundred years old, this r.BxPch! K-Br knight were forced to E@cmE:
problem aptly illustrates the underly- soon fall victim to th: moh
ing idea. Black's pawn is out of reach After r. . . ., Kx B z. P-N7 White after a series of checks. Fcr
and therefore White makes prepara- ,continued from the ftrnett Ens
too will promote his pawn.
tions for static warfare against the supposing that Black h.u mr
prospective queen. pawn on his Nz) : 5. . . ., (
z. N-Q4 !! P-R8 (Q)
K-Kz, Q-QB6! 7. K-B:
r. N-QZ ! P-R7 3. N-K6 ch ! K-Nr 8. K-Nz, Q-K6 9. K-
4. B-K8 ! KB6 ro. K-Nr, $K- I l:
After Black's king move z. N-B5 Q-KB7 !-and the sinurl
and 3. N-QN: would neutralize the From here the bishop protects the becomes mutual, lea'tring E
pawn. knight in an indirect way, so that a material surplus rFr*t dc
V/hite secures the draw against a $sue.
z. QN-B6 ! P-R8 (Q ch single remaining pawn as in the fol-
3. K-K6 (or 85) lowing possible variation: 4. . . .,
Q-RZ ch 5. K-N3 !, Q x N 6. B-BZ *tt
draws because the king can ch, Q xB7.P x Qch, K x P8. K-B3!,
-and
easily move about while the cavalry K-Bl (or K3) g. K-B+ (or K4) !
keeps Black's king stalemated. etc.
At times the ioint efforts of a knight Hence, we have arrircd u
and bishop may be as effective as that
K-Rr Cusion that a queetr by b:=
of two knights in shutting off the t.A Bot mate the ting b@
--
king and offering stout resistance to stalemate him, if he ffi
the queen. S. B-BZ ! with a draw as a result. refuge near a friendly .D&:tt-

44
 51. trt should be pointed out, however, 52.
that here the draw is not the inevi-
A.j\- TROITSKY, r9o8. table outcome of the ultimate struc- G. N. ZAKHODJAKIN, r93o.
tural situation but much rather of the
threat P-NZ ch, permanently in the
air. Strictly speaking, the shutting oft
of the king would only be perfect if we
posted (in the final position after 5.
B-B7) another tslack pawn on'White's
KNz.
In that case, however-and that is
what we should like to show through
this example-the situation would
not be a draw! Why? Because the
idea of immobilizing theking could be
realized also by Black by way of queen Draw.
Draw.
manoeuvres and eventually \Yhite
would be in Zagzwang. If now either White's minor pieces stand their
the protecting bishop or the protected ground even against a queen and a
r-B', Pch! K-Br knight were forced to move, it would knight because the partial stalemate
soon fall victim to the mobile queen can be extended to cover Black's
ifrtr r...., K x B z. P-N7 White after a series of checks. For instance rvhole army except the queen.
rriltr pnro6ote his Pawn. (coutinued from the final position, and
supposing that Black has an additional
r. P-Nz ch NxP
t-N{+ll P-R8 (Q)
pawn on his Nz) : 5. . . . , Q-R6 6. r. . . ., K-Nr would be followed
; N-K5 ch ! K-Nr K-Kz, Q-QB6! 7. K-Bz, Q-Q6 by z. N-N+ ! winning Black's BP;
8. K-Nz, Q-K6 9. K-R2, Q- : N-B6 ch and P-N8
;- D-KS 1

KB6 ro. K-Nr, Q-KZ ! rr. K-Rr,

kE hr; rhe bishop protects the
gh e. aa indirect way, so that
iE sau-s the draw against a
Ce r:codmns pa\rn as in the fol-
Eg cr'rssible rariation: 4. . . .,
17 ch -.. K-N3 !, Q x N 6. B-B7
Qx B-. P . Qch, K x P8.K-B3!,
'or K3) K-B4 (or K4) !
+ e.
!.
FB- ! rith a draw as a result.
the threat is
(Q.
Q-KBZ !-and the virtud stalemate
becomes mutual, leaving Black with z. N-B7 ch K-Nr
a material surplus thatdecides the 3. B-B5 ! P-B8 (Q)
issue. 4. N-R6 ch K-Rr
s. B-Q6 ! ! anddraws,
*** because S/hite's knight defends the
KN5, K5 and Q6 squares indirectly.
As a result, it is always open to White,
even if Black's queen should stalemate
Hence, we have arrived at the con- his king, to resort to perpetual tempo-
K-Rr clusion that a queen by herself can- wasting by way of B-K5-Q6-K5,
not mate the king but she can etc., and he can always repel Black's
stalemate him, if he fails to find knight by B-K5 ch, if it tried to
refuge near a friendly piece. iump into freedom. A possible Q x B

45
 In isterrention; in other wordsr H
would also result in a draq because face of Black's unstoppable RP Lirg rnust be driveo @ tD d
N-BZ ch would restore the balance White finds himself in great straits.
inmaterial The more so as the only conceivable
loog diagonal! A suitable EG
*** realization is the thr'eat of, st
saving course offered by the situation
is not satisfactory in the simple form erteasion on the KR2{N8 dLl
In the examples shown the decisive nel, that is, e immedide rltFr![[
factor of an effective defence against it first presents itself. stop Black's pawn-
heavy odds was the shutting off of the Our first thought evidently is to
opponent's king. The total immobil-
ization of one's own king and other
play P-B6, then K-88-NZ nd
hold the fort by simply tempoing with
r. 8-86 ! ! K+
pieces we have already discussed in king and knight behind the solid wall BJ
After any other rDove 2-
the chapter dealing with stalemate. of mutually protected pieces. But it is rould solve the problem-
To complete our account of the king's not as easy as that:
role in achieving a draw against supe- r. P-B6, P-RZ z. K-B8, P- a B-K7 ch K-K+
rior forces, reference should be made R8 (Q l. K-NZ, K-Qz +.B-N+
also to a third possibility. (If 4. B-B8 then 4. . . ., Q-Rr ! If z. ..., K{+ or K-83 6
This is in fact a qrpe of positional 5. K-N8, K-K3 6. K-Nn K-B4 White will reach his pertid rim: ct
draw which is in some ways analogous 7. K-NS,B- B5-a tempo move to rng of tbe long diagooel Hct* s
prevent the reply B-R6-8. K-N7,
to the stalemate, with the weaker side soon resign himself 1p -' is to mil
building up a hedgehog position that Q-KR8 ! followed bv queen sacrifice
draw by repetition of ErorEs.
can safely hold out against dl attacks. {xN-vrrith a sure win.) 4. ...,
\[/e are confronted here with some-
thirrg closely related to stalemate yet
K-Kl S. B-Qz, K-B4 6. B-K3,
Q-B6 Z. B-Qz, Q-K7 8. B-Br,
f. B.-Q8 ! K+
different enough from it to deserve a Q-KS! with this queen manoeuvre The best Black r', do fq ftr di
special name. For want of a better Black forces the bishop off White's threat 4 B-B7.
term we propose to call it "pupation" QBI-KB4 diagonal, and after 9. B-
and give this artistic end-game study Nz (nf) Q-KR8! now inevitably g B-K7 ch K-Bl
for a clearer understanding of the leads to QxN ch and KxP, and
Black's new passed pawn triumphs.
underlying idea. And now the 'me b ripc fu t
This attempt shows that the knight Eranoeuvre of "pupation" :
53- alone is no sufficient protection for
F. SIMKHOVITCH, 1926. Vhite's NP, while the bishop crnnot
defend it from QBt. Conclusion: the 5. P-B6
6. B-88
game is lost unless White's bishop can
be posted on R6 !
7. B-R6
The quick way to this fails on r. because 8. K-B8 and 9. K-..s2 cr
P-B6 ?, P-RZ z. B-B8, P-R8 not be prevented and thercaftrr Tl
(Q l. B-R6,? Q-Rt ch 4. *-*7, ls free, in an inaccessiblc .l'cnri
Q-Q8 mate.
psition, to keep tempoing pcprd
These deliberations point to the by'N-B8 K-N8-NZ.
and
direct tactical measure to be taken We have deliberatdy chsa I d
before the implementation of the ficult but fascinating e--ar'dc E d
ultimate strategic plan, viz. the monstate a possibility \rt fo m
elimination of the queen's quick

46
h EE of Black's 'nstoppable Rp
|i find( hirnself in gfeat straits.
ts me so ai the only conceivable
tlg mse offered by the situation
f gr;+zctor.v in the simple form
Lr p,rescus itsclf.
h tst trought evidently is to
t P-Bq rheo K-88-N7 and
Ee brt by simply tempoing with
; d higf''t behind the solid wall
protected pieces. But it is
-Eqs
tr csy as that:
L P-Bq P-RZ z. K-B8, P-
!Q) I K-Nz K-Qz +. 8-N+
'+ B-B8
theo 4. . . . , Q-Rr !
E-N8,K-Kl 6. K-N7, K-B4
t-N8,8- B5-a tempo move to
mm 6e reply B-RH. K-N7,
:fn8 ! followed bv queen sacrifice
QxlLritr a sure win.) 4. . . .,
-fl S. B-{2, K-B+ 6. B-K3,
1I f. B.-Qz, Q-KZ 8. B-Br,
{S! rith this queen manoeuvre
ft fuccs the bishop off White's
ffi+ diagpnal, and after g. B-
, G'f) FKRS! now inevitably
l r Q,<)i ch and KxP, and
lBr m pcsed pawtr triumphs.
IE mrq"ft shows hat the knight
E fo oo s'rficieot protection for
interventionl in other words, Black's thought ofin over-the-board play. It
king must be driven or to the would be a mistake, however, to as-
long diagonal! A suitable means of sume that we have wandered too far
realization is the threat of scope from the realities and practical proba-
extension on the KR2-QN8 diago- bilities of over-the-board play. Even
nal, that is, an immediate attempt to the simplest everyday games can offer
stop Black's pawn. plenty of similar cases, ifin less beauti-
ful and less comprj.:* form.
r. 8-86 ! ! K-Q3
After any other move 2. B-KS Let us analyse now some other cases
would solve the problem. of virtual stalemate. Not only the king
but occasionally also some other piece
z. B-K7 ch K-K+ can be permanently shut off from the
play and in this way a drawing posi-
Tf z. .. . , K-Q4 or K-83, then tion against superior forces arrived at.
White will reach his partial aim : clos- At first glance, the diagram below
ing of the long diagonal. Black must exemplifies the imprisonment of a
rook; in reality, however, it is an in-
soon resign himself to this to avoid a
draw by repetition of moves. stance of how a queen (!) should be
shut off:
K{3
3. B-Q8 ! 54.
The best Black can do for fear of the
F. SIMKHOVITCH, Tg2T.
threat 4. VB7.
4. B-K7 ch K-Bt
And now the time is ripe for the
manoeuwe of "pupation"
:

B NP, cfrr:le the bishop cannot P-Rz

ld it fr@ QBr. C-onclusion : the
Ei lffi uoless White's bishop can
?cdmR6!
D qdct sey to this fails on r.
f?, P-RZ 2. B-B8, P-R8
1L8.er? $Rr ch 4. K-K7,
{I rnrte.
h rLliberations point to the
c mical mrsure to be taken
b rhe implementation of the
IE strtegic plan, viz. the
hin of the queen's quick
5. P-B6
6. B-B8 P-RS (Q)
7. B-R6 and draws,
because 8. K-88 and 9. K-N7 can-
not be prevented and thereafter White
is free, in an inaccessible defensive
position, to keep tempoing perpetually
by N-B8 and K-N8-NZ.
We have deliberately chosen a dif-
ficult but fascinating example to de-
monstrate a possibility that is rarely
Draat
With his two minor pieces against
the rook White would not be at a
material disadvantage if Black did not
have the threat of obtaining a passed
pawn up his sleeve after. . . , R-N8 !
and . . ., R x P. Something must be
done to counteract this.
47
 r. B-N4 ch K{3 r. P-N7 R-K8 ch !
At a moment of tempomr-T ml
equilibrium White hrs bcnt 1
The continuation is similar after After r. . . ., R-Kr ? z. B-R7 ! "en prise." The loss of rbc t
other moves of the king. Black should give up the rook for the would be fatal, therdore he ctm
promoting pawn. But now it is rEoounce his rook, aod hcpe 1
z. B-B5 ! R-\r! White's turn to be cautious since his hope for a virrual stalemae-
king move would be to Black's ad-
The rook maintains the threat even vantage after . .., B-K4 ! e. g. K- fi.
so. The prospective queen can, how- R2 ?, B-K4 ! 3. P-N8 (Q ?, R-R8
ever, be actually cornered on the QR mate ! therefore: I. H. MARYTIT- rg{z-
file !
z. B-Qt ! R-Kr !
i'l':i
3.NxR!! PxN 2
4. K-Br P-R8 (Q ch 2. . . .rR x B ch? would
be followed m
5. B-Nr ! and draws, by :. K-Bzand Black would not be
able to prevent queening because of
t;
because the queen cannot extricate it- his own bishop barring the way of the
w
self from the trap and White can rook. Wi
manoeuvre with K-Bz-Br-Bz etc. M
unhindered. 3. B-R5 ! R-KNr
*** 4. B-B7 I RxP
5. P-N6 and draws,
The qext example shows how a po-
sitional draw can be reached by put- because the rook is permanently caged. Dre-
ting a rook on ice. (Black cannot reckon on stalemat-
ing White now with his king and rook,
)). that is he cannot bring his opponent r.R-B5!! Px
into Zrtgzwang because White's bish- z- P-)i4 !

C. I. de FEIJTER, r94r. op can also intervene if needed. We

refer, for example, to the possibility Thb shuts the dmr m &cru
S...., K-B6 5. K-Rz, K-87 7. 6c pcurlir situtim r rte rl
K-Rr, B-R6 8. K-Rz, B-N7 ! prErm all co.qcr=in b
9.B-N3ch!) Elct's ting ud bi$bop. t3E
*** ',trnt timc oow, EEEtr Feryi
Bt-g-, uffil 'smcrting hq;
If both sides have several pawns on
the board the rescue of the impris- K-
oned rook by way of sacrifice is always K-
a latent possibility. In the next ex- B-
ample, White must, after having
achieved a positional draw, wriggle
himself out of threatened Zugzwang
DrAw. (see Diagram No. 56).

48
 r- P-N7 R-K8 ch ! At a moment of temporary material 5.-- RxB!
eqtrilildum White has both Pieces 6. PxR B-N+
Afu r. . . ., R-Kr ? z. B-R7 ! "en prise." The loss of the bishop
Aiming not to defend the pawn-
shtd grve up-not
the rook for the would be fatal, therefore he chooses to
ring p.,m- now it isl renounce his rook, and hope against whose capture would indeed bring
's Ern m be cautious since his hope for a virtual stalemate. grist to Black's mill-but to try and
Errne sould be to Black's ad- gain the tempo needed for squeezing
ft ..., B-K4 ! e. g. K- 56. out White's king, Vhite would coun-
, B-K4 ! 3. P-N8 (Q ?, R-R8 ter the immediate 6. ..., B-R3 7. K-
N6 !, B-Br 8. K-B7, B{7 by q.
J. H. MARWITZ, 1942.
K-Q6 ! ! and after 9. . ., K-Qr he
R-Kr !
is stalemated !
Later on, a similar stalemate posi-
tion saves White from being squeezed
out. It is a remarkable structural pecu-
liarity of the position that the control
of the squares QBr and QBz requires
Black's bishop to penetrate to Qz; in
this section of the board, however-
1 B-R5 ! R-KNr from Qz to QRz !-it has no oppor-
4 ts-tsu ! RxP tunity to gain a move. ConsequentlS
5- P-N6 and draws, the final struggle is markecl by opposi-
tional considerations.
tbc rookis permanently caged. Draw. Here is the finish resulting in a
qmnot reckon on stalemat- "strategic stalemate" :
Shire now with his king and rook, 7. K-B8, K-Kz 8. K-B7, B-
fu bc c*nnot bring his opponent r. R-B6 ! ! PxR Rl! g. K-N6!, B-Br ro. K-Bn
ZryzwS because White's bish- z. P-N4 ! B-Qz rr. K-NS, K-Qr rz. K-
ebo imervene if needed. We N7, B-Br ch 13. K-N8!, K-Qz
l*r, f6 a=rrrple to the possibility This shuts the door on the rook and 14. K-R8!!, K-B2 15. K-R7! and
-- o. K-k, K-Bl
6. Js-K2, K-b7 7. l. the peculiar situation at the same time draws, since after 15. ..., B-Nz
8. K-k, B-N7 ! prevents all co-operation between \flhite would be stalemated! Accu-
Black's king and bishop. \ffhite can rate tempoing is very essential here be-
i' *** mark time now, merely playing K- cause e. g. 14. K-RZ?, K-Bz 15.
B8-B7, until "something happens." K-R.8, B-Nz ch 16. K-R7, K-
p "ffbd sides bave several pawns on Br ! 17. K-N6, K-Nr 18. K-R5,
brd fte rescue of the impris- ) K-Bz K-R2 ! 19. K-N4, B-R3 ! zo. K-
Frd by way of sacrifice is always --
l.K-Bz K-Kr R4, B-K7 zr. K-R5, B-Q8 ! zz.
possnility. In the next ex- 4. K-B8 B-Q6 K-N4, K-Rl would have led to an
Vhite must, after having 5. K-Bz easy win for Black despite the com-
EEGd a pmitional draw, wriggle plicated procedure of forcing a deci-
bclf out of threatened Zugzwang I7ithout some sacrifice Black can- sive gain ot rrT.;
DLgram No. 56). not get any further. Therefore: *
A
49
 In addition to shutting otr, walling- is by the way the subiect of a separate HO\g TO ACEIEY
in and stalemating there is still an- chapter.) It may happen, however,
other possibility of irnmobilization : that a pin becomes lasting and un-
pinning. r breakable. Such a perpetual pinnilg
In the grmer the pin is usually of a is a very suitable means of achieving a
momentary or transitory occurrence positional draw. A case in point is the
therefore it has a prominent part parrying of the Black knight's inter-
mostly in sudden tactical turns. (This vention in end-game No. 52.

The mcept of 6c pc*til

I is dosety rded fu dfu:
to
I
trrtical" drcw. Thc rdrin$
Frrcen6etworbcsftu efu
'6ccttical" dgs 6 I &{*i
I

m uscd in p,r.cbe - a t
ilee; it b na rydicd t GEr
criht drxriry pcirhrrt- r
to crrytional simrior rhr
Ilmrcitsccmrc-m* ul c{r
beC-USC Cf 1[C nnhabnrr in f
-fuYirysrlllgp E Grlb
shc tcutrbl rcsc-tt hp
bE-rrdedorbt- fu-
turgE silc h! il, fulu
lirEiag:
Tke rrE re rh.lrrl
*.lrtb[ drrr stich uc &6
6 tatrnce Of rlarrid dnrr., fq
bildfugiYEu[rdtiLAL
;'+.rr" d'dih b ft fEh da
dtsot'+I,r.Tjdrql
cd tinB T[etE rtFG it r--i{
F-.grm,.ildfuIiEhrl
D r,.qfn ceegG.Anarrq
Fii ir 6c sEtglc btmte eL
Ltdaedwrr RPrqrFr
e trthnp shici r-qtr't EE 'nr
ftpiry3Fc.EEE,h
r r&llhlrat poliU d
E&beE,61]yfuli
fr.LG'trirtE15truGf I
rFhftrdftfll-
f
ttc way the subject of a sephrate HOIT TO ACHIEVE A THEORETICAL DRA\T
fr.) It may happen, however,
F ! prtr becomes lasting and un-
ffe Such a perpetual pinning
lEqrsuitable mezns of achieving a
ilErl dnw. A case in point is the
trtig of, 6e Black knight's inter-
iin iu ead-game No. 52.

The concept of the positional draw
is closely related to that of the "theo-
retical" draw. The relationship be-
tween the rwo arises from the faa that
"theoretical" draw as a definition is
not used in practice as an absolute
idea; it is not applied to every self-
evident drawing position, but mostly
to exceptional situations where at first
glance it seems reasonable to expect-
because of the unbalance in material
viaory will go to one side ; yet
-that
where theoretical research has proved
beyond a doubt that the materially
stronger side has no prospects of
winning.
There are some absolute t5pes of
theoretical draw which are defined by
the balance of material alone, regard-
less of the given position. A familiar
instance of this is the fight of a king
and two knights against an uDsupport-
ed king, where there is practically no
arrangement ofthepieces that will lead
to an enforcable mate. Another case in
point is the struggle between a lonely
king and an adverse RP supported by
a bishop which cannot take control of
the queening square. Here, however,
an additional positional condition
must also be met, namely the king on
the defensive must manage somehow
to get in front of the pawn.
In other cases there are more rigrd
positional restrictions, An unsupport-
ed king can put up a successful fight
also against a RP and a knight, but
only if the pawn is forced to the seventh
rank and the king ciut occupy the
square in front of it. If we come to
other positions again in which the
support of an extra piece fails to
usher even some other pawn to vic-
tory, we shall reach a point where the
borderline between the concepts of
"virtual stalemater" "hedgehog posi-
tion" and "book" draw (in the wider
sense) disappears.
By way of illustration, let us now
look at the best known tSrpe of stale-
mate quotedin the textbooks as a char-
acteristic form of thetheoretical draw:
57.
SCHEME.
Draw.

4* 5r
 mrin force by lir intEE r
White's defence against the bishoP vanceto N6 (White's N3) andWhite's
and the RP lies in his getting rid of his king posted on his QBl. If we rcalize h its Cirnin tinr by c
owu bad pawn. r. P-N4? would be this, the job is as good as done !
a blunder of the rePlY r.
because 9.
..., P-R6! z. P-N5, KxP l. K- r. B-N6 ch K-Qz
83, K-84! and Black wins. Far z. B-R5 ! P-N6 L L KLIBBEI- ry
souader is the continuation
After z. . . .,BxQNP3. B xP the
r.P-N3 ch! PxP extra piece is ofcourse ofno real value. t
z. K-Nz Now W"hite's king can safely approach
his pawn.
for although Black's RP has turned
into a NP, his bishop is now afrozen l. K-Qz BxKNP
asset and the tT:rt"rrawn. 4. K-Br !

+. B-Bl ?, B-R3 ch ! 5. K-Qr,

Some help is needed against a NP B-R4 ch ! 6. K-Kr, B-88 ! and
and a freely moving bishoP. This is Black's king walks to his QB7 and
shown by the next examPle: wins. Dr '-

58. 4.- - B-R3 ch

S. B{z ! and draws, S,hirc's ory Eth rcr
L. I. KUBBEL, 1934.
hightutubiih+. IL
because the pawn is inaccessible after tr ptprrirc furrs
the exchange; otherwise White's EntiliE-sdtutfthryb
bishop can undisturbedly move along Hr ktlgh" fr@ WIi
the diagonal Qz-R6. Fn6.
***
N-
Artistic and at the same time game- N.
like examples of attaining theoretical
draws by forcing means are to be found L---J.I-KB1K{zI
among the studies of the eminent ryctiro dmrts.
Soviet end-game composer L. I.
Kubbel. In the first study one side is
two knights to the bad.
I K-!{l: trf
Draw.
Against an opponent two knights
.1, N-N5 ! d
Once the bishops ofthe same colour ahead we must concentrate our efforts
are removed, there is a glimmer of on liquidating the rest of his forces. h6.Ii{6rd7-l$x
hope: perhaps a kind of hedgehog In most cases the tactical means of bpcrtcd- 1fuhriglr,r
poiition might be arrived at if only forcing are the driving-on manoeuvrg
res ft btuhry rtiEl iD
the restriction of movement of the DE@,'EGlf.
Bhck's pawn could be made to ad-

52
 b N6 (Wbite's N3) and White's main force by line interference, and The same idea can be realized also
later its elimination by exchanges. with bishop :
Dred on his QBl. If we rcalize a
Cc iS is as good as done !
59. 60.
l-N6 ct K{z L. I. KUBBEL,
I-*.5 ! P-N6 L. I. KUBBEL, rg2g. r93o.

2- --., BxQNP3. BxP the

fo dmse ofno real value.
tir.g catr safely approach

Bx KNP

D-43?, B-R3 ch ! 5. K{r,

cA ! 6. K-Kr, B-88 ! and
fhg walks to his QB7 and
Draat. Draw.

B-R3 ch
l.{2-! and draws, The passed pawn comes in handy
White's only task is to exchange his here to force through the driving-or
knight for the bishop. Therefore he
6c peun is inaccessible after makes preparations for restricting the
E"l''ngp; otherwise White's mobility of the bishop by driving
o mdi*urbedly move along N-N3 ch
Black's knight from White's Kr to NxP
Q3-R6. KN6. B-K3
***
r. K-Kz ! N-Nz The bishop is in the stocks. But any
d r 6esametimegame- z. K-B3 ! N-R5 ch other move would have lost a knight.
d maining theoretical
ftrirymeetts are to be found 2. . .., N-K8 3. K-K2 leads to a 4. B-R6 ch K-K6
& smdies of the eminent repetition of moves. s. B-B+ and draws,
*gme oomposer L. I.
ID ttc frst snrdy one side is
K-N3 N-KN3 because Blacks's bishop cannot avoid
to 6e bad- 3. !
being svshanged.
h m qrlnnent trno knights 4. N-N5 ! and draws,
***
EEUST OonceDtrate OUr effOrtS
lhins the rest of his forces. because 6. N-Q6 aad7. N x B cennot For the sake of completeness let us
cGcs the tactical means of be prevented. The knight, so to speak, seehow a rook is exchanged offin an
ue trc driving-on manoeuvrg mates the bishop which is restricted analogous way.
.rtrrrictftm of movement of the in its movemenL

53
 61. "surviving" rook, Black's two extra
yet the scales remain in eqffi
knights would do the iob. The secret of this "mirade" b u
else than the greater activity o
L. I. KUBBEL, r93r. But now Black has not many choices
left for on 2. ..., K-84 \[hite threat- outnumbered side ofBetting tL
perior forces which are teupr
eDSr after exchanging the bishoPs,
R-Bz ch and RxN. In the case of a passive or self-restricting 1n
2. . . ., K-K4 G) the same develoP- At this point the active i.rt*-rc
ments ensue, with the scene sffied of the king comes to the fuc, '

to the K-fiIe. Therefore: the agile monarch finds it oct b

him 1e thin out the enent'$ ru[
2.-- K-Kl forces with his own royal hr&,
3. BxB N-B3 ch
62.
4. K-Nr ! NxB
And what now befalls Black's rook? A. A. TROITSKY, ttfr-
Since the king has been driven to K6,
Draw. it cannot escape being exchanged off
or, at best, being exposed to perpetual
The exchange of the bishoPs is at attack.
hand but it is not enougb. The rooks
must then be exchanged offor a knight R-N3 ch
worr. (Rook against rook and knight is R-Bl
a theoretical draw.) with a
draw as a
r. B-N5 ! R-KR3 ! result.

r. ..., R-K3 z. BxB, RxB 3.

By comparatively simple instances Dre.
of manoeuvre we have endeavoured to
show that in many a complex-looking
nowhere, because White-Pl"Ytog position there lurks a familiar pattern If ttris situatim a(Ec in r r

as its nucleus though slightly thrust dFberd gamc, YhitE sd i

accurately-could sacrifice his own
rook back for the bishoP. (Against to the background amidst a few fobability try E plry r- P-
"superfluous" pieces.
(dct rDoves are m d-r'rril"r
two bishops and a knight the rook in Tbrr of 6c ftcr -. o E-
would be much worse off. In such Of course, there are numerous more
unusual, more startling end-game po-
rfrrt r. ..., N-K3 (?, b r
cases the superior forces prevail.)
sitions, in which the situation arising crmtinue o fl4v z K-l{6 fi
Egn d rdicq cYeu if h rr t
z. R-Qz ch after the show-down confronts us
!
with "clear" material superiority on
a -. o B-N5 1P-87, !{{ 4.
Naturally, the immediate capture of one side-which is "theoretically" -.*;, N-N$ io*rcuty 1rcrGr
the bishop would not be worth a enough for the win-without any itu trrEr tu .. o !&
farthing because of z. .. ., N-B3 ch prospect of the weaker side putting up &; fa, insced d guEriry, j-
and 3. . . ., N x B. Backed bY the a lasting "positional" resistance. . . Et Crytuqttuedil-
54
 moL, Black's two exua
uld do the iob.
Hh6 not many choices
L -nK-B+ White threat-
pchmging the bishops,
ad R xN. In the case of
I{4 G) the same develop-
r, rifr tre scene strifted
-ft. Therdore:
K-Kr
B N-83 ch
r! NxB
now be&lls Black's rook ?
tingbas been driven to K6,
cs4te bdng exchanged off
tdng erposed to perpetual
simpL instalces
rc heve eudeavoured to
ir mry a complex-looking
fuc ln"Lq a femiliar pattern
6mgh slightly thrust
fCg,ma amid51 a few
" 1iee.
fuc are numerous more
Et sfi!filing end-game po-
L rtfoh the situation arising
rhorvdown confronts us
' mderial superiority on
id is "theoretically"
fr 6c win-without any
' r weaker side putting up
d*positional"
tesistance . . .
yet the scales remain in equilibsirrm.
The secret of this "miracle" is nothing
else than the greater activity of the
outnumbered side offsetting the su-
perior forces which are temporarily in
a passive or self-restricting position.
At this point the active intervention
of the king comes to the fore, when
the agile monarch finds it not beneath
him to hin out the enemy's superior
forces with his own royal hands.
62.
A. A. TROITSKY, 1896.
Draw.
If this situation in an over-
arose
the-board game, White would in all
probability try to play r. P-86!
(other moves are out of consideration
in view of the threat .. ., 8-86).
After r. . . ., N-Kf (?) he would
continue to play z. K-N6 with a
sigh of relief, even if he saw that z.
.. ., B-N5 3.P-BZ, N-Q5 4. K-
Nn N-N4! indirecdy prevents the
promotion (the threat is .. ., N{3
ch), for, instead of queening 5. P-
88 (N)! is enough for a draw.
If Btack, however, replied r. ...e
B-N5! 2. P-BT, N-Nz! White
would certainly resign without hesi-
tation because .. ., B-Br or . ..,
N-Q3 and . . ., N-Br cannot be
prevented. Yet it would be premature
to give up either the game or hope !
Pondering a little longer over the
situation, we shall find that the N-Nz
formation seems to be a
-B-Br
tight "bottleneck" for Black. White
only has to muscle in among Black's
pieces by K-87 ! If only his BP
were not in the way ! Away with
it then ! But how? Black would not
capture it at once if White played
3. P-B8 (Q)?, but would interpo-
late . . ., N-Q3 ch ! Therefore we
must be accurate down to the last
detail:
3. P-B8 (N)!! BxN
4. K-N6 !
. . ., and here is the exception to the
rule: the bishop and the knight
cannot win against the unsupported
king because one of them wil fall
within a move or two. In reply to
+...., N-{3 or 4....rKxPr 5.
K-BZ will wind up the game with a
double attack. It is apositional draw-
but in a dynamic and not a static
interpretation.
Of course, from the point of view
of the final situation one is not justified
in including this in a separate chapter,
under a separate title. It is in faa
that most ordinary type of draw-
however exceptional it appears to be
in form-which arises as a result of
equalization of forces. This simp-
ly means that, though no perfect
55

equilibrium is achieved, neither side
has the material superiority required
for giving mate.
But if gaining a material advantage
takes the form of a threat and if the
opponent's resistance to this threat
can be renewed repeatedlS we come
across a special case of draw in which PERPE
we cannot speak of the complete suc-
cess of either attack or defence. Nor
canthis be considered complete failure
on either side. This mutual "half suc-
cess" is manifested in a repetition of
moves or in Perpetual attack.
The "perpetud check" b r
coElmon instance of the dflr-
concept, however, coYes ontYs
the cases which are in PrinciFb
identical l therefore its eEEl
under the headirrg'?erpmal Af
seems desirable.
This "terminus technicus" b
haps not the hapPiest, and ttrPq
might be more realisticaltv &
ils "uninterrupted chaser" h
attribute "perpetud" is gsuc{
cepted in international mage r
we prefer to stick to it "Ad:
is a well-known chess teEn dr
to b*even in the gveo c'oH
expressive of the idea omid
the word "chase" which rho ir
the "motif of consequeoce."
A precise definition of nt+
attack may clariff what we m I
A perpetual attack is u ir
able series of moves_resnhingr
or later in a repetition of pciir
the courseof which one dfufl
attacks (and threaterui b "'[q
certain adverse piece move aftrrr
and the other side rtplies, rDc
urove, by taking the pie in q-
out of the danger mne-
Such a chain ofmoves lcedc-{
mg to the rules-at the lm f,
moves but in most cases fu r
 a sp€cial c:$e of draw in which PERPETUAL ATTACK
oot speak of the comPlete suc-
d citrer attack or defence. Nor
b bc comidered comPlete failure
side. This mutual "half suc-
fo rn*nifestd itr a repetition of
c in perpetud attack.

The "perpetual check" is a very earlier (after the third recurrence of a

common instance of the draw. This position) to a draw. Thus the achieve-
concept, however, covers only some of ment of a position giving an opportu-
the cases which are in principle fully nity for perpetual attack already con-
identical; therefore its extension tains the possibility of securing a
under the heading "Perpetual Attack" draw.
seems desirable. Any piece can be exposed to Per-
This "terminus technicus" is Per- petual attack (except a pawn, because
haps not the happiest, and the concept it has only a limitedroute of escape),
might be more realistically described but the usual target is the king, in
as "uninterrupted chaser" but the which case we speak of perpetual
attribute "perpetual" is generally ac- check.
cepted in international usage so that
we prefer to stick to it. "Attack" too 63.
is a well-known chess term and seems
to be-even in the given case-more H. WEENINK, 1927.
expressive of the idea contained than
the word "chase" which also implies
the "motif of consequence."
A precise definition of perpetual
attack may clarify what we mean by it.
A perpetual attack is an intermin-
able series of moves-resulting sooner
or later in a repetition of position-in
the courseof which one of the players
attacks (and threatens to capture) a
certain adverse piece move after move,
and the other side replies, move after
move, by taking the piece in question
Draw.
out ofthe danger zone.
Such achain ofmoves leads-accord-
ing to the rules-at the latest after 5o In this situation White cannot fight
moves but in most cases also much effectively against the dangerous passed

57
pawns despite his extra rook. Any demonstrating that the perpetual check this situation to carry on m cftc
attempt at stopping the pawns would is explicitly a tactical success. fight not only against the bisb+
be courting disaster. E. g. r. K-84, even against a queen (!) ? Ceruid5
*** one who would look for the solrit
P-BZ ! and .. ., P-Q7 ! etc. Indeed, besides stalemate the per-
The only escape is offered by the some book of endings, under ttch
petual check is the weapon most likely ing "Bishop and pawn agrir
not altogether obvious recognition to secure a draw, even against enor-
that Black's king is to a certain extent knight". . .
mous odds. The chance of an orgy of
restricted (!) i" its movement, and the
sacrifices forcibly leading to perpetual
united forces of White's king and rook
can be utilized for hatching some kind
check mostly occurs in middle-game- K-l{8
like positions. Yet it may also crop up P-Bz
of "plot" against him.
where there is the smallest conceivable
force.
r. K-B6 !! P-QZ
64. Threatening N-R3 cb- If B
After the more agressive r. ..., it by 3. . . ., B-K3 ! 6E
parries
P-BT, the continuation z. R-Kr !, J. BRENEW, 1934. N-K2 ch, K-B8 S. N-Bg f
P-Q7 3. R-K8 ch, K-Bz 4.K- 6. K-B3 !! secures the draw.
Corected by J. BAN.*
Q7 ! would lead to the target position.
Even an attempt to escape would make
no difference since after r. . . ., K-Bz
z. K-QZ !, K-83 3. R-Kt ! or z. 3.- - P+(
. . ., P{7 3. R-Br ch and 4. K-
4. N- R3 ch K+
5. N-Bz ch K-!*r
K7 ! the roads leading to freedom 6. N-R3 ch and dG
would be blocked.

z. K-Q7 ! P-Bl on account of perpemal ctcrt'

However surPrisrng the finirl r

If z. .. ., K-Nz then 3. K-K7 !,

be, the moves lsarting to P.lF
check were here, too, rDore r h
P-Bl 4. R-KBI ! etc. hand and the result s6 rrsr !D
Draw. cornered situation of thc Hng =
3. R-N8 ch K-Bz mechanically restricted mohliry.
4. R-KS ! and draws, Who would guess that the com- In the restriction of the kinglr I
pletely stalemated knight will be able in Inent lack of sPace Ptqct i r
because White can keep Black in per- combined with other fimr IL
petual check (R-K8-K7-K6), * In the original study Vhite's king is the flight certain squarcs ry b
posted on KR5, Black's pawn on Black's
whatever the laffer's move. KB5. The opening moves are : r. K-N4,
In this example the possibility of P-B6. V'e had to drop the first moves, orpation would ieopardize ' r
perpetual check was virtually handed however, because-in the original posi- of the rest of his camp. A frGq
up on a plate; Black was quite helP- tion-also the by-play: r. N-B7 l, rse in point is the ittdircrr rGEi
P-86 (..., BxN?2. K-N+) z. N-Q6, of movement by a threa drc"ft
less against it. For all that, White's P-Bl a. N-BS, and . N-K3, etc.
first move has a startling effea, clearly would lead to a draw. tension (geometrical mcif).

58
l+srming that the perpetual check this situation to carry on an effective 65.
r crSicitlv a tactical success. fight not only against the bishop but
' even against a queen (!) ? Certainly no F. J. PROKOP, t934.
***
one who would look for the solution in
rnd.cq besides stalemate the per- some book ogsadings, under the head-
Ed chec* is the weapon most likely ing "Bishop and pawn against a
D tr-'e a draw, even against enor- knight". . .
re odds. The chance of an orgy of
ni6,ccs foro-bly leading to perpetual
%i
&%
td mosdr Gurs in middle-game-
fc pmtrlons. Yet it may also crop up
fuE &€re is the smallest conceivable
lce.

Threatening N-R3 ch. If Black

it by 3. . . ., B-Kl ! then 4.
parries
N-K2 ch, K-B8 5. N-B4, B-B4! Draw,
6. K-B3 !! secures the dravr.
A net of perpetual checks must be
woven to stop Black's king moving
3.-- P-88 (Q) about in the centre. There is no other
4. N- R3 ch K-R8 chance o[ fighting the prospective
5. N-Bz ch K-N8 queen. t. R{4 ch would fail against
6. N-R3 ch and draws r... ., KxN z. R-Q8, K-K2 !

r. R-B6 ! P-K8 (Q)

Drm:.
Ub s,ould guess that the com-
lp$ stelenated knight will be able in
. IE Sc or:ginal study Vhite's king is
ae. KR_{, Biack's pawn on Black's
-d
Qr The oP'eoing moves are : r. K-N4,
!-E Ee had to drop the first moves,
because-in the original posi-
i-rho
-rEr. the by-play: r. N-BZ t,
'-D6 ....,BxN?2. K-N+) z. N-Q6,
':D, 1 li-Bs, md +. N*K3, etc.
d lead to a draw.
on account of perpetual check.
However surprising the finish may White threatened N-B+ (evcn
be, the moves leading to perpetual r. . . ., K-K4) r. .. ., N-R4
after
check were here, too, more or less on would have been met by z N-B7 ch
hand and the result was due to the and 3. R-K6.
cornered situation of the king and its
mechanically restricted mobiliry. z. N-84 ch ! K-B5
In the restriction of the king's move-
ment lack of space proper is often 2. ..., K-B4 is forbiddenonac-
combined with other factors. During count of 3. N-Qf ch and also the
the flight certain squares may be for- squares K4 and K5 are taboo because
bidden to the king because their oc- of 3. R-K6 ch. This restriction
cupation would ieopardize the safety allows White to chase Black's king
of the rest of his camp. A frequent persistently along the sixth rank.
case in point is the indirect restriction
of movement by a threat of scoPe ex- R-B6 ch K-Na (6)
tension (geometrical motif).
3.
R-N6 ch and draws
4.

59

-
through perpetual check, or-in case 6. N-Qz ch K-K+ because Black is compelled to r
of a detour-through the loss of the Z. N-B+ (B3) ch draws back on the same route sine &
queen. . . ., K-Nr B-Nz would -1
8.
*** by perpetual check. mate" to the queeL
The next study demonstrates how *** As was noted in our huodtrai
Now let us watch a bishop giving there are certain circumstaoe Tt
a knight makes possible a similar es-
the same performance: not only theking but any othcrfi
cape against Black's menacing pawns
ttraY be exposed to perpetual o
on both wings.
67. The uext study illustrates a umsiri
66.
al case.
V. and M. PLATOV, r9o5.
A. A. TROITSKY, 1923. 68.

A. A. TROITSKY' rt95.

Draw.
Drazu.
r.P-B4! BxP
r. N-Bz ch K-N6 !
z. P-B7 P-Rz Forced because of the mate threat Droa.
3. N-K4 ch !! K-86 B-Kr, as . . ., Q-K5 is no defence,
for White then has another ace up his r.N{7 ts.{
3. . . ., K-R6 (Ns) +. P-B8 (Q) sleeve: z. B-Q8 mate. z. P-B8 (Q)!
ch !, or 3. . .., K-R5 4. P x N (Q)
ch ! Two diagonals are a danger zone z.B-Kr ch ! K-NS Sacrifice with line intedetm
toBlack's kingowing to Vhite's passed 3.BxBch KxP teuding to gain time for 6c ncr q
pawn. This entails an interesting InOVe.
"merry-go-round": After . . ., K-B6 ? 4. B-Nz ch would
win the queen. Therefore the king is 2.-- B:r(
4. N-Qz ch K-K6 confined to the black squares.
3. N-K5 !!
5. N-84 ch ! K-Ks
4. B-Qz ch K-K4 Threatening B-Kz ch. fClffi
There are not many choices left be- 5. B-B3 ch K-Qr a knight check to kirynd qu
cause the Q-file is "out of bounds" on 6. B-N4 ch K-Bz This can only be prereoterl bg u
account ofPxN (Q ch. 7. B-R5 ch and draws, rng the queen.

6o
ilF-{2 ch K-K+ because Black is compelled to walk 3.--
n[-84 (Bf) ch draws back on ths same route since after 7. 4. B-B4 !

.. ., K-Nr 8. B-Nz would "give s. B-Qr !

FElEEat check. mate" to the queen.

, *** As was noted in our inuoduction, This is it ! If the queen confines her
ph us such a bishop giving there are certain circumstances where movement to Black's Nr and Rz she
pdotmance :
not only the king but any other piece will remain for ever within the bish-
-.\_. may be exposed to perpetud attack. op's reach. If again she deprives her
67. The next study illustrates a transition- consort, hard pressed as he is, of an-
l
al case. other square, the fire ofperpetual at-
U-Dd IL PI-ATOV, r9o5. tack will be turned r.rn him.
68.

A. A. TROITSKY, 1895. 5.- -

B-Kz
6. ch
7. N-83 ch
8. N-K5 ch

since . . ., K-N4would be followed

by N-B7 ch.
A pattern of "perpetual check to the
queen" springs from the next posi-
Drou.
tion, very similar to the perPetual
check to the king in Diagram No. 63.
BxP
69.
id bcanse of the mate threat Draw.
fus..-FK5isnodefence, M. G. KLIATSKIN, t925.
lh tbcn has mother ace up his r. N{7 B-Q3
b: z. B{S Erate. z. P-B8 (Q)!

II-X'r ch ! K-Ns Sacrifice with line interference in-

fxB cto KxP tending to gain time for the next quiet
move.
hr-oK-ts6 ?4. B-Nz ch would
h gcco- Therefore the king is a BxQ
d ro 6e black squares.
3. N-K5
--
!!

K-K4 Threatening B-K2 ch followed by

K-Q3 a knight check to king and queen.
K-Bz This can only be prevented by mov-
and draws, ing the queen. Draw.

6r
 Since the attempt r. P-B7 would 70. protected because of the po
lead to disaster after r. . . ., Q-83 ch, N-Q6 ch. The thrcat R-l
z. K-Q7, Q-Ql ch 3. K-K8, K- A. S. GURVITCH, 1927. the queen to return and th 1

K3 ! \trhite sacrifices his vain hope in anack rolls on.

the interests of driving the queen to
a less favourable place. 5.--
6. R-KR5
a

r.R-K8!! QxPch witha draw":t::

The capture is forced, otherwise
P-BZ would have become a serious
threat.
It is possible+nd wti r

z. K-Q7 ch K-B+ -to

keep even a protcccdpi
Draw. permanent attack becuc bt
2. . . .,K-Q+??3. P-K4 chmate! we qm tie dowu the dff
White loses a piece, thereforeihe If later dso the ddcodiry I
3. P-K4 ch K-BS must do his best to scrape up some into trouble, the oPPoEf
kind of attack against Black's king. it twice as rlifficuh m hig d
The chase of the king is over, but into safety. The forcstrEiry
now it is the queen's turn !
r.N-K4 ing of a double d I
z. R-N5 ch defending and the dddl
Q-Bz (Nz) ch ofteu necessitre a cm[E
After 2. . . .,K-Rz? A. Rx P ch !, ing to the repetition dm
Q-Nr Q x R 4. N-B6 ch, the queen falls ;
and draws, of whole variations
and also the continuation 2. . . ., K-
in
Rr would equalize the position G. 71.
because the rook keeps the queen N-86 threatening R-N8 mate).
perpetual check (K6, K7, K8).
R-B5 ch K-Kr A. A. TROfTStlf, 11
3.
4.RxP!
Attack and threat at the same time !
Also the perpetual attack against the The rook can be captured only in
queen-like that against the king- return for the queen (+. . .., Q x R 5. 4
may result from an indirect restriction
of movement, from the inaccessibility
N-B6 .h), otherwise Black must
parry the mating threat R-R8. There
J
of certain squares due to the ttrreat of is only one way to do it :
some other damage. But it also may D
result from another simultaneously 4.- - Q{Nz ! 4
used threat at a time when the queen 5. R-QN5 !
under attack can move onlyto a square
from where she parries the threat. Let The same image mirrored on the
us look at an example. other side ! The rook is indirectly

6z
 70. protected because of the possibility : In this classical example, White's
N-Q6 ch. The threat R-N8 forces active king-always ready for launch-
L S GLRVITCII, 1927. the queen to return and the perpetual ing a perpetual attack-ho1ds both
attack rolls on. Black pieces at bay, standing his
ground against an opponent a rook
5. -
-R-KR5 Q-KRz ahead.
6.
K-Bt (E)
with a draw as a result. K-Nz

Attacking only the protected knight

but restricting the movement also of
It is possible-and worth our while the defending rook. The "brutal" 3.
keep even a protected piece under K-N6? would not be good, because
Dtaat. -to
permanent attack because by doing so Black could extricate himself from its
we can tie down the defending piece. passive defensive position after 3. . . .,
L lces a piece, thereforelhe If later also the defending piece gets R-Rr 4. P-R5, N-N6 ! (5. B x N'
rb hb bcst to scrape up some into trouble, the opponent will find
feck against Black's king. it rwice as difficult to bring them both
R-Nr ch ! or 5. K-NZ, R-R6 etc.)
The repentant 4. K-NS would activ-
into safety. The forestalling or parry- ate the knight after 4. . . ., N-Nz
r(,4 ing of a double attack against ttre
t--}(S ch defending and the defended piece may 5. K-B6, N-Qr ch 6. K-Q7, N-
Bz!
rz...,K-R2?l.RxPch!, often necessitate a compromise lead-
'+ N-B6 dr, the queen falls ; ing to the repetition of moves or even 3.- - R-Rr
b e omthuation 2. . . ., K- of whole variations. +. P-Rs N-Nz
d equalize the position G. 5. P-R6 ch ! K-Rr
71.
5 &emeaing R-N8 mate). With the king cut off, and thus the
KB7 square under control, White can
f-8f ch K-Kr A. A. TROITSKY, 1936.
resume the chase of the knight.
IxPI
6. K-B6 ! N-Qr ch
rtDd Sreat at the same time !
d ceYt be capnrred only in The rook cannot defend the knight
ifrttu queeD (+. ...,QxR 5. either from Black's QRz or QNr for
t' ctl, otherwise Black must fear of the double attack : 7. K-N6
furn*rirng threat R-R8. There or 7. K-87.
I
'rr we-y to do it :
K-Qz
z. !

Q-QNz ! l.K-Bl ? fails against the possible

t{N-s! reply . . ., N-Bz !

inage mirrored on the 7.- - R-Nr

The rook is indirecdy Draw. 8. K-B7 R-Rr
63
 K-Qz !
q. N-Nz r. R-Rr ch!, K-Nr z. R'-Nr White,s obvious eim is ro 1

ro. K-86
rr. K-N5 ! K-Q6!, K-Kr 5. K-K6, K-Br
rr. K-N6? would be wrong again
because of . . ., N-N6
! And thus we
have come back to an eariier position.
Black cannot shake off his ties since
after a knight move his rook or after a
rook move his knight would come
under attack.
rr. . . ., R-Rz rz. K-N6!,
Rr 13. K-N5!*aT*U**t.
The perpetual threat is equiva-
N-R4 ch ch, K-Br 3. R-QRI!, K-Qt 4. king to QB8 and win a Piffi
pawn. It seems that the sitllsi
6. K-B6, K-Nr 7. R-R.8 ch!, K- clear up after a few mo\ies,:
Rz 8. R-RZ ch, K-R3 9. R-RS!, White can promote his PaFEr q
K-R+ ro. K-B5!, K-R5 rr. K- succeeds in preventing ir
B4-and draws because rr. . . ., K- At the flrst attempt the Lmer
R6?? is taboo !! (rz. R-R8 naate.) to be more probable, becar.lsc i
*** K-Qg, B-Qf z. K-88, N-
Besides the perPetually rePeated
f. K-QZ Black is abie to r.5
forces effectively: . . .-. N{
threat there is also a perpetually con- K-BS, N-Nl ch aol miir
R- tinuing threat, the Prevention of
fu
knight's interyention bids
which compels the oPPonent to be also after B{i r )
r. K-QZ,
in constant readiness. This obligation K-Q+ 3. K-B8, N-K2 :!
of readiness leads to a considerable Q7, N-83 !

lent in concept and in its forcing effect restriction of mobility, which is why Nevertheless these rnio &
to perpetual attack. If one side renews even a significant material advantage have revealed something: se .

hiJthieats every move, the obligation cannot often be realized. prevent the interventioo of fra
to ward them off continuouslY Pre- The most suitable means of main- either from Blaclfs Ql m
vents the opponent from realizing his taining such a continuous positional Let therefore White's \T sqr
own plans. threat is the well-advanced passed
N5 and Black's king be t:rec
A familiar instance of a draw being pawn.
Q+!
forced by perpetual mate-threats-a For instance, the waY leading to the
motif known to have occurred also in perpetuation of the threat is, even in
its simplicity, well concealed in the
r. K-Q8 ! r
several match games-is offered bY z. K-Q7 ! !
the next study : next study :

Though the th.reat K-BE

72. 73. hand, there is nc a*d ir :u

J. MORAVEC, 1924. R. RETI, 1928.

"r%r,

,rru

,% ,%
ltr
ffi
Draw.

64
 r R-Rr ch!, K-Nr z. R-Nr White's obvious aim is to get his can wait until the knight choses a
l, K-Br 3. R-QRI!, K-Qr 4. king to QB8 and win a piece for a worse place or the king bars its way to
[{51. K-Kr 5. K-K6, K-Br pawn. It seems that the situation will the good one.
. K-86. K-Nr 7. R-R.8 ch!, K- clear up after a few moves:
either
E & R-R- ch, K-Rl 9. R-R8!, White can promote his pawn or Black ) K-Q+
l-n4 rc" K-B;!, K-R5 rr. K- succeeds in preventing it.
--
l{€,1 d-rairs because rr. .. ., K- At the first attempt the latter seems 2. . . ., ch? or z. . .., B-
N-Br
tili * Bt'oo t'. t-rz. R-R8 naate.) to be more probable, because after r. Nr ? 3. K-B8 bishop )2. . . .,
! costs a

***
the perpetually repeated
;Ecsiu,les
h[ th€re i.s dso a PerPetuallY con-
Hry rhrcat, the prevention of
tEh compels the oPPonent to be
I ctzot rcadiness. This obligation
F readiness leads to a considerable
tsirion of mobilitY, which is whY
Etr a s'ignificant material advantage
m ofteo be realized.
ltc raost suitable means of main-
tung such a continuous positional
hd is the well-advanced Passed
EE.
',Fr iostancq the way leading to the
igouertion of the threat is, even in
r siq'Liots, well concealed in the
r- md-s :
73'
R RIiTI, :^928.
K-Q8, B-Q3 z. K-88, N-Kz ch
f. K-QZ Black is able to regroup his
forces effectively: . . ., N-Q+ ! +.
K-88, N-Nl ch and wins. The
knight's intervention bids fair to win
r. K-QZ, B-Q3 z. P-N6,
also after
K-Q+ 3. K-B8, N-K2 ch 4. K-
Q7, N-83 !
Nevertheless these two attemPts
have revealed something: we have to
prevent the intervention of the knight
either from Black's Q4 or
Let therefore White's NP stay on his
N5 and Black's king be fcrced on his
Q+!
r. K-Q8 ! B-Q3
z. K-Q7 ! !
Though the threat K-BS was on
hand, there is no need to hurry ! We
N-K2 3. P-N8 (Q) ! costs a knight
for the pawn.
3. K-BB ! N-Kz ch
+.K-Qz
P-NS (Q it again threatened and
therefore the knight must move on.
4.- - N-Ba $3)
5. K-BS N_-Kz ch
B3!-
and draws.
Mutual threat or mutual Zugzwang
may bring about a state of equilibrium
even in positions where the material
balance is upset. That is what we call
a draw by repetition of moves. As
we have seen, it is in fact nothing else
than a logical extension of the concept
ofperpetual attack or perpetual threat.

65
 II. FIGHT FOR VICTORY
ZV G ZVAN
Most books on end-games begin
wittr that very simple and readily
understandable chapter from which
the novice may learn how to give mate
to an unsupported king with king and
rook.
The process is indeed an easy
one. The extra rook is sufficient in all
variations to achieve an easy victory.
Through this simple example the
beginner is given an idea of the con-
cept of decisive material superiority
and he also comes to realize that the
right to move confers a certain advan-
tage, since, even if a rook ahead, he
must obviously move his pieces to
arrive at the mating position. Few
would think, however, that the ad-
vantage inherent in the right to move
might in certain cases turn into a def-
inite disadvantage.
If you were called upon to mate an
opponent with a rook on condition
that the opponent was allowed to
exercise his right to move only at his
own discretion unless forced to evade
a check, you would find the task
quite insoluble.
The opponent's lonely king falls
victim to your king and rook for the
very reason that he cannot help mak-
ing a move, even when the move is uot
5*
G
to his advantage, but explicitly dis-
astrous.
Apart from such simple cases, there
are numerous more complicated situa-
tions in which the side to play cannot
but weaken his position by any con-
ceivable move. Often no immediate
threat or danger is evident in a given
position, yet the player to move finds
himself unexpectedly at a disadvan-
tage.
For a better understanding of the
surprising tactical turns we have to get
acquainted not only with the concept
of the "harmful piece" but also with
that of the "damaging movert'
another decisive factor of tactical
operations.
That moment in the course of play
at which a situation arises when any
move made by the side to play
amounts to a definite weakening of his
own forces, is ter medZagzwang.
The conceptof Zagzwang must not
be confused with the concept of the
"forced move." The latter simply in-
dicates that, in a given position, there
is, for lack of a better, only one single
move with which to parry some attack
or threat, irrespective of whether it is
satisfactory or not. In other words, it
means that in a given position there is
67
only one single move which is satis- 74. 4. PxP P-N
factory or which can at least avert 5. P-R6 P-Nt
some graver trouble for the time be- F. STAMMA, t737. 6. P-R7 P-N'
ing. 7. P-R8 (Q or B) mm !

On the other hand, in a Zug- If, on the grounds of this ere

position it would be best not
zwalng
somebody were inclined to rhiril
.to move at all, to leave everything as
such a Zagzwang was ooly pa
it is. when one side was bound lffii
We know, however, that accord- foot, in positions smelliag of '
ing to the rules this is not possible. mater" he would certainiy ko
Therefore, our endeavour to achieve a
Zugzwang position is a partial aim in
%% prised at the finish
queen ending:
of the Des
a game, just as it is to bring about 6dh
other kinds of theoretical winning po- @ 75.
sitions. A. A. TROITSKY, r9r-.
Zagzwang may occur in every tyPe White wins.
of end-game. Its most frequent and
best-known instance is the opposi- White has an unexpectedly quick
tion in pawn endings. The opposition winning possibility because of the pre-
of the two kings is in essence nothing carious position of Black's king.
else than a Zugzwang position be-
cause the player with the move is in r. R-Qr ch R-N8
principleat a disadvantage; he is forced
to give ground to the opponent's There is nothing else left-a forced
kirrg. That is why the side on the move.
offensive can in most cases force the
win by "gaining the oppositionr" and z. R-KBr ! ! RxRch
that is why the weaker side can save
the game if he is able not to "lose the But this is already Zugzwang-at Vhiu rrns.
opposition." 'W'e do not propose to least partially. Black might have
deal with these familiar and simple moved his RP but the result would -{n extra minor piec= .rin
quem cad{
cases, but later on in this book the have been the same. =ale iself felt in
reader will find examples in which the The superior forces rrIx' tre d
opposition has an essential part to 3. KxR P-R+ rio onty if the," can drire the r
play. ".c,e into a mating pmiti,oo r i
A classical demonstration of the Now we see the diference between ro bring him-as b 6€ "-t $
the first rook move and this pawn ;"n Zugrang.
concept of Zagzwang has been pre-
served from the pre-history of chess. move: in the first case Black was
The next pattern is a thousand years forced to defend himself by warding off K4r
otd and was taken from Arabian the attack ; now, however, he only had KJi:
sources by the Arab author who lived to play something. This "some- K--8,3
two centuries ago. thing" was the only possibility here.

68
 74. 4. PxP P-NS Now the enormous power of the
5. P-R6 P-N6 queen makes its effect surprisingly felt
F. STAMIVIA, 1737. 6. P-R7 P-NZ in the centre. Two factors are worthy
7. P-R8 (Q or B) mate ! of special consideration. First : there
is actually no threat on White's part ;
If, on the grounds of this example, moreover, if he were to move and
w :*,,..1
somebody were inclined to think that tried to chase the queen by B-K4,
l'r:: H
such a Zugzwang was only possible
when one side was bound hand and
Black would immediately escape by
. . ., Q-N5 ch ! stalemate. Second :
foot, in positions smelling of "stale- though Black's queen has zz squares (!)
r .. I
mater" he would certainly be sur- to go to, all his 22 moves are dis-
E
r prised at the finish of the next '(airy" advantageous! (Of course, the only
queen ending: king move 4. .. ., K-Rz? is wrong
tr@ ,
75.
because of the pinning S. B-K+.)
Two moves of the queen would im-
A. A. TROITSKY, r9r7. mediately be followedby mate. (+.
White wzns. . . .,
Q-N2?? S.Q-KR5 ! or 4. . . .,
Q-R2 ? ?, 5. Q-KNS !), on fourteen
fhir€ tras an unexpectedly quick other squares the queen could be cap-
dry possibility because of the pre- tured right away. What other options
fu poaition of Black's king. are left for her?
4. . . .,Q-KN8 ? S.Q-R8 ch, K-
t- R-{r ch R-N8 Ng 6. Q-N8 ch winning the queen.
4. . . ., Q-QRr (Nr) S. Q-R5 ch,
tke L rothing else left-a forced K-Nz 6. Q-BZ ch, K-R3 7.Q-88
f,c. ch, K-Rz 8. B-N8 ch, K-Rr (8.
. . ., K-N3 9.Q-87 ch) 9. B-B7 ch
u R-KB: I l RxRch and mate in two moves.
Black's relatively best choice is to
h th-. l: already Ztgzwang-at White wins. stay on his KR2-QN8 diagonal,
rt pmiaily. Black might have though even that will not help.
rGd tis RP but the result would An extra minor piece can rarely
rc ber' [h.e seme. make itself felt in queen end-games.
The superior forces will be able to 4.- - Q-Q6
win only if they can drive the weaker 5. Q-N5 ch K-Rz
FK . R P-R+ 6. Q-NB ch K-Rl
side into a mating position or if they
iibr me see the difference between can bring him-as is the case here- 7. Q-B8 ch K-R2
l fu rook move and this pawn into Zagzvtang.
rG: il the fi.rst case Black was If l. .. ., K-N3 8. B-87 ch and
dto Cefend himsslf !ywarding off r. B-Q5 ch K-Br now 8. . . ., K-Bf (B+) q. B-B4
rd ; now, however, he only had z. Q{8 ch K-Nz leads to the loss of the queen ; other-
DL-" something. This "some- 3. Q-K7 ch K-Rr wise 8. .. ., K-Rz results in a mate
-3 sas the only possibility here. +. Q-Ks ! ! in two.

6g

8. B-N8 ch
B-B7 ch
9.
and White wins in the waY indicated
in the previous paragraPh.
For all the oPtions Black's queen
had at her disposal, White's marked
advantage of space was conspicuous
in this example.
Another 'iairy" Position follows in
which White's advantage of space and
the cramped position of Black's pieces
lead to a Zugzwatg.
76.
H. RINCK, 1926.
After any other move Wh
K-Nr quicHy loses on account of 3. Q-K win by simple technical rc
(B)S ch, etc. But what next?
r...., K-Nz z. KxE
K-R6 ! ! and White wins ! g.N-Nl, B-B5 ch 4 K-
3. N4 5. K-N4, B-Nr 6
K-NS l. P-85 !, K r N I
It is hard to believe before you have
convinced yourself bY trYing out K-NS 9.P-87, B-Q ro
But now, if we pla,ved r
etc.
Black's all possibr._1"*t.
cb K-N4 !, we should bt
the very tempo that secnnr
in the former variation-
All that is, however, dwarfed bY There is a single rrltlve '
Grandmaster R6ti's studY which em-
bodies a move that is justly regarded
eYen now:
as the "world record of surPrise z. K-Rr!!!
moves."
n-
The reader should F
I l. astonishment and take a gu
the position. Black is in
R. RETI, 1922. Ztrymrang. His king c:millt )

cqn he capture the knigfu h

RP should break looc. E
again cannot es€Pe the sct
kdght wherever il might sL
on the trro diagonal. u itr
Sxcept on White's K3, ri
@urse covered by the BP-)
2. . .., B-Nz @r, N4, I
K6 ch
z. . .., B{7 @8) I F
and wins.
lVhite wins. It is quite simple thrt rrr
**t
Vhite wins.
r. R-B7 ch R-Qz !
The question mey ''i*c'
"woD,der" moYes cm h
r. .. .e K-Kl? results in a mate: A simple position. Of a kind that There is no wizardr-v iu
., R-Q3 ? must have occurred in over-the-board
ooly have to thiDf ,E
K{s +. play thousands of times. Yet it would
playing anything<Et
death is in hardly affract any particular attention
neot could dor rcre L
.. ., K-K if it did, for master and novice alike move! Then sg shall ogh
(B)r ? 2. Q-K (B)r ch, etc. would most probablY overlook the a threat Dor a Ztgn'q,
latent opportunitY. Let us e&lnine sorrp ft
z. Q-B5 ch ! K{t ! from that angle:
2. .. ., K-Kr? or z. . . ., K-K3? r. N-Q4 ch K-84!

7o
ffy loses on account of 3. Q-K After any other move'u7hite would 78.
cL etc. But what next? win by simple technical means. E. g.
tr
r. ..., K-Nz 2. KxP, K-Rl F. J. PROKOP, 1935.
. K-R6 ! ! and White wins ! l. N-Nl, B-B5 ch 4. K-R3, K-
N4 5. K-N4, B-Nr 6. P-B+
li] hrd to believe before You have K-NS Z. P-BS !, KxN 8. P-86,
tird yourself by trying out K-NS 9.P-87, B-Qf ro. P-R6 !,
ff$ dI *":".i"" if we played z. N-N3
etc. But now,
ch, K-N4 !, we should be short of
the very tempo that secured the win
I[ that is, however, dwarfed bY in the former variation.
rfuaster R6ti's study which em- There is a single move that wins
b e lrrore that is iustly regarded even now:
ft "world record of surPrise z. K-Rr!!!
TB,,
The reader should get over his White utins.
77. astonishment and take a good look at
the position. Black is in complete
R RETI, rg22. Zugzwang. His king cannot move, nor
can he capture the knight lest White's
White has no advantage that he
RP should break loose. His bishop could reahze by aggressive means. He
again cannot escape the scope of the
might, indeed, establish apassed pawn
knight wherever it might choose to go by r. P-K7, but after r. . . ., R-Kr
on the two diagonals at its disposal. z. R x KP, K-R2 3. K-K3, KxP
(Except on White" K3, which is of +. K-Q+, K-N4 ! S. K-Q5, P-B4
course covered by the BP.)
6. R-Kr, P-B5 Black too would
2. . .., B-Nz (Br, N4, BS) a. N- have a passed pawn able to secure a
draw.
K6 ch
Black's difficulties Iie in the short-
2. ..., B{7 (B8):.N-Ng ch- age of available moves. His rook is
and wins.
It is quite simple that way, isn't it? tied down (r. . . ,, R-Kt z. P x P ;
any other move would be met by
Vhite wins. *** z. R x P). A move with the I(P makes
The question may arise, how such no difference. B1ack has only . ..,
i,riryfie pmition. Of a kind that "wonder" moves can be hit upon. P-Bl or . . ., P-B4 ! at his disposal.
There is no wizardry in that. W'e These moves must be prevented and
Ehre ctccured in over-the-board
only have to think over-before the Zugzwang is achieved.
yfuands of times. Yet it would playing anything-what the oppo-
ily mract any particular affention nent could do, were he on the r. R-B6 P-K6
i did, fo1 masfsl and novice alike move! Then we shall overlook neither
!

fl mmt probably overlook the a threat nor a Zagzwang. r. . . .e K-Rr? z. RxP, R-Kr 3.
ef q,pqrtudty. Let us examine some otherexamples P-K7, K-Nr 4. R-B8 ch !, R x R
L N{4 s6 K-B4! from that angle: S. P-RZ ch !, etc. wins. But now it

7r
 Black had to ward off the threat z. 80.
"would be best" also for White not
to move at all. After z. K x P ? Black R-R8 ch.
can equalize the position by pinning A. O. HERBST.IVIAN, 1927.
White's KP (. . ., R-Kr). Weli,let us The other possible defence is l. ...,
spare the pawn then and lose a temPo K-Br. It would be followed bY z.
instead. B-RZ ! and, after having exhausted
his pawn moves, B1ack would lose in
z. K-Br ! P-K7 ch the same way as in the main variation.
r. . . ., R-Nr ? would be a gross
After 2. . . .rPx P White would wrn blunder owing to z. R-R8 ch, K-Bz
with the same continuation : 3. P-RZ 3. 8{6 ch !
ch !, K-Nz 4. R x R.
z.B-N6 ch K-Kr
3. K-Kt ! R-Rr g.B-Bz P-R+
4. RxP ! R-Kr
5. R-B6 ! and wins. Black can move neither with his White winr.
rook nor with his king since as soon
79. as they are more than one square apart r. B-N4 ! B-N3 cil
the rook is lost after R-R8 ch (geo-
L. I. KUBBEL, 1924. metrical motif !). r. . . ., B X Niswrongbecarr.e o'fz-
B-Bz ch, K-BS 3. B-R3 ml"P-
P-Rs
P_R6
P-R7 ch z. K-B4 ! BxB
and wins, 3. N-B3 ch K-BB
4. B-R3 ch K-B-
because Black loses his rook on ac-
count of the Zugzwang. The last move The time has come for Etce to
was important, otherwise Black could "pass" since Black can make only tnd
have escapedafter z. KxP? by..., INOYCS.
R-Rr ch ! (Rook and bishoP against
a rook is a theoretical draw.)
5. K-N4 !
lYhite wins. and wins, because Black loees lir
bishoP'
As a material plus White's bishoP Not only can a rook get stuck on the ***
is of no importance, but it is good edge of the board in, Ztgzwang but
enough to bring Black's forces-whose also a bishop moving along diagonals, In the presence of a mobile peru
mobility is restricted as it is-into if its king happens to bar its waY. to Zugmtarrg position can be art';nad
Zugzurang This possibility is demonstrated in the unless the advance of the peru fo
next end-game with a minimum disadvantageous.
r. B-B5 ! R-Br amount of material : But this occurs often enougfo:

72
E hed to ward off the threat z. 80. gl.
nt dr-
A. O. HERBSTMAN, 1927. B. HORV/ITZ, t879.
Lcother prossible defence is l. . . . ,
$r- nt ri-ould be followed by z.
BZ ! ml, after having exhausted
FTtr trnories, Black would lose in
re wes 6s in the main variation.
,-- R-\i? would be a gross
fr os-ing to 2. R-R8 ch, K-Bz
i--Q6 ch I

, B-\6 ch K-Kr
r B-ts- P-R+
H cao move neither with his White wins. lYhite wins.
E urr \Fith his king since as soon
ty ae more than one square apart r. B-N4 ! B-N3 ch In this simple, but very instructive,
rmt is loat after R-R8 ch (geo- position \ffhite makes every effort to
ra-l 6sldf t).
r. . . ., B X Niswrongbecause ofz.
force through the advance of Black's
RP.
B-Bz ch, K-BS 3. B-R3 mate.
r. K-N4 K-Br !
z. K-B4 ! BxB
3. N-B3 ch K-B8 Black is ready all the time to counter
B-R3 ch K-BZ 'White's aggressiveK-RS by . . ., K-
4.
G BXeck loses his rook on ac- Nz, thus making a try for "triangula-
Edthe Zugmatg. The last move tion" a futile effort. Of course r. . . .,
The time has come for White to K-Nz?? would be a gross blunder on
othersise Black could
"pass" since Black can make only bad
=rrymq
tcrcrpedafter z. KxP? by ..., moves.
account of z. K-R.5 ! resulting in an
k d ! ff.mk and bishop against immediate Zugzwang.
t i$ e theoretical draw.)
5. K-N4 ! z.K-B4 K-Kr
and wins, because Black loses his 3.K-K4 K-Br
bishoP' +.K-Qs K-K2 !

hG,Lr c:rn a rook get stuck on the
e d thc board in Zagzwang but
;r tishop moving along diagonals,
1l ting happens to bar its way.
I pbitity is demonstrated in the
r cod€@e \rith a minimum
of material :
-
*** Though only temporarilg it throws
back the aftack against the BP. V/hite's
In the presence of a mobile pawn king may stray as far as the QB6-
no Zagzwang position can be attained Q6-K6 squares since he can always
unless the advance of the pawn is catch up with Black's RP.
disadvantageous.
But this occurs often enough : 5. K-B6 ! K-Kr
73
 If S. . . ., P-R4? 6. K-Q5 ! and RP: ro. . . ., K-Rl rr. K-K4, potential threat. It means thst I
the king can retreat in time. K-Nz rz. K-B4, K-R3 13. K- the parrying move ilrs 4sfsnding a
N3, K-Nz 14. K-R3! (Triangle! will be tied dowr and anY Pss
6. K-Q6 K-Br Black can no longer do the same.) 14. move with it will make the rt
. . ., K-R3 r5. K-R4!, K-Nz 16. realizable again.
The approach has been successful, Kx P-followed by a trip to K6 again A sly player will resort to a$ r
but White cannot launch an imme- and-owing to another Ztgzwang- concealed threats as possible ie
diate attack, for in case of 7. K-K6 Black loses his BP too. This is the hope that his opponent will or<
Black can reply . .., K-Nz at the way-and there is none other-for one of them and blunder into a c
right moment, preventing 8. K-K7 ?? lYhite to win' double attack or the like. A reaEY g
(8. . . ., P-R4 !) player, on the other han{ eodczm
How to continue now? Indeed, *** to tie down and restrict the @ob
White has to make a "bo1d" move of the greatest possible nuaotq d
which, however, hides a plan calcu- We have remarked above that in a venie pieces with threas, Purposd
lated to a hair. Zugzwang position every move is
damaging. $[e have intentionally
z. K{z !! K-Nr avoided contrasting the Zugzwatg
position with what is called a "threat
Should not the RP take off now positionr" in the way that chess prob-
since White's king can no longer over- lemists will often have it emphasizing
take it? I7ell, the ioyful event of that there is no threat in a Zagzwang
queening would be somewhat marred position. Is it really so ? Let us give
by the continuatiot T. . . ., P-R4 8. this question a closer scrutiny.
K-Kq P-R5 9. K x P, P-R6 ro. What arethe most "brutal" threats ?
P-NZ ch, K-Nr rr. K-N6 !, P- The simultaneous attack against
R7 rz. P-B6, P-R8 (Q) and White king and queen and the mate. How
mates just in time with 13. P-Bl. does such a threat arise ? There are
So White can keep manoeuvring out- two ways: (a) The player on the
side the "magic square !" offensive makes a threatening move.
This is the direct threat. (b) The
8. K-K7 !! K-Nz opponent blunders blindly into a mate
or a double attack, i. e. he himself
To give up the BP would lead to the turns a non-existing threat into an
former mating position. But now effective attack.
Black's king is it Zagrvtang and his In the first case the threat is of our
RP is forced to stick its head into the own making, in the second it is "la-
lion's den. tent" in the position as a possibility
and becomes effective only after a
9. K-K6 ! P-R4 certain move of the opponent.
ro. K{5 ! What happens if the opponent
parries the direct threat ? The threat
and the rest is already a matter of will cease to be effective but it will be
-
routine. First of all White wins the maintained as a more or less hidden,

74
 t(L . . ., K-Rl rr. K-K4, after pursrring his goal until the opponent
h rz- K-B4, K-Ra 13. K- piece will not merely blunder into defeat
K-Nz r+. K-R3! (Triangle! ssible but accept it as an inescapable calam-
cD. rlo nonger do the same.) 14. move with it will rnake the threat ity.
K-R3 rj. K-R4!, K-Nz 16. realizable again. Can such a thing be done? WhY, of
4XmC by a trip to K6 again A s1y player will resort to as many course ! On the strength of the ex-
{f,iry to another Zugzwang- concealed threats as possible in the amples grven in this chaPter, we may
hcs his BP too. This is the hope that his opponent will overlook safely risk the important statement
-od there is none other-for one of them and blunder into a mate, that the Zugzwang is a Position in
Et rir'* double attack or the like. A really good which the latent potential threats
player, on the other hand, endeavours become effective because the play-
** to tie down and restrict the mobility er to move is comPelled to stoP
of the greatest possible number of ad- trying to avert them (or one of
:he remarked above that in a verse pieces with threats, purposefully them).
Eg pmition every move is
fu S"e have intentionally
d contrasting the Zugzwang
r sirh what is called a "threat
q" io. the way that chess prob-
B rr:ll often have it emphasizing
b.e is no threat in aZtgzwang
m.. Is it really so ? Let us give
Fioo a doser scrutiny.
llrcthe most "brutal" threats ?
cfonnlranexlus attack against
d queen and the mate. How
d a threat arise? There are
E s: .a. The player on the
!; rnrkes a threatening move.
i the dtuect threat. (b) The
E bilnonrders blindly into a mate
fuHc *nack, i. e. he himself
, r Dgo-Eis 'ng threat into an
i- rrect
L fils[ case the threat is of our
rr*;ng, in the second it is "la-
'h 6c pcition as a possibility
hGEil'"es effective only after a
i ure of the opponent.
I hrypens if the opponent
I & dircct threat? The threat
r- to be effective but it will be
ri.d es a more or less hidden,
75
 THE HARMFUL PIECE
The realizarion that the presence of
certain pieces of one's own colour on
the board is not always advantageous
but may be expressly harmful, is one
of considerable importance in a vast
number of tactical operations.
The damaging effect of a piece will
as a rule manifest itself in so far as it
will, by its very presence, obstruct the
movement of some other piece of the
same colour. Accordingly, this disad-
vantage follows not from the suength
and mobility of the piece in question
but from its material existence.
Let us take a very simple example:
92.
C. SALVIOLI, 1888.
i%
"% "ffi"
,ryr,
| "%r,
% one's end. If White makes a king
%,%
White wins.
It is obvious at the first glance that
without Black's NP the situation
76
3. KxP K-Nz dras:
Why has the presence of the'tl
pawn worked out to Black's disads
tage ? Because he could not rrftzh
pawn move, nor could his king c*cc
a certain spot on the*board.
In other cases again the rerv :
would be a draw, no matter which that some piece can move Eoa-T Rr
to be a disadvantage. It is eass c.-'5
player has the move. But Black's pawn
that the possibility of moriag L" ie
limits the manoeuvring freedom of its
ging rvhen we are striving fu.r !
own king and prevents it from reach-
ing the critical square N4. \fiihite will immobility, i. e. when sre rE:
achieve a stalemate. E.
win if he manages to thwart Black's ,e.:
efforts to get rid of his harmful pawn
83.
under favourable circumstances.
r. P-N5 ! K-Bz
z.K-Qz K-Br
3. K-K6 K-Nz
+.K-Kz K-Nr
5. K-B6 K-R2
6. K-B7
And now Black has to give up lus
harmful pawn at a time when he can
no longer prevent White's queening
his : 6. . . ., K-Rr 7. K x P, K-Nr
8. K-R6 ! and White wins.
The fixing of the harmful piece is LVhite a'i::: -
a very important factor in pursuing
V/ith the BP on the s::, P-- :
move, Black gains "breathing timer"
sacrifices his pawn under more favour-
Black could draw if he haC i.crr fi1:'r
pawn on the square K+. A.-i re jr
able circumstances and draws. Thus : in such cases the idea i5 tr.'r sr.l's'E
king to R8 and to give up &e
r. K-K5 ? P-N4! 'After QxP (Bz) a stdt=mr
z. K-B5 K-Bz reached.) Here his orrn KP- rr=fue
Also ..., K-Rz (Rr or Br) is move, queers the pitch for BJe,lL
good; only . . ., K-Nz?? would be Shite has got to do is to prrrcrr
a gross blunder. Eawn from advancing too ftr"
 PIECE
I bc a d,ran-, no matter which
rh the move. But Black's pawn
11f,srn:nsrsuwing freedom of its
iing a@d prevents it from reach-
b criti,cal square N4. White will
f he ror*n€es to thwart Black's
D b gst rid of his harmful pawn
r ftr.ourable circumstances.
t ryr Black has to give up his
ffi pa,ra at a time when he can
EEEr Frr'crent white's queening
L..-,K-Rr7.KxP,K-Nr
-16 I end Shite wins.
s G-ng of the harmful piece is
y iry,ortant factor in pursuing
csd- If S-,'hite makes a
, Eect gains "breathing timer"
c his pau-n under more favour-
iromsrances and draws. Thus:
P-N4!
K_K6 ?
3. KxP K-Nz draws. r. Q-B4 ch K-KB
z. Q-K4 ch K-Q7
Why has the presence of the "bad" r. Q-Bg K,-K8
pawn worked out to Black's disadvan- 4.Q-K3 ch K-88
tage? Because he could not make a s.Q-K+ !
pawn move, nor could his king occupy
a certain spot on the board. An important motif with a view to
*** fixing the "harmful pawn" tempora-
In other cases again the very fact rily. White's imrnediate king move
that some piece can move may prove would not be satisfactory. E. g. 5.
to be a disadvantage. It is easy to guess K-N3, P-K5 ! 6. K-Bz, K-N7
that the possibility of moving is dama- Z. Q-NS ch, K-R7 8. Q-R4 ch,
ging rvhen we are striving for total K-NZ g. Q-N+ ch, K-R7 and it is
obvious now that White's queen can-
immobility, i. e. when we want to
achieve a stalernate. E. g.:
not occupy the important square
KB3 (to gain tempo), and the harmful
piece has turned into a usefutr one.
83.
V. CHEKHOVER, 1936. 5.--
6. Q-N4 ch
til,
g
z.Q-Br !
8. Q-N3 ch
q.K-Nl
because the time-gaining
noeuvre can be repeated.
(9. . . ., K-K7 ro. Q-Nz, K-KS
rr. Q-K4 ch, K--Q7 rz. Q-B3,
K-KS 13. Q-Kf ch, K-88 14.
Q-K+ !) and Sflhite's king has come
nearer.
White wins.
***
king With the BP on the seventh rank We shall not discuss here the cases
Black could draw if he had not another in which the damaging effect of a
pawn on the square K4. As we know piece is manifested in defeating a stale-
in such cases the idea is to move the mate combination. Such examples are
king to R8 and to give up the BP. to be fotrnd in the chapters: "The

K-ts{ K-Bz (After QxP (Bz) a stalemate is
reached.) Here his own I(P, which can
D K-Rz (Rr or Br) is move, queers the pitch for Black. All
; ols . . ., K-Nz?? would be White has got to do is to prevent this
r Hmder. pawn from advancing too far.
Stalemate" and "Averting the Stale-
mate." Now we propose to examine
some typical instances of the harmful
piece as a factor limiting the mobility
and sphere of action of its ou'n side.

77
 84. part in enforcing the draw, but he is escape mate with the knjgix
"supported" by Black's QRP, whose matter which side has the more-
B. HORV/ITZ, 1879. presence prevents Black's queen from
giving check on the QR file, so that she (A) r. N-B6 P-;
cannot force White's king in front of z. N-N4 ch K-
the NP. The continuation may readily 3. K-tsr ! P-l
be understood: 4. N-Bz mate

7.- - Q-R2 (B)r.... K-

8. K-R8 Q-Ks
g.K-Rz Q-Qs ch If, instead, r. . . ., P-\.4" t:
ro. K-R8 Q-Q+ N-B6, P-NS 3. NxP $, K
rr. K-R7 Q-84 ch 4. K-Br leads to the sErE
rz. K-R8 draw. which we have seen i-c fu
variation.
The presence of a bad pawn can
Draw. alter the general theoretical theses sur- z. N-B6 K-
prisingly. It is a well-known fact, for
instance, that we cannot mate the
Also z. . ., P-R7 gises ao r
r. K-K4 N-N+ P\+ a !i"-
because of 3.
opponent's king with one knight, or
with two for that matter. If, however,
P-NS 5. N-Br, P-\6 ca 6- :

r. K-N5 would lose because of . . .

(N6) mate.
the weaker side also has r ot 2 harmful
P-RS. This move of White aims not
pieces, we may be able to enforce
The reduction s1. gla-t,* !
at the continuation r. ..., KxP z. ments to a total Zugmeng :'il$
K-B3, because after z. . . ., P-R5 victory. The earliest illustration of eB
this theme is the following study: brought about e\ a+E=E
3. K-Bz, K-N5 Black would win. pawns, although sg'1-;,;r-5 tr
White plans to carry out a counterplay material evaluation t-c,:r cElll-
by winning Black's NP. It follows 95.
pawns are worth coa-.ice-;t5
that r. K-KS or r. K-K6 would A. SALVIO, 1634. than a knight.
lead to the same result.
86.
r__- KxP re
z. K-Q5 K-Ns J. MENDHEL\I, ISF
3. K-B6
KxP
!
P-Rs
P-R6 :ffi t
4.
5.K-Rz P-Rz T7
6.
z.
P-N6
P-Nz
P-R8 queens
t
V/ith a pawn on the seventh rank
one may as a rule only reckon on a
draw if the pawn stands on the R or Winning Position !
B file. Here is an exception to the rule ;
the NP does the trick ! How is this In this situation Black's kiog-
possible? White's QRP has no active limited in its movements-cannot l{au ir g rwzgJ-

78
riliD eoforcing the draw, but he is escape mate with the knight, r. N-N4 P-86
rypcrted" by Black's QRP, whose matter which side has the move. z. K-Bz P-K4
aercr€ DreYents Black's queen from 3. NxI(P K-Rz
ming chock on the QR file, so that she (A) r. N-B6 P-RZ would be followed by
3. . . .,
@ffi Stite's king in front of z. N-N4 ch K-Br, P-N5
l-orce
4. 5. NxP, P-B7
: \[P. The continuation may readily 3. K-Br ! 6. NxBP mate, or 4. . . ., P-B7 5.
e uocerstood : 4. N-Bz mate N-Qf !, P-N5 6. NxP mate.
Q-Rz (B) r. .. . 4. N-N4 ch K-R8
t- K-R8 Q-KS 5. K-Br P-Bl
9 K-R; Q-Qs ch If, instead, r. . . ., P-N4rthen z. 6. KxP P-Rz
ro- K-RS Q-Q+ N-B6, P-NS 3. NxP ch, K-R8 P-Ns
rr. K-R7 4. K-Br leads to the same mate z.N-Kl
Q-B4 ch 8. N-Br P-N6 ch
lz K-RS draw. which we have seen in the first
variation. 9. NxP mate
The presence of a bad pawn can
tcr the eeneral theoretical theses sur- N-B6
z. K-Rz We find ourselves confronted with
'i.*rglv. It is a well-known fact, for Also z. .., P-R7 grves no mercy a harder strategic task if we want to
@cE, that we cannot mate the because of 3. N-N4, PN4 4. N-K3, win with two knights against a freely
pnoer't's king with one knight, or
it tr.o for that matter. If, however, P-NS 5. N-Br, P-N6 ch 6. NxP moving king plus a harmful pawn.
(N6) mate. Naturally, there are also exceptional
r weaker side also has r or z harmful The reduction of Black's move- situations and possible quick decisions
h:rs, we msF be able to enforce ments to a total Zu;gzwang might be in positions of this type.
ksr-s. The earliest illustration of
lir tfo."ne is the following study: brought about even against four The following end-game strikingly
pawns, although according to the demonstrates the value of two strong
85.
material evaluation four connected knights compared to the "valueless-
pawns are worth considerably more ness" or, indeed, harmfulness of those
.l- SAL\-IO, tq4. than a knight. ofthe opponent.

85. 87.

I. MENDHEIM, r832. F. J. PROKOP, 1929.

Wirning position !
In this sinration Black's king-
EfiEd i! its movements-cannot
79
 r. N-Q7 ch K-Rr After r...., K-Br 2. P-R6 White's main endeavour is t" i
z. K-B7 ! N-83 would cut off Black's king from the vent the advance of Black's t
square Rr. pawn giving check to W,'hite's k
After 2. . . .) N x N 3. N-N6 mate ; K-Bl E. g. r. K-B5? would surp-rfoil
z. P-R6 !
lead only to a draw because cf
while z. . . .,N-NS ch is followed bY 3. B-B5 K-Bz
N x N (4) and mate cannot be averted
!
reply r. .. .r P-Nl ch ! z. P . P
(N-N6). Here and in the previous rnove the K-Nz ! (let us recall erernErl[c
bishop was of course "taboo" on 57l). AIso r. K-B+?, P-\4 ctu
account of the advanced position of PxP ch (if z. KxP,2.. . ., K-
3. NxN N (anYwhere)
White's pawn. etc.) would lead to the same rrr
+. N(z)-Nu
lT.. +. B-Rz K-Bl The correct continuation is co pfr
The next example shows a marginal Now the harmfulness of Black's NP r. K-Q4 !! K-ts1
case in which the ill-famed "bad" has become evident. Its absence would If instead r. . . ., P-N3 or l"
bishop wins thanks to the opponent's compel White to make a move with P-N+ z. P-R6 ! wins. (E. g u" .
harmful pawn. his bishop because of the threat . . ., P-Nl z. P-R6 !, K-B3 3. K-
K-N4; in that case . . ., K-Bz K{z 4. BxP !, K-Br 5. L
88. would follow. As it is, however, White etc., or r. . .., P-N+ 2. P-I
A. A. TR.OITSKY, 1896. gains time to bring the king nearer K-B3 l. K-Bl !, K-Q3 s K-
before Black can eliminate his own K- Bl 5. K-R5 etc.)
pawn. Also r. . . ., K-{z would trosc r
s.K-Na K-Bz z. K-B5 !, K-Bz 3.K-N: t, K-
6. K-N4 K-Ba 4. B-NS !, K-Br 5. B-K5
7. K-R5 ! F-Ns z. B-N6, X4
8. KxP K-Bz l. K-B+ K-B;
g'K-Ns
**
and wins. +.K-N+ r4
* 5.K-N5
6. K-B5 !
K+
89. K-Br
PAULSEN-METGER, 7. B-R7 ! K-B: "
....P-N
LVhite wins. Nuremberg, 1888. ch E. K'l
8. K-N5 ! and riss.
In case of an outside passed Pawn a t*
bishop to the good is usuallY not
enough for victory, unless the bishop
Even a single bishop s*n @
can command the queening square king forced to the edge of dc bo
which the opponent's king is able to if the mobility of the larter fu co!ffiic
ably limilsd by its own bermful puu
reach in good time. At first glance we
would hardly think that in this position
In the following examptre *e
that it would be an un-&uidnl "hffi
rm.t
it is the NP which prevents Black's
king from reaching the square Rr. on White's part to strive for 6c et
ination of Black's parro.s & :
K-K2 pnce, on the other hand he rrTl
r. B-K6 ! !

6
8o
i r" . . ., K-Br 2. P-R6 White's main endeavour is to pre- complish his aim by keeping them in-
r-.t off Black's king from the vent the advance of Black's "bad" tentionally alive, i. e. by frusuating
Rr. pawn Slvi"g check to White's king. Black's efforts to sacrffice them.
E. g. t. K-B5? would surprisingly
-R6 I K-Bg lead only to a draw because of the 90.
-4:: K-Bz reply r. ..., P-Nl ch ! z. PxP ch,
:md io the previous move the K-Nz ! (let us recall example No. A. A. TROITSKY, r8gZ.
sEs ot- course "taboo" on 57 l). AIso r. K-B+?, P-N4 ch ! z.
I d rhe adsanced Position of Px P ch (if z. Kx P, 2. . . ., K-Nz
I IEE-a. etc.) would lead to the same result.
-*.t K-BI The correct continuation is to play:
rttc harmfulness of Black's NP r. K-Q4 !! K-Bl
me edCent. Its absencewould If instead r. . . ., P-Nl or r. . . .,
I Fefue to make a move with P-N+ z. P-R6 ! wins. (E. g. r. . . .,
bop because of the threat . . ., P-Nl z. P-R6 !, K-B3 3. K-B4,
]; iE that case . . ., K-Bz K-Qz 4. B x P !, K-Br 5. B-R7,
trlosr. fu it is, however, White etc., or r. . . ., P-N4 z. P-R6 !,
lisr t.r bring the king nearer K-Bl g.K-Bl !, K-Q3 4. K-N4, White wins.
Bsck can eliminate his own K- Be 5. K-R5 etc.)
Also r. . . ., K-Qz would lose after r. N-Q4 ch K-N8
K-Bz z.K-B5 !, K-Bz:.K-NS !, K{r
K-Bl 4. B-N8 !, K-Br 5. B-KS etc. After any other move z. N-N5 and
P-Ns z. B-N6 ! K-Qr 3. 8-86 would make the pawns in-
K-Bz l. K-B+ K-Bl effective and untenable. Thereafter
and wins. +.K-N+ K-Qr White would easily bring the issue to
i**
s.K-Ns K-Qz a decision.
s9. 6. K-B5 ! K-Br
PALI-SL\-.\{ETGER, 7. B-R7 ! K-Bz (t. z. N-N5
...rP-N3 3. N-R3 ch
\-u-remberg, 1888. ch 8. KxP)
8. K-N5 ! and wins. Seemingly Black's pawn on R7 has
become "useful" for it enforces the
sacrifice on the part of White.
Even a single bishop can mate a
king forced to the edge of the board 4. B-B ch ! KxN
if the mobility of the latter is consider- 5. B-Rr !!
ably limited by its own harmful pawns.
In the following example we shall see Now it is evident that the blockade
Z
//, that it would be an unfruitful attempt of the "candidate for queen" becomes
on White's part to strive for the elim- the cause of the king's fatal captivity.
ination of Black's pawns at any White threatens 6. K-B3 and7. B-Nz
Vhite wins. price, on the other hand he rvill ac- mate !

6 8r
 5.-- P-N4 ch 4. B-R5 ! K-K2 But what should we do if se b
6. K-B3 ! P-N5 ch s.K-Kl K-Q3 a harmful piece of our own rt
P-N6 stands in the way of accomplfo'h
7. K-B4 !

8. K-83 P-Nz It seems that White cannot out- our aim? It goes without s1r
smart Black and will be late. But it is that the harmful pieces in r
9. BxP mate. just an illusion ! camp must be liquidated!
Let us examine now the ED€rb
The next diagram shows an "airy" 6. K-Q+ ! we might adopt for that purpc6c-
picture with only a few pieces scat- if Black
. . . and what haPPens now o,
iered over the board. It is like a wide moves at long last 6. . . ., N-Bz? A
t2.

meadow where the Pieces maY freelY bolt from the blue: 7. B-N4 mate !
run about. It seems that the impris-
In order to reach this mating Posi- P. FARAG6, r93-
tion it was necessary to fix the KP, i'
,i,,
and allow the useless knight to revive 7//z Y

and thus cause the death of its own u

/z::
king.
ConsequentlS Black has to give uP
connection between Black's king and his plans for saving the knight, md
knight and at the same time to helP after
White's pieces to co-operate smoothly.
6.-- K-K2
91.
7. K-B5 and ,,4 w
K. SARITCHEV, 193o. 8. K-B6 White wins the Piece and
the game. Drau.
* This clear illustration of the concept
of the harmful piece also demonstrates Since he cannot preyexrt rhe qucl
in a delightful way the striking differ- rrg of Black's pawn, Ehite's s
ence between a centralized and a hope lies in advancing hls KRP r
trapped *tna.* QRP to the seventh raDk-
** This problem does nor s€rEE ED
P-I
J'ifficult, for the continuation r.
So far we have described the Phe- F-N6 z. P-KR6, P-\- 3- Pl
nomenon of the harmfulness of a P-\8 (Q +. P-R6 wor.ild be e dr
;ndeed. After Black's king mcre
piece, which must be regarded as a Et
lVhite wins. negative factor in the appraisal of the --n advance his pawn ro A
balance of power. In the light of this aa.l the capture would result ia
we may accept as a rule that -:'nmodiate stalemate.
Before launching his attack against
a distant target (Black's knight), White the obtaining of material advan- jirlThis plan is, howeser, rarher rwr
begins byfixing the "hannful pawn." tage is not alwaYs useful; there- fscause after r. P-R; ? tsir
fore, we must be careful not to r,Ps -'rrre to fix the
eRp 11. . . = K
r. N-K5 ! K-Nz capture the harmful Pieces of the R; 1.. Theu White's fzte wwll
z. B{8 ! K-Br opponent and, what is more, must s€zld because there is Do d.ifrrr
K-Bz K-Kr prevent their elitnination. rrinst ddeat. (2. p-R6, p-N6
3.
5,
8z
i4,i ! K-K2
(-Kr r-Q3
EEEs that White cannot out-
E Et and will be late. But it is
l illuion !
K{+ ! we might adopt for that purpose.
ud strat happens now if Black
l r hng tast 6. . . ., N-Bz? A
im the blue : Z. B-N+ mate !
rdEr to reach this mating Posi-
I ras DeGSary to fix the KP,
br rhe useless knight to revive
tm cause the death of its own
ucgueody, Black has to give ug
b- for saving the knight, ffid
K-K2
K-85 and
K-86 Ehite wins the Piece and
r-
B deal ilh:stration of the concePt
]hirrnful piece also demonstrates
lefightrful way the striking differ-
basoeo a centralized and
e6 hnighr*
**
,fr re have described the phe-
ilr of the harmfulness of a
; rtich must be regarded as a
iue 6ctor in the apPraisal of the
e of, po\f,er. In the light of this
rt rccEpt as a nrle that
rftining of material advan-
ir rct always useful; there-
) G must be careful not to
rr tc harmful Pieces of the
ao4 what is more, must
-Et their elimination.
:t
But what should we do if we have P-R7, P-NZ 4. K-NS, P-NB (Q)
a harmful piece of our own which ch 5.K-R8, Q-K6 6. K-N7, Q-
stands in the way of accomplishing N4 ch l. K-Bl, Q-R3 8. K-N8,
our aim? It goes without saying Q-Nf ch 9. K-Rr, K-N+ ro. P-
that the harmful pieces in our R6, Q-Bz ! rt. P-R7, Q-Bl mate.)
camp must be liquidated! As soon as this danger has been
Let us examine now the methods realized the solution is quite simple:
r. P-R6 !! P-N6
92. z.P-R5 P-Nz
3. P-R6 P-N8 (Q)
P. FARAG6, ry37. +.P-Rz
and Black cannot win because he
lacks a tempo for reaching the above
,% mating position.
,r%
***
%t In the following diagram we show a
,%, .r%,
famous tactical motif which occurred
.% "72 during a simultaneous display by
'
world champion Lasker.
Draw. 93.
Since he cannot prevent the queen- SCHEME.
ing of Black's pawn, V/hite's only
a hope lies in advancing his KRP and
QRP to the seventh rank.
This problem does not seem to be
difficult, forthe continuation r. P-R5,
P-N6 z. P-KR6, P-N7 a. P-RZ
P-N8 (Q +. P-R6 would be a draw
indeed. After Black's king move White
can advance his pawn to QR7
and the capture would result in an
immediate stalemate.
This plan is, however, rather super- lVhite wins.
ficial because after r. P-RS ? Black
has time tofix the QRP (r. . .., K- Black's RP has become very danger-
Rf !). Then White's fate would be ous, it threatens . . ., P-R8 (Q) ch.
sealed because there is no defence Vhite cannot approach it because of
against defeat. (2. P-R6, P-N6 3. his own QNP. What is to be done ?
6* 83
 r. R-R5 ch K-Nr ! White could mate Black's king AVERTI}iG
immediately did the presence of the
Another check with the rook would
rook not prevent it. Vhite must act
now lose because of . . ., K-Rz and
quickty becausehisking is also threat-
;i ened by mate.

KxR r. R-Bz ch K-K4

KxP z. R-B5 ch !!
and wins.
In the chapter on stalemate me I
This tactical motif (the sacrifice of And now 2. . . ., KxR would lead already stated that more oftca t
to the original position, less White's not the weaker side is not boqran
rook $. P-Q4 mate !). But there are seek an exceptional stalemete pcfo
also other factors in this combination. achieved in a spectacular cs@b'for
The other-longer-variation reveds way, but may as well strive to dE
that there is a "useful" KP in Black's simple book draw, one ttrat is" iu
camp. If it leaves its place, the queen last analysis, nothing p6np thr
bishop. will get into a mess. rirrual stalemate. Stalemarc hq
94. often well concealed: are @d
L. I. KUBBEL, r9r7. concomitant of positions arrivc(
a PxR after combinative mano€urrres r
3.
--
P-Q4 ch K-Q4 a hasty assessment of the dftE
u[
would seem to indicate tha rhE i
was already decided.
The continuation . . ., K-K3 would Let us take for instance ftis $i!
not make any difference because of .remFle:
4. B-Rz ch, P-Q4 5. PxP e. P.
ch, etc. 95.
A. O. IIERBSTIL{N, r93+
4. B-Rz ch K-K5
5.BXQ KxP
lYhite wins. 6. P{5 and wins.

Whiu atn.

84
i cDuld mate Black's king AVERTING THE STALEMATE
dy did the presence of the
t lruent it. White must act
bcrme hiskiug is also ttreat-
'E@-

-84 cfo K-K4

-*5 ch !!

In the chapter on stalemate we have One has the impression that ttris is
w z-. . ., KxR would lead already stated that more often than in faa no ending but a middle-game
riEinal pcition, less White's not the weaker side is not bound to position stripped of a couple of pawns
. P{{ mate !). But there are seek an exceptional stalemate position, and perhaps even of some minor
tr Ecrors in this combination. achieved in a spectacular combinative pieces for the sake of simplicity, as they
kJooger-variation reveals way, but may as well strive to attain a would have no active part to play in
rc fo a "usefirl" KP in Black's simple book draw, one that is, in the the winning combination that, so it
ffit leares its place, the queen last analysis, lsthing more than a seems, leaps to the eye.
:im a rness. virtual stalemate. Stalemate hazards, True enough, dls \ailnning combina-
often well concealed, are mostly a tion is based on a strikingly simple
concomitant of positions arrived at and familiar motif : Discovered attack
PxR after combinative manoeuvres when
K{4 with a bishop check and then captur-
Qtch a hasty assessment of the situation ing Black's queen. To make matters,
would seem to indicate that the issue worse for Black, the loss of his rook
crnrin6alioD. . .: K-Kl would was already decided. too after an interpolated move appears
Let us take for instance this simple imminent.
b u,y difference because of example: At first glance the win might well
B2 ch, P{+ 5. PxP e. P.
be conceived this way : r. B-R7 ch !
95. and to . . ., K-Rr or . . ., K-Nz we'
answer P x R (Q ch and next we take
A. O. HERBSTMAN, 1934.
+2 ch K-Ks the opponent's queen: 3. RxQ. The
xQ KxP procedure consisting of z or 3 moves
+ and wins. in all seems indeed to be too simple to
be considered a combination. Nor is it
less obvious that we can easily inter-
polate the capture of the rook even if
the opponent accepts the sacrifi.ced
bishop, by simply resorting to the
minor promotion PxR (N) ch.
If we think, however, that these
primitive combinations do not cdl for
care and circumspection in this
lVhite wins. "middle-game position stripped of

8S
superfluous piecesr" we shall be account, particularly in positions r. K-Q7 ! !
greatly mistaken. Let us look at the where the opponent has but a few
variations : pieces left and our combination aimed r. BxP?, P-N6 z. Vl
A. r. B-RZ ch!, K-Rr (!) 2. at obtaining material advantage is N7 ! and Black has already c
PxR (Q ch (?), KxB! l. RxQ- likely to lead to a further dwindling theoretical draw.
stalemate! of his forces.
B. r. B-RZ ch!, K-Nz z. PxR Here follow the most frequently r.-- P-:
(Q) ch (?), KxB! 3. RxQ-stale- occurring tactical methods of averting
mate! the stalemate: r....,
P-BS z.B, P, P
C. r. B-RZ ch!, KxB z. PxR (I) To spare a harmful mobile B-R3 !!, P-Bl 4. LBr i,
(N) ch!,K-Nr! 3. RxQ (?), KxN! piece in the opponent's camp I 5.BxP etc. wins.
4. P-R6, K-Nr! S. P-RZ ch, K- (II) To abstain from over-increas-
Rr! 6. RxB-stalemate! ing our forces, by way of resorting to z.B-QS P-I
How easy it is to fall into a trap r:nderpromotion instead of queening :.B-Bl ! P-l
even in this simple position, isn't it? our pawn; 4.BxKNP P-I
Black has several hidden stalemate (III) To remove the opponent's king 5. B-Br ! P-I
possibilities and we must by no means from the stalemate nest by an inter- 6. K-Q8 K-;
lose sight of them ! polated sacrifice. 7. BxP !
The simplest way of averting the (IV) To prevent the achievement of
staletnate is offered by variation C. the stalemate by time-gaining ma- Now we see the imporme
noeuvres; ing the BP in order to asert t
r. B-R7 ch KxB (V) Toturnthe combination aimed mate ! Black must oot ta}:6r
z. PxR (N) ch ! K-Nr at obtaining some material advantage because 7,.. ,rPxB 5qs',x."tr tr
3. NxQ ! and wins. into a direct mating attack against the 8. K-B7 ! (no stalemate I', P-
In the two other variations, how- king seeking *flgiry stalemate nest. g. P-RZ ch, K-Rz rc- F-
ever, we have to be careful with the mate.
promotion and adapt the general plan Let us analyse these possibilities one
to Black's ,r.roo;. move. by one through some illustrative K-l
examples: K-..1
r. B-R7 ch K-Rr 96. K-:
2. PxR (R) ch !! B-Nr ! KLING and HORWITZ, r85r. P-I
3. RxB ch ! KxB
4. RxQ ch and wins. There i5 aqthing ds€ [6 N
B. ro. ..., K-Rr rr. K-B-r
r. B-R7 ch K-Nz eoce of the BP 2garn fodb d
z. Px R (B) ch !! any move Eairte while its queeoing i oo
a. RxQ andwins. agaiDst the mate @.': \ff-
In this example it is evidently the
very absence of "superfluous piecest' rr. BxQ @d'
that has made it possible for Black to
try for a stalemate. Indeed, the stale- bccause White s-n rho
mate hazard must never be left out of lYhite wins. bishop on QN7 rrd hc rtrE
-
86
f' pertiorlarly in positions
& op,ponent has but a few
E ed our combination aimed
material advantage is
-Dg
b bd to a further dwindling
ftcEs,
r htrlow the most frequently
traical methods of averting
-ibm:
I To spce a harmful mobile
L ft opporent's camp I
lTo ebsnain from over-increas-
ifrre, by *ay of resorting to
fmion instead of queening
ta;
! To reuove the opponent's king
h slcmate nest by an inter-
I c?i6cg
)To prwent the achievement of
fume by time-gaining ma-
13;
)To turn the combination aimed
some material advantage
-ry
&e11 rnating attack against the
tipg stalemate nest.
*f_-_"
rma[sse these possibilities one
E frrough some illustrative
b:
!)6.
ING rod HORWITZ, r85r.
r. K-Q7 ! ! pawns ahead. Then he will be able to
force his opponent into Zagzwangand
r. BxP?, P-N6 z. B-K4, P- exploit his positional advantage in a
N7 ! and Black has already achieved a combinative way E. g. rr. . .., K-
theoretical draw. Rr rz. P-R6, K-Nr 13. P-R7 ch,
K-Rr 14. B-R6!, PxB r5. K-BZ
r.-- P-N6! P-R+ 16. P-N7 ch, KxP t7.P-
N8 (Q ch, K-R3 r8. Q-N6 mate.
r. . . ., P-B5 z. B x P, P-B6 3.
B-R3 !!, P-Bl +. B-Br !, K-Rr
5. BxP etc. wins. 97.
z.B-Qs P-Bs B. HOR\UVITZ, 1879.
3. B-B3 P-Nz
!
P-B6
4. Bx KNP
5. B-Br ! P-Bl
6. K-Q8 K-Rr
7. BxP !
Now we see the importance of spar-
ing the BP in order to avert the stale- %%%
mate ! Black must not take the bishop,
because 7. . . ., Px B would be met by
%w
tt ,.m
8. K-B7 ! (no stalemate !), P-88 (Q)
g. P-RZ ch, K-R2 ro. P-N8 (Q)
mate.
lVhite wins.
7.
8. L;,
B-Nz
9.
ro. K{7 In this position Black's harmful
pawns are too far advanced to be stop-
ped and kept alive. Yet it is obvious
There is nothing else left since after that after the disappearance of Black's
ro. . . ., K-Rr rr. K-B7 the pres- pawn triangle the end-game is a book
ence of the BP again foils the stale- draw.
mate while its queening is no defence How then should \fihite tackle the
against the mate (BxNP).
iob on hand? Simply by using the
time Black requires for getting rid of
rr. BxQ and wins, his pawns to make his own king's
necessary approach. Since Black's
because White can also sacrifice his distant passed pawn will be promoted
bishop on QN7 and he will be trro on V,hite's KNr, White's first task is
87
to relieve his king from guarding that 98. extremely bad position gase E
square. opportunity to try for the srk
F. SAAVEDRA, 1895. otherwise White could hare rq
r. Q-N6 ! P-B7 ch ly in a much less spectacula o
z. KxP P-B8 (Q) ch
This simple, but impressive i
P-N7 ch the Saavedra position has bcca
3.KXQ rated by many sn excellent err.{
4. K-Kz ! P-N8 (Q)
composer in detghtful studfo$
5. QxQ ch K-Nz also give useful pointers to thc
tion of stalemate hazards. I-cr u
So far Black has made nothing but one of the best :
forced moves while Vhite has mau-
aged to bring his kiog somewhat 99.
nearer to his goal. In fact, the point
from which the king would be able M. S. LIBURzuN, r9gr.
effectively to
co-operate with the
queen against Black's RP, or rather White wins.
his new-born queen, is merely one
square off. Therefore, r. P-B7 R{3 ch
z. K-N5 ! R-Q+ ch
P-R8 (Q) l. K-N+ ! R{5 ch
K-R6 +.K-Bl R-Q8
5. K-Bz R{S
After 7. . . ., K-RZ the quiet move With one eye on the stalemate after
8. K-Bz ! will immediately follow 6. P-B8 (Q)?, R-BS ch! 7. QxR.
and Black has no defence against the But White can avoid this pitfall. White wins.
mate.
6. P-88 (R) ! ! R-QRs The pattern shows an esm I
8. Q-R5 ch and pawn. Has the contenr rcro br
g. Q-N+ ch Forced, owing to the mate threat any richer?
ro. K-Bz ! 7. R-R8.
r. N-Br ! R{+
7. K-N3 ! and wins,
r. . . ., RxP is to be mer tr:
because the rook is en prise and Wtrite BZ, R--Q4 ch 3. N-Q3!l roc
Among the multitude of problem- threatens mate on Br. driving-on sacrffice hdpe Sfu
like turns demonstrating the idea of If now you are inclined to say that achieve the former wiDDiDs Do
averting the stalemate on the strength we have an exceptional and unlikely rithout loss of time: l. . . f
of the four available alternatives of =
case here, the win being made pos- a K-Bz | (+. .. ., R-Q; 5- F
promotion a familiar example, delight- sible only by the extremely bad cor- s') !, R-QRS 6. K-N3.. Ec
ful in its simplicity, is the Saavedra nered position of Black's king, you dready seen this. But how [D Fr
position: should also remember that that same oow?

88
 extremely bad position gave Black an z. K-Bz !
opportunity to try for the stalemate;
otherwise White could have won easi- z. K-Kz? won't work on account
ly in a much less spectacular manner. of 3. P-BT, R-K4 ch and 4. ...,
This simple, but impressive idea of R-Kr. Nor is the knight sacrifice any
the Saavedra position has been elabo- better for: z. N-Q3? !, RxN
rated by many an excellent end-game 3. K-K2, R{B6 and 4. ...,
composer in delightful studies which R-B4 ! or 3. K-Bz, R-Q4 ! etc.
also give useful pointers to the detec- There is only one solution left:
tion of stalemate hazards. Let us take
one of the best :
, R-B4 ch
3.
--
K-Q3 ! !

99.
This interpolation is much more
M. S. LIBURKIN, r93r. cunning than one might first think.
Doubtless it is not easy to notice that
the natural l. K{z can be parried
by l. . . ., RXP 4. P-B7, R-N7 ch
ch 5. K{r, R{BZ ! ! and after 6.
ch
KxR Black is stalemated; otherwise
the rook can capture the pawn. There-
ch
fore:

3.- - RxNP
fi* cTe on the stalemate after It is not much better to take the
fr (Q?, R-B5 cht 7. QxR. knight since after the continuation 3.
F- cau avoid this pitfatl. White wins. . . ., RXN +. K{4 !, K-R7 5. K-
Q5, K-R6 6. P-N6 the united passed
ILatB)!! R-QRs The pattern shows an extra knight pawns would easily win against the
and pawn. Has the content too become rook.
!r4 onriDg to the mate threat any richer?
-I& +.P-Bl R-Nr
r. N-Br ! R-Q4 ch
E-!i3 ! and wins, The last stalemate attempt ! Now
r. . . ., RxP is to be met by z.P- the careless 5. P x R (Q or 5. Px R (R)
rmk is en prise and White 87, R-Q4 ch 3. N-Q3!! and this would leaC to stalemate again, and
-6e
E rnzte on Bf . driving-on sacrifice helps White to after 5. PxR (N) the two knights
E lou ae inclined to say that achieve the former winning position would be powerless against the king.
E rD, ezceptiond and uulikely without loss of time: 3. . .., RxN By good luck there is a fourth way of
fEc, 6e win being made pos- 4. K-Bz ! (+. . . ., R-Q5 5. P-B8 capturing the rook . . .
dy bry the extremely bad cor- (R) !, R-QR5 6. K-N3). We have
I pcitioa of Black's king you already seen this. But how to proceed 5. PxR (B) ! and White
I *o remember that that same uow ? wins.

89
 We observe here underPromotion Of the two passed pawns Black's l0l.
instead of queening in two variations, seems to be the more dangerous.
the choice between the two depending White forestalls the danger by a driv- A. A. TROITSKY, 1929.
on the play of the weaker side. ing-on rook sacrifice first, and then
In tactical turns one should often brings about a geometrical position on
heed the saying, Similia similibus the Q file.
curantur, i. e. likes are cured by likes.
Translated into the language of chess
this means that if the side on the r. R-K4 ch K-B6 (a)
defensive adopts unusual, extraordin a- z. R-Q4 ! KxR
ry methods, we must search for simi- r. P-Qz K-K6 !
lar extraordinary ways and means to
keep the attack going. Seekers will be
finders !
Either this continuation or the alter-
native 3. . . ., P-Q8 (Q) would seem
to decide the issue in White's favour. lYhite wins.
Yet it would be a blunder in either
case to play 4.P-Q8 (Q) ? carelesslY, ![hite's pawn cannot be stnryp
A stalemate defence scheme Pre- because Black would be stalemated
but by sacrificing the rook BIacL gt
pared against an imminent queening after . . ., P-Q8 (Q ! S. QxQ; and time to make his own promorim-
can mostly be foiled by rook or bishop White would otherwise not be able to
promotion. Of course the hidden trap win against the surviving queen. r. P-N7 R-B- €fr
should be detected in good time ! An To notice this stalemate hazard
example of each : might be difficult, but to avert it is
r. . . ., *-N7, z. KxR" P-Ii;
easy enough:
N-Qz ch would simplf t+ii"'Er '

100. White because Black cen rep*-r q

. . ., K-K6 owing to the tb.rca li
4.P-Q8 (R) !! K-Kz Bf. G. . .., K-BS? + P-Nt i
H. RINCK, r9zo. K-Rl
s. ch !) The continuation would rEsL
a geometrical position on the dngtr
and 4. P-N8 (Q), P-N8 (Q j- Q
The immediate caPture of the Pawn RZ O{6) ch would easily rin- 'To
would be a gross error because Black the text continuation lead 6 thag
would win after 5. RxP ch?, KxR position?" sns might ask As wc rt
6. K-R3, K-KZ Z. K-N+, K- S€e-oot quite !
K6 !. But 5. R-K8 ch, etc. would also
meet the case. z. KxR P-Nz
3. N-Qz ch K-K6 !

5.- - P{8(Q) The knight is defeodcd rc*{

6. RxQ KxR makes the difference. And rhh f
lVhite wins. z. K-N+ and wins. dlows Black to dimb inm e ri

9o
 Of the t\ro passed pawns Black's
GErEs to be the more dangerous.
tlhite forestrlls the danger by a driv-
iE-GE rook sacrifice first, and then
h"irys about a geometrical position on
ft Q file.
l0l. mate cage. (a. P-N8 (Q ?, P-N8
(Q ! s.Q-N6 ch, K-KT 16. QxQ.)
A. A. TROITSKY, 1929. What next? The queen-winning ma-
noeuvre on the diagonal is practicable
also with lesser strength so as not to
restrict unduly the mobility of Black's
king.

K-B6 (a) 4. P-N8 (B) !! P-N8 (Q)

KxR 5. B-R7 ch and wins.
K-K6 !
From . n.";; *4. of view the
Efther this continuation or the alter-
next end-game is very instructive,
demonstrating as it does the fight
mive 3. . . ., P-Q8 (Q) would seem against Black's passed pawns.
o dride the issue in White's favour. lVhite wins.
Yct it would be a blunder in either 102.
cs€ to play +. P{8 (Q) ? carelesslS White's pawn cannot be stopped
bec-ause Btack would be stalemated
dFPr ..., P{,8 (Q ! S.QxQ; and
but by sacrificing the rook Black gains Dr. M. LEWITT, tgr7.
time to make his own promotion.
Shite would otherwise not be able to
rin agaisst the surviving queen. r. P-N7 R-B7 ch !
To notice this stalemate hazatd
night be difncdt, but to avert it is r. . . ., R-N7, z. KxR, P-N7
cr-r eoough: 3.
N-Qz ch would simpli$ things for
White because Black can reply only
. .., K-K6 owing to the threat N-
+ P{8 B) !! K-Kz Br. 6. . . ., K-B s7 4. P-N8 (Q)
s. K-Rl ch !) The continuation would result in
a geometrical position on the diagonal
and 4.P-N8 (Q), P-N8 (Q j.f
The irnrnediate capture of the Pawn R7 $6) ch would easily win. "Won't
u@M be a gross error because Black the text continuation lead to the same lYhite wins.
wld rin after 5. RxP ch?, KxR position?" one might ask. As we shall
6. K-R3, K-KZ 7. K-N4, K- seFnot quite !
X5 !. Bm 5. R-K8 ch, etc. would also White's most urgent task is to estab-
rEt the case. z. KxR P-Nz lish a passed pawn of his own. This
3. N{z ch K-K6 ! aim is served bya driving-off bishop
sacrifice.
5--- P{8(Q) The knight is defended now-that
6. RxQ KxR makes the difference. And this fact r. B-K8 ! P-R6
z.K-N+ and wins. allows Black to climb into a stale- z. BxP ! PxB

9r
 Seemingly not the best, yet the r. p{7 RxR ch sive manoeuvre : . . ., N{z e
trickiest defence. After 2. . . ., P-RZ z. BxR R-Q8 ! Nx P. In the light of ttris 6e r
l. B-Bl ch, K-N7 4. Bx P, Kx B move is the one that wlls Elq
5. P-N6 ! White will promote a Since there is no other way of stoP- former variation:
pawn. If z. . . ., K-N7
3. B-87, ping the passed pawn Black tries to 4.P-Q8 (N) !!
P-N6 4. P-N6, P x P 5. P-R7, P- seek defence in stalemate. . . . and the extra piece b r

RZ 6. P-R8 (Q) ch, K-N8 7. B x for Vhite's victory.

BxR N-Nr Now we can aglee rrat '-t
QNP, P-R8 (Q) and White wins by 3.
the gradual approach of his queen: 4. P{8 (B) ! ! and wins. a veritable masterpiece
qf r
8. B-Bz ch, K-R7 9. Q-N8 ch, An unusual picnrre
K-NZ ro. Q-N7 ch, K-R7 rr. For all the hidden subtlety, 4. P- ordi''tary winning pGitlr
ch, etc. Q8 (N) ? would not be satisfactory on after an averted stalemm b d
Q-BZ
account of 4. . . ., N{z and 5. . . ., in Troitsky's next srud;:
N x P, one might say that the content
t. P-Rz P-R7 !
of the study was not particularly strik- 104.
We must not overlook here that 4. ing. A. A. TROITSKY, rgE
P-R8 (Q)?, P-R8 (Q ! s. QxQ One might, indeed, if there were
leads again to stalemate ! Therefore: not more to it. But of course Black
may play his first two moves in reverse
4. P-R8 (B) !! and wins. order, already offering the rook for
sacrifice on his Q8 in the first move.
*** Does that make any difference?
The next study demonstrates
through natural positions how effec- r. P{7 R-Q8 !
tive a weapon the threefold possibility z. BxR RxRch
of underpromotion is in averting 3. BxR N-Nr !

the stalemate.
A queen or a rook promotion would
103. of course lead to stalemate. What's
more, the only winning move of the Whiu @ils.
L. I. KUBBEL, 1928. former variation 4. P-Q8 (B) would
also work out to White's disadvan-
tage, because Black might play 4. . . .' r. P-N7 !

N-Bl ! 5. 8-86, N-K4 ch ! and

White can't do better than choose be- r. PxP?, R{R5 z B.{
tween a stalemate (after his taring the BS E.P{6, KxB + P{
k"ighQ and a book draw (after the be a faulty plan becausc da -
inevitable exchange on his KI,[4). Is N5 ch ! and 5. . . ., R-![r
the bishop really badly posted on
KN4? In a way it is, but this dis- r. R-:
advantage is more than offset by'its z. --
K-Bz R-l
being able to control the square Q7 3. P-Q6 ! K-
and thereby thwatting Black's defen- +P{7 K-
92
a
(l
RxR ch
R-Q8 !
ifue b no other way of stop-
p lr cd pawn Black tries to
brl in sulemate.
(E N-Nr
{3G)!! and wins.
I e hirlrlen subtletY, 4. P-
t Eld Dot be satisfactory on
l:d+ ..., N{z and 5. ...,
might ssrt that the content
-Ilysas not particularlY strik-
*fr" indeed, if there were
E b il But of course Black
plr firsttwo moves in reverse
ftrdy offering the rook for
l o his Q8 in the first move.
r E*e any difference?
&
rB
R-Q8 !
RxR ch
ir N-Nr ! other harmless pawn for that matter.)
Ec a tuk promotion would
lcad to stalemate. W'hat's
-b GtY
winning move of the
iirin 4. P{8 (B) would
tmm White's disadvan-
E Eeck night play 4. . . .,
[ 5i 8-86, N-K4 ch ! and
itdo betterthan choose be-
ldmae (after his taring the
'-.1 a book draw (after the
ft trh*nge on his KN4). Is
lry reatly badly posted on
h e way it is, but this dis-
3e b EroFe than offset by:its
E m contnol the square Q7
iiy 6warting Black's defen-
sive manoeuvre : . . .,
NxP. In the light of this
N{2
xnd . . .,
the winning
Though Black's king cannot over-
take the passed pawn, there is a
t'cosy" stdemate nest on his
move is the one that was wrong in the QR3
former variation : (th" same one as we saw in the
4. P-Q8 (N) !! chapter "Stalemate.")
... and the extra piece is enough
for White's victory. 5.P{8(Q) RxQ
Now we can agree that the study is 6. BxR K-R3 !
a veritable masterpiece.
An unusual picture of an extra- Vhat now ? 7. P-N8 (Q ot R) ? is
ordinary winning position arising stalemate ; 7. P-N8 (N) ?, K-Nz
after an averted stalemate is depicted 8. N{7, K-Br a draw. But there
in Troitsky's next study: is one solution left:
P-N8 (B)!!
104.'
7.
Who would think of such a thing
A. A. TROITSKY, 1925.
during a match game? The oddity of
the position is that while one bishop
is not worth a stra% two bishops
of the same colour secure an easy
wir! This applies not only to the
presentcaserbut to the types ofposi-
A tion defined by two vis-I-vis pawns
6
on R6-R7. (The result is the same if
Black has a pawn on his Qk, or any
Vhy two bishops are needed is
demonstrated by this simple finish.
7. ..., K-Nz 8. B-K5!, K-Br
Vhi.te wins. 9.B-RS, K{z ro. K-B3, K-Kr
rr. K-B4,K-Bz rz. K-B5!, K-
Br 13. K-B6, K-Nr.
r. P-N7 ! If White had only one bishopBlack
could mark time on the Br and Nr
r. PxP?, R-QR5 z. B-B5, K- squares and, in case of 14. B-Q6,
BS g. P{6, KxB +. P-{Z sacrifice his superfluous pawn by . . .,
would
be a faulty plan because of 4. . . ., R- P-R4-R5, etc. followed by
N5 ch ! and 5. . . ., R-Nr. K-Rr. (K-BZ stalemate.) But now :
t4. B-N4!, P-R+ 15. B-K7,
R-N5 ch P-R5 16. B-R3!, K-Rr 17. K-
R-Nr 87 mate! Hence two bishops can
K-Bs ! enforce Zugzwang and subsequently
K-N+ the mate with discovered check !
93
This is worth remembering in the It is not easy to spot the necessity 106.
same way as the fact that we can even of an interpolated sacrifi.ce, much less
win with two knights if the opponent the looming danger of stalemate. F. LAZARD, r9z5;
has a fixable n.I1 *
The natural opening move is . Corrected by J. BAN

We can draw the lesson from these r. R-Kz !

examples: The stalemate as a

tactical weapon should not be There is nothing befter on account
underrated in the indirect pre- of the threat R-K8, for after r. . . .,
vention of queening. This possibil- P-Rl z. R-KS ch, K-Rz 3. N-B6
ity must never be lost sight of and it ch, K-Nz (l) 4. R-N8 ch, the
is often wiser to promote to a piece of queen is lost.
a lesser value because sometimes less But now White would be rather
meansmore!*** surprised dter the "natural" 2. N-
86!r; z. . . .,Q-N8! 3. R-K8 cb K-
Now we have to deal with the avert- N2 4. R-N8 ch, K-R3!-and the
ing of stalemate by way of an inter- queen could only be taken at the cost White lri;,ar..
polated sacrifice. of stalemate!
The theme is fairly clear and re- Realizing this White has to tacHe In the original form d t
quires but little explanation. If we have the iob from another angle, namely by studg White's king we$ d.
an opport,roity of obtaining a decisive a forcing sacrifice of the knight. KB+. To eliminals s difrdh I
advantage but the implementation of we have transferredit m KBa
our plan is at a given moment prevent- z. N-N7 !! P-R+ form the idea contained in i
ed by the stalemate position of the clearer expression-
opponent or his threat to achieve it, 2. ..., KXN 3. R-Nz ch, or z.
then we have to reduce the forces . .., QxN 3. R-K8 ch lead to the r. P-R6 B-l
immobilizing the hostile camp in same result. z. K-N5 fl
order to get the upper hand unhin- R-K8 KxN
dered at a later stage. E. g. 3. If White's king wene Dr
105. P-RS 4. RxQ ch, KxR KB4 he could frustrm H[rdt
3. . . ., 5.
defence by z. K-B-s | (.L - - -
D. PRZEPIORKA, rg2o. N-B5 wins. After 3. . . ., Q x R, 4.
NxQ, P-RS 5. N-B6, P-R6 6. 3. K-B6, K-R2 4 B-Kt !-
Bz ch ?, K-Nr 5. K-N6, E
N-N+ the pawn is overtaken.
. . ., K-Nr j. K-lIl
KxR
-4.K-R6
6. followed bry B-t{C
4. RxQch
P-R5 and wins. Ehite's wiD-)
s.
But now Vtite's tirhp ,

The next simple and instructive coatinudly annoycd b,y b

end-game also comes under this oposite number. \[e H b
heading. It shows how hard it maY it m its fate th€D. B@ fr
prove to foil stalemate attempts even Erust fndthe lcast ffir
though the bishops are of the same Elect's bishop o irerc
White wins. colour and we are two Pawns uP. fficr oourse d crtc.
94
p csy to spot the necessity
lFltrEd sacrifice, much less
rrmger of stalemate.
-El opening move is
Ir!
L diog better on account
Er R-K8, for after r. . . .,
f;K8 ch, K-R2 3. N-B6
Et 6) 6 R-N8 ch, the
h.
i Vhite would be rather
[&t the "natural" 2. N-
--(FM!3.R-KSchrK-
t'llt cL K-R3!-and the
fl @b be taken at the cost
E ttb \[hite has to tackle
-!
uBle, namely by
-ader of the knight.
-ificc
ltf !! P-R+
i,fxN 3. R-Nz ch, or z.
F 3; R-Kg ch lead to the
t B-N6 !
Et KxN
F-RS + RxQ ch, Kx R 5.
L. AftEr 3. ..., qx& 4.
i, Dj 5. N-B6, P-R6 6.
h prn is overtaken.
KxR
and wins.
1a cirnFle and instructive
l *o @mes under this
L ttms how hard it maY
E crleoate attempts even
b tirhops are of the same
lue rre tPo Pawns up.
106. r.B-Qz B-Kl
4. K-B6 BxB
F. LAZLRD, 1925. s. K-Bz and wins
. Corrected by J. BAN
because White threatens to promote
his pawn with check, and the diverting
sacrifice (S. . . ., B-K3 ch) is useless
since the victorious pawn is supported
by its comrade on R6.
***
As the fourth method of averting
stalemate we have mentioned time-
gaining manoeuvres which can
in queen end-
mostly be resorted to
games.
In the next study, for instance, the
l[/hite wins. possibility of winning the queen is
In the original form of
offered on a plate, but it would be
Lazard's ill-advised to swallow the bait at once
study, White's king was placed on on account of Black's good stalemate
KB+. To eliminate a difficult by-play, chances.
we have transferred it to KR+. In this
form the idea contained in it finds a
107.
clearer expression.
R. RETI,
B-R7 !
1925.
If White's king were now on his
KB4 he could frustrate Black's line of
defence by z. K-BS t Q. .. ., K x P
3. K-B6, K-R2 4. B-K8 !-+. B-
Bz ch?, K-Nr 5. K-N6, B-N8 !!
. . ., K-Nr 5. K-N6 ! and
-4.K-R6
6. followed by B-N6-R7 ch
White's win.)
But now White's bishop is kept
continually annoyed by its Black
opposite number. We had better leave lYhite wins.
it to its fate then. But where? We
must find the least favourable spot for r. N-B3 ch K-R8 !
Black's bishop to intervene in the
further course of events. 2.QxQ?: Stalemate positionNo. r.
95
 z. Q-R4 ch ! K-Nz 13. N-B4 ch K-86 r. N-B6 ch !
3. Q-Rz ch K-B8 !
In case of 13. . . ., K-B8 r4. N- Taking four squares dnl
+. Q x Q ?: Stdemate position No. z. K3 ch, K-K8 15. NxQ wins. (Not Black's king. The sixth rd
i

15. QxQ??, bringing about stale- with a "No entry !" sign (:
4. $Nr ch ! K-Q7 mate position No. 6.) ch.) If r. ..., K{4 z Q
5. Q-Nz ch K-Kg ! The latter does not meen &
14. N-K5 ch K-K6 ate winning of the queta. . .
6. Q x Q ?: Stalemate position No. 3.
15.QXQ and wins. us see why:
After a troublesome redeploSrment r.--
6. Q-Br ch ! K-BZ of his forces White has at last managed z.$Bz ch I
X

7. N-Qr ch K-B6 to find a gap for Black's hard-pressed

king . . . Not as easy as one might have After 2. .. ,, K-Kl? I I
The last rank is a danger zone be- thought it woull would follow. In case of,z- . -
cause of 8. N-K3 ch. 7. . . ., K-KZ :el
ch leads to the main varia- a. N-KS ch wins the quca.
8. Q-Nz Under the barrage of a centralized the queen is tabm<iq
tion. queen and knight, a king may get into stalemate !
trouble not only at the edge of the
8. Q-83 ch K-Kz board but even in the middle. Of ch I
3. Q-K3
course, it is a bad break for the
After 8. ..., K-BS 9. Q-B6 cb, attacker if the shots miss the target by 3. . . ., K-B+ is a spcofi
K-KS ro. Q-B6 ch?, K{6 ! rr. a hair and during a momentary cease- Sooner or later Blact's Liq
QxQ stalemate position No. 4. fire only the monarch's own square forced to go there.
would arise, but Vhite can do better
remains intact. But the concerted
with ro. Q-Q+ ch !, K-B6 rr. Q- action of fwo strong pieces can, as a
Q5 ch-winning the queen safely at
4. $N3 ch r
rule, eliminate the re-emerging stale-
last. Black's queen sursiver
mate hazards. (1

K-Q6
stalemate), but only fr e d
9. Q-Nz ch !! 108.

Black's queen is still taboo. O. DEHLE& r9o8. 5.Q{3ch! I

6. $K3 ch X
ro. Q-N3 ch ! K-KZ There is as^hing .l+e 6
rr. Q-Rz ch ! K{6 NS ? Z. N-K5 ch-
The fifth chance, and there is still
no occasion to rejoice; but now the Z. FBa ch aod sb
knight intervenes again. . . because any ddcadiryl
12. N-N2 ch K-K7 be met by a chcr+ ftr il
(Fork !)
*tt
If tz.. . ., K-B6, 13.N-R4 ch;
otherwise the next move decides Among the rcfo:l r-
Black's fate. ing salemate we brre rb r
7
96
H4 ch K-B6 r. N-B6 ch ! the possibility of changing our plan
as we go along, i. e. of launching an
tsd 13. . . ., K-88 r4. N- Taking four squares of refuge from unexpected mating attack against
;E-K8 15. NxQ wins. (Not Black's king. The sixth rank is marked a kiog escaping into a stalemate
tQ??, bringog about stale- with a "No entry !" sign. (2. N{8 nest. There are positions in which
f#on No. 6.) ch.) If r. . . ., K-Q4 z. Q-N3 ch. there is no trace of any short-terrr
The latter does not mean an immedi- mating possibility, no prospect of any
K-K6 ate winning of the queen . . . wellr let mating combination, but the stale-
and wins. us see why: mate line of defence taken by the
irmublesome redeployment r. K-B+
opponent so much worsens the situa-
hc Yhite h*s xl last managed z. - - ch
Q-Bz K-K5 !
tion ofhis king that all of a sudden a
chance arises of enforcing mate in a
Lgp for Black's hard-pressed
;-Itot G easy as one might have combinative way. fn most cases the
After z. . . ., K-Kt ? 3. N-Q8 ch
,- *""T
rj would follow. In case of z. .. ., K-N3
mate is of course one of the alterna-
tives ofthe combination, butit is exast-
t. N-KS ch wins the queen. But now ly that variation that prevents the
f 6c bcrage of a centralized the queen is taboo-owing to the successful defence and makes it pos-
d bieht, a king may get into stalemate !
sible to obtain a decisive material
I Dt only at the edge of the advantage.
h eren in the middle. Of 3. Q-K3 ch K-Q4 Let us look at some of the most
I i fo a bad break for the characteristic examples.
rI6e shots miss the target by 3. .. ., K-B+
is a speedier defeat.
d duing a momentary cease- Sooner or later Black's king will be
E ttc monarch's own square forced to go there. l0g.
r, But the concerted
itrGrct.
dtmstrong pieces can, as a 4. $N3 ch K-K5 ! A. S. GURVITCH, 1928.
hile the re-emer$ng stale-
Ee. Black's queen survives (S. QxQ?
stalemate), but only for a short time.
l0B.
(L DEHI^ER, r9o8. 5. Q{3 ch ! K-Bs
6. Q-K3 ch K-B+
There is nothing else. 6. .. ., K-
NS ? Z. N-K5 ch.

Z. Q-Bf ch and wins

because any defending move would
!9 met by a check from the knight. lYhite wins.
(Fork !)
***
Among the tastical means of avert- Vhite has good prospects of secur-
ing stalemate we have also mentioned ing ao easy win once his pawn is in

7 97
safety. The introductory moves are next example we shall see its opposite r B-B5 ch K-q
accordingly aimed at defending the as the main variation. z. R-Q4 ch K-K2 !

Pawn.
I 10. If 2... ., K-K4? 3. R-K44
I.N-QZ B-Bz ! easily wins.
z. N-BS B-K4 R. RETI, t928.
g. K-N+ B-N7 ! Corrected by H. RINCK. 3. R-K4 ch K+
Now the purpose of the bishoP The other stalemate nes !
manoeuvre becomes clear as well as pawn must not be touched- (+ B
the obstacle in the way of a seemingly P-KS (Q! S.RxQ sulern'rR.1
easy win. Black's bishop can menac- But now Black's king is m hi
ingly face up its counterPart on the and to mate him is nqt so rGu
diagonal because its loss would result possibitty. Oncewehave realizcd r

in a stalemate. a sacrifice hlmding to Iift " r

White has to resort to some kind of mate suggests itself.
lift the stalemate position.
sacrifice to
If after B-Br ch Black had onlY . . .,
K-Nz to reply we could strive for
4. B-Q7 !! ,-o (n

blockading White's KN7 square with After 4. . . ., Kx B Blrc+ h

a driving-on sacrifice. 4. P-N7 !? Vhite wins. pawns and White remains rt
would be a good idea if Black captured eoough to win. Now-& Er
the pawn with his bishop; but the queening-we cannot speak d
king too might take it attacking the In order to annihilate the dangerous !7hite's material superiotity, yu
knight at the same time. Consequeutly, pawns White must bring his rook onto positional advantage decidc fu i
the sacrifice must be PrePared in a the K file without loss of time. There- in his favour.
way that White should, and Black fore he has to decide between the pre-
should not, have time to come to the paratory moves r. 8-86 ch and r.
rescue of their
respective attacked 5. B-N5 ! and riu
B-BS ch. In either case Black tries
pieces. Therefore: to find defence in stalemate against
Vhite's superior forces. because Black can only ddqr fu
4. B-B5 ! B_Q5 E.g. r.8-86 ch, K{l z.R{+ parriable mating thrcd A--Kf)
5. P-N7 ! KxP ch, K-K4 3. R-K4 ch, K-Q3 ! gYiDg up his queen. Note 6c h
and at the last moment White is con- presence of Black's K6 pesa il
fn case of 5. . . ., Bx P an unex- fronted with an unsurmountable ob- finel sinulisn.
pected turn : 6. B-K3 mate ! stacle, because after 4. RxP, P-K8 In the ngxt diagr2m trp rtp e
(Q ! S. RxQ-Black is stalemated- .i'rgency of stalemate rE5.til
6. N-K6 ch K-Bg \fith the bishop on 86 this cannot be rcalization of White's grc[ r:
NxB and wins. avoided nor is there any possibility ruperiority more ditr@tL Ec13
7.
of tricking Black's king into a mate rolemate is no hiddr"t 6rtr
The mate can only be averted at the trap. Let us try then the second alter- ruher too obvior:s a reality; r c
cost of decisive material loss. In the native. cctu is iust how to get rmd L

T.
98
Sarrrrile we shall see its opposite r B-B5 ch K-Q3 lll.
b rth variation. z. R-{4 ch K-K2 !
F. AMELITNG, 1883.
' ll0. lf z. .. ., K-K4 ? l. R-K+ ch, etc.
easily wins.
R RETI, t928.
Gmcaed by H. RINCK. 3. R-K4 ch

The other stalemate nest ! The

' After 4. . . ., Kx B Black loses his
White ains.
LqO." to annihilate the dangerous
Rxp,
pawn must not be touched. (+.
P-K8 (Q! S. RxQ stalemate.)
But now Black's king is on his Qr
and to mate him is not so remote a
possibility. Oncewe have realized this,
a sacrifice intending to lift the stale- White wiru.
mate suggests itself.
If the solution is not difficult, it is
4. B-Q7 !! P-K8 (Q) simply because White has only one
self-interfering move, allowing Black's
king to leave the corner.
pawns and White remains strong
enough to win. Now-after Black,s
queening-we cannot speak about r. K-N4 ! K-Nz
White's material superiority, yet ttre z. R-KB8 !

rYhite Eust bting his rook onto positional advantage decides the issue
rI' flc rithout loss of time. There- in his favour. The pawn cannot be won but the
ibh6 to decide between the Pre- new-born queen will perish in the
fry rDoYes r. 8-86 ch and r. 5. B-N5 and wins,
tightening noose. . .
lj ct- In either case Black tries !

H ddeoce in stalemate against P-R8 (Q)

Lis srryerior forces.
E? r. LB6 ch, K{l z.R-{+
, f-K4 3. R-K4 ch, K-Q3 !
la fu last moment White is con-
si6 aD uruiurmountable ob-
-d
fi bccause after 4. RxP, P-K8
)l I RxQ-Black is stalemated.
tft bishop on 86 ttris cannot be
ro' nor is there any PossibilitY
,r**ing Black's king into a mate
;*Lrr us try then the second alter-
K-N8
Q-Br
presence of Black's K6 pawn in the
final situation.
In the next diagram too the con- with the altemative of mate or the
tingencf of stalemate renders the queen'sloss'
realization of White's great material
superiority more difficult. Here the ***
stalemate is no hidden tbreat but
rather too obvious a reality; our con- By and large, we have gone through
cern is just how to get round it. the most gpical tectrnical methods of

7*
99
 ll2. OPI
R. RETI, tg22.

superiority rather than to launch a

direct mating attack, one is well
advised to allow the opponent's king
some breathing-space and not to sub-
important match games to the bitter
disappointment of the side that neg-
leaed to take the most elementary Pre-
cautions!...
\[ise and useful as the warning is,
"Look out for every single check for
it may turn out to be a mate !", iust as
important is another that applies to
end-gamesr "Look out for the stale-
mate!t'
In support of this truth we could
quote innumerable instances of "mas-
terly" blunders. But we propose rather
to stick to examples which are worthy
models for our play.
This warning is interPreted bY
Grandmaster Reti in the develop-
ments of his brilliant studY : move Black is stalemated.
Two pieces-against two Pawns.
This is the balance. SurelY, it is no
problem to make such a suPerioritY
prevail? Vhite's knight can stoP
Bhck's NP in two moves from QB3,
and his king can prevent the Black
nrler from intenrening.
lYhite wirc.
This simple-looking Plan can be
realized in rwo ways:
r. N-K4, P-N6 z. N-B3, P-
NZ g. K-B4 or
r. K-B4, P-N6 z. N-QS, P-
NZ t. N-Bt
but now White's forces are too close
to Black's king placed at the edge of
the board. And we have not long to
wait for the surprise move frustrating
the win :
3. ...tP-N8 (Q! +. NxQ, 5-
RSI (A rare situation lTheimmobil-
izLd king on the offensive !)-and
draws because after the bishoP's
Let us heed the warning then, and
play:
If we put a piece in 6c n
an empty board and e''l'nir?'
en there, our attention is fu
to the squares that can be o
by the piece in one rrG,
squares constitute the rql
piece, and are within thc rq
"control effect."
But what about the squco
the piece is posted, wtich i o
by its own "body"? Tha rql
fers from the rest in thr i
Yaqmt and therefore thc file, t
and thetrro diagonals rundry
& are not entirely opea- Tti
trat on the square it occq
piece qruses line interferq
effect has 1s hing to do r
stnength, value and kind dd
but is derived solely frm is r
prEsenc€, and mighr, as dfotil
6e "control effecq" bc
poral effect" for wam d r
uanslation of Voellmy/s E-1
kung. Nowrlausmove' ^
1ia
happens ? The "coolrd cfi
shifted to another grory d
rnd dso the "cor1rcral cftd
imerference is transpcad o
sguare. $u1 this oinclb r
opcning of the lines (raL I
rgonals) that run throughftr
quare.

IOO
 ll2. OPENING OF LINES
R RETI, rg22.

If we put a piece in the middle of The opening of a line is a natural

an empty board and examine its pow- result of every single move. More
ers there, our attention is first drawn precisely, it is ttre result of the first
to the squares that can be occupied phase of the move when the square
Whiu wins. by the piece in one move. These occupied is iust being vacated.
squares constitute the range of the The moving of a single piece on an
b' dqle-.looking plan can be piece, and ate within the scope of its otherwise empty board does not reveal
llir two wa)rs :
"control effect." the impomance of line opening. But
f,-K+ P-N6 z. N-83, P- But what about the square on which as soon as we examine the problem in
iI-84 or ttre piece is posted, which is occupied connection with the position and
E-B{, P-N6 z. N-QS, P- by its own "body" ? That square dif- "control effect" of another piece, it
;N-B3 fers from the rest in that it is not will leap to the eye that the opening of
r Vhite's forces are too close vacant and therefore the file, the rank lines can extraordinarily increase the
ftt tiDg placed at the edge of aud the rwo diagonals rt",ning throttgh effectiveness of one single move and
ru. And we have not long to it, are not entirely open. This means often extend the range of several un-
h e surprise move frusuating that on the square it occupies the moved pieces as well.
h: piece causes line interference. This To get an idea of how "devastat-
,-2 P-NS (Q ! +. N x Q, K- effect has nothing to do with the ing" a single move can ber let us turn
strength, value and kind of the piece to this curious diagram:
but is derived solely from its material I 13.
presence, and might, as distinct from G. R. REICHHELM,
E is stalemated. the "control effectr" be termed "cor-
1882.
:: hced the warning then, and poral effect" for want of a better
translation of Voellny's Kiitper$'ir-
kung. Now, let us movethe piece.Vhm
E-K4 !
? The "control effect" is
|H5 happens
sffied to another group of squares
lrBl
E+ and also the "corporal effect" of line
interference is transposed to another
square. But this coincides with the
opening of the Iines (rank, file, di-
agonals) that run through the vacated
square.
 The "devastating" offensive move !
A printer's error? No, Black really
has ten kiogs on the board and you
will note that none of them is in
check.
And now Vhite plays a single move:
l. N-K5!
ll4.
,Ci
i6
iG
And look at the diagram will
a good
convince you that dl the ten of them
are mate!
We have no intention of taking the
reader into the wonderland of fairy
chess and away from the realistic
appraisal of endings that can arise in
everyday practice. Nevertheless, this
playful product of fancy translated in-
to terms of sober prose only teaches
that a multiple opening of lines allows
ten different pieces to be attacked
at the same time with a single
move! Of course, that is the limit.
In practice there is no need for such
peak achievements, it being quite
enough to exploit an occasional line
opening for a double attack.
DISCO\IERY
A double attack made by way of
line opening involves the motif of
ro2
discovery whose best-known instance
is the discovered check.
Discovery is a situation in which
one of two pieces of the same camp
standing on the same line (fiIe, rank,
or diagonal) moves away and by doing
so brings a third-hostile-piece with-
in the scope of the one that stood be-
hind it. In problem literature this for-
mation is called a "battery" and dis-
covery itself the "firing" of the "bat-
tery." The piece that actually carries
out the discovery is the "oPening
piecer" while the one behind it might
be referred to as the "piece in am-
bush."
A discovery turns into a double at-
tackif both the "piece in ambush"
and the "opening piece" attack a hos-
tile piece each.
***
In the next queen end-game-with
a perfect material equilibrium-
'White's more active king as an
ing piecer" assures the victory.
I 15.
A. NEUMANN, 1887.
White wins.
White's extra pawn cannot be c
italized by technical means bcEt
ofthe perpetual checks thrcdedEt
king from all direaions. Only u
change of queens or a direct u
attack against Black's cornered I
offers a winning chance. Bd e
are served by the first move ri
threatens discovery.
r.Q{5!! QxP c
Black has not many alternmfuu
if r. .. ., Q-N6 (agaiDst K+
K-BS ch !, K-N8 (RZ) 3- Q-
(z) ch the exchange c2n be fcccr
two moves. After r. . . ., fN:
z. K-B4 ch, K-RZ! f . Q-KS L
(
Q6 +. P-N5, etc., White sim q
to the possible discover,v. A dr
motif appears also in the te<t c
tinuation.
z. K-B3 ! ! rir aod
"open-
because the direct 6. Q{r q
Q-KRS) or indirect $. K-Bz o
K-Nf) intervention of thc <p
makes any defence impsiHc-
It is worth noting thzt, crttr
rhis two-move end-game thc &
had to be maintained up to fu r
ment when by "firing the bmet''
were sure to hit the targt Is ft I
move a side-stepping of thc ung r
a counter-check would hsve hctr r
less, but in the second it ws ehe
effective, for the mating fur- co
oo longer be parried-
***
From a practical poiut of Tk, i
rlravs as well to think tsb H

tsrcry whme best-known instance
b discovaed check.
ILlrer-e is a situation in which
r d tr'o pieces of the same camp
Ifrg on the same line (fiIe, rank,
ftmrD rnoyes away and by doing
tErF e thirFhostile-piece with-
lb rcopc of the one that stood be-
lli. In poblem literature this for-
rlr b calld a "battery" and dis-
tEly fusclf the "firing" of the "bat-
ilf" The piece that actually carries
t 6c discovery is the "opening
q,- stile the one behind it might
ir+med to as the "piece in am-
t"
iiErcovery tun$ into a double at-
t if bo,th the "piece in ambush"
lft"openingpiece" attack a hos-
l1i:c each-
***
h Oc D€xt queen end-game-with
,,;rdcct material equilibrium-
hll rnorre active king, as an "open-
pFcer" assures the victory.
I 15.
. A- NEUMANN, 1887.
White atins.
White's extra pawn cannot be cap-
ilalized by technical means because
ofthe perpetual checks threatening his
king from all directions. Only an ex-
chenge of queens or a direct mating
attack against Black's cornered king
offers a winning chance. Both ends
are selTed by the first move which
threatens discovery.
r. Q-Qs
!! QxPch
Black has not many alternatives for
if r. . . ., Q-N6 (against K-B3) z.
K-BS ch !, K-N8 (RZ) f. Q{r
(z) ch the excha.ge can be forced in
two moves. After r. .. ., Q-N3 ch
z.K-84 ch, K-RZ! f .Q-K5 !, Q-
Q6 +. P-N5, etc., SThite wins owing
to the possible discovery. A similar
motif appears also in the text con-
tinuation.
z. K-B3 ! ! and wins,
because the direa (1. Q{r or 3.
Q-KRS) or indirect $. K-Bz or 3.
K-Nf) intervention of the queen
makes any defence impossible.
It is worth noting that, even in
this trro-move end-game the threat
had to be maintained up to the mo-
ment when by "firing the battery" we
were srue to hit the target. In the first
move a side-stepping of the king with
a counter-check would have been use-
less, but in the second it was already
effective, for the mating threat could
no longer be parried.
:**
From a praaical point of view, it is
always as well to think turice before
putting a threat into effect, ffid to see
whether we can intensify the existing
threat or add something to it. In short,
the threat should be maintained
as
long as its realization is likely to bring
some measurable advantage. Sober-
ness and patience are the signal virtues
of the chess player !
It is very seldom that we cannot
obtain some advantage from the pos-
sibility of discovered check; therefore
we must not exhaust our arnmunition
too early and to no purpose. This is
the moral we can draw from the next
artistic example:
I 16.
V. BRON, r9+7.
lYhite wins.
It would be a good thing to win the
queen by moving the rook with dis-
covered check, but the queen is
"sheltered" by the knight which closes
the rook's rank.
Let us open this line and uncover
the queen. But where should
we move the knight? Black will
r03
obviously try to escape from the for the queen with the possible ll7.
line of fire, therefore White has to threat . . ., Q-K6 ch after 7. K-B3.
prevent the possible.. ., K-Bl or L. I. KUBBEL, tg3;7.
..., K-Q4. 4.-- P-N3 !

r. N-N6 !! Q-Q4 ch !
Black also tries to resorttotrickery:
Let us observe that after any other he wants to delay his P-N4 till after
move of the queen or after . . ., K{3 \[hite's K-Nz, so as to achieve ttre
or . .., P-K4 the rook would win former variation.
Her Majesty with discovered check. Ve have now reached the point at
. . ., K-B3 or . . ., K{4 are also which level-headed deliberation is the
wrong because of N-K7 ch. better part of valour. Before charging
head first to strike the decisive blow
z. K-Rr ! P-K4 ! there is need for some circumspection.

On account of the threat neither White wins.

P-N+
the king nor the queen could move. P-Ns
The queen is relatively safely posted Q-Rz
therefore she must be chased off ! It is more efficient to "rmod1
the battery temporarily ttan tD ft
Any other move would be followed at once.
3. N-K7 Q-K3 !
by mate or the loss of the queen. Thus
Black's queen does not faU victim to
Making the best of a bad bargain ! direct attack but is forced to sacrifice
r. P-B6 ! P-Rr (q)
By opening his KNI-QR7 diagonal herself so as to delay the mate.
Black found a refuge for his queen. Necessary opening of Blacfr I
Therefore it would still be purpose- for the bishop because if r. . . - K
less to "fire the battery."
8. R-N3 ch ! QxB 2. P-BT, K-N2 3. K'{ c
9.RXQ and wins. K-Br +. B-N+ ch White sir-
4. K-Nr !!
z. BxQ LR7
This "finesse" is absolutely essen-
tial not only on account of the escape A possibility of discovered check- ..., Kx P the riu b
After 2.
line 4. K-Nz ?, P-N4! 5. K-83 ?, with some advantage in space-can l. P-B7, K-I.Iz 6 K-
sured by
Q-R6 ch, but also because of the give special content to otherwise bar- ch, K-Br 5. B-N7 ch !, Kxtr
more hidden continuation: 4. K- ren endings with bishops of opposite K-Q7. As we see, the dfuu
Nz?, P-N+ ! 5. K-Nr!?, P-N5 colours. A bishop hiding in the assists the pawn in two vuitin
6. K-Nz, Q-KR3 !!. In this latter shadow of its king can take aim at a the third, however, it makes pili
variation Black has a double profit hostile king that is cramped for space the winning of Black's bis@.
from his PN4-N5 move: he closes and threaten him with a double attack
the rook's rank (towards the KR file) or indeed with mate. 3. P-B7 ! BxP
and opens his KRf{88 diagonal Examples: 4. K-B6 ! L"R{ (Qr
to4
 ft
F, gueen \rith the possible ll7. The bishop may not leave the di-
E. . ., FK6 ch after 7. K-B3. agonal under pendty of 5. K-N6
L. L KIIBBEL, 1937. mate (!).
'+-- P-N3 !
S. K-NS (QZ) ch and wins.

aho tries to resofttotrickery: Perhaps more eventful but essen-

-*
[mn to dday his P-N4 till after tially similar is the next end-game.
h's K-Nz, so as to achieve the
F variation- I 18.
Ic trve now reached the point at
h hel-headed deliberation is the I. IIASEK, rgz3.
put of valour. Before charging
-r 6xsil to strike the decisive blow
Fil
t-ii d for some circumspection.
Vhite wins.
P-N+
P-Ns
Q-Rz It is more efficient to "camouflage"
the battery temporarily than to fire it
Iry other rnove would be followed at once.
Irc orqueco
the loss of the queen. Thus
Es does not fall victim to
r. P-B6 ! P-R8 (Q !
lu mact but is forced to sacrifice lVhite wins.
Id so as to delay the mate. Necessary opening of Black's KRZ
for the bishop because if r. . . ., Kx P To set up a battery it seems most
,t R-N3 ch K-N2 expedient to play r. K-B6. But in
! QxB 2. P-BZ, 3. K-Q6 ch !, that case r. . .., B-Nr ! z. P-B6,
'i BxQ and wins. K-Br +. B-N+ ch White wins.
B{4 3. P-87, B-Nz would solve
Black's problems. Nor is the other
z. BxQ B-Rz attempt r. B-Br more promising
since after r. . . ., P-B5 ! (opening
Apcsimiry of discovered check- After 2...., Kx P the win is as- the diagonal), z, P-B6, B-Q6 !
f[ mc advantage in space-can sured by l. P-87, K-Nz 4. K{6 3. P-B7, B-Rl would take the sting
iE rpociel cotrtent to otherwise bar- ch, K-Br 5. B-N7 chl, KxB 6. out of the pawn. A third attractive
jrrr}ings with bishops of opposite K-Q7. As we see, the discovery possibility: r. K-Q6, P-R7! 2.
Fl A bishop hiding in the assists the pawn in trvo variations. In P-B6 (2. B*KS ch?, K-Nr 3.
Er of its king can take aim at a ttre third however, it makes possible P-B6, P-B5!) 2. ..., P-R8 (a)
dt ting that is cramped for space the winning of Black's bishop.
him with a double affack
l. B-KS ch would meet the case if
Jrtrecen Black captured the bishop: but un-
rlhd with mate. 3. P-B7 ! BxP fortunately there is no win after
,rL-nFles - 4. K-B6 ! B-R+ (Qr) 3. . . ., K-Nl!! since 4. BxQ
r05
would again be met by..., P-B5 Very similar in its features to the The seventh rank is a &ngr
and...rB-B4. discovered check is the check with for fear of z. R-R7 ch- t.. . o X
By a process of elimination we discovery (Voellmy's Schachab- would be followed by z. P4
sooner or later arrive at the sound zug). In this case not the "Piece and in case of z. ..., KxP
opening move : in imbush" but the "oPening Piece" .. ., K-N5, 3. P-Bl ch t
grves check to the opponent's king. after 2. . . ., K-K4 or 2. .., K
r. P-B6 ! P-Rz This aaion extends the rauge of the 3. P-B+ ch leads to tu
z. K-B6 !! B-Nr ! ambush, offering a result. Finally if Black fu
ack on the oPen line. continuation r. . . ., K-B4 z P.
If z. . . ., P-R8 (Q
Vrhite can this motif draws our ch,K-BS ! l.R-B6 ch ! ril
set up his battery with 3. B-K5 ! of all to the Perils the king into the range d Tl
and the viaory is assured. G. ..., incident to opening a line with a KBP.
Q-RZ ! +. P-B7, Q-Nr 5. K- pawn. The same fate awais H[tt
K7 ch !) After the text continuation r. . . ., K-Q4 2. P-K4 ch !, K
l. B-KS? is wrong owing to ..., I 19. 3. R-B6 ch !
B-Q+ but White may bravely face
up to the seeming dangers of Black's H. RINCK, r9zo. 2. P-B4 ch ! K-KS
queening.
If z. .. ., K-B4 or 2. . . o K-
3. P-B7 ! P-R8 (Q ch 3. P-K4 ch.
4. B-K5 ! Q-KN8
3. R-K6 ch K{+ I

!ilhite threatened 5. K-N6 discov- 4. P-K4 ch ! md riE,

ered mate, therefore Black's reply
was a forced one. ***
White's one and only pra i
5. P-B8 (Q) Q-Ns hero of the next queen eodIr
Otherwise 6. QxP or-in case of
120.
5. . . ., Q-Nz ch?-6. KxP wins.
lVhite wins. L. I. KUBBEI. tyt-
6. Q-R8 ! Q_R+
Black must defend both his KN3 Though tucked away behind two
pawns in the initial position, \[hite's E
and KR8. If 6. . . .,
Q-N8 Z. Q-Bg
wins. (The threat is Q-R5 and Q- bishop manages in a few moves to
R3 since Black must not play . . ., capture the hostile queen which is
B-R2 because of the reply K-B7 !) conveniently stancling on the same *
diagond. All one has to do is to force G

Black's king to such squares as can be

7. Q-Nz ! Q-R3 ch
attacked by the line-vacating pawns
8. Q-N6 ! QxQ ch with check.
9. KxQ ch and mate !

*** r. R-R.6 ch K-K4

ro6
 its features to the The seventh rank is a danger zone t. Q-B3 ch K-K4 !
the check with forfear of z. R-R7 ch. r. . . ., K-B4
lplery (Voellmy's Schachab- would be followed by z. P-K4 ch
..., KXP or z. If r, . . ., K-N4, then z. Q-Nz
IL In this c:$e not the "Piece and in case of z. ch !, K-R+ () l. Q-N6 mate or 2.
! rhh" but the "opening piece" . . ., K-N5, 3. P-Bl ch wins ;
. . ., K-B+ (S) 3. P-K4 $) ch wins
h Acct to the opponent's king. after 2. . , ., K-K4 ot 2. .. ., K-N4
the queen owing to the opening of the
B uloo extends the range of the 3. P-B+ ch leads to the same second rank.
5r tying in ambush, offering a result. Finally if Black chooses the
tdilny of attack on the open line. continuation r. . . ., K-B4 2.P-ru
:h dgtsEes this motif draws our ch, K-BS ! t.R-86 ch ! will force z. Q-K3 ch K-B+
tsiln Eost of all to the perils the king into the range of White's
iridcm to opening a line with a KBP. 2...., K{4?? 3. QxKP ch
The same fate awaits Black after
ii_

!l.
r". . . ., K--Q4 2. P-K4 ch ! , K-BS
I 19. 3. R-86 ch ! K-K4 !
and wins,
H. RINCK, r9zo. 2. P-B4 ch ! K-Ks
because any ofthe four possible moves
If z. .. ., K-B4 or 2. . . ., K-Q4, would be followed by the opening of
3. P-K4 ch. the second rank with check: 4. ...,
K-Q+ (B+) 5. P-K4 ch! or 4.
3. R-K6 ch K{+ (B+) . . ., K-{5 5. P-K3 ch! or 4. . . .,
4. P-K4 ch ! and wins. K-KS 5. PxP ch! and Black loses
*** his queen and the game.

White's one and only pawn is the

hero of the next queen end-game :

120.

Vhite wins. L. I. KUBBEL, 1927. If subtle manoeuvres get us no-

where we may often find it expedient to
fbo$ nrcked away behind rwo resort to line opening in order to
IE in the initial position, White's help an insignificant pawn to promo-
nry -o''ages in a few moves to tion. We cannot expect our opponent
;trc the hmtile queen which is to hand us the advantage accruing
standing on the same from opening a line on a plate-it is
-:aicdy
hrl AII one has to do is to force much more likely that we shall have
hHs ting to such squares as can be to work hard to reach a winning posi-
Ed by the line-vacating parvvns tion. Discovery with check, the motif
t r+r.cl we have seen in the former example,
is enforced by energetic means in the
r R-R6 ch K-K4 next study:

r07
 l2l.
V. and M. PLATOV, r9rr.
lVhite wins.
White has a strong passed Pawn,
but the position of his king is rather
shaky. These two factors determine
the line of attack and counter-attack.
r. P-B7 ! Q-K4
scene; but now reserves too must be In this situation, for insmc,
mobilized to decide the issue. piece for which we have to oIED r
now in order to secure its suc
Q-N4 ch !! KxQ
5. intervention, is not eveD. oo ft b
6. P{4 ch !
yet.
This possibility of opening the di-
agonal was the drawback to Black's r. B-Q4 !! PxB
first move. It was of course "present" z. P-R8 (Q) P4r (
in the initial position, our iob has
merely been to spot it and find a way And now we can see sfoy it
to exploit it to White's benefit. necessary to vacate the QB
White wins, although the annihi- White's queen goes into er"im
lation of Black's pawns withthebishop checks and defeas her crnt
still calls for accurate and careful play. counterpart.
PRELIMINARY OPENING K-D{Z
OF A LINE K4,z
If by moving a piece we open a line K-Dm
which will be occupied by the offen-
sive "line-piece" (queen, rook or In this way Black c-'r r
bishop) only on the next move, we hamper the queen's advm. ft
!
speak of preliminary line opening. the achievement of the riming 1

The attribute "preliminary" applies tion-the capture of the QP by u

A strong reply against the menac- not to the motif of the line oPening included-is only 3 rnrter qf 1

ing z. R-R8 ch. Black plans to PlaY itself but to the faa that the open line The instructive technique d lfotr
2...., K-N6 threatening ..., Q- will not be immediately utilized for tion:
N7 mate. The queen also prevents the some tactical operation, but at a later 6. Q{f ch!, K-RZ! Z. Q
annoying 3. R-NS ch. stage. ch!, K-R6! (7. ..., K-Iff?
But Black's move has a drawback 122. FB, mate!) 8. FR6 ctl, K-
to it, one that is not easily spotted at g. Q-NS ch, K-R6 ro- a
this stage. . .
H. RINCK r9r7. ch, K-NZ rr. Q-N4 ct, K-
12. Q-R4 ch!, K-NZ l- - o
z. R-R8 ch K-N6 N8 ? is wrong agaitr becarsc dr
3. R-R3 ch !! KxR 13. QxP ch, K-N8 14 Q-f,,
i "%, K-RZ 15. FR4 ch!, K-Nl
to
This is the right moment for White
queen and gain time. But his %i fN+ ch, K-R7<d r
coup de grAce i 17. K-Bz!, I
troubles are not over yet. wins'
**r
4. P-B8 (Q ch K-N6 !
In the next-som€f,tfi EE I

After 4. . . ., K-RZ 5. Q-R8 ch plicated-example V'hiE h ft

White's queen would appear on the open the way for hb bhry r
ro8
Bh now reserres too must be In this situation, for instance, the his minor pieces can co-operate
bd m decide the issue. piece for which we have to open a line smoothly in their fight against Black's
KxQ now in order to secure its successful queen.
intervention, is not even on the board
yet. 123.
hocsmity of opening the di-
I m the drawback to Black's r. B{4 !! PxB L. I. KUBBELT 1925.
fG. It was of course "present" z. P-R8 (Q) P-R8 (Q)
p fuitial position, our job has
ItcFr to sPot it and find a waY And now we can see why it was
lft it to White's benefit.annihi- necessary to vacate the QR file:
L riDs, although the White's queen goes into action with
,dEeck's pawns with the bishop checks and defeats her cornered
t fur accurate and careful play. counterpart.

IELL\TINARY OPENING 3. Q-R8 ch K-Nz

OF A LINE
f uring a piece we open a Iine
iri[t be occupied by the offen-
tepiece" (queen, rook or
p! oty on the next move, we
ld pdiminary line oPening.
;Efr@e "preliminary" applies
Jft motif of the line oPening
hto the fact that the open line
h bc immediately utilized for
,Ei:l operation, but at a later
122.
IL RINCK rgr7.
+. Q-N7 ch K-R7 !
5. Q-R6 ch K-N8 !
In this way Black can at White wins.
hamper the queen's advance, though
least
r. P-B6 !! PxP
the achievement of the winning posi-
tion-the capture of the QP by tempo
included-is only a matter of time. Though the sense of this line-open-
ing pawn sacrifice is not obvious at
The insuuctive technique of liquida-
tion: once, Black cannot help accepting it,
0. Q{g ch!, K-RTI 7.Q-B+ otherwise the pawu can no longer be
stopped. (After r. ...,
ch!, K-R6! (7. ..., K-N8?? 8. Q-QR8?
Q-Bz mate!) 8.
Q-R6 ch!, K-N7 z. B,-B,6 ch wins.)
g. Q-NS ch, K-R6 ro. Q-RS
ch, K-NZ rr. Q-N+ ch, K-R7 z. B-B7 ch K{5
l,2. Q-R+ ch!, K-NZ (. . ., K- 3. B-R5 !!
N8 ? is wrong again because of mate ! )
13. QxP ch, K-N8 14. Q-K4 ch, This "quiet" threatsning move de-
K-RZ 15. Q-R4 ch!, K-N7 16. monstrates the queen's plight. It is
Q-N+ ch, K-R7-and now the difficult to find how 4. B-Bl ch and
coup de grAce : rT. K-Bz!, White S. P{+ ch (with discovery) can be
wins' averted, for after 3. .. ., Q-N8 4.
** * N-K2 ch wins. In case of 3. ...,
Q{R8 or 3. ..., Q-K4 +. B-Bl
Inthe next-somewhat more com- ch decides the issue. If the king
plicated-example Vhite has first to moves, White immediately wins by
open the way for his bishop so that gviog check with the QP.

r09
 There would be only one possibi- r. P-K6 ! PxP 125.
lity. . .

The pawn must be taken, to take A. A. TROITSKY, rBgG

3.-- Qx BP the sting out of the mate threat on the
KN fi.Ie. This could not be parried
. . . if we had not vacated the even by Black's closing his fourth
QR7-KNI diagonal before, iust for rank, for after r. . . ., P{4 z. R-Bz,
the purpose ! PxN 3. R-KNz the mate would be
inevitable.
4. B-N6 ch P-B+
5. BxP ch ! KxB z. R-KN5 ! Q-Br !
6. N-K4 ch and wins.

If z. .. ., Q-N2 Vhite wins by the

Nor can the third line-piece, the forced opening of the seventh rank:
rook, display its full powers unless it 3. R-N8 ch, K-B2 4. N{6 ch !
has open files and ranks at its disposal. P xN S. R-NZ ch. Ve shall come
The rook's freedom of action is back to this motif later. Vhiu @iar.
hampered much more by the presence
of pawns than is the bishop's ; rook K-Bz
manoeuvres are, therefore, very often K-Bg !7hite's active pieccs dE;'l
preceded by some line-opening pawn coune of events by wry dlb
sacrifice. ing. This possibility is 6rh
124. several variations.
Not only closes the queen's diagonal
against the threat of . .., $R8 ch,
L. I. KUBBEL, l916. but also threatens mate (R-KB8). If r. Q-B8 ch K-
Black tries to parry the threat by way
of 5. ..., K-Bz or 5. ..., QxN he r. . . ., K-Nl would rrril
would lose his queen owing to the FBZ ch, K-Rf f. :i--Ef
extended scope of the knight or the But we shouldn't ovedmk ' i
rook. (S. N-f5 ch or 5. R-B8 ch.) of r. . .., K-K4? Z !|t-D{
would bring about 6c &iE
5.-- P-K4 opening because fu 6E rtr
the obstade on the Q fh iz - -
Only this 66square vacating" is It) f . fBS ch would rin ft e
possible, yet it has the drawback
that the sixth rank is also opened for z. N-N7! Q-
Vhite's rook.
Vhite wins.
Aftcr any o6cr qmcu D
Here the most promising plan is to
6. R-N6 ch K-B+ ..., FNf or -82 c -t
rush the rook to the KNfile. There-
Z. RxQ andwins.
!i-B5 ch would follc,r d I
fore: *** qoca would sm fl virl

IIO
 PxP 125. double attack. The result is also the
same after z. . . ., Q-R2 3. N-Q8
p prn rnurit be taken, to take A. A. TROITSKY, 1896. ch ! etc.
hm of the mate threat on the
}. fUs ould not be parried
:q7 Rt"ct's dosing his fourth Besides the text move Black's K8
also seems to offer a safe refuge to the
lfrdEr r. . . ., P{42. R-Bz, queen; after z. . . .rQ-K8, however,
I 3; R-KNz the mate would be
tr 3. N-BS ch, K-K4 4. N-Q3 ch!!
would force the opening of the K file
with the continuation 4. ..., PxN
fXli5 ! Q-Br !
5. Q-K8 ch and 6. Q x Q. This
pattern appears also for the third
f - . -, FNz Vhite wins by the 'me in the text continuation.
I qlcaiDg of the seventh rank:
5ilt ct, K-B2 4. N{6 ch ! 3. N-B5 ch K-K4
I 5; R-Nl ch. We shall come ch! K-Q3
lVhite wins. 4. Q-R8
-ftb motif later. 5.NxPch!! PxN
6. Q-Q8 ch and wins.
L-N8 ch K-Bz \[hite's active pieces decide the
IFNS ch K-Br course of events by way of line open-
IfBl!! ing. This possibility is ofered in CLEARING THE PATH,
several variations.
tott d.ces the queen's diagonal CLEARING A SQUARE
h Oc threat of . . ., SR8 ch,
h teatears rnate (R-KB8). If r. Q-B8 ch K-K3! There are also instances of line
inirs to parry the threat by way openingin which the piece moving
,--o K-Bz or 5. ..., QXN he r. . .., K-Nl would result in z. away does not open a line completelS
ll bc his queen owing to the Q-BZ ch, K-R3 3. N-B5 mate. but only in part, leaving room for the
td scope of the knight or the But we shouldn't overlook that in case movement of another piece. Some-
;$. N-K5 ch or 5. R-B8 ch.) of r. .. ., K-K4? 2. N-B4 ch! times the stress is only laid on the
would bring about the desired line square that has been vacated by the
P-K4 opening because after the removal of "opening" piece. This is what we
the obstacle on the Q file (2. . .., P X call clearing a square. ff again the
N) f . Q-BS ch would win the queen. opening move lengthens a line for
f,r d'is Gtquare vacating" is another piece to pass along it, we
E yet it has the drawback speak of clearing the path. The
ft si-th rank is also opened for z. N-N7! Q-Qz two concepts need not be sharply
616L separated from each other or from the
K-B+ After any other queen move (2. concept of line opening for that mat-
l'-N5 ch
. . ., Q-Ng or
3xa and wins. -Bz or
N-BS ch would follow -B6)
and
3.
Black's
ter, since the underlying motif is the
same in all. Thedifference in form will
*** queen would soon fall victim to a be illustrated by some examples.

rII
 126. Forced, since White threatened vacates the square for thc 1
and opens the way for the pu
+. N-Bl mate ! Now White renews
L. I. KUBBEL' 1935. his threat and forces the win of tive queen in advance !
Black's queen with a discovered
check. r.
-- P-I.It(
"mwi z. F-R8 (Q ch B-R6
% 4. K-Nz! KxP 3. Q-N8 ch! K-Rt
5. N-B6 ch and wins.
The activity achieved by lirpq
,%H ing slackens now, but the ro*
127. still render good services by &i
off Black's queen from guardiq
A. P. GULYAEV, r93o. KNz pawn.

w 4. R-Rr! QxR
White wi,ns. H 5. QxP ch and wiu

r. P-K5! because the queen can gradurry

This opening move all of a sudden
increases the activity of White's
pieces. Black is threatened by 2.
P-N+ mate.
r.-- PxP
z. N-K4 ch
The knight move the re-
closes
cently opened fourth rank. It will be
seen that the first move not only
opened the fourth rank for the rook
but also vacated a square for
knight. Both the "square" and the
"line" are important here. The for-
mer because it enables the knight to
take up an offensive position near the
queen, the latter because on account
of the discovery threat Black's king
is shut off from th. QN, QB and Q
of the fourth rank. (2.
squares
K-NS(B5 or Q5) 3. N-B6 ch !
K-N4!
K-Rs
proach the king, by continnous d
(Q-Bz-86-K6-K5{j{
B4-B3-N3), and rnates b-" Q
(The finish is a t5rpical €.--'!t
* time-gaining manoeuwes.)
***
A fine example of prelirnin*lr'
lYhite wins.
opening is shown by the trer s
128.
'White's rook is unable to leave the
L. I. KIIBBEL, r9r#
the eighth rank, yet it is obvious that it
must vacate the QR8 square for the
pawn, since Black too is readY to
queen. To vacate the square is in
itself not enough, however. We must
also reckon with the possibility that
after queening(P-R8 (Q ch) Black
B-R6),
can interpose his bishop (. . .,
..., therefore some other opportunity of
further intervention must be sought.
Accordingly:
r. R-R8! lYhite witlr.
 forceq since White threatened vacates the square for the pawn ed in queen-
+ N-Bl mate ! Now White renews and opens the way for the prospec- lgetizable by
Er 6reat and forces the win of tive queen in advance ! of rook and
trrlis queen with a discovered knight and who "see" a few things at
.$.ck r.-- P-N8(Q) first glance (e. g. that there is no
ch
z. P-R8 (Q) B-R6 risk in playrng r. R-Rr !; or even in
a K-Nz! KxP 3. Q-N8 ch! K-R8 z. R-KNI after Black's . . ., Q-NZ)
5. N-B6 ch and wins. will find it hard to hit upon the first
The activity achieved by line vacat- move :
ing slackens now, but the rook can
127. still render good seryices by driving
off Black's queen from guarding her r. P-N6 !!
A P. GULYAEV' r93o. KNz pawn.
Strange as it may be, this opening
4. R-Rr! QxR move paves the way for the interyen-
5. QxP ch and wins, tion of the rook on QR8 ( !) with a
view to winning the queen !
because the queen can gradually ap- The pawn must be taken lest it be
proach theking by continuous checks promoted after r. Q-NZ 2.
'ffi
%l
(Q-Bz-B6-K6-Ks-Qs{+-
B4-B3-N3), and mates by Q x B.
P x P, Q-NS ch 3. N-B3 ch.

t&'%, (The finish is a typical example of r.-- PxP

time-gaining manoeuvres. ) z. R-Rr !
Q-Nz !

***
A fine example of preliminary line 2. . . .t QxR or . . ., QxRp would
Vhite wins. opening is shown by the next study: be followed by a knight fork to king
and queen. The same fate would
128, await Black after z. . .., QxQp l.
TSlhite's rook is unable to leave the L. I. KUBBEL, r9r4. R-R+ ch, K-K4 +. R-RS !, e x R
It+rth rank, yet it is obvious that it 5. N-B4 ch.
Gt vacate the QR8 square for the
X:rD, since Black too is readY to But V/hite can force Black to cap-
FEro- To vacate the square is in ture the QP-though from the other
irtf not eoough, however. We must side.
*o reckon with the possibility that
, ftr queening (P-R8 (Q ch) Black R-KNI
3. ! QxQP
. cE imcrpce his bishoP (. . ., B-R6),
rHue some other oPPortunitY of
fficr intervention must be sought. 3. . . ., QxR? +.N-Bl ch, etc.
Arrorvlingly:
4. R-N4 ch K-B4 !
r- R-R8! lYhiu ains. 5. R-N5 !

I13

We can also ensnare the queen on
this wing but only because we have
previously taken care to vacate the
KN file up to the fifth rank.
J.-- QxR
6. N-K4 ch and wins.
Ve devote a special chaPter
to the examination of knight forks
and other extraordinary feats of the
knight. (See: The Range of the
Knight, pp. rgo-r%)
tr4
It is enough to remember-on the
basis ofthe examples inthis chapter-
thatinorder toincrease the mobil-
ity and activity of our pieces, we
have to secure paths, sPace, open
lines for them. We should watch-
fully explore the chances of increas-
ing the range of our pieces ; and re-
move obstacles as quickly as possible.
Nimzovitch once said: "Do well
by your pieces-and they wiU be
grateful for it ! "
You can't do better bY them than
to give them ample elbow-room. . .
CLO
In the previors chlp x
pointed out that the pis d
besides their "contlol eftrg"
tain "corporal effect" which fo r
of particular attentioa ,rnd"3 I
operations.
The .'corporal effecf ir u
ed in that the piece, ir{
of its kind, dmes, by ir
presence, the file, raDt md &
running through the sqrc
pied by it.
If we regard line Aafr
natual consequence d: -+,
(line interferene), E qf t
serne about linedcing. Ewr5r:
EoYe leads to thc o,pcoi; r
tain lines and, at tfrc e
to the closing of oth:rr. Tb
ing is the consequqrce d r-
sqrnrc, the dming is ft rrr
occupying another sitr ft
piece.
If we e=amine 1ft clr;ng o
rx)t as a general
an intended opemi:o, E !
he8i" with weigLing is pl
crrrs, that is its usrfrl d h
sides.
Vhile the opeuiug d E.-a
iDcrcasc themohlity ul
-r
ragp of the piec, li'r Gti
t.

i is :::ugh to remember-on the
us cf -: examples in this chapter-
t in order to increase the mobil-
eod activity of our pieces, we
rte to secure paths, space, open
cs for them. We should watch-
F c=;-::e the chances of increas-
t5e rc.ge of our pieces; and re-
e l rstacles as quickly as possible.
Scz..-,-:i.h once said: "Do well
ro- ;ieces-and they will
rd:- fcr it I "
fgrq :::''g do better by them
Ei"r-e ::ecn ample elbow-room. .
CLOSING OF LINES
be
In the previous chapter we have
pointed out that the pieces displap
than
besides their "control effectr" a cer-
.
tain "corporal effect" which is worthy
of particular attention during tactical
operations.
The t'corporal effect" is manifest-
ed in that the piece, irrespective
of its kind, closes, by its very
presence, the file, rank and diagonals
running through the square occu-
pied by it.
If we regard line opening as a
natural consequence of each move
(line interference), we may say the
same about line closing. Every single
move leads to the opening of cer-
tain lines and, at the same time,
to the closing of others. The open-
ing is the consequence of vacating a
square, the closing is the result of
occupying another with the same
piece.
If we examine the closing of lines
not as a general phenomenon, but as
an intended operationr we should
begin with weighing its pros and
cons, that is its useful and harmful
sides.
While the opening of lines tends to
increase the mobility and extend the
range of the pieces, line closing evi-
8*
dently has the reverse effect; it
restricts both the mobility of the
pieces and their scope.
We may accordingly benefit from a
line-closing manoeuvre if it even-
tually restricts the mobility of the
opponent's pieces without interfer-
ing with the freedom of movement
in our own camp.
In principle, line interference can
be effected, like line opening, in two
different ways.
One is to play a piece so that
it obstructs a mobile piece of the
opponent, the other to force the
opponent to make a move by which
he closes the lineof his own piece.
Besides these methods we can also
make use of line interference by spar-
ing a hostile piece that is closing a line
and is thus harmful to its own camp-
and if necessary, by blocking it on its
square. In short, by preventing the
opponent from opening a line or by
avoiding a disadvantageous line open-
ing we can make capital of some exist-
ing line interference as well.
In case of line interference it is
always the (ccorporal effect" and not
the .'control effect" of the ttclosing"
piece that restricts the freedom of
movement.
II5
 129.
A. A. TROITSKY, t924.
White wins.
White's task is to shut off Black's
rook from the Q file and, by control-
ling the eighth rank, keep it away from
the Q8 square. This task cannot be
solved by r. K-Qz owing to the
continuation r. .. ., R-K5 ! z. K-
Ql, R-QN5 ! and 3. ..., R-Nr. It
will be clear already at this stage that
there is no point in chasing the rook to
another rank where it can roam freely,
for it is exactly on the third rank that
itenjoys the least freedom of move-
ment, being impeded by its own king.
then follows 2. B-BZ ch and White's one ofthe players is forced into, ra
Q5 square is forbidden to the rook, than chosen by him voluntarily.
leaving no defence against f. P-QZ
and 4. P-Q8 (4.)
130.
That is why Q3 must be guarded
from Kl.{6 and not from Kz. After H. WEENINK, r9r;
r. B-Kz Black can secure a draw by
r. . . ., R-Kl ! z. P-Q7, R-{3 ch,
etc.
v/t7/,!l
7' "/il
r. R-R6
- - ,rt
'ryr
Only in this way or by r. . . ., R-
KB6 can Black manage to play his
rook to his first rank. There is no
essential difference. . . ., R-R6 is
only preferable because Black can
prolong his agony by several "spite
checks."
White atins.
2. P-Q7 R-Rr
3. B-KS and wins,
The diagram is rather recoiui*r
of the preceding one, and fu rirr
because there are no more checks tor
solution hinges again on the ptei
Black dter 3. . .., R-R8 ch 4. K-
K2, R-R7 ch S.K-KI ! , R-R6 ch
exploitation of the motif of :
interference.
6. K-K4 !, R-R5 ch 7. K-K5 ;
nor can he approach White's Q8 If the natural opening @:lFB
P-R7 is met by r. . . ., R-\r,.
either from the eighth rank or the
line-interference manoerrrre r=l
Q file. duced by z. B-Nl chl aa,C .r
The winning move $. B-K8) has
pleted by 3. B-N8! l.ap. to frc
demonstrated a typical case of line
r

This would be of the rerr s:.'Yr t

r. B-N6
!
This move does not "close" the Q
file to the rook, yet it takes the Q3
square from it through the control
effect of the bishop. The same control
effect extends directly to the K4 arrd
K8 squares, and indirectly to K5 and
K6. (In case of r. . . ., R-Kl White
can pin the rook by z.B-Bl; and if
Black chooses to play r. . . ., R-K+
r16
interference by the simple interposi-
tion of a Vhite:t::
As mentioned before, line interfer-
ence may also arise through one side
obstructing the path of its own piece
by another. This is termed self-inter-
ference. Being in principle harmful,
self-interference is mostly a situation
we have seen in the preriu-urs $G
Black, however, can put lr.D 1
=
stubborn resistance.
r. P-R7 R-N. d
This intermediate cho* Fm
spoke in White's wheel whicfo s€cr
to roll so smoothly towards sia
for now his king must ste-s sb-r €f
third rank, otherwise Black co
ilIos: :. B-B7 ch and White's
Bffi is forbidden to the rook,
! lr-- cefence against f. P-QZ
P{S:Q.)
r h ;-:r- Q3 must be guarded
N6 a:i not from Kz. After
k Bla;k can secure a draw by
R-K; i z. P-Q7, R-{3 ch,
one of the players is forced into, rather
than chosen by him voluntarily.
130.
H. V/EENtrNK, r9r7.
safely accept the bishop to be offered
on KN3, capturing it with check. Nor
may the king give up his watch over
QRt and QRz for fear of . . ., R-QR8
(7) with the capture of the pawn.
The bishop should therefore inter-
vene by another kind of line inter-
ference.

R_R6 z. K-Nr ! R-NS ch

r n -js q'ay or by r. . . ., R-
:m, Biack manage to play his
o i::s Erst rank. There is no
Ct dference. . .., R-R6 is
;r*;1:a:1e because Black can
agony by several "spite
:--tt
R-Rr
-tt
:F.S and wins,
e t::e are no more checks for
6- i. . . ., R-R8 ch 4. K-
;: 5, K-K3 ! , R-R6 ch
-R-
-K+ . , R-R5 ch 7. K-K5 ;
c, ; - approach Y/hite's Q8
ic:. ',.he eighth rank or the
r r:::s $. B-K8) has
move
sua:3.-l',-a qpical case of line
ffi:: the simple interposi-
r e Ei,te
:t. :
1jr.tg.ra3d before, line interfer-
Eflf a.Lsu-r arise through one side
lcg rhe path of its own piece
ilfuff. Thrs is termed self-inter-
c. B<rng in principle harmful,
erd-erence is mostly a situation
3. B-Kr ! !
Line interference again. The only
thing out of the common is that ttre
bishop is undefended, and thus easily
removed by Black.
What has then been the purpose of
this sacrifice? To force Black into
White wins.
self-interference. We can see that
the presence of the king on the K file
is Cisadvantageous to Black on account
The diagram is rather reminiscent
of the preceding one, and in fact the of his barring the rook's way towards
solution hinges again on the prudent his Kr.
Though Black is not compelled to
exploitation of the motif of line accept the sacrifice, after the possible
interference.
If the natural opening move r. 3. . . ., R-Nr \X/hite wins again with
P-R7 is met by r. . . ., R-Nr, the 4. B-N3 ch ! etc.
line-interference manoeuvre intro-
duced by z. B-Nl ch! and com- RxB ch
pleted by 3. B-N8! leaps to the eye. R-K7 ch
R-K6 ch
This would be of the very same type
we have seen in the previous study.
Blaclg however, can put up a more
Naturally not 6. K-R4? because of
stubborn resistance.
6. . . ., R-K8 ! and 7. . .., R-QR8.
r. P-R7 R-N7 ch !
6.-- R-K5 ch
This intermediate check puts a 7. K-N5 ! and wins,
spoke in White's wheel which seemed
to roll so smoothly towards victory, since the promotion can no longer be
for now his king must stay shy of the prevented.
third rank, otherwise Black could ***
r17
 R-Nz P-B+ Menaced by Black's far-a.j';
l3l. 3. passed pawn, White seeks hj-s ;:
4. R-Kz ! P-Bs
in a mating attack.
J. BEHTING, 1893.
White's third move was only a r. P-N6 ch K-\t
tempo move, but the fourth was very
essential and deeply calculated. It is White's pawn rrlove-{E'e]r
very important that the rook be now fifth rank-would have led r.- =
placed on Kz in order to prevent the Black had played r. .. .: K-
escape of the knight via K3 (. . ., (2.R-R5 ch)
N-K6) after KxP. z. RxP K-Br
5. KxP N-Bz The danger of mate is c-Tt
6. K-B3 ! N-R.8 Black's queen is in the E:.s.i
7. R-KRz and wins. to counteract this? We rn's: .lr
to intensify the attack b-; U
White's king to help and rl-c z-
lVhite wins. permitting Black to intent--
In order to force through the clos-
This end-game is a fine example of ing of a line even maior sacrifices may 3. N-Q5 !! KP N
preliminary line interference by pawn prove expedient if the returns are
expected to be in proportion to the The sacrifice must be a;.-
sacrifice.
"investment." The aim in view is account of the mate ttr;:: :.
r. P-B6 ! PxP mostly to restrict the range of a K-Kr would be met by -,r- \--K
queen or a rook. In Diagram No. r3o Now, with the Q fiI. clesai E
\X/hite's queening cost a bishop; in king can safely set out b:.s Qf :
r. . . ., P-RS (Q ? z. R-Rr ch,
the next end-game a knight is sacri- Black's fate.
K-NZ 3. RxQ, KxR 4. P-BZ
wins. AIso r. . . ., P-B7 offers no ficed to curtail the radius of Black's ! P{!
+. K-BS
help, since after z. R-Rr ch, P-B8 queen.
5. K-Q6 ! e-K!
(Q g.RxQ, KxR 4.P-B7, P-R8 t32.
(Q S. P-B8 (Q) ch, K-Nz White The mate can onlr- be .;;-.i
forces the king to play . . ., K-R7 L. I. KUBBEL, 1924. interposing the queen '.,i: -
and then he wins with K-Bz. (See Black has taken the km,:: c:
the text variation of Diagram No. KP), but after the l-rc-'::',: r
rzz.) ,"T "'m" ensuing pawn end-game :: :-ai*:,:

z. KxP P-R8 (N) !

t t for White.
,offi
gg
%T. 6.R-N8 ch Q-K:
z. . . .,P-R8 (Q) ch f . K-N3 and 7.RxQ.h KR.
8. P-B3 ! aa: E=
the mate or the queen's loss is inevi-
table. The cornered knight is of course
because White will prcc,..--3 :
no match for the rook, but in view of
the extra BP, White has to play very
K-Qr 9. K P, K
after 8. . . .,
ro. KxP, K-B3 rr. P-ts+
accurately.

r18
R-\: P-B+
R.-F.:: P-Bs
3 E.ri3. but the fourth was very
cirl a:.J deeply calculated. It is
iagn--r,aat that the rook be now
J cn K: in order to prevent the
e of rhe knight via K3 (. . .,
i.5 art:r K'(P.
K.P N-Bz
K-B3 . N-R8
R^-KR2 and wins.
crier to force through the clos-
Ia ii-' er-en major sacrifices may
: eslelient if the returns are
rci tr be in proportion to the
scn3it." The aim in view is
ty ir :estrict the range of a
?,*ar E rook. In Diagram No. r3o
r's :ulening cost a bishop ; in
r* e-j-game a knight is sacri-
;-:--a:1 the radius of Black's
:;
t32.
Menaced by Black's far-advanced rz. K-K6. 8. KxP would also win,
chances though White must be very careful.
passed pawn, \Vhite seeks his
in a mating attack. After 8. . . ., P-QS ! g. K-Q5,
K-K2 White has to force Black's
r. p_N6 ch K_Nr king to retreat : ro. K-KS !! . ro.
White's pawn move-opening the \*P? would be premature since
fifth rank_would have led to mate if after ro. . . ., K-Bl rr. K-Qs,
Black had played
" r. ...) K-R3?. 5'I :z' K-K6, K-Rz !! - 13'
(2. R-R5 ch) P-9+, P-N+ ! t4.K-B5, P-N5 !
! the position is a
z. RxP K-Br ll;Ii*,.K-Ng
The danger of mate is over and
Black's queen is in the making. How Here again we have a model exam-
to counteract this ? We must contrive ple of the "harmful piece" to illus-
to intensify the attack by bringing trate that sometimes line interference
White's king to help and that without may also be brought about in a
permitting Black to interfere. "passive" way. All we have to do is to
curb our greed and spare the oppo-
3. N-Q5 !! KPxN nent's line-closing piece, no matter
how alluring its capture may seem.
The sacrifice must be accepted on
account of the mate threat. 3. . . .,
133.
K-Kr would be met by 4. N-K (B) f .
Now, with the Q file closed, White's J. MORAVEC, r9r3.
king can safely set out his Q6 to seal
Black's fate.
4. K-B5 ! P-QS (Q)
K-Q6 Q-K8
5. !

The mate can only be avoided by '% "% t

L. I. KUBBEL, 1924. interposing the queen (that is why ,% %
Black has taken the knight with his %
KP), but after the liquidation the
ensuing pawn end-game is favourable
Itr
ffi %%
for l7hite.
lVhite wins.
6. R-N8 ch Q-Kr
7. RxQ ch KxR It would not do to stop Black's RP
8. P-B3 ! and wins, by r. R-R4, because after r.
I'-N4 z. R-R5 Black can secure a
because White will promote his BP draw even with a single pawn. It is far
K-Qr 9. KxP, K-K2
after 8. . . ., better to rush after thepawn with the
ro. KxP, K-B3 rr. P-B4, KxP king, though not with the purpose of

I19
overtaking it, but rather with the same
mating threat in mind that we have
seen in Diagram No. r3r. We also
remember the trouble we took there
to close the long diagonal ! Therefore:
P-Rs
P-R6
P-Rz
P-R8 (Q)
and wins,
because Black cannot parry the mate
threat with . ..,Q-KRr owing to
the NP closing the diagonal. White
also wins after 4. . . ., P-R8 (N):
S.K-Bl ! , P-N3 6. R-Nz, P-N4
7. R-Qz ! , P-NS ch 8. KxP,
N-BZ ch 9. K-Bl ! etc. (A familiar
pattern !)
It is also worth our while to examine
the alternative which demonstrates
the expediency of sparing the harmful
pawn : r. K-R7, P-N4 z. K-R6,
P-N5 and now 3. K-N5!! wins.
3.KxP?, P-N6 4. K-R4, P-N7
5. K-R (N)1, K-R8 ! 6. RxP
would o. rr"r"TT"j
After having outlined the concept,
the importance and the technique of,
Iine interference, let us get acquainted
with types of end-games in which the
line-closing manoeuvre is of very
frequent and indeed a characteristic
occurrence.
In the great majority of end-games
the capitalization of a passed pawn
is of decisive importance. An advanc-
ing pawn can be stopped by a knight
from certain points of the board and
also by a queen from several direc-
tions. Line interference is no weapon
T20
against a knight which simply jumps r. P-B6 !
over the head of any obstacle and of
little avail against a queen. If on the After r. N-Q6 ch, K-{
other hand the duty of stopping a r. N-K5, B-KZ Black r?n
White's RP. Even r. K-Bz ? g::
pawn devolves on a hostile rook or
no further because of r. . . .. B
bishop, its radius of action will mostly
z. P-86, P x P 3. P-R5, B
be restricted to a single line (diagonal)
whose closing may and should be 4. P-RZ, P-B4.
thought of. r.-- PF
That is why line-interference z. P-R6 B-B
manoeuvres accomplished with a 3. N-N5 H?
!
view to promoting a passed pawn
are mostly encountered in bishop 3....,K-Qr?4.P-R-le
and rook end-games. The most
frequently applied tactical means ot 4. N-K6 ! P-ts
curtailing the scope of a bishop is
self-interference with pawn (or pos- White threatened to "loCf, rE'
diagonal permanently rrith N-
sibly piece) sacrifice. The interven-
tion of a rook can usually be pre- even in case of 4. , . ., K+-
Black opens the diagonal. oelr L*
vented by the interposition of a knight
or a bishop. We have to point out that no bishop to control it.
the materially weaker side can
achieve surprising successes with 5. N-B7 ch K{
Iine-interference combinations es- 6. NxB K_B
pecially in positions where he is
an exchange to the bad. 6. . . ., K-Bl is a Zugzuq:
:
Let us look at some examples of tion (see Diagram No. -- . f-:
king simply walks up to taLre
closing a diagonal:
and wins. The same ha::es
='
t34. after the text continuade.- :*
I{. MATTISON, r9r4. RP must be secured first E:-:=;
K-Nr-Rz.
z. N-Bl F_N
7. . . ., K-Bz 8. N-Rr I *:
8. N-N5 ! P-B;
9. K-Bz ai r
***
In the fight of a knigf,r n,r,.'i ;
againsta bishop, line intcuecor
dnsr a i<night which simply jumps r. P-B6 ! part and arcel of the elementary
= tr :ead of any obstacle and of After r. N-Q6 ch, K-Ql or
technique of achieving victory. A
je a-;,:' againSt a queen. If On the pawn may be advanced to a square
ser :a:i the duty of stopping a r. N-K5, B-KZ Black can stop conuolled by the bishop if we pre-
r:B ::;r-l','es on a hostile rook or White's RP. Even r. K-Bz ? gets us
viously close the bishop's diagonal by
hce, i-*. raCus of action will mostly no further because of r. . . ., BXN ! interposing the knight.
E!-E:13.:. to a single line (diagonal)
z. P-86, P x P 3. P-R6, B-Q4 Of course, we cannot think of effec-
!s€ ;..-,:ing may and should be +. P-RZ, P-B4. tively restricting the bishop's scope by
rq.: ::. r.-- PxP the short-range knight unless our
mr rs why line-interference z. P-R6 B_B6 pawn is rather close to the promotion
@€tr\-F€s accomplished with a N-N5 B-Q4 square. Often it is also necessary to
3. !
r to promoting a passed pawn make use of the many-sided indirect
e mostl5' encountered in bishop 3. . . ., K-Qt ? 4. P-R7 ! wins. threats of the knight.
d rook end-garnes. The most N-K6 P-B+
rioer-.J. applied tactical means ot 4. !
135.
mrili:g the scope of a bishop is KLING and HORWITZ, r85r.
f-=::-trence with pawn (or pos- Vhite threatened to "lock up" the
diagonal permanently with N-B5,
f,r p::;e. sacrifice. The interven- even in case of 4. . . ., K-Qz. Now
o of a rook can usually be pre- Black opens the diagonal, only he has
rei. :-; the interposition of a knight
r L'r.::?. \Ye have to point out that no bishop to control it.
: rrraterially weaker side can
hicre surprising successes with 5. N-B7 ch K-Qz
c-inte rferenc combinations es-
e
6. NxB K-Br
sialts in positions where he is
ssshange to the bad. 6. . . ., K-Bl is a Ztgzwang posi-
[.eg :s lc.,.'k at some examples of tion (see Diagram No. ZZ). White's
F--.t diagonal :
king simply walks up to take the BP
='
and wins. The same happens also
r34. after the text continuation only the
H. .\L\TTISON, T9r4. RP must be secured first against . . ., r. K-K7 ! K-Rz
K-Nr-Rz.
r. . . ., B-R6 ch z. K-K8, B-Br
7. N-Bl K-Nr .., B-B4 3. N-N6 and 4. N-
(2. .
KZ !) f . P-Bl ch, K-N2 4. N-
7. . . ., K-Bz 8. N-R4 ! etc. N6 !, B-Qf 5. N-K7 and White
wins.
8. N-N5 ! P-Bs
9. K-Bz and wins. z. P-87 B-R6 ch
3. K-KS K-Nz
*** Threatening . . ., K-B3, therefore
In the fight of a knight and pawn White's line interference must be
Vhite wins. againsta bishop, Iine interference is accomplished with a gain of tempo.

t2l
 4. N-B4 ! B-N5 (Br) r. P-B6 ! In end-games u'ithcu: i:
knight or a bishop is ec::i-i:
4. . . ., B-B+ 5. N-N6 ! , B-Q3 A motif we have seen before. But it rookrhence the exchange ir2i -:
6. N-Q5, etc., ieads to the main is followed by a new one. ular importance. If rve ha;:
variation. two pawns besides the ='-::
r. B-K5 ch they may often suffic: :t :
S.N-Kl ! B-B4
z. - !!
-P-B3 !

Of course 5...., K-Bl was wrong
on account of 6. N-QS ch.
6.N-Qs B-Qr
7. N-K7 ! and wins.
The piquancy of the finish lies rn
the fact that after 6. . .., B-Br too
the winning move is 7. N-K7 !
From this we can see that Black was
inZugzwang. It is worth noting, how-
ever, that the Zugzwang is the result
of White's knight (and also the king)
blocking the way. Thus the line inter-
ference makes its effect in another
scales.
Line interference is a-.: i
This rather "ephemeral" line inter- weapon in the struggle b'e-'c=":
ference soon proves to be a valuable and knight, or rook anJ':rs:---:
gain of tempo, resulting in a quicker
mobilization of the king ( !). It is 137.
worth remembering that while the
king is an important protagonist in F. LAZARD.
most end-games his intervention is of
particular significance in the pre-
sence of bishops of opposite colours.
2.-- BxP ch
3. K-Rz ! PxP
4. P-R6 ! P-B4 !

sense as well'
***
Finally a very colourful and lively
bishop-ending demonstrates line-
interference motifs on diagonals.
116.
Now Black would be relieved of his
troubles after 5. P-RZ?, P-Q5 !.
Therefore some other threat must be
interpolated by which we can even-
tually frustrate Black's plan of open-
ing the diagonal with . . ., P-Q5. White :';:,;:.

HERBSTMAN and GORGIE% K-N3 In face of the thr-r. .

5. ! .

t929. 6. K-R4 ! K-N3 (or R3 r:i -r=j

and . . .,
to perform a miracle, i.:=:- '-
White has threatened Black with no to secure the promotio:- -: :--:
less than 7. B-B8 ! mate. The forced pawns.
flight of Black's Hrg, however, makes
possible the blockade of the QP with r. N-B4 ch ! f-
the bishop. z. N-I(6 !

7. B-K5 ch K-Bz White threatened i-, ;-:*: -

8. B-Q+ !! and rvins, with 3. N-Q8.He does -.:: se:
with a pawn sacrifice :i:: -,
since neither the capture nor its re- side.
fusal can prevent queening.
r. P-B6 I
In end-games rvithout pawns a 3. P-N8 (Q) ! RxQ
knight or a bishop is equivalent to a 4. N-BS !
A r.:ul we have seen before. But it rookrhence the exchange has nopartic-
t-o;,rL:;t-3J L,v a new one. ular importance. If we have one or In Black's place most players would
two pawns besides the minor piece, resign now, but the game is not fin-
I.
-
B-K5 ch ! they may often suffice to tip the ished yet; Black can still prevent an
. -P-Br ll scales. immediate queening.
Line interference is also a handy
Tt-:-. "ephemeral" line inter-
-i:er weapon in the struggle between rook 4.- - R-N+
rEaci s&1n proves to be a valuable and knight, or rook and bishop.
dr. c: ieropo, resulting in a quicker In case of the unsuspecting 5. P-
ffliza-u,rn of the king ( !). It is 137. K8 (Q ? Black would play . . ., R-K4
Iri ::membering that while the ch ! to be stalemated after 6. Q x R.
eg rs ar important protagonist in F. LAZARD, r9rr. To avert this threat a move must be
lst =L-games his intervention is of found that prevents both . . ., R-K4
lrficular significance in the pre- arrd the defensive . . ., R-Nr with
e,e ci bishops of opposite colours. one stroke.

a-- BxP ch 5. N-N6 !! and wins.

r- K.-R: I PxP
.s- F-R6 l P-B4 ! The crowning line interference is
one of fascinating efficiency.
Noa- BLack rvould be relieved of his
y:-bi= ater 5. P-RZ?, P-Q5 ! . 138.
i:er::;:e some other threat must be
rrst-Lted by which we can even- L. I. KUBBEL, r9o9.
aily r:suate Black's plan of open-
g E3 'iagonal with . . ., P-Q5. White wins.

-.- K-\3 In face of the threat. . ., R-Kr

6.K-R-+ and . . ., K-N3 (or R3) the knight has H
to perform a miracle, indeed, in order
:: :rs threatened Black with no to secure the promotion of one of the
s E= -. B-B8 ! mate. The forced pawns.
g=r :: Biack's Hrg, however, makes
iot.. -Ie blockade of the QP with r. N-B4 ch ! K-Rl
c b-bcp. z. N-I(6 ! R-Kr !
Whi.te wlns.
-- B-K< ch K-Bz White threatened to close the rank
s- B{+:: and rvins, with 3. N-Q8.He does the same now r. P-R7 R-B4 ch
with a pawn sacrifice from the other
n*:r leirher the capture nor its re- side. r. . . ., R-Rr ? z. 8-B6 ch wins.
itr{ ,-: prevent queening.

r23
 z. K-Kz R-K4 ch 3.- - R-K6 ch
+.K-R+ R-K5 ch
2. . . ., R-Br fails against 3. B-
86 ch !, K-B4 4. B-K7 ch ! etc. If q. .. ., R-KS, then 5. B-Q6 ch,
K-Nz 6. P-N8 (Q, R-R8 ch
E.K-Qz R-Kr Z. K-N+, R-N8 ch 8. B-Nl etc.,
4. B-Bz ch K-K+ wins.
5. B-N3 ch K-Kl
6. B-N8 ! and wins. s.K-Rs R-K4 ch
5. K-R6 R-K8 !
The strongest ! In case of 6. . . .,
R-Kl ch?, 7. KxP
and 8. P-N8
The problem of parrying the rook's (Q) easily wins. In the present situa-
harassing checks is also posed in the tion, howevett7. 8{6 ch? would be
next end-game. The hero is, however, a blunder, since after 7.. . ., K-Nz White zrins.
not the king but the bishop. Black can threaten either . .., R-Kr
or. . .r R-KRS-N8 ch.
139. r. B-Bz !!
7. B-B5 !! R-Kr
J. VANCURA, 1916. 8. KxP R-Qr Time-gaining line interfe::=*
opens another line. In tb.e a.r :
Black threatens to pin the pawn ter we shall enter into 8 Er.1t3 of
with . . ., R-Q2. White parries it by analysis of such motifs. \:;- E
way of another preliminary line inter- needs two moves to promote'-,. F
ference. therefore the task is to F-;=:
rook from seizing the QR '': -
9. B-K7 !! R-QBr moves.

If g. . . ., R-Kr
ro. B-B8 wins- r.-- R]
as well as in the text variation-be-
cause . . ., R-K2 cannot be played.
After r. .. ., R-RS :. B
would control White's QR:
ro. B-B8 R-Bz r. . . ., R-R6 z. B-85 f
after
;

White wins. rr. B-Q6 and wins.

QR3. As will be seen: .;:T
move is appropriatelv mer br E
and eventually the QR nie ;( ;
r. P-K8 (Q) ! RxQ pletely closed.
z. B-B8 R-K7 ch
3.K-Rl In this example the vigorous bishop
parries the intervention of the rook, z. B-N6 ! R-i
3. K-N3 ?, R-Kl and 4. ..., by making full use of its line-closing l. B-Bs R-{
R-KN3. corporal effect and its control effect.

r24
 R-K6 ch 140. There would have been no sense in
R-K5 ch R-R4, for the bishop barred the
. . .,
F. SACKMANN, r9rz. way.
. . ., R-KS, then 5. B-Q6 ch, +. B-Q+ R-R6
: 6. P-N8 (Q, R-R8 ch ,rru, ,rru, 5. B-Nz R-R+
\.1' R-\8 ch 8. B-N3 etc., 6. B-83 and wins,
7N
%t
'T%ru
A since there is not a single rank left by
,%/, ''%r, which the rook .:::*t the QR file.
-R( R-K4 ch % fr
-R6 R-K8 !
,ru
Eo--sest ! In case of 6. . . .,
cil?. -. KxP and 8. P-N8 In similar positions line interference
tr-r *ir*.. In the present situa- % may serve the purpose of shutting out
rqEs-er, -.8-Q6 ch? would be the defence as well as intensifying the
ler, si:ce after 7.. . ., K-Nz attack, e. g. the side having a rook also
White wins. pawn. In this case the only
m ch.reaten either . . ., R-Kr possesses a
R-KR8-N8 ch. conceivable way to win the protected
pawn is to close the line of the defend-
r. B-Bz !! ing rook.
-ts< :: R-Kr
,P R-Qr Time-gaining line interference that
l4l.
opens another line. In the next chap-
q ti:reatens to pin the pawn V. von HOLZHAUSEN, r9oj.
ter we shall enter into a more detailed
; R{2. White parries it by analysis of such motifs. Now White
{aou,.i preliminary line inter- needs two moves to promote his pawn,
therefore the task is to prevent the
rook from seizing the QR file in two
-K-:. R-QBr moves.

- . ". R-Kr ro. B-B8 wins- r.-- RxP

es ir the text variation-be-
. ., R-K2 cannot be played.
After r. . . ., R-R8 2. B-Q4
}-BE would control White's QRr; and
R_Bz after r. . . ., R-R6 z. ts-B5 White's
i-Q6 and wins.
QR3. As will be seen, every rook
move is appropriately met by White Draut.
and eventually the QR file is com-
pletely closed.
fu esample thevigorous bishop Obviously, White cannot afford to
6e iotervention of the rook, z.B-N6 ! R-R.6 let Black's king rush to the aid of his
iry fuI use of its line-closinB g.B-Bs R-R8 pawn. When trying to prevent this we
ltr cfrest and its control effect. shall find that the natural-seeming

t25
plan of line interference (r. 8-86 142. advantage that he has been coryd
and 2. B-Nz) cannot be imple- to make such defensive rnoY6 c !
mented, for after r. 8-86 Black can T. B. GORGIEV,t936. White an opportunity to hemrrr
reply r. . . ., R-Qf and z. . . ., R- new threats. Such a transition
R3 with an easy win. threats is very frequent in ches pi
Though White's only defence ad-
mittedly lies in his closing the line by 4. K-B4 ! R-86
B-Nz, he must find another ap-
proach, one that would foil Black's This seems to be the onlr se
every attempt at a counter-attack. factory move against the marci:l
R-Rr.
r. B-B7 !! KxP But now we have to notice rhm Er
Black rooks have separate aod rm
r...., R-Qz would have been serious responsibilities. One of S
met by the simple z. B-84 ch and must always have its line opm cn
3. KxP. The potentialbishopcheck White wins. Q file so as to prevent queaiD&
dso frustrated the defensive r. . . ., other must be ready to occugr fu N
R-Kz. square. Therefore, neither ot 6
must stand in the othels wer.
z. B-K6 ! R-Q3 (or I. P-Qz P-N7 ch !
Realizing this, all we beve to &
any other move) to find a move to close the tines dh
3. B-R3 ! R-Q7 rooks for a moment, forcing tb
B-Nz and draws.
The only chance to hold up the somehow in each other's wav.
4. pawn. In case of r. .. ., R-Q6
z. B x R, R-Q4 White wins after !! risr
5. B-Q3 and
3. R-B4 ch, K-N+ 4. R-B5 ch.
FOCAL POINT The pawn sacrifice aims at diverting
the bishop since after BxP? Black because 5. . . ., R (86) ){ B sgi@kl
An interesting and very effective secures a draw by 2.. . ., R-Q6. P{8 (Q cU n
followed by 6. .

instance of line interference is if, on a 7. R-Rr ch. In case of j.

certain square, we succeed in closing n(QZ) x B Vhite wins b.v an iareni
the lines of two hostile pieces operat-
2. KxP ! R-K7 ch
of the moves: 6. R-Rr ch. R-.
ing in two difierent directions. The 7. P-Q8 (Q) ch etc.
point (square) at which the control 2. . . ., R-N4 ch? fails against The problem of closing focal nTo!
effects of two pieces meet is the focal 3. K-Bz !, and z. . . ., R-N6 ch also arises when the coatrol rfia
point (foca1 square). Usually a focal against 3. K-Bz, R-Nr 4. R-Rr of trro pieces of different lrn
point can be closed by a negative ch and 5. R-Nr ch. movement (e. S. a bishop alC a rq
sacrifice, by placing a piece en prise. ssr
cross each other on a certah
This is, however, a forcing action, R-Qz
It is utilized-as in the f;tr
since it shuts out two defensive pieces. 3. K-B3 !
example-mostly in the srr:gle :

The acceptance of the sacrifice has the the promotion of pawns rrith a sk
result that the capturing piece closes Thus Black has parried White's the partial liquidation of rhe okr
the line of rts companion 6ehind it. original threat. But it is to his dis- tive forces.

rz6
 tt2. advantage that he has been compelled r43-
to make such defensive moves as give
" B. C,ORGIEV, 1936. White an opportunity to hammer out A. A. TROITSKY, 1926.
new threats. Such a transition of
threats is very frequent in chess play.

4. K-B4 ! R-86
This seems to be the only satis-
,,m
factory move against the mate threat
R-Rr.
But now we have to notice that both %
Black rooks have separate and rather
serious responsibilities. One of them
must always have its line open on the
Vhire wins. Q file so as to prevent queening, the White ains.
other must be ready to occupy its KR6
square. Therefore, neither of them
must stand in the other's way. I. P-Qz P-86
q P-N7 ch !
Realizing this, all we have to do is
to find a move to close the lines of both Some way must be opened urgently
rooks for a moment, forcing them for the rook to im Q5, because the
nt-s cirance to hold up the somehow in each other's way.
danger-as soon appears-is very
"c czrse of r. .. ., R-Q6 serious !

"l{ R{4 White wins after

ch, K-N+ 4. R-85 ch. 5. B-Q3 !! and wins, z. P-Q8 (Q ! NxQ
a sa,riice aims at diverting l. P-Kz R-Qs
op sir.ce after BxP? Black because 5. ..., R (B6)xB would be
,ira:c b]- z. . . ., R-Q6. followed by 6. P-Q8 (Q) ch, RxQ Directly guards its Qr and indirect-
7. R-Rr ch. In case of 5. ly-threatening discovered check with
,P: R-K7 ch
R(QZ) x B White wins by an inversion B-N3-its Kr.
of the moves: 6. R-Rr ch, R-R6
7. P-Q8 (Q) ch etc. 4. K-Br! B-N+
, R-\+ ch? fails against The problem of closing focal squares
12 l, ard z. . . ., R-N6 ch also arises when the control effects The troubles are apparently over,
p K-Bz, R-Nr 4. R-Rr of two pieces of different laws of since both queening squares are under
; R-\r ch. movement (e. g. u bishop and a rook) direct control. But at a certain point
cross each other on a certain square. the paths of the rook and the bishop
D.'
-lra . R-Qz
It is utilized-as in the former cross each other and there-an acci-
example-mostly in the struggle for dent lies ahead . . .
the promotion of pawns with a view to
Eeck has parried White's the partial liquidation of the obstruc- 5. N-Q7 !! and u,ins,
&reat. But it is to his dis- tive forces.

t27
because . . .,BxN would bar the waY In order to understand what ad- Square closing is of special imp:
of the rook and ..., RXN of the vantages might be expected from the tance in close proximity to the o
bishop. (S. . .., BXN 6. PxN (Q) ch establishment of a blockade, let us ponent's king; often it may i--ad
or 5. ..., RXN 6. P-K8 (Q) ch, examine the following illustrative mate patterns similar to the Fi
K-R (N)z Z. Q-R (K) S ch, and study: known "smothered mate."
144.
8. Qx B is a sure win.)
745.
E. HOLMT 1932.
SQUARE BLOCKING A. A. TITOITSKY, t89--
AND BLOCKADE
In the chapter on the oPening of
lines we have also mentioned the closely /i.
a

related cases of clearing a path and

clearing a square. Now, when dealing 3
with the closing of lines, it is necessary t';
to speak about fixing and blockade. We T
have considered clearing a path and i,l a
-
clearing a square as useful motifs that t
can be brought about in one move. If , [#
we now examine the move which
effects, on the contrary, the closing of lYhite wins.
a square or of a line, we must regard
A surprisingly simple win results White wins.
it as a motif harmful to the side with
the rnove. Therefore, our active tacti- from the fact that the rnovement of
cal operations are to be based not ex- Black's bishop is hampered by the
plicitly on the occurrence of line inter- presence of the QP and-as we shall In this position White has z "-rrr
see-of the BP. noaterial superiority rvhich. L: ^-:
ference or square blocking, but rather
on the methods to be applied to force cannot be realized, o\\l:_i : I
r. K-N7 B-Qr threatened . . ., P-NZ. Bu: ': =
such a closing.
z. K-B8 B-K2 by giving up his material p1:-..
= ::=
This forcing manoeuvre-which is
disadvantageous to the oPPonent-
such a positional advaatar: .- E:
z. B-R4? or 2. . . ., B-N3 eventually work out to a for,-'s; :=-tr
may be called the establishment of a . . ., ?

blockade. The operation consists of fails against 3. N-B4 ch. ered mate with the knigb.t -.:--h :

one pair of moves, the first of which is

the self-restricting effecr c: Er-k
line interference by way of placing a B-Br forces.
piece en prise and the second-pre- B-Nz
suming that the line interference has a r. B-85 !! R-\! =
forcing effect-is self-interference re- 4. . . ., B-Rl is wrong again owing
sulting from the capture. This will dis- to the knight check. r. . . ., R-NZ z. B-N: ci- R '

advantageously restrict the mobility l. N-B+ ch etc. and \Ihr- E

of the pieces of the side accepting the s.K-Bz B-Rr Therefore the negative quee!. sa::5;
sacrifice. 6.K-N8 and wins. must be accepted.

rz8 9
ffid,er to understand what ad- Square closing is of special impor- z. K-Kz RxQ
E$ @ight be expected from the tance in close proximity to the op- 3. B-Nz ch ! ! KxB
qhrrileut of a blockade, let us ponent's kirg; often it may lead to N-84 ch
4. K-N8
rc th'e foilowing illustrative mate pafferns similar to the well-
known "smothered mate." The self-blockade of Black's pieces
144. is nearly complete. O"ly one waiting
145. move is needed and Biack's KNZ
E HOLM, t932. square will be closed owing to Zug-
A. A. TROITSKY, 1897. zwatLg.

5. K-I(r ! P-Nz
6. N-Kz ch mate !

A knight fleeing from the attack and

compelled to block a square gives rise
l.
to an interesting mating positioninthe
1! next end-game:
|. -X')
.d.//i 'd a
t46.

Vhite aira. G. N. ZAKI{ODJAKIN, r93r.

win results White asins.

ryrpnsi-ogJy simple
the :aa that the rnovement of
'r bishop is hampered by the
rce ct the QP and-as we shall In this position White has a certain
rf- fre BP. material superiority which, however,
cannot be realized, owing to the
B-Qr ., P-NZ. But he can,
threatened . .
B-K2 by giving up his material plus, obtain
such a positional advantage as will
..- ts-R4? or z....rB-N3? eventually work out to a
ered rnate with the knight thanks to
forced smoth-
ETdrr<r 3. N-B4 ch.
the self-restricting effect of Black's
r+
K-K8
B-Br
B-Nz
forces.
White wins.

r. B-B5
!
r. P-R5 N-N5 ch
!! I{-NB ch z.K-84 Nx F
. . B-R3 is wrong again owing I.K-NS ! N-Nr
: lrniehl check. r. . . ., R-NZ z. B-Nz ch, RxB
l. N-B+ ch etc. and White wins. If l. . . ., K-Nz, 4. R-Q7 ch etc.
K-B; B-Rr Therefore the negative queen sacrifice wins.
K_NE and wins. must be accepted.

9 r29
 4. R-Rz ch K-Nz 3. B-N3 ch ! K-Qz the king (K-BS-Q6). But tli
5. R-R7 ch K-Br 4. N(B)-B6 ch K-Qt tempt fails against Black's pm
6. R-87 ch mate ! 5. B-ts7 ch !! NxB . . ., P-B4 ! shaking offthe sheC
6. N-I(5 and mate White's intervening king wotn{
The next example also demonstrates then repelled by . . ., R-B3 ch r
a wonderful and startling "self-block- next move on KB7 or QB6. crucial moment.
ade mate" resulting from cXosing a Though it is easy to discorer
square with a knight : Black's . . ., P-B4 must be prts'
ed, few would think of the soc
147. We would not deny the highly move achieving this.
problematic nature of the foregoing
T. B. GORGIEY, t929. example. To gain an advantage by r.B-85!! P'B
square blocking is, however, frequent ;
it occurs at every turn in more prac-
No other move can extricar B
tical end-games also. In rook endings
from his plight ; e. g. Ehirc r
it is quite typical to launch a mating after r. ..., P-B3? z- B-Kf
attack against a king squeezed to the z. B x P ch, K-Qr 3. B-B- I
edge of the board when the restriction
of movement of the hostile rook often
raises the alternative of "mate or loss P-Bl
of the rook." R-\r
148.

3. . .., R-Bz ? ? 4. R-f,$ nvlrr

J. HASEK, 1929.
White wins.
4. K-K6 K-Br
r. K-N6 N-Br ch 5. KxP (6) and rins-
z. K-N7 ! N-Kz
2. ..., K-Qz? is ill-advised, for
after 3. N (8FB6 ch, K-Qt 4. B-
R5 ch Black loses a knight and White Square blocking is also ';cn
wins with his three pieces. White poftant in the struggle to FrlroL't
could win a piece even now by play- passed pawn ; o!-{oEr i-ir-
ing 3. B-N+ ch, N-B+ ch ! 4. prevent such a promotion. By Ccr
BxN ch, KxB 5. NxN, but with a certain square an obstade ca= hr
his remaining two knights no mate is in the way of the hostile H_rs u
possible. Though the text continua- Whitc wins. rushes to hold up our passsi FC
tion soon refutes this assertion, it But a blockade in front ot rhc pr
elucidates the very fact that the pres- may yet allow time to oFerEElE i

ence of a square-blocking harmful As White's extra bishop alone is stop it.

piece might also increase the value of worthless, it seems a sound idea to try An example of stopping a Firrra
small material. and create a mate threat by advancing square blocking.

g*
r30
B-\3 ch ! K-Qz the king(K-BS-Q6). But this at- 149.
\S-86ch K-Qr tempt fails against Black's possible
B-ts- cn ll NxB . . ., P-B4 ! shaking off the shackles. E. HOLM, 1932.
\:-ii. and mate \Vhite's intervening king would be
then repelled by . . ., R-B3 ch at the
KB7 or QB5. crucial moment.
Though it is easy to discover that
x** Black's . . ., P-84 must be prevent-
ed, few would think of the surprise
e r:,:.i not deny the highly move achieving this.
[eos;: nanue of the foregoing
FL. To gain an advantage by r. B-85 !! PxB
rc bl..ci<rag is, however, frequent;
curs at e\ ery turn in more prac-
daames also. In rook endings No other move can extricate Black
from his plight; e. g. White wins
quire qrpical to launch a rnating
k +zirst a king squeezed to the
after r. ..., P-B3? 2. B-K6 or Draw.
z. B x P ch, K-Qr 3. B-B7 !
dthe board when the restriction
xrrcEient of the hostile rook often r. B-Nr N_B6
r the alternative of "mate or loss z. K-B5 P-Bl z. B-Rz ! !

E [ctok. " 3. K-Q6 R-Nr

148. The temporary fixing of the pawn
is enough to secure a "book draw."'
' 3. . .., R-Bz?? 4. R-RS mate. On the other hand, z. K-Kz, N x B.
1. HASEK, 1929.
ch 3. K-Bzwould lose because Black.
4. K-K6 K-Br could prevent White's king-by way
e'm, 5.KxP (6) and wins. of . . .) N-K7 !! (a remarkable
point !)-from getting any closer.
t )
-- NxB
"/%, 3. K-Kz N-Ns
T( Square blocking is also very im- 4. K-B3 !
portant in the struggle to promote a
passed pawn; or-conversely-to In order to force Black to advance
prevent such a promotion. By closing his pawn sooner or later.
a certain square an obstacle can be put
in the way of the hostile king as he 4.- - K-Nl
lYhitc wins. rushes to hold up our passed pawn. S. K-Nl ! P-R7
But a blockade in front of the pawn 6. K-Nz drawn.
may yet allow time to overtake and
r Shjte's extra bishop alone is stop it. The next end-game d'emonstrates a
hk, it seems a sound idea to try An example of stopping a pawn by multiple barring of the way to the
c8'csre a mate threat by advancing square blocking. passed pawn :

g* r3r
 150. 6. P-Q6 ! PxP 3.-- K-Ks
P-B6 ! PxP
7.
P-R5 and wins. 3. . . ., KxB 4. PxP wins.
A. A. TROITSKY, r9r3. 8.
l5l. 4. PxP B:':P ch
S.K-B+ B-K4
A. O. HERBSTMAN, t927.

White wins.

Vith r. P-R4 !White could obtain lVhite wins.

an unstoppable passed pawn but
Black would be able to launch a deci-
sive mating attack after r. . . ., PxP
e.p. 2.PxP, K-N6 ! ShouldWhite
lose time by first capturing the NP,
Black would hit the road towards his
QNz via K-N +-Bl-Kz-Qt-B r.
Since White cannot afford to spare
Black's KNZ pawn, he must first take
steps against the blocking of his pro-
spective distant passed pawn.
In this position the fight is for
'lVhite's
Q6 and K5 squares. In case
of the immediate capture (P x P) Black
would be able to stop White's passed
pawn by . . ., B-Br ch and . . ., B-
Q3, and the result would be an obvious
draw owing to the bishops of opposite
colour. Therefore White's task is
either to prevent Black's parrying
move or to find some way of Profiting
from its harmful points.

r. P-KB6 PxP r. P-Q4 ch K-K5

z. KxP ! K-Ns N+)
l. P-R+ PxP e. p. If r. . . ., K-K3, then z. B-N4 ch,
4. PxP K-B+ P-B+ 3. BxP ch !, KxB 4. PxP,
s.P-R+ K-K4 B-Br ch 5. KxP wins.
Now Black's king is inside "the z. B-B3 ch K-Q6
magic square" i. e. he would catch up 3. B-Kz ch
with White's advancing RP by way
of ..., KXP and ..., K-B3 etc. 3.PxP?, BxP ch !+. K-Q6' P-
Therefore the crossing points (lUhite's 83 ! is drawn on account of the threat
QS and Q6) must be closed. . . ., B-K4 ch.

t32
 PxP 3.-- K-Ks OnIy this move can prevent queen-
PxP ing, yet the square blocking at once
and wins. 3....,KxB 4.PxPwins. has very serious consequences:
4. PxP BxP ch
151.
s. K-B+ B-K4 6. B-Q3 ch and mate !
a . ^: . R.B STMAN, 1927 .

tr t

l,lhtte wins.

--i-: ::sirion the fight is for

:: i - ::d K5 squares. In case
-rate capture (P x P) Black
-::-=-=
: :. =':-: to stopWhite's passed
. ,B-Brchand...rB-
--:-: be an obvious
t --i;--r-i ::r'.r-lt would
:r the bishops of opposite
: - --::fore White's task is
' : - :::\-ent Black's parrying
. : : , :::l some way of profiting
-:, =--::::u1 pOintS.
-

:-l: --: K-KS

: . I-K3, then z. B-N4 ch,
-r._:3 Pch!rKxB4.PxP,
: :--- -, K'(P wins.
K-Q6

.:.
: ? B:< P ch ! 4. K-Q6, P-
*r -::-:1 on account of the threat
E-K- ch.

r33
 OPENING.SHUTTING COMBINATION S same time restrict the rook's t*tr
temporarily.

r. R-B8 ! K_N-
z. R-N8 ch K-zu
3. B-N7 !! K-\-
Line interference has lifteti :
stalemate position and no*- Iile ct.,e
ing makes it possible to intercoe
Being now acquainted with the to the examination of some basic good time.
advantageous and disadvantageous ideas.
points of line opening on the one hand Line opening extends the range of 4. B-K5 ch ! K_RS
and Iine interference on the other, let the pieces ; Iine interference restricts 5. BxP K,ts
us remember once again that both it. In certain cases it may be necessary 6. I(-B3 ai,j x-=s-
motifs are, in fact, the result of a to restrict the scope of a piece tempo-
single move. rarily even if we aim at an eventual ex- because after 6. . . ., K-RE -, R
On each move a certain piece leaves tension of it. Such a case presents itself KR8 ! mate in two will follcw -. .
a certain square and occupies another. if we are up against a temporary stale- P-RZ 8. R-R.8 | or 7. . . .. K-l
The leaving of the square is in itself mate hazard. E. g.: 8. RxP or 7. . . ., K-R- E. K-
a line opening and the occupation etc.).
of another is, at the same time, a line 152. A pleasing time-gaining rr,:-:q5:
interference. From this it follows
B. HORIfi/TTZ, r85r.
through alternating line i-nter:crc
that in the course of tactical operations and line opening is develope: :a :

-even
if they are relatively short- next end-game:
timed-the motifs of Iine opening and
line interference may be applied and 153.
utilized alternatingly or, for that mat-
ter, simultaneously. In the majority of A. A. TROITSKY, r9:9.
unexpected and startling combinations
some moves appear to be particularly
striking on account of the very fact
that the normal control effect of the
pieces manifests itself side by side T
with their corporal effect as a result of ,
line-opening and line-closing ma-
noeuvres. White zuins.
The alternating or simultaneous
utilization of line opening and line
interferencein various combinative
White cannot win unless he annihi-
lates Black's R7 pawn without stale-
t ' T'47
'i::

operations will be illustrated by nu- mating the hostile king. To this end
merous examples in the next chapter. he has to activate the bishop, i. e.
Here we propose to restrict ourselves extend its control effect, and at the White rtins.

r34
.\(BiN.\TIONS sarne time restrict the rook's power r. N-Bz ch K-N8
temporarily. z. N-R3 ch K-R8
3. B-R6 ! P_R5
r. R-BS !
z. R-NS ch Pinning by B-N7 would now re-
3. B-N7 !! sult in stalemate. Only the "timely"
intervention of White's king can elim-
Line interference has lifted the inate this danger and intensify the
stalemate position and now line open- attack. Black cannot escape his fate.
ing makes it possible to intervene in 3. . . ., N-BS ?! or any other knight
egrnh.ation of some basic good time. move would lead by inversion of
moves to the text variation after 4.
cpe,lng extends the range of 4. B-K5 ch ! K-R8 B-NZ N-Nl
ch, S. K-Kl.
EEs: Lile interference restricts 5. BxP I(x B
6. K-B3 and wins, 4. K-K7 ! N-Q6 (B5)
xtd: cases it may be necessary
5. B-N7 ch N-Nz
ia tL.e scope of a piece tempo- 6. K-B6
FEDr: re aim at an eventual ex- because after 6. . . ., K-RS Z. R- !

C it. Such a case presents itself
r up against a temPorary stale-
EErr- E.g.:
t52.
B" IIOR\I'ITZ, r85r.
KRS ! mate in two willfollow (7. . . .,
P-RZ 8. R-R8 ! or 7. . . ., K-N8
8. RxP or 7. . . ., K-R7 8. K-Bz
etc.).
A pleasing time-gaining manoeuvre
through alternating line interference
and line opening is developed in the
next end-game:
153.
A. A. TROITSKY, r9o9.
By closing the diagonal White's
king is able to go into action. He can
gradually approach his goal, since it is
obvious that Black's knight must re-
treat after each move to its base on
N7, being forced to do so by rePeated
discovered checks. The finish:
6. . .., N-Q6 Z. K-BS ch, N-
NZ 8. K-K5!, N-Q6 ch 9. K-K+
ch, N-N7 ro.K-Q4!, N-Q8 rr.
K-Q3 ch, N-N7 ch rz. K-B3!,
N-Q8 ch 13. K-ts2 ch, N-NZ
r4.BxN ch-T1T".,

W'e have seen numerous examPles

demonstrating how the bishop's range
depends on the arrangement of the
pawns. We should always bear in mind
iYhire zoins. that each pawn move opens a diagonal
and closes another of the oPPosite
colour (unless of course the Pawn
tE"-nnot rvin unless he annihi-
bck's Rl pawn without stale- moves from the second to the fourth
the h.ostile king. To this end rank). The strength of two bishops is
, co afiivate the bishop, i. e. based partly on the fact that the more
White wins. the hostile pawns restrict the mobility
its control effect, and at the
r35
of one bishop, the less they hinder the White threatened to play 3. B x P QR2-KN8 diagonal, i. e. E
other. 4. B-B8 and 5. B x NP mate. Black a tempo for his owrr line u-Er
If there is only one bishop on the had only a Hobson's choice (the text Black does not now thrr
board, it can either be very "good" or move) yet now he threatens to pro- promote his KNP nir: ct
very "bad" depending on the re- mote his pawn with check.
stricting effect of the pawns. Certainly 8. BxP ! P-\-
the "value" of a bishop is apt to 3. B-Br P-K4 !
9. B-B8 P-\S
change with each pawn move. ro. BXP ch
Black's defence is getting more and * * jrd -
154. more cramped by Zugzwang. He must
always be prepared to close the long The utilization of ope.;-:-
V. LOMOY, 1934. diagonal in reply to V/hite's B-Nz, motifs is especially imp.oe
but he must not be overhasty, be- struggle to realize a plisec i
cause the useful moves would be ex- we get an opportunitl' ro of,e=
hausted after the immediate 3. . . ., in one rnove for our d:rgixEr-n-
P-Q+? 4. B-Nz !, P-B5 S. B-Bl. paYvlrn and keep oft' t: ua!
Subsequently he would be compelled obstructive piece fron c..
either to reopen the diagonal or-at leading to the eueeni::s st3'tr
least-to leave the blocking pawn un- this double effect will ii
work out to a decisive _.-r:
=:
defended.

4. B-R3 ! P-Ks 155.

5. B-Nz ! P-Qr! Dr. H. NEUSTADTL :
White wins. 5. . . ., P-Q+ 6. B-R3 etc. would
bring White closer to victory.
The first move is at hand:
5. B-Br P-Q4
r. P-R7 ch K-R.r
Forced, because after 6. . . ., P-
NowWhite's bishop has to single out K6 ? T. B-Nz !, P-Q+ 8. BxP
for attack the opponent's QNP before White mates Black's kirg. 6. . . ., P-
it succumbs to Black's four united 85 ? would completely open White's
passed pawns. KRf-QB8 diagonal to the dangerous
This is, however, not as simple as it bishop.
seems, since e. g. r. B-Nz? would be
met by .. ., P-Q4 and then 7. B-R3 ! P-Q5 lVhire,:irr.
P-B5-B6. Therefore the first task
is to deprive Black of his base on his This opening of the long diagonal
KB 6, i. e. to force hirn to advance would be no major trouble in itself, It is a long-establishe, l=c
his KNP. for Black still has his KP at his dis- fact that two unsupprc-el
posal. But the text move is disadvan- pawns advanced to the sisrL -
z. B-N5 ! P-N6 tageous to Black because it closes his against a rook. In thi-s e=

ry6
Ehne -,breatened to play 3. BxP
ts-tsS ard 5. BxNP mate. Black
d c:J1 a Hobson's choice (the text
--lre. r3i now he threatens to pro-
te t-t ra\\rl with check.
3- LBr P-K4
Hrok's d,efence is getting more and
rre cranped by Zagzwang. He must
rz-rs be prepared to close the long
EF!.a, -r reply to White's B-Nz,
s he nust not be overhasty, be-
sse rf3 useful moves would be ex-
Estil. after the immediate 3. .. .,
{+ ? :. B-Nz !, P-B5 S. B-Bl.
ri:ss:u:ntli' he would be compelled
i:s :: reopen the diagonal or-at
m-r!1 leave the blocking pawn un-
a;d- -l5 :
6 ts-R3 ! P-Ks
<- ts-\z ! P-Qr!
;- P{4 6. B-R3 etc. would
" . .,
i:,9 Ehe closer to victory.
QR2-KNS diagonal, i. e. V/hite gains
a tempo for his own line opening, as
Black does not now threaten to
promote his KNP with check (!).
8. BxP ! P-NZ
!
e. B-B8 P-N8 (Q)
ro. BxP ch mate.
** jod
The utilization of opening-shutting
motifs is especially important in the
struggle to realize a passed pawn. If
we get an opportunity to open the way
in one rnove for our dangereous passed
pawn and keep off the opponent's
obstructive piece from the squares
leading to the queening point, then
this double effect will in most cases
work out to a decisive gain of time.
155.
Dr. H. NEUSTADTL, r8g7.
White affempts to mobilize his block-
aded pawn by sacrificing the bishop.
r. B-R5 !! K-N6 !
It is always a drawback of a "neg-
ative" sacrifice that the opponent is
not obliged to accept it. White would
easily win after r. ..., PxB? z.P-
R7, R-Br 3. P-N6, etc., but now
Black threatens to attack White's NP.
z. tsxP ! K-Bs
l. P-Rz R-Br
How is the NP to be saved now? It
is not sufficient to follow the "book
pattern" of line interference (4. B-
87, KxP 5. B-N8 !?) because Black
can give check from his QB6 and over-
take the pawn from KR6. The idea of
closing the eighth rank must be
carried out more energetically, in
order to gain time to advance the NP
towards its goal.

6- B-B r P-Q4
4. B-K8 !! RxB
Fcr--eC. 'recause after 6. . . ., P- 5. P-N6 and wins.
5? B-Nz !, P-Q+ 8. BxP
Lhe rzier Black's kirrg. 6. . . ., P- 'We can also enjoy this
beautiful
;i nc:-l completely open !7hite's opening-shutting bishop manoeuvre
R3{83 diagonal to the dangerous on the KR file if Black tries to prevent
tfucrl'. queening by way of 3. . . ., R-B6 ch
+. K-N+, R-KR6 ! Then 5. B-R5!!
-- B-R.; I P-Q5 lVhite rlins. leads to the same result. (It should be
noted in parentheses that the second
fft5 q.,F3:ling of the long diagonal "beauty" variation is not obligatory
ruki Le no maior trouble in itself, It is a long-established theoretical because after r. B-R5 !,
for White,
r tsla;ii scill has his KP at his dis- fact that two unsupported passed K-N6 he can also proceed with ihi
ral B,rt the text move is disadvan- pa\rms advanced to the sixth rank win more "brutal" 2. P-RZ forcing
F€ous ro Black because it closes his against a rook. In this end-game Black into the text variation.)

r37
 CHASE 156.

I. EROCHIN, t928.

In the chapters on line oPening and of occupying or threatening fresh

line interference we have grown groups of squares without any loss of
acquainted with the corporal effect of time.
the pieces and with the restricting or The simplest and at the same time
expanding effect of certain moves on the most "brutally" forcing tactical
the range of the rest of the Pieces. operations are based on the direct
In iudging the real active value of utilization of dynamic Power, i. e. White wins.
a piece, i. e. its power to attack or ruthless attacks executed without any
capture certain hostile Pieces, we finesse.
must never fail to take all these effects The operation by which we make a Black has the material sup€rrt-rirr,
into consideration. direct attack on a hostile piece with a and White's only hope lies in a arrx
The powers of a piece are deter- view to forcing it to move away we attack against the opponent's H'.g:
mined in the first place by the number call a chase.
and importance of the lines and A chase may serve various aims, r. N-Bz ch K-R<
squares it has under direct control viz.: z. Q-N4 ch !
from its own square. This is the (a) to trap and capture the Piece
static power of a piece. In the second under affack,
place its powers are defined bY its We shall soon see that this rs $e
(b) to create a situation suitable for only sound continuation.
ability to amack or threaten other launching a double attack by driving
groups of squares in one or two moves.
the opponent's piece to a less con-
This is its dynamic power. venient square, z.
- - K-\+
Generally speaking, the static power
is a strategic factor and the dynamic (c) to gain space and time for other
profitable operations. Otherwise :. Q-N+ mate l
power a tactical one. Inend-games
characterized.by the presence of only A purposeful utilization of the
a few pieces and by the active partici- dynamic powers of our Pieces maY 3. N-Q4 ch ! K-\3 I

pation of both kings the dynamic decide many an end-game for us in

powers of the line pieces are clearly in which we have no appreciable superi- Any other move would be fclloseri
evidence. This is of course due to the ority either in material or, at least by +. N-K6 ch winning ttre rrEe
fact that the lines are open in nearly all seemingly, in position. (or 3. . . ., K-R4 4. N-B6 ch .
directions and afford a greater freedom To illustrate this concePt of chase
of movement, while the possibiliry of we have chosen a very simPle
4. Q-N6 ch ! K-\: l
intermediate checks is a handy means example: s. Q-K+ ch ! K-Br
r38
 156. After 5. . . ., K-Nl 6. Q-Nr ch
Black cannot avoid being forked.
I. EROCHIN, 1928.
6. Q-R8 ch

Saves the queen but precipitates

his own death.

7. Q-B6 ch K-K2
tag u1r threatening fresh
8. Q-K6 ch and mate !

$qoares without any loss of

and at the same time
BI€st
*tnrtallv" forcing tactical
ue based on the direct
ef drnamic power, i. e.
Dcks executed without any
:rmioe bv rvhich we make a
ct ca a hostile piece with a
FJ:_l lt to move away we
3e-
B rn-:'.- Serve VariOUS aimS,
map and capture the piece
r*.
:Ezre a situation suitable for
r ar.rble attack by driving
leoi's piece to a less con-
Iry.
trin space and time for other
cP€rauons.
e6s.,.'1il utilization of
the
psren of our pieces may
r'f an end-game for us in
: hare no appreciable superi-
s i: material or, at least
', in position.
mrzr[3 this concept of chase
: chosen a very simPle
Vinning this end-game was a
straightforward job because victory
was already there, offered up on a
plate; White had only to give, one
by one, the checks leading to mate or
White wins.
loss of the queen.
None the less we have learned
Black has the material superiority, something from this example. We
and White's only hope lies in a direct
have learned that we must always
attack against the opponent's king. reckon with every possible check,
for the check is the most forcing
motif in chess play ; but we should
r. N-Bz ch K-Rs actuallygive check only if it brings
z. Q-N4 ch ! us neafer to our goal.
We shall soon see that this is the
only sound continuation.
2.-- K-N+
From the point of view of dynamic
power the mightiest piece is the queen
Otherwise f. Q-N+ mate !
on a vacant board, in
-especially
positions with few pieces. In the
3. N-Q4 ch ! K-N3 !
struggle between queens the chase by
checks is of great importance. fn po-
Any other move would be followed sitions without pawns an extra piece
by +. N-K6 ch winning the queen makes no difference as a strategic
(or 3. . . ., K-R4 4. N-B6 ch). factor, but with an advantage oftempo
the stronger side can often launch such
4. Q-N6 ch ! K-Nz ! harassing amacks as will lead to mate
s. Q-K+ ch ! K-Br or to the loss of the opponent's queen.

r39
 157. a K-Kl 158.
g. --
Q-Nl ch K-K2!
B. HORWITZ, r85r. A. A. TR.OITSKY. r;
3. . . ., K-BA ? 4. B-N5 ch etc.

I
4. B-N5 ch ! K-Br !

7
/'
'/x,4,

4. . . ., K-Kr ? S. Q-N8 ch, K-

Qz 6. Q-N7 ch! and Vhite w.ns be- r
cause after 6. . . ., K-I(r 7. Q-B8
Black is mate; and after 6. . . ., K- I
Kl l. Q-Nf ch the queen is lost.

S. Q-N8 ch Q-Kr
White wins. White tcir:.
If White's queen at this point were
posted on QB8 she could not forcibly
Here again victory results from increase the attack. (If you don't be-
drastic forcing-provided we always r. N-B5 !!

happen to give the right checks to

it for yourself !) But now
lieve it, try
Black's king will be strangled in a
Black's kiog. Prevents
mating net. N-k a
controls the KN7 sq'i.a;:.
r. Q-K3 ch K_B4
6. Q-Q6 ch K-Nr
7.B.-K7l and wins. r.-- P-
r. . . ., K-Q+? z. Q-N3 ch would z.P-B7 5-
mean immediate defeat.
The last "quiet" move is worthy of Black has tc deccv L--:
special notice; any further checks
',
z. Q-B3 ch knight away since \\f:::
!
would have missed the target. mate after 2.. . ., P{i =
Q.
The next study is surprising on two K-R:
This check is already a fruit of due accounts. The lesser surprise is that,
88 (Q ch, +. fts-
in case of a forced ::-=-:J;.
deliberation. To make the right choice in the interests of victory, we have to ...,N-K25.Q.\::.K
allow Black to promote his Pawn; the
between Q-Bf ch and Q-B+ ch we N-R+ ch, K-R3 -.+-B=
must see in advance from which greater that we have to chase the
hostile king from his worst possible
R2 8. Q-BZ ch, K-R r ;. \-
point the queen is more likelY to
intervene with success. It will appear place, the corner, to the very centre -mate.
that the route via KB4{B4-QB8 is of the board. Naturally both are at
not equivalent with that via KB3- once understandable if we can foresee 3. NxN D

QNr-QN8. the final developments .. . 4. P-B8 (Q) ch K.

r40
, K-Ka 158. Now Black's king can escape mate,
3-
--
$\3 ch K-K2! but in a few moves he will be forced
A. A. TROITSKY, 1924. onto the file of his idle queen.
$ . . ., K-Bl ? 4. B-N5 ch etc.
5. Q-N8 ch K-B3
6. N-Q5 ch ! K-K+
a B-\5 ch ! K-Br !
If 6. . . ., K-B4?, 7. N-K3 ch
+ .. "-. K-Kr ? S. Q-N8 ch, K- wins the queen.
a 6.(1-N7 ch! and White w.ns be-
nse arter 6. . . ,, K-I(r 7. Q-B8 7. Q-N7 ch ! K-Qr
hct ls mate; and after 6. . . ., K-
3 -. Q-N3 ch the queen is lost. Now we can see in what a plight
Black's king finds himself even in the
middle of the board due to the lethal
5- $\8 ch Q-Kr danger to his new-born royal consort.
White wins. If l. .. ., K-K5?, then 8.N-B3 ch
lf,Eb.ite's queen at this point were would foliow ; 7. .. ., KXN would
reC cn QBS she could not forcibly allow 8. Q-Q7 ch.
Ereese the attack. (If you don't be- r. N-B5 !!
:re it. q' it for yourself !) But now 8. Q-87 ch ! K-Kl
bcft's king wifl be strangled in a 9. Q-K7 ch ! and wins,
N@!-g net. Prevents . . ., N-K2 and also
controls the KN7 square.
because either of the lang's possible
moves leads to the queen's loss.
& Q{6 ch K-Nr
-. LK7 ! and wins. r.-- P-Qz
z. P-B7 N-Kz !

The i:st "quiet" move is worthy of
HrEl ne-tice; any further checks
c'o[-] Lare missed the target.
The nest study is surprising on two
)co{E=. The lesser surprise is that,
r thc riterests of victory, we have to
[crrB].eck to promote his pawn; the
Ez[er th.at we have to chase the
mle ichg from his worst Possible
hcc the corner, to the very centre
[ the L'oard. Naturally both are at
c understa:rdable if we can foresee
p 6nel developments. . .
In positions with few pieces a rook's
Black has to decoy the dangerous
knight away since White threatened dynarnic power-like that of the
queen-can also considerably increase.
mate after z. . . ., P-Q8 (Q ? l. P-
88 (Q ch, K-R2 4.Q-87 ch even True enough, this extra power is not
altogether conspicuous against a minor
in case of a forced sacrifice. E. S. +.
piece because the struggle of king and
. . ., N-K2 5. Q x N ch, K-N3 6.
rook versus king and bishop or knight
N-R+ ch, K-R3 7.Q-86 ch, K-
is a theoretical draw; a win can be
R2 8.Q-BZ ch, K-Rr 9. N-N6 ch
imagined only in exceptional posi-
-mate. tions. It is enough, however, to add a
minor piece to each camp to give the
3. NxN P{8(Q) side which is the exchange up good
4. P-B8 (Q ch K-Nz winning prospects.

r4r
 159. In case of r. . . ., B-Rz W'hite wins 160.
R-K8!, K-N3 3. N-
by playing z.
F. PROKOP, 1924.
83 !!, K-Bz +. N-NS !, and Black L. I. KUBBEL. r 9:_:
J.
loses a piece.

2. R-K8 B-B5
ri
Of course the knight could not
move for fear of 3. R-K5 ch.
,,

3. K-N4 ! B-Bz
4. R-KBS ! N-Rl
B-R7 would be as wrong now
. . .,
as it would have been earlier because
of R-R8 ch. . . ., B-Q4? would have White uin:.
White wins. been followed by K-B5 ! with gain
of tempo. r. R-QN3 ! \-I
K-B5 K-Nz After r. . . ., N{z
?., r{-k:
Here the rook and the knight can 5. !

give a relentless chase to the oppo-

mediatelv wins by pinniro -3 r
(2.R-N7).On r. .. ., B-B: ?::
nent's light forces, but Vhite must Forced moYe because the bishop is
play very accurately to exploit his tied down owing to the potential z. R-N7, N-R3 3. R-R -
successful interyenuon.
chances. threat R-B6 ch.

6. N-B5 ! and w'ins,

r. N-Q+ ! B-Q6
Against the threatening R-K8 and
R-K6 ch Black may also take r. . . .,
B-Rz into consideration. This is a
trickier move than it seems because
after the obvious z. R-KNI Black
would not watch the threat R-N7,
N-Bl ; R-KB7 with folded arms
and meekly try to seek defence in
2. . . .,N-Bl ? because of 3.
and 4. R-R6 !, but would launch an
unexpected counter-attack : z. . . .,
N-Kz! l. R-NZ, N-B4! and the
storm would be weathered.
z. R-N5 ! 3-i
White was threatenins i: tr
since after the removal of the defend- R-BS or-in case of . .]. B-l
ing piece White is a rvhole rook to the 3. R-N6 !
good' Now White makes anc-,L- :i:
and threatening move, 3it ---; frt
*** ful centralized rook soo: .i:::-3
bishop though the lan:: --:- :
A knight and a bishop-both freely on two diagonals.
beyond a
safe distance from their
king-are so ill suited for mutual 3. R-Q5 !! E-F.
R-KRI! defence that often they are no match
for a single freely moving rook of There is no salvation. i: :. -- .
great dynamic power. A characteristic Bz? then +. R-QZ ch, ;,--'-.- _:.
motif in the course of a chase is the B-RS? 4. R-R5 ch er--.: :r:=
attack against the defending piece. 4. R-Q6 would have eosuo:-

r42
 trr --.e ot r. . . .rB-Rz!7hite wins 160. + R-Qz K-Nl
y Fls1-=g z. R-KS!, K-N3 3. N- 5. R-87 ! and wins.
I-Bz
ia.:. 4. N-N5 !, and Black L. I. KUBBEL, 1923.
s : ::343. In these illustrative examples the
chase has actually consisted in a se-
:" F._KS B-B5 quence of forcing moves made by
strong offensive pieces and involving
ff .,-'rr-.e the knight could not a series of constantly renewed direct
l:;: i:: t-ear of 3. R-K5 ch. attacks and threats.
The basic motif of chase is, accord-
ingly, such a single offensive move as
_r. K-\4 ! B-Bz will force some hostile piece to leave
+ R-KBS ! N-Rl the square it occupies and go to a less
convenient square.
. - .. B-R7 would be as wrong now In tactical operations it is very
i r! rre-rlild have been earlier because often necessary to resort to that basic,
f R-RS ch. . . ., B-Q4? wouldhave White wins. one-move form of chase. A common
m, f".l-iorved by K-B5 ! with gain instance of this is the intermediate
t umpo. r. R-QN3 ! N-B3 ! check, a typical time-gaining ma-
noeuvre.
;" K-B5 ! K-Nz After r. . . ., N-Qz?? White im-
mediatelv wins by pinning the knight
(2. R-N7). On r. . . ., B-Bz ? follows l6l.
For';:C move because the bishop is
id dtirD owing to the potentid z. R-N7, N-R3 l. R-RZ ! with
successful intervention. L. VLK, tgr7.
h.ear R-B6 ch.

z. R-N5 ! B-Qr
5- \-B5 ! and w'ins,
White was threatening to play 3.
io,-= a-ir:r the removal of the defend- R-BS or-in case of . . ., B-NS-
ry p::;e \fhite is a whole rook to the 3. R-N6 !
crct- Now White makes another offensive
and threatening move, and the power-
*** ful centraltzed rook soon captures the
bishop though the latter can move
A -<-i5nt and a bishop-both freely on two diagonals.
rryc,lJ a safe distance from their
i-g-arc so iil suited for mutual 3. R-Q5 !! B-K2 White wins.
Efc,:e that often they are no match
Er e =:.ngle freely moving rook of There is no salvation. If l. . . ., B-
rrzft ci-aamic power. A characteristic Bz? then +. R-QZ ch, wins. 3. . . ., The motif in question is based on
ffidt- ix the course of a chase is the B-RS ? 4. R-R5 ch etc.; otherwise the chase and "fall" of the rook
@t againsl the defending piece. 4. R{6 would have ensued. which gets stuck between its pawns.

r43
 R-Bl Kx K-N6) ,. R-Q:'
P (or . . .,
I. K-N8 162.
BxR 4. P-\-
2. R-B6 ! Q8 (Q 3. RxQ,
L. I. KUBBEI-, r9o9. and wins because the pasi-r =--
promoted with check or, i= ;e
It would clearly be unwise tbr 4. . .., B-N5: -
gueening r=-.L'
Black to exchange offrooks as White's pinning the bishop. Simple, i.-
pawn would be promoted first. Or it would be, if it rre:: e:i
Biack's rather unexpected ::gi
z.-- P-B5 !
.. ., K-N8 ! to the rook cb,-*ir
Never mind ! Let us at Ei
start with a check to the kr-:
Now White in turn would not profit what happens later.
=.
by the exchange because Black's BP And, indeed, it worla :

would also reach the queening square. r. R-R4 ch, K-NEI :. R.-
But he can quicker the pace of his P-Q8 (Q e. RxQ, Bi R 4. P-
own pawn !
lVhite wins. B-N5! 5.P-NS (Q:, LK.
6.QxB, PxQ Z. P-N11. P-I
R-R5 ch !! K-Nz White must give up his rook for P-N5, P-KS 9. P-N6, F-R
3.
Black's far advanced QP, therefore he P-N7, P-KZ rr. P-\!
pins his hopes on his pawns. !7hat is
After 3. . . .,RxR 4. PxR White's our first impression of the situation
pawn would be promoted with check and how far is it modified upon some
(!), and Black's BP would only reach reflection?
its seventh rank. The text move leads We rnay be ternpted to say off-hand
to the same result and thus White that r. R-Q4, P-Q8 (Q z. RxQ,
has gained the necessary tempo by the F-NZ
intermediate check.
Bx R l. - wins. On second
thoughts we are likely to amend that
statement, seeing that we cannot win
because Black can play 3. . . ., B-N5 !
4. RxR PxR.
5. P-N5 P-86 4. P-N8 (Q), B-K3 ch ! and the
P-Bl queen is lost.
6. P-N7
(!) All of a sudden another uncertain
7. P-NB (Q ch and wins.
questicn presents itself : isn't the
game still won for White? Atter 5.
In the interest of promotion with Q x B, P x Q, 6. P-N4 we start to
gain of time, it is often important to examine the ensuing pawn end-game
know well in advance whether there again with steadily ebbing optimisrn. It
is a chance during the process to chase soon turns out that after 6. . . ., P-K4
the opponent's king to a less favour- White hasn't the slightest chance to
able place, incidentally as it were, by win. Let us start afresh from the
an interpolated move. very -beginning !
This truth is borne out by another Eureka !-a new thought flashes
example: through our mind: r. R-R4 ch !,

r44
 162. KxP (o. . . ., K-N6) z. R-Q+, P- ch-and White wins because the sec-
Q8 (Q 3. RxQ, BxR 4. P-N7 !- ondNP is also promoted with check!
L. I. KUBBEL, r9o9. and wins because the pawn will be True, enough it was not necessary

- or, in case of to calculate the whole variation

promoted with check over
4. . . ., B-N5, queening results in before giving check with the rook. But
pinning the bishop. Simple, isn't it? we had to see definitely that the only
V'
r
7i*7
ll %
,rma Or it
would be, if it were not tbr possibility of creating winning chances
Biack's rather unexpected reply r. was to interpolate a check before do-
..
a,/'4,
.. ., K-NS ! to the rook ing anything else. So little is often
W,; v
% check.

i
W:
*,.
1, -
:

.. :., .,2
,
t %A
White wins.
hire must give up his rook for
fs lar advanced QP, therefore he
hi-s hopeson his pawns. What is
ist :mpression of the situation
hew :ar is it modified upon some
Never mind ! Let us at any rate
start with a check to the king and see
what happens later.
And, indeed, it works :
r. R-R4 ch, K-NS! z. R-Q4,
P-Q8 (Q a. RxQ, BxR 4. P-N7,
B-N5! 5. P-N8 (Q)!, B-Kl ch
6.QxB, PxQ Z.P-N4!, P-K4 8.
P-N5, P-KS 9. P-N6, P-K6 ro.
P-N7, P-KZ rr. P-N8
sufficient to start with-even in the
case of intricate combinations.
***
We have not yet reached the end of
our topic. In the next chapter rve shall
examine whether there are, besides the
chase or simple direct attack, any
other means of forcing hostile pieces
(a) to inconvenient squares.

Ie o,ai- be tempted to say off-hand

r. R-r14, P-Q8 (Q z. RxQ,
R 3. P-N7 wins. On second
ryt= ri-e are -
likely to amend that
lotri, seeing that we cannot win
rqse Biack can play 3. . . .rB-N5 !

'-\S :q), B-K3 ch ! and the

ct' is l.-'st.
JL of a sudden another uncertain
seicr presents itself : isn't the
r stl-l ron for White? After 5.
B! P .q 6. P-N+ we start to
ube t}.e ensuing pawn end-game
n sirh steadily ebbingoptimism.It
E.EtrES out that after 6. . . ., P-K4
ile he:a't the slightest chance to
- Let us stafr afresh from the
-
5 beg'inning !
:reka l-a
new thought flashes
rgh our mind: r. R-R4 ch !,
 DRIVING ON
In the previous chapter we dealt with
the simplest form of forcing moves
and operations : the direct attack or
chase. We saw how great an advantage
it is to keep the initiative and chase
the opponent's pieces to inconvenient
squares. But we do not alwaYs have
pieces at our disposal so powerful as
to leave the opponent no other option
but unconditional retreat. How then
can we expect to deprive the opponent
of his freedorn of action and at the
same time harness his Pieces to the
furthering of our aims ? generally the second change, since it
What cannot be done by sheer force
may be achieved by guile. The weapon
most commonly used for the PurPose
in chess tactics is the sacrifice. Inthe
examples dealt with so far we have
seen an abundant variety of sacrifices,
so that the concept needs but little
explanation. In essence, a sacrifice is
the putting or leaving en Prise of a
piece, or its exchange for a hostile
piece of lesser value; in short, a
voluntary and intentional offer of some
material advantage.
What is the use of a sacrifice? Many
would say that that dePends on its
purpose, but on that basis we could
easily miss the wood for the trees.
\U7e'd rather watch what happens on
the board'ughen a sacrifice is accepted.
\46
If the opponent captures the Piece
offered for sacrifice, the situation
changes on two counts : (r) a Piece
has disappeared from the board; (z)
a hostile piece has left its original
square and occupies the place of the
sacrificed piece.
The first change may in itself be the
purpose of the sacrifice in the iight
of what we already know about the
harmful piece and the importance of
liquidating it. But this is seldom the
case. The purpose of the sacrifice is
amounts to nothing iess than direct-
ing the movements of the opPonent's
piece, because the position of the
sacrifice exactly determines the
square a certain hostile piece is to
occupy.
Consequently, we can direct the
movement of the oPPonent's
pieces by a sacrifice (ifit is anactive
and forcing one, of course) in the
sailre way as we can by the Process
of chase.
The two types of directing ma-
noeuvres bear more or less the same
relation to each other as the physical
phenomena of repulsion and attrac-
tion. The invulnerable offensive piece
chases away, or repels as it were, the
defenceless enemy; the piece offered
for sacrifice and operi;
enemy fire attracts th: '-
decoys it to its o\\n sJr-t-:
a sacrifice can be as :::.
chase; indeed it mar- :-.-
if the opponent refuse. i:
chooses to retreat inst=.:.
The tactical operarior
we force a hostile piec,
to a definite square b;
ing one of ours is caIIEd c
Dr;ving on is an e:si-_:
of most combinatic::. : :,:
factor it can be utiliz--: -- :
The idea is illust:a::: :
simplicity and in i:. :::
this enjoyable stud-'- :
l6-1.
N. D. GRIGORIEI,"
Wlit't: :.:--:.
White could adr-a::. --=
queening square n::^-- -.
drance, butthen Bla:,:'. ]? '
be promoted, and ',i:---. ::r
Y/hite's king is unabl= :: :
because Black is :e::::
support his parrn.
lo*
D\ for sacrifice and openly exposed to Perhaps some
exemy fire attracts the hostile piece, hope? It pro-
decoys it to its own square. Of course moted with e rub
a sacrifice can be as forcing as the that Black's king could easily catch it !
chase; indeed it may turn into chase But the BP has another good point;
if the opponent refuses to capture and with its help vre can drive tslackis kjng
chooses to retreat instead. in the desired direction . . .
The tactical operation by which
we force a hostile pieee to move r. P-B4
to a definite square by sacrific- ! K-Ns
I tt: nponent captures the Piece z. P-R4 ! tr'-Q4
- ing one of ours is ealled driving on.
r*-r;l:: sacrifi.ce, the situation Dr;ving on is an essential element
:g*- .rr nvo counts : (t) piece of most combinations ; as a tactical The only countermove, for after z.
dbarpeared from the board;" (z) .. ., P-R4 ? 3. P-R5, etc., would
factor it can be utilized in many ways.
crs-.de p:ece has left its original The idea is illustrated both in its follow, and SThite's queen would be
m ,-i ,.'ccupies the place of the sinoplicity and in its profundity by QR8 frorn
*
J--is--.!r g t .!ll.
this enjoyable study: is not yet
te r-i change may in itself be the 's king to-
Ft..lse ,-i the sacrifice in the light l(t3. Black can
s-eer -n-e already know about the in two moves. There-
reach his QB7
rff. :iece and the importance of N. D. GRIGORIEV, fore, we must continue to drive
r93o.
i*ieri-s ir. But this is seldom the Black's king on.
:- Tr; Durpose of the sacrifice is
!r".--"-::e second change, since it 3. P-85 ! K-ts+
EE i.. nothing less than direct- 4. P-R5 ! P--Qs
ihe :a.-i-ements of the opponent's
E- 'c,::euse
the position of the
f,,-i e\afily determines the
E r'e a ::itain hostile piece is to
ug-T-
.ffi.J.lendv, we can direct the
irleurent of the opponentts
c=s by a sacrifice (if it is anactive @
ttl;:g one, of course) in the
5. P-85 K-Qr
oc raf as we can by the Process White ztins. 6. P-R6 ! P-Q6
fus€. 7. P-87 I K-Kz
}e r.rr npes of
'rear
directing ma- $7hite could advance his Rp to its
Ercrs more or less the same queening square without any hin- The BP will falt victim to Black, but
riee. t: each other as the PhYsical drance, but then Black,s QP would also it paves the way for a quicker inter-
Dc'c3:'a of repulsion and attrac- be promoted, and with check at that; vention by the RP.
u TL: :-:r-r.lnerable offensive Piece White's king is unable to overtake it,
K &irai-: or repels as it were, the because Black is better posted 8. P-R.7
mr=J.*s enemy; the Piece offered
r*o ! P-Qz
support his pawn.
e. P-B8(Q) ch
ro*
r47
 ch !) Aftet 2. .. ., Q-\
The driving-on sacrifice ! Its Pur- By taaical means we can generallY
Q-Nt another dnr-irg
pose is to force Black's king to a "bad" obtain a material advantage if we
would force the loss of u
p1...; the RP will be Promoted with launch a double attack. In order R-QNZ !, QxR +.N '
check !
to be able to attack two hostile pieces In the text continua=::
simultaneously we have to force the fate is sealed after a s:-:
s.- - KxQ oppone nswet-
tion preceded by a drir-=:
ing our eans of
ro. P-RS(Q ch and wins'
foicing rifice'
t.R-BS ! P-
You wiil have noted that the self-
sacrificing BP has pulled Black's.king 164. Or3....,QxRr.\
on a "stringr" as it were, on its jour-
rehas
J. SEH'*/ERS, 1916.
4. RxP ! a
a
5. N-87 ch E,
about a
(b) to because after the iq;-
king can walk up to E--i
his own pawns mut--:-I;
other'
*r ,
The driving-on S i --r-r --;
the way of its own king so much as to ly forcing if the pie;; ::-
.*pot. hirn to immediate mating attacking or threare:'-;. -'
atLcks. Now let us see what are the sent an end-gai:: 3r=
tactical possibilities of gaining a driving-on manoe:-,:: :-: :
White unns- by a threat
materiai advantage by the iudicious :

use of the drivingl"o**tt

r. R-B4 ch K-N+ I 65.
z. R-B7 !
H. RINCK. :;,:
First by chase, then bY offering
itself for sacrifice, the rook tries to
create favourable conditions for the
knight's interyention. The acceptance
of lhe sacrifice would be answered
by a double attack. (2. ..., QxR
3. NxP ch)

) Q-B+
--

r48
k!means we can generallY
ch !) After 2. .. ., Q-NJ, or 2. . . .t fn an open position a queen and a
material advantage if we Q-Nt another driving-on sacrifice bishop have very great dynamic pow-
would force the loss of the queen: 3. ers; hence even a brutalchaseholds
double attack. In order R-QNZ ! , QxR +. NxP
to two hostile pieces
arr-ack
ch. out good prospects.
In the text continuation also Black's
urslr- we have to force the
's p:e,-es to squares answer- fate is sealed after a simple combina- r. B-Bz ch K-K4 !
tion preceded by a driving-on sacrifice.
E-ru.:3. -\n effective means of
&: driving-on sacrifice. r. .. ., K-85? z. Q-QNZ !
3. R-B5 ! P-Q+ (threatening Q-N3 mate) 2. . . .,P-
164. QS f . QxP ch, K-N5 4. B-Kr ch,
Or 3. . . ., QxR 4. NxP ch etc. K-R6 5. Q-R6 ch wins.
SEH\\:ERS, 1916. RxP ! B-N3
4. QxR z. ch K-Qs !
5. N-87 ch and wins,
. . ., K-B3 ? ? would again comply
because after the liquida:ion White's with White's most ardent wish. (4.
king can walk up to Black's RP, while B-R+ ch wins the queen.)
his own pawns mutually defend each But now more checks wouldn't
other' help. There are no mating chances,
***
nor is Black's queen posted unfavour-
The driving-on sacrifice is genuine- ably enough to be captured. There-
ly forcing if the piece offered is itself fore she must be driven on to a still
attacking or threatening. Now we pre- less favourable square.
sent an end-game exemplifying a
driving-on rnanoeuvre forced through 3. B-Q6 !!
F-i:ir: uins. by a threat:
The bishop has no hostile piece
84 :-: K_N+ 165. under attack, but it controls the 85
B.: H. RINCK, r9o8. and K5 squares, weaving a mating net
round Black's kirrg. +. A_-Qf mate
Fy c:ase, then bY offering can only be averted by capturing the
sa=-^:ce, the rook tries to bishop. It turns out that the sacrifice
soq-ble conditions for the has aimed at driving the queen to Q6 !
irte-.- ::.,tion. The acceptance
r=--: would be answered
3.-- QxB
rc.b-: anack. (2, ..., QXR K-B+
-h' +.Q-Qr ch

Q-B+ Black's fate would also be the same

after 4. . . ., I(-K4 5.Q.-N3 ch ! . . .
2- .. ., Q-R3? or z.
the queen would voluntarilY 5. Q-R3 ch and wins,
White wins.
beaC in the noose. (f. N-BZ

r49
since the king, with the harmful pawns
in his way, cannot helP leaving the
queen to her t ,.;
**
The driving-on manoeuvre can also
be resorted to in operations when the
aim is not to capture a hostile piece
but to increase our own forces bY
promoting a pawn.
In order to force a Passed Pawn
through we usually have to drive the
hostile piece which threatens our pawn
or guards the queening square on to a
closed line frorn an oPen one, or
drive a line-blocking piece in its way.
K6 to entrap White after z. P-N7,
P-KZ l. R-R+ ch, K-Nz 4. K-
Qz?, P-KS (Q ch ! 5. KxQ, R-
QNZ ! catching his pawn, is simPIY
countered with 4. R-K4 ! instead of
+. K-Qz? and wins.
z. R-R4 ch K-Nz
3. R-N4 !
Driving Black's rook to its fifth rank
from where-on account of its harm-
ful KP-it cannot reach the QN file in
one move. Now we see the double
meaning of the preliminarY chase
(2. R-R4 ch); it has resulted in a
It is obviously urgent for :
the way for the RP, 1'et it :.
important how we do ir. E-
gain time by giving check s,::
intention is to play . . ., R-.
ing the eighth rank for i-js ::
QR8. Incidentally, Blacx a.
ens to carry out the ma::E-
R-KS-KI.
r. R.-KN7 !! l
The reason for S-h:::'= l
move was to knock our [:3 :
of defence. fn case of :. . .

Typical examples of this idea are forcing driving-on sacrifice and also in
(B8) White by z. R-\:
mostly to be found in rook end- closing the KN flle. drive the hostile rook r. c :
games. which it could not reach := :
(2. . .., RXR 3. P-R-.
166.
3.- - RXR
+. P-Nz R-N8 ch
A. A. TROITSKY, r9ro. 5. K-Bz R-N7 ch z. R-Nz ch -.

6. K-ts3 R-N6 ch
z. K-B+ and wins.
If z. ..., KxP R{:
3.
wins. Now White musr :=:=
167. threat (. . ., R-QR8) ha:=-=
be done by a drir-ir_s-;:
II. RINCK, r9rr. which also forces Black i-:: s.
ference :

3. R-QRz !!
4. P-Rz
**r
Wkite wins.

r. P-N6 R-Nr In knight end-garnes-s

example shown in tL.E c-jli,
rvell go to its N4 dating the fundamentai : -
a characteristic forrc ti =.-
The rook could as
or Nz, the continuation being the l-
same. Black has no other satisfactory which poses an alternac,-;: .:
counterplay. The attemPt bY . . ., P- Wkite wins. ing or promoting a pa\ix.

r50
 after z. P-N7,
, ec'rao S'hite It is obviously urgent for us to open 169.
--r. R-R4 ch, K-N2 4.K- the way for the RP, yet it is not un-
P-KS iQ) ch ! 5. KxQ, R- important how we do it. We cannot L. I. KUBBEL, ryr1.
7 .a_.\i:-g his pawn, is simply gain time by giving check since Black's
ErEi TiLh 1. R-K4 ! instead of intention is to play . . ., K-B7 open-
+: aad rvins. ing the eighth rank for his rook to its
QR8. Incidentallg Black also threar-
l-R.-r ;:r K-Nz ens to carry out the manoeuvre
t-\r l R-KS-KI.
-=- B-ack's rook to its fifth rank r. R-KN7 !! K-Bz
,irle:--on account of its harm-
P-:: ;alnot reach the QN file in
uor-:. \on' we see the double The reason for White's R-KN7
q ,-.i the preliminarY chase move was to knock out the other line
ch' ; it has resulted in a of defence. In case of r. . . ., R-K8
-R+
E ;:.;i:q-on sacrifice and also in
(B8) White by z. R-Nr !! would White wins.
lc d': KN flle. drive the hostile rook to a file from
which it could not reach its first rank.
(2...., RxR 3. P-R7.) In this situation both the "obvious,,
RxR r. P-B7 and r. N-K8 !? would be
P-a- R-N8 ch
K-B: R-N7 ch z. R-Nz ch K-N6
E-B_: R-N6 ch
K-B: and wins.
If z. .. ., KxP R-QRz! etc.
3. queen's wing. Therefore: rre must
wins. Now lVhite must render Black's "ask" Black's king where he will go
167. threat (. . ., R-QR8) harmless. Ir can after a pawn check and our action
be done by a driving-on sacrifice shor.rld depend on the "answer."
I RINCK, I9II. which also forces Black into self-inter-
ference :
r. P-N3 ch K-Ns
3. R-QRz !! KxR If r. . . ., K-R6?, then z. N-K4
+. P-Rz and wins.
would follow threatening N-Bz mate.
After Black's loss of tempo (2. . . .,
*** f-NS) White would gain time to
play 3. N-BS ! and deprive the
In knight end-games-as in the opponent of his K3. Then White
example shown in the chapter eluci- would easily win by P-B7-B8 (Q.
dating the fundamental concepts-it is After r. . . ., K-R+?, however, the
a characteristic form of driving on driving on by z. N-K8 ! would be
which poses an alternative of advanc- decisive since the defensive 2. . ..)
White wins. ing or promoting a pawn. N-Kl would be followed by the
I5I
double attack 3. N-NZ ch ! The often worth our while to drive the 3. K-K6 ! \:.:E
same conditions would arise also after knight to such a square and then 4. P-N6 \:-I
tr. . . ., N-K8 ! , P-QN5
K-R4? z. capture it with small forces.
White's seemingly uostoppnt
l.P-Bl ! , N-K3 4. N-N7 ch !
169. will be not only overtakea b
driving-on sacrifice, but also ca
z. N-K8 ! N-KE in return for a knight. Th;
M. B. NEWMAN, 1926.
defence is beautiful bur+
2. , .., NXN? l. P-BZ !
would because the knight winning 6e
demonstrate the purpose of the driv- lands on a "bad" square.
ing-on manoeuvre: the threatened
promotion-on K8 or KB8-cannot KxN
5. !
be prevented. After 2. . . ., K-B+ l. 6. P-N7 !
NxN, KxP 4.NxRP White's extra 7. K-K7 !
piece would win.

N-N7 ! N-Br This is where Black's c..-"s}r

3. ends. It is White's ruEu DIG
rather, at this point rse reuz
.., NxN?? would lose at once
3. . White has been planning tt: tr
because of 4. PxN and 5. P-N8 (Q. ing-on sacrifice all along, ad
Any other knight move would also be White wins, has had to play ball for wart of a
followed by queening. Black's only alternative.
counter-chance seemsto lie in: 3. In this end-game even two knights
..., P-QN5 !, but after 4. NxN, are no match for White's Passed
P-N6 5. K-Nz White would gain a 8. P-N4 ! a-uc e':
pawns. It is evident that one of them
decisive tempo since after 5. . . ., P- must be given uP for the RP, Yet it is
is no defence because Black's knight csnso[ r

hardly conceivable that the other one capture by K-QZ-B;. . -.

In case of the cannot hold the two NP's. Therefore
:t-
6. chN-Q4 N+ g. K-Q7, K-B+ ro. K-ts'
the final situation after White's eighth ! rr. KxN, K-K-t r:.. K-
passed pawn move is also very instructive frorn a
Qr
and the extra knight decides the K-Q+ 13. P-N5 etc..
practical point of view.
issue.
r. K-N6 ! N-K4 ch
4. K-Nz ! and wins, z. K-B6
It may happen that a FiaE. ;:
because there is no escape from 5. P- z. K-N7 would not be successful against a knight, but it is res s
R3 ch and mate ! on account of z. ,. ., K-N4 ! 3. P- that it can hold its os'a rsz
R7, N-B 4 ch 4. K-N8, N-N3 etc. bishop. Yet if we are able to drj
bishop onto a diagonal Fncrr
) N(4)-N5 ch restricted in its movemec.t. tb
Both the corner square and the
-- exceptional cases, a paFrr pe
2. . . ., N(6)-N5 ch 3. K-K6 behind the "demusatisa '[i"E'
neighbouring squares are very un- !

favourable to a knight. Therefore it is and White wins more quicklY. triumph.

r52
, Eordr our while to drive the 3. K-K6 ! Nx P 170.
rt ro such a square and then 4. P-N6 N-Bz !
Ire ri rnth small forces. H. OTTEN, t892.
White's seemingly unstoppable NP
169. will be not only overtaken by this
driving-on sacrifice, but also captured
-\[,- B. \T,WMAN, 1926. in return for a knight. This aaive
defence is beautiful but-unlucky,
because the knight winning the pawn
lands on a "bad" square.
@
,/K.
5. KxN ! N-B5 !
6. P-N7 ! N-Q3 ch
7. K-K7 ! NxP
This is where Black's combination White wins.
* '/,,1
ends. It is White's turn now: or
rather, at this point we realize that B-Br
r. P-R5 !
White has been planning for this driv- K-Q5 B-R3
z. ! !
ing-on sacrifice all along, and Black
lYhite wins" has had to play ball for want of a better
Black tries to occupy his QRz-
alternative.
I t-Li eeC-game even two knights KN8 diagonal via his QB4 or K6. But
now White deprives him of the possi-
aL-,' -a:ch for Y/hite's passed 8. P-N4 ! and wins (!), bility of this "pendulum manoeuvrer"
m- tr: ls evident that one of them
r tre 'g:rer up for the RP, yet it is by way of a driving-on sacrifice.
because Black's knight cannot escape
Ey .l--n.-eir-able that the other one K-
capture by K-QZ-B7. (8. . . ., P-N5 ch BxP
nr L.:li the two NP's. Therefore N+ q.K-Q7, K-B+ ro. K-B7, N- 3. !

icai =::uation after White's eighth ! rr. Kx N, K-K4 tz. K-B7 ! ,

r is i=o very instructive frorn a Qr If l. ..., KXP? then 4. P-R6 !
gcz. e.-:.:t of view.
K-Q+ 13. P-N5 etc.) wins immediately since Black's king
closes the bishop's way to his K6.
K-\5: N-K4 ch *** Now, however, Black is prevented
K-ts5 from playing . . ., B-Kr-F.4;there-
It may happen that a pawn can win fore the only task White's king has
K-\- '*-ould not be successful against a knight, but it is very seldom to solve is to guard his I(3 and KBz
Ecc'-:: of z. . . ., K-N4 ! l. P- that it its own against a
can hold squares.
\--B+ ch 4. K-N8, N-N3 etc. bishop. Yet if we are able to drive the
bishop onto a diagonal where it is K-K+ !
+. B-R5
N(4)-N5 ch restricted in its movement, then, in S.K-Bl ! and wins,
exceptional cases, a pawn posted even
\.6)-NS ch 3. K-K6 ! behind the "demarcation line" may since the advancing pawn cannot be
E-ir: r,, ils more quickly. triumph. held up.

r53
 An accurately elaborated study by
Grandmaster R6ti illustrates how the
scope of a bishop can be decreased
when its own king is driven on to its
diagonal.
t7t.
R. RETI, 1929.
Draw.
It is easy to win the bishop in
exchange for the BP, yet it would be
not only a bad, but also a sad bargain
because the ensuing pawn end-game
would be lost for White. E. g. r. K-
N8, K-K4 z. P-B8 (Q), B x Q f .
Kx B, Kx P +. K-QZ, K-K4 5.
K-K7, K-B5, etc. Even worse is:
r. K-R7?, since after r. . . ., B-Br
z. K-NS, BXP 3. P-B8 (Q), BxQ
4. KxB, K-K4 ! the QP is lost and
Black's RP will be promoted.
There is no other choice but to try
the third alternative.
r. P-Q6 ! K-K3 ! is many a position in which a NP wins,
r. . . ., B-Br ?? z. K-N8, BxP 3.
P-88(Q, B x Q 4. Kx B and White's
QP has become a big shot.
r54
But now White must not insist on 172.
winning the bishop because z. K-
N8?, KxP would lead to a losing Dr. F. CASSIDY, 1884.
end-game. After z. K-RZ ! ?, B-
Br 3. K-N8, K-Qz White would be
in Zugzwang.
z. P-Q7 !! KxP
The purpose of the sacrifice is to
force through the driving-on ma-
noeuvre at the proper tirne. The
tempo thus won makes it possible for
White to force Black into Zug-
zwarugr leading to a draw by a repe-
tition of moves.
White zlins.
3. K-R7 ! B-88
4. K-NS ! B-Rl If this position emerged in a -'-:rryp
s. K-Rz B-Br
you were watching you rvould F!eS-
6. K-N8 ! and draws,
ably be inclined to say that the r-gr-
since Black must reply again. . ., B- ter was as good as settled, for arter r-
R3. Even an attempt at liquidation K-Bt and K-N4 White sroul,i mke
the variation mentioned at Black's RP and then easily prq@.n:.
-unlike
the beginning-would not yield much his NP.
because Black could not win after Unfortunately, r. K-B3?? w.-nu-lc
Z. K-RZ, KXP KxB, K-Q3 9.
8. give up the win at once, beczusc
K-N5, K-K+ ro. K-84, K-B5 Black's reply r. . .., P-R6! woul.j. ,m
rr. K-Q3, KxP tz. K-Kz!!, K- siderably "devalue"'White's qucia-
N6 13. K-Br! ing prospects. But if we are fam:Jllr
The finish of this study is a suitably withtheconceptof driving on-. sre sh*ll:
logical link in bringing us to the dis- be aware of the danger in goc,C. r'..e to
cussion of driving-on manoeuvres in do something against it.
pure pawn endings. The RP must be captured, rgt Ec,[
It is well known that rook pawns on White's R4 but on his R3 : Weil-
cannot be realized so easily as their it doesn't always pay to take the s-rtrc
companions on the inner files. There cut.
but a RP only draws. For the defence r. K-Nr !! P-R6 :
it is therefore generally desirable to
drive the opponent's NP on to the
rook's file. Still the strongest.
E trorr N-hite must not insist on
, K P irould lead to a losing
pre. -\fter z. K-RZ ! ?, B-
. K-\S, K-Qz S7hite would be
ilg4-2:19.
P{-:: KxP
!e !r:-+ose of the sacrifice is to
' u.;:ush the driving-on ma-
Ere aI the proper tirne. The
o tlu-. g'on makes it possible for
e !.1 force Black into Zug-
g_. 1-:ing to a draw by a repe-
i .-tt ltlt-es.
K-R-: B-88
K-\S: B-Rl
K-R. B-Br
K-\S: and draws,
Bia:s must reply again. . ., B-
Erer' an attempt at liquidation
Ifr: '}.e variation mentioned at
E::rg-rvould not yield much
Es€ Black could not win after
K . P 8. KxB, K-Q3 g.
-R-.
\*-<, K-K4 ro. K-B4, K-B5
['-{., K..<P rz. K-Kz!!, K-
:3. Ii-Brl
rc i::rh of this study is a suitably
rl Li:r in bringing us to the dis-
r-alr r-.i c-riving-on manoeuvres in
[laFn endings.
t we^I known that rook pawns
oa br r:^lized so easily as their
rc.io-. on the inner files. There
ey a posirion in which a NP wins,
r RP on-v draws. For the defence
rher::-ore generally desirable to
: rhe opponent's NP on to the
's i-le.
172.
Dr. F. CASSIDY, 1884.
w
-*^
White wins.
If this position emerged in a game
you were watching you would prob-
ably be inclined to say that the mat-
ter was as good as settled, for after r.
K-Bl and K-N4 White would take
Black's RP and then easily promote
his NP.
Unfortunately, r. K-83?? would
give up the win at once, because
Black's reply r. ..., P-R6! would can-
siderably "devalue" White's queen-
ing prospects. But if we are familiar
with the concept of driving on, we shall
be aware of the danger in good time to
do something against it.
The RP must be captured, yet not
on White's R4 but on his R3 ! U7ell,
it doesn't always pay to take the short
cut.
r. K-Nr !! P-R6 !
Still the strongest.
z. P-N3 !
z. P-N4?, K-K3 3. K-Rz, K-
Qf +. KxP, K-B: S. K-R+, K-
N3 and Black has occupied the square
so badly needed by V/hite.
a K._K:
3. K-Rz
--
K-Qg
4. KxP K-83(!)
From a practical point of view this
is "better" than 4, . . ., K-B+ which
would not "offer an opportunity" to
White to commit a mistake. But now
White still may spoil everything by S.
K-N4? ?
5. K-R4 ! K-Nr
6. K-N4 ! and wins.
Besides driving a pawn on the R file
there is another method of driving on
in pawn endings, which we may call
the shifting of the critical square.
It is known that a single king cannot
put up a successful fight against a
pawn (other than a RP) supported by
its king unless he manages to get in
front of the pawn or, at least, prevent
the advance of the hostile king by tak-
ing up the opposition. In this case
the struggle is fought for the square in
front of the pawn and for those
neighbouring it. The squares in ques-
tion are called critical squares.
To clarify this concept we shall
revert to the previous example. In
relation to White's NP the critical
area is marked out by the QR4-
r55
QR6-QB6-QB+ squares. Black
would have been able to secure a draw
if he had occupied either QN4 or QN5,
or at least secured the opposition on
his third rank against V/hite's king on
the fifth. Therefore, K-R4 ought to
have been countered with . . ., K-
R3 !, K-N+ with. . ., K-N3 ! and
K-84 with ..., K-Bl ! in order
to avoid defeat. Black had no oppor-
tunity to do So: because after the
fourth move White decided for the
sound continuation 5. K-R+ ! in-
stead of playing S. K-N+ ? and thus
giving Black a chance to oppose bY
5....,K-N3!
It goes without saying that even the
moves K-N+ ?, K-N3 ! would have
been of no account if White's Pawn
had been posted on its QNz instead of
on QN3. In that case Black's every
attempt at achieving the opposition
would have been thwarted by a po-
tential reserve move that might have
compelled him at any time to give
up the opposition.
From this it follows that the side on
the defensive is hopelessly lost if the
hostile king can occupy the second
square in front of his advancing
pawn.
that "second"
By tactical means
square can sometimes be turned into
a "first" square, by simply driving
the pawn behind the offensive king
a square ahead. If we manage to do
so, we shall have achieved the same
result as though the hostile king had
been thrown one rank back.
The manoeuvre under review is
peculiar to positions in which the
weaker side too has a pawn, though a
doomed one. A classical example:
\56
173.
H. MATTISON, r9r8. *
Draut.
!7hite's two pawns are as good as
lost. Should Black be able to capture
the pawns where they now stand, the
game would be lost as well, no matter
where White's king was posted, for
Black would still have the necessary
reserve move at his disposal.
Thus the only way to secure a draw
is to drive Black's pawn not one but
two squares forward, and then take up
the opposition:
r. P-N6 !! PxP
r. . .., KxP leaves White suffi-
cient time to defend his BP.
* The original position : Vhite: king
on KRr, pawns on KB+ and KR+;
Black: king on KR3, pawns on KBz and
KN+. Instead of that rather artificial basic
position we present the one derived after
themoves r. RP xP ch !, K-R4, which we
believe is for practical purposes of higher
instructive value.
z. P-85 !!
The second sacrifice rvas a-t t-::
pensableasthefi,rst, since after :- K'
Nr (z), K-NS 3. I(-Br ? I - tr'
3. K-ts2, P-N4 ! White sr-c-r"r -l
the opposition. Nor could it L'; c:--e',
even a single move as Prove;' :n :
following variants: z. K-N:- F'
NS a. P-B5, PxP ! or :' l.-\
K-NS 3.P-B5, KxP I a. K-5
K-B5, etc.
) PP
--
3. K-Nr ! K-\: .
Both sides are waiting for u: o--:
to advance. 3. K-R2?? cr 3. K'
Nz ? ? would be a gross bl':=ier r
account of Black's oPPosidord' m
3...., K-R5! or 3...., K-\
assuringthe victory. Thar 5 t
reason why White's king rf,L-<i -'r3[
to the second rank.
4. K-Br ! K-B: \-'
5. K-Bz (Nz) ! ari';azs-
We now present an i:st'-:: :f
prolonged struggle benreea -<=--: e
rook. This is a tYPical sa53 i-'::::E
the impotence of a rook i-;-;-
to a bad line again5l 2i a:rEr:
passed pawn. On the otte: :"1:-
also demonstrates horr sr.:'i:'Car i
rook can prolong its life .E -==
back.
 173. z. P-B5 !! 174.

It ]L\TTISON, r9r8. * The second qacrifice was as indis-

A. A. TROITSKY, r9rz.
pensable as the first, since after z. K-
Nr K-NS 3. I(-Br? !, KxP
(z),
3. K-Bz, P-N4 ! White would lose
the opposition. Nor could it be delayed
even a single move as Proved bY the
following variants: z. K-N2, K-
NS a. P-B5, P x P ! or z. K-Nr,
K-NS 3.F-85, KxP !
K-85, etc.
4. K-Bz, t "%',ru
,ruE%,,ry,,
a PxP
Draw. 3. K-Nr
--
! K-N4 !
White wins.

Li-e's rwo pawns are as good as
Sbodd Biack be able to capture
cm'S l-here they now stand, the
souli be lost as well, no matter
=
Ejr:'s king was posted, for
1'r-.uld still have the necessary
re E,cr;e at his disposal.
res tte onlv way to secure a draw
ff;: Black's pawn not one but
Faits forw-ard, and then take up
[ffi:::cD:
P-S5 PxP
:!
..-, K.P leaves V/hite suffi-
tiroe to defend his BP.
[}E r--5-::al position: Vhite: king
X.:-. earrns on KB+ and KR+;
: ts-; rif, ICR3, pawns on KBz and
Issr=J of that rather artificial basic
cE! Ei?:esent the one derived after
rrrs :. RP x P ch !, K-R4, which we
e * rc: practical purposes of higher
grE raiue.
Both sides are waiting for the other In such positions an extra knight is
to 3. K-Rz?? or 3. K-
advance. no asset, therefore SThite has to seek
Nz ? ? would be a gross blunder on victory in the realization of his pawn.
account of Black's oppositional reply
3. . . ., K-R5 ! or 3. . . ., K-N5! r. PxP R-88 ch !
assuring the victory. That is the
!
reason why White's king must not go
to the second rank. Stronger than it first seems, because
after the exchange of the rooks White
cannot safely protect his pawn with
4. K-Br ! K-BS NS) the knight. For instance: z. K-Nz,
5. K-Bz (Nz) ! and draws. RxR ! l. KxR, K-Bz ! and after
4. NxP Black irnmediatelY wins the
pawn (. . ., K-Ql). If +. N-B8, then
Black plays again 4. . .., K-Qf !
(+. . .., K-Qr?? 5. N-N6 !) and
We now present an instance of a 5....,K-Kz!
prolonged struggle between king and The lesson is that the rook must not
rook. This is a typical case illustrating be exchanged off,, but it can be sacri-
the impotence of a rook driven on ficed in the interest of the Pawn.
to a bad line against an advanced
passed pawn. On the other hand, it z.K-Bzlt RxR
also demonstrates how stubbornly the
rook can prolong its life by fighting The best, otherwise White's mate-
back. rial superiority assures the win.

r57
 r. P-Kz
And now the real battle begins.
Black cannot directly prevent the pro-
nootion, therefore he endeavours to
chase White's king onto the K file,
then to eliminate the new-born queen
byway of . . ., R-KR8 and. . ., R-
K8 ch or . . .: R-KR4 and . . ., R-
K4 ch. For this reason White noust
temporarily keep offthe K file, but he
must not stray too far away lest
Black's rook should seize control over
it.
Consequently, the next moves are
made under mutual duress.
3. . .., R-R7 ch 4. K-B3; R-
R6 ch S. K-B+, R-R5 ch 6. K-
85, R-R4 ch T. K x P!
The first obstacle has been removed
and also the potential danger of . . .,
R-R4-K4 ch is over. But the K file
may be "crossed" only at the Kz
point; the end is still a long way off.
7. ..., R-R3 ch! 8. K-B5! (8.
K-KS ?, R-R.8!) 8. . . ., R-R4 ch
g. K-B+! (9. N-N5 ?, R-Rr!) q.
. . ., R-R5 ch ro. K-B3, R-R6 ch
rr. K-Kz!
The Jordan has been crossed. But
we still don't see why.
r58
rr. . . ., R-RZ ch 12. K-Q3!,
R-R6 ch 13. K-Q4, R-RS ch
14. K-Q5, R-R4 ch 15. K-Q5!
The time has come for the knight
to burst in. Should Black, for instance,
continue with 15. . . ., R-RS (in hope
of . . . , R-Q8 ch and. . ., R.-K8 ch),
then 16. N-B6 ! would follow and
after 16. . . ., R-Q8 ch 17. N-Q5 ch
would close the file with gain oftempo.
If 16. . . ., R-K8,
then the line inter-
ference ensuing after t7. N-Q7 ch
and 18. N-KS would decide the
issue.
15.-- R.-R3 ch
16. N-86 ! !
Now the intervention of the knight
assumes the form of a typical driv-
ing-on sacrifice. After 16. . . ., R-Rr
the knight would display its many-
sided line-closing powers in a third
variation. (rl. N-QZ ch and 18.
N-B8 !) F-ollowing the acceptance
of the sacrifice the fourth phase of
the king's wanderings marks the
end of the fight:
t6. . .., RXN ch r7. K-Q5!, R-
84 ch 18. K-Q4, R-B5 ch 19. K-
Q3, R-96 ch zo. K-Kz!-and (at
long last !) wins.
DRIVING OFF I
A tactical weapon no less imp'crc,:
than the one described in the pr*e:-
ing chapter is the motif of driving off
or diversion. fn discussing the f;:l.+'
mental concepts we have alreads tj:r-
ed (see Diagrams Nos. r_a-r7) th.a:
driving-off manoeuvre is one or ::e
=r
ways of directing the movemenr oi b:r*-
tile forces efficiently. The onll- crf=-
encebetween driving offand diri.-_: :c.
is that in the former case \r e t-or:= e
hostile piece to leave a certain :<ex.:eft
instead of to occupy one. In c-.:=
words, it is in practice rrn'impro-,i
to which square the piece il qu=u,u.e.
goes ; the main point is that it sacares
its original square and as a resE:
it ceases to exercise its courrol
effect over certain squares.
In form the driving-off ma.aLreln:lE
sacrifice of the seme NTe es
reveals a
in the previous chapter. Is fiele of,
application is, however, rather cjf=-
ent, unless it can be combinlC q:rL
a driving-on manoeuvre.
fn most positions arising after a
driving-on sacrifice the directeC pia*
itself is the one that gets into the lhe-
light, either as an excellent targer or
as an obstacle hampering the acEET
of its own camp. After a dris:.:s-:'f
manoeuvre the directed piece d:-..ry
pears as it were from the bardeiell.
 ..., R-RZ ch t2. K-Q3!,
ctr 13. K{4, R-RS ch
;K{5, R-R4 ch 15. K-Q6!
time has come for the knight
in- Should Black, for instance,
with r5. . . ., R-R8 (in hope
; -, R-{8 ch and . . ., R-K8 .h),
16. N-B6 ! would follow and
rG . . ., R-Q8 cht7. N-QS ch
dse the file with gain oftempo.
R-K8, then the line inter-
- - .,
eosuing after ry. N-Q7 ch
18. N-KS would decide the
IJL- - R-R3 ch
il, N-86 ! !
tre intervention of the knight
the form of a typical driv-
sacrifice. After 16. . . ., R-Rr
ight would display its many-
linedosing powers in a third
(tl. N-QZ ch and 18.
!) Following the acceptance
sacrifice the fourth phase of
Liry's wanderings marks the
d 6e fight:
.. ., RXN ch 17. K-Q5!, R-
K{4, R-B5 ch r9. K-
r8.
i B-86 ch zo. K-Kz!-and (at
ht !) wins.
DRIVING OFF OR DIVERSIO N
A tactical weapon no less important
than the one described in the preced-
ing chapter is the motif of driving off
or diversion. In discussing the funda-
mental concepts we have already hint-
ed (see Diagrams Nos. r-a-r 7) that the
driving-off manoeuvre is one of the
ways of directing the movement of hos-
tile forces efficiently. The only differ-
encebetween driving offand driving on
is that in the former case we force a
hostile piece to leave a certain square
instead of to occupy one. In other
words, it is in practice unimportant
to which square the piece in question
goes ; the main point is that it vacates
its original square and as a result
it ceases to exercise its control
effect over certain squares.
In form the driving-off manoeuvre
reveals a sacrifice of the same tJpe as
in the
previous chapter. Its field of
application is, however, rather differ-
ent, rrnless it cau be combined with
a driving-on manoeuvre.
fn most positions arising after a
driving-on sacrifice the direaed piece
itself is the one that gets into the lime-
light, either as an excellent target or
as an obstacle hampering the activiry
of its own camp. After a driving-off
manoeuvre the direAed piece disap-
pears as it were from the battlefield,
becoming an idle onlooker of no
practical use. Accordingly, by means
of a driving-off sacrifice we can in-
crease the potential radius of action
of our pieces, but their increased
powers are directed not against the
piece driven away but rather against
the area left undefended by it.
It follows that the driving-off ma-
noeuvre as a tactical weapon is mostly
mating combinations
resorted to in
or when a passed pawn is to be
realized. In positions with few pieces
the latter motif is of far greater prac-
tical importance. Thereforer we
propose to examine various forms of
driving-off sacrifice intended to pave
the way for pawn promotions.
175.
SCHEME.
lYhite wins.
r59
 Black's plan is to keeP White's the pawns. Also 7. ..., R-N7 ch z. P-N6 N-
king imprisoned in front of his pawns, would serve no purpose since there g.P-NZ N-
by the endless repetition of the moves would be no more checks for Black
K-Na. The worries caused by rL
. . ., K-Nz-Nr. If Vhite refuses to after 8. K-R4, R-RZ ch 9.
just about over, but nor d
acquiesce in what would be some- cent-looking BP intemc
thing like a positional draw, he must try 7.- - R-Br vigorous driving-off piecc.
to drive off the rook governing the 8. PxR (Q) ch KxQ
Q fiI.. 9. K-.B6 ! K-Kr 4. ch !
P-86 K-
ro. P-K7 and wins. P-Bl !
S. K-
r. RxP ch !! RxR
176. 5. . .., N-Nr ch 6. Ki
R3 ch 7. K-N6 wins.
The driving off has been accom-
F. J. PROKOP, 1925. 6. P-88 ch ! d
since either the king s1th. fo
be forcibly driven off.
On the strength of flru
file.) The point is that the Q file is examples it may alrcady be rt
cleared and the king can get out of his the purpose of the drivirS
pawn's way. noeuvre is to scatter thc q;
defensive forces and m rs
z. K-Q7 R-{7 ch our own pieces free accro r
3. K-B6 R-B7 ch squares. With a passed 1rr
a. K-Q6 ! board, our primary obidir
course, to assume absolme q
It is impoftant not to stray far from lYhite zuins. the queening squar=. Th
the eighth rank, lest the rook should employed varies wi& ft
be reactivated, e. g. in case of 5. K- White must clear the waY for his end-game.
Q5 ? Black could secure a draw bY NP, but how? r. K-B5, Black coun- In rook end-games e I
4. . .., R-Br 5. K-Q6, K-Nz ! ters with r. .. ., K-K2 with an eYe pawn may decide the ir
6. K-QZ, K-B3 ! Now, however, on the queening square. On r. K- ways, namely (a) it b escrrr
4. ..., R-Br would fail owing to B7rr.. . ., N-B5 ! follows (threaten- queening square under rdGF
port so that the oppone'rt C
S. K-QZ ! and 6. P-K8 (Q) ch, etc.
ing White's Q5) and the knight catches
up with the pawn after z. K-Q6, N- giving up his rook for it, c
4.- - R-Q7 ch Q6,3. P-N6, N-NS 4. P-N7, N- drive off the adversc moB it
s.K-Ks R-K7 ch R3. It seems best to take the middle by sacrfficing our osD, fia
6. K-B5 R-B7 ch course : commanding the qEceriry q
this way we may not mly 1ru
z.K-Ns K-K2 pawn but dso Etain ' I
r. K-B6 ! !

K-N+? would again be an error queen against the hmt a

Z.
on account of 7. . . ., R-Br ! . Yet Clears the knight's path, since the former method is a gsacd, r
this sacrifice is not satisfactory now promotion square can only be reached way of windi.g up a tzrr, d
because the king is sufficiently close to via Black's KB3 and Qz. is a widely applied tacriJ p

r6o II
 prls. AIso 7. .. ., R-N7 ch N-Br ll7.
3 serre no pulpose sin_ce there N-Qz
fl be Do rnore checks for Black The worries caused by the NP are
A. A. TROITSKY, r9o9.
t & K-R4, R-R7 ch 9. K-Nl. just about over, but now the inno-
R-Br cent-looking BP intervenes as a
t -P' -R (Q) ch KxQ
T- vigorous driving-off piece.
$ K-B6 ! K-Kr 4. P-B6 ch ! K-Kr
ir P-K7 and wins. 5. P-B7 ! K-K2
: 176. 5. . . ., N-Nr ch 6. K-B7, N-
R3 ch 7. K-N6 wins.
, F. I. PROKOP, 1925. 6. P-B8 ch ! and wins,
since either the king or the knight will
be forcibly driven off. White wins.
On the strength of these simple
examples it may already be stated that t. P-R7 ! R-N4 ch
the purpose of the driving-off ma-
noeuvre is to scatter the opponent's r. .. ., R-Nr ? would be wrong
defensive forces and to secure for because of z. R-Rr ch and 3. R-
our own pieces free access to certain Nr ch.
squares. \fith a passed pawn on the
board, our primary obiective is, of z. K-86 ! R-QR+
course,to assume absolute control of
White zuins. the queening square. The method The driving-on manoeuvre en-
employed varies with the type of forced with threats is the first link in
lhE Inust clear the waY for his end-game. Vhite's combination. Now comes its
!"h how? r. K-B5, Black coun- In rook end-games a realizable reverse: the driving off of the rook
r ri6 r. . . ., K-K2 with an eYe pawn may decide the issue in two from the R file with new threats.
rFr queening square. On r. K- ways, namely (a) it is escorted to the In case of z. . . ., R-N3 ch 3. K-
rL. . ., N-B5 ! follows (threaten- queening square under adequate sup- 85, R-QRI +. R x P ch, K-R3 the
gf-tit:'s QS) and the knight catches port so that the opponent cannot help rook would be driven off by S. R-B6
uit 6e pawn after z. K-Q6, N- giving up his rook for it, or (b) we ch !! If Black had tried to deviate
L1 P-)i6, N-N5 4.P-N7, N: drive off the adverse rook, if need be with 4. . . ., K-Nr, tMhite would
;. & setos best to take the middle by sacrificing our own, from its post have triumphed after 5. R-B8 ch,
E: commanding the queening square. In K-Nz 6. P-RS (Q.
this way we may not only promote our
LK-B6! K-K2 ! pawn but also retain the new-born 3. K-B7 ! K-Rl
queen against the hostile rook. The
Chs the knight's path, since the former method is a general, strategic There was no other defence against
fi'on square can only be reached way of winding up a game, the latter the mating threat. Now we see why we
lEd's KB3 and Qz. is a widely applied tactical possibility. had to spare Black's harmful BP: it
II t6t
prevents Black from escaping by . . ., r. R-N7 ch ! pawn by bringing his king t
Rx P ch. port. Black must obstnrct t
route (K-R5-R6 etc.) o
eh K-Rz This driving-off manoeuvre paves
4. R-B6 the way for the realization of further
inevitable defeat after + -.
plans with an important gain of tem- S. K-RS, P-B5 6. K-X
After 4. . . ., K-N+ the same driv-
po; it chasesthe king a step farther 7. R-KB7, R-N6 8. KJ
ing-off sacrifice would follow. ch 9. K-NS, K-B5, ro.
from the main theatre of operations.
R-B5 !! RxR The immediate r. P-NZ is not
5. enough, since after r. ..., R-KN8
z. Rx P,R-N4 ! 3. R-K7, K-B8 ! . __
+. R-
Forced because Vhite threatens R-KZ ! K
mate after R-R3 or R-R5. 4. R-Kr ch, K-Q7 Vhite cannot S.
create the suategic conditions for
6. P-R8 (Q R-KN4 victory by bringing his rook to the
P and wins.
KN file. Even the continuation r. Is everything all 'id-?
7. Qx P-NZ ?, R-KN8 z. R-N7 ch is of means. The seemingly ru
White has a simple u'in also if Black
no avail, because then Black's king bastion of defence ca't bcE
may proceed without penalty to the means of a splendid drivi4
chooses to play 4. . . .,K-N+. 6.n- QB file and Vhite has no promising
85 ch !, RxR 6. P-R8 (Q), R-B6 fice !
play after z. ...., K-B6 3. RxP ch,
7. Q-Q5 .,.] K--Q5 4. R-QR1 K-K4.
' ** 6. R-K5 ch !! r
The following very instructive end- r.-- K-R6 !
game demonstrates White's elaborate z. P-N7 R-KN8
strategy being crowned with a fine 3. RxP K-N5 ! since 6. ..., PxR leerca E
tactical point. undefended, and aft€r 6. -
178. the newly obtained qrrccall
The sooner Black can leave his sev- fate of the BP.
enth, sixth and fifth ranks, the better.
M. EISENSTADT, 1932.
Only in this way can he hoPe to
prevent White from carrying out a
strategic redeployment: 4. R-K7 !
and R-Kz (3, D ch followed by
R-KNz (1, D threatening a forced
exchange of rooks. In bishop endiagt ri
endings, the drivingd r
especial importaoce bcr-r
4. K-R4 ! terial advantage ob,taincd by
the hostile bishop for e pu
Since after 4. R-KZ Black's rePlY, itself enough for vimy.
4. . . .,K-B+ ! would thwart \il7hite's The general ideas rrntu{
plan, the offensive side strives for a an ending are ondcasodir
White wi,ns. simple technical realization of his ing textbook e=etnpl,e :

t6z r I*
 r. R-N7 ch !
This driving-off manoeuvre paves
ih rra,v for the realization of further
rilrn. rith an important gain of tem-
1n; it ch*ses the king a step farther
frm the mein theatre of operations.
Thc irnmediate r. P-NZ is not
ough, since after r. . . ., R-KN8
z, R ',: P, R-N+ ! 3. R-Kn K-B8 !
a R-Kr ch, K-Q7 Vhite cannot
crcre the suategic conditions for
Yiaory by bringing his rook to the
fN file. Even the continuation r.
P-N7?, R-KN8 z. R-N7 ch is of
r erail, because then Black's king
ry proceed without penalty to the
(E file and Vhite has no promising
flry after 2. . . ., K-B6 3. RxP ch,
I({s 4.R-QR7, K-K4.
r. K-R6 !
z -P-N7
- R-KN8
3. R',:P K-N5 !
The sooner Black can leave his sev-
'anrll, sisth and fifth ranks, the better.
eLF in this way can he hope to
IrEF'eot White from carrying out a
Gtegic redeployment: 4. R-K7 !
rd R-K2 (3, D ch followed by
B-K-\z (1, +) threatening a forced
tTclmnge of rooks.
+ K-R4 ! (Q) Z. Q-NZ ch-and Black has lost
Sina after 4. R-KZ Black's rePlY,
4. - . ., K-B+ ! wor.rld thwart \UThite's
pLns the offensive side strives for a
riryle technical realization of his
pawn by bringing his king to its sup-
port. Black must obstruct the king's
route (K-R5-R6 etc.) to avoid the
inevitable defeat after 4. . . ., P-B4
S. K-RS, P-B5 6. K-R6, P-86
7. R-KB7, R-N6 8. K-R7, R-R6
ch 9. K-N8, K-85, ro. K-B8 !.
4.- -
5. R-K7 !
Is everything all right? By
means. The seemingly strong main
bastion of defence can be blown up by
means of a splendid driving-off sacri-
fice ! r. B-K3
6. R-K5 ch !! and wins,
since 6...., PxR leaves Black's rook
undefended, and after 6. ..., RxR
the newly obtained queen will seal the
fate ofthe BP.
In bishop endings, as in knight
endings, the driving-off motif is of
especial importance because the ma-
terial advantage obtained by capturing
the hostile bishop for a pawn is not in
itself enough for victory.
The general ideas underlying such
an ending are condensed in the follow-
ing textbook example:
rr*
179.
H. COHN rgzg.*
no
White wins.
!
White's bishop tries to reach his
QN8 via QR7. Vhite has to act with-
out any loss of time to forestall the
advance of Black's pawn after a pos-
sible...,B-Q3.
r. P-RS
- -
The circumstances, as will soon be
seen, are not altogether favourable for
the pawn to advance, but any alter-
native waiting move would only bring
White nearer to his original plan, e. g.
r. . . ., B-Q3 z. B-R7 !, P-R5 3.
B-N8 !, BxB +. KxB, P-R6 5.
K-B8, P-RZ 6. P-N8 (Q), P-R8
* This theme was originally elaborated
by L. Centurini, in 1856, in an analysis
of the realization of Vhite's NP posted
on QN7. In Centurini's example T(Ihite's
bishop stood on Q8, Black's on its KR7,
and there was no Black RP.
r63
the new queen. The result is also the seize control over the route leading rr. B-R7 ! B,{
..., B-B4 4. B-R2, to QR7 !
same after 3. rz. B-N8 ! B-B+
B-Rz 5. B-Nr !, P-R6 6. BxB, Let us wait a little then for Black's 13. B-Rz B--*z
P-Rz z. P-N8 (Q). bishop to leave its cosy Q3 . . . r4. B-Nr !

z. B-Bzl s.B-Kr (Q+) B-R7 ! The third, unconditionell5r fr

diversion. Black's bishop cE
The first driving-off manoeuvre. The only move that still delays the cape it because the diagd i!
Though it does not solve White's implementation of our Plan, because short.
problem, it at least wins the RP. we cannot grapple with Black's
slippery bishop from our Qr-KR4 t4. BxB
2.-- B-Q3! diagonal. This goes to show that the 15. -P-N8
- (Q) adria.
3. Bx P K-N3 ! bishop has two convenient squares to
go to: its Q3 and KR7. Our task is 180.
Black must seek defence against the obvious. TYe must force Black's
threat 4. B-Bz, 5. B-RZ and 6. bishop to leave its QR7 without R. RETI, 1925.
B-N8. its being able to go to Q3!

4. B-Bz ch K-R3 ! 6. B-B5!! B-K4

It is difficult now to find a sound Black could as well play 6. . . ., B-
continuation. Having no access to his 85 or 6. . . ., B-N6, the point is that
QR 7, White ought perhaps to wriggle his bishop can now be engaged in the
his bishop to QB7 via Q8. But after open field.
S. B-R4, K-N3 ! 6. B{8 ch,
Black can play . . ., K-83, renewing 7.B^-K7 I K-Nl
his conuol over White's QBZ in good
time. Vhite may attempt now to diveft Necessary on account of the threat
the hostile bishop by l. B-Kn but B-Q8-B7. lVhire wint.
Black will be wise enough to keep it
on the diagonal and, as before, the 8. B{8 ch ! K-Br The foregoing lesson *igh h
KNr-QR7 diagonal cannot be oc- g. 8-86 ! to beteve that a simil-r dI
cupied in one move. could be enforced here by crq
Vhy not? Because it is on its K7 The second driving-off manoeuvre the RP for Black's BP.
that the bishop has come face to brings us closer to victory. But after r. K-Kz?, K-{tI!
face with its counterpffi, from where B-K7!, KxP 3. BxP, K-N
it could proceed only to QB5, a square s.- - B-Q3 B-R3, K-Bl S. K-Kl, K{
controlled by Black's king. Vhat if we ro. B{4 B-RZ K-B4, K-Kr Z. K-BS, K{
tried to drive off Black's bishop with turns out that White's kipB Gr
ours on KB6 or KN5 or KR4 ? Then From now on the moves of Black's worm his way into blact's gi
we could in fact attack the opponent's .bishop are indifferent. It
will soon and no advantageous er..hilEl d
bishop with a gain of tempo, for after have to leave the long diagonal for the bishops can be forced ttrmgL ff
its removal we could immediatelY shortest, and lose the game. it much better to secule fu Il
t64
E control over the route leading rr. B-R7 ! B-Q3 r. P-R5, for after r. ..., K-N4 z.
,(p7 ! rz. B-N8 ! B-B+ K-K2, P-BS ! 3. K-K3, P-B6 !
Ie us wait a little then for Black's 13. B-Rz B-Rz Black's pawn too becomes a perma-
lry to leave its cosy Q3 . . . 14. B-Nr ! nent menace.
The solution is as short as it
r rKr
is
(Q+) B-R7 ! The third, unconditionally forcing poignant.
diversion. Black's bishop cannot es-
Ifc onty move that still delays the cape it because the diagonal is too r. B-R5 ! K-N6
lbcatation of our plan, because short.
! crrnot grapple with Black's r. . . ., K--Q6 White counters with
FGry bishop from our QI-KR4 t4.
-P-N8
- (Q) BxB the text, any other move with z. K-
;nL This goes to show that the 15. and wins. Kz etc. and wins.
fry hes two convenient squares to
i D : its Q3 and KR7. Our task is 180. z. B-B3!!
riE. We must force Black's
fql to leave its QR7 without R. RETI, t925. A surprisingly strong driving-off
3lr:rg able to go to Q3! sacrffice based on the fact that mo-
mentarily Black's king is outside the
6. B-B5!! B-K+ "magic square" of the RP, and the
bishop is unable to stop both pawns.
Ecf could as well play 6. . . ., B-
I c 5. . " ., B-N6, the point is that 2.-- BxB
I tirhop can now be engaged in the
E fic{d- 2. ..., KxB or 2. ..., B-Rl
'7-riK7l K-Nr
would be answered by the same move:

3. P-R5 ! and wins,

I&assery on account of the threat
-^qt-B7. White utins. because one of the pawns can be
realized by giving up the other as a
3 B{8ch! K-Br The foregoing lesson might lead us driving-off sacrifice.
f. 8-86 ! to believe that a similar end-game
could be enforced here by exchanging
lL sccond driving-off manoeuvre the RP for Black's BP.
hr us doser to victory. But after r. K-Kz?, K-N5! z. pawn. In this respect the knight is
B-K7!, KxP 3. BxP, K-N4 4. more vulnerable than the bishop, for
9-- B-Q3 B-R3, K-Bl S. K-Kl, K-Qz 6. on account of its shorter range it
n B-Q4 B-Rz K-B4, K-Kr 7.K-B5, K-Qz! it. cannot escape attack and still maintain
turns out that White's king cannot its control over certain squares. Yet it
fu trow oD the moves of Black's worm his way into black's position is a good end-game fighter, mostly
lry re indifferent. It will soon and no advantageous exchange ofthe thanks to its extensive secondary range,
tE leave the long diagonal for the bishops can be forced through. Nor is its ability to threaten a number
rst, and lose the game. it much better to secure the RP by of squares indirectly.

r65
 A simple but substantial textbook There is no salvation after z... ., 182.
example of a "knightlY" driving-off K-B+ 3. K-N8 !,
because White's
manoeuvre: knight commands also the QB6 square. O. DURAS, 1923.

3. K-N8 N-B3 ch !
18l.
A driving-off attempt, now on
R. RETI, rgzg. Black's part, with a view to depriving
the pawn of its support. It is easily
repelled though, for after the text
continuation neither the king nor the
knight may capture !(Ihite's unde-
fended piece.

4. K-N7 !

In case of 4. K-B7 ? Black would White wins.

NxN I S. P-
be free to play 4. . . .,
RZ, N-Q 4 ch 6. K-86, N-N3 !
Since he has only an outsic: pa'
N-Qt ch and a "bad" bishop which Cc'es :
White wins. N-K3 ch cover the queening square, ooa:
K-Nl but energetic driving-off' mari r€Er
r K-R7 ! K-N+ N-Bz can assure the win.

White threatens K-N6 andP-R7 And now a forcing diversion: r. B-Nz

of r. . . ., N-Bl ch z.
!
etc. In case
K-N6, K-Q4 the simPlest driving 8' N-Qs tn: t'u wins'
off: 3. N-N4 ch ! would follow. Clears the way for the paw:i wf
r. . .., K-B4 would be countered . * gain oftempo. As a driving-off rrir"r
by z. N-Q+!! forcing Black into a ithas little weight, because tslaci
Zugzwang position or into defeat We have so far examined driving-off king is already as u-ncoo:i.-rti
after 2.. . ., KxN. operations carried out against various placed on his KB7 as he sou.ri. Le
pieces, but our analysis should also KNz.
z. N-N4 ! cover the king whose intervention in
end-games is very often of the utmost r. K-K6
This is no active driving-off sacri- importance for both attack and de- - -
z. P-R4 KP
]

fice, since Black is not forced to take fence.

3. B-B3 !
the knight, but remaining alive the If the opponent's king obstructs our
knight does a good iob by defending pawn and prevents its Promotion,
the pawn. which is often the case, we shall con- But this is a more sienificaDt @c.
centrate our efforts on driving him off. since it denies the K-\+ squ"E
't K-R+ Let us look at an illustrative example : Black's king and forces hinn ic cr
--

r66
 There is no salvation after z. .. ., 182. a detour. Black must not accept the
f-84 3. K-N8 !, because White's invitation, for in case of 3. . . ., K x B
h[!t commands also the QB6 square. O. DURAS, 1923. 4. P-Rs, K-N7 5. P-R6, P-B5
6. P-R7, P-B6 7. P-R8(Q),P-87
3. K-N8 N-83 ch ! the queen will reach her KN3 after
several checks and Black's forced . . .,
A &iving-off attemPt, now on K-B8 is a prelude to mate in two
Erck's part, with a view to depriving moves (Q-Rz and Q-Rr).
tre pa*n of its support. It is easilY
rtpdted though, for after the text 3.- - K-K+
orrninuation neither the king nor the P-Rs
+. K-Kl
hight may capture White's unde- 5. B-Q5 ch
ftDdcd piece.
Sometimes even a bad bishop has
..g K-N7 ! its good points. The third driving-off
sacrffice is decisive because it prevents
In case of 4. K-B7? Black would White wins. the king from getting in front of the
bc free to play 4. . . ., NxN I S. P- pawn, though it does not force him to
R;, N{4 ch 6. K-86, N-N3 ! turn his back on it.
Since he has only an outside pawn
N-Qt ch and a "bad" bishop which does not K-Kz
a
.F
--
N-K3 ch cover the queening square, nothing 5.- -
s-K-Bz 6. P-R6 K-Br
6. K-N8 ! K-Nl but energetic driving-off manoeuvres
z.K-Qz and wins,
;.P-RZ N-Bz can assure the win.

because Black's monarch must stay

And now a forcing diversion:
s' N{5 *: "u
wins'
.*
s'e have so far examined driving-off
oFrrtions carried out against various
Iicc6, but our andysis should also
cnmr the tirg whose intervention in
ca+gnes is very often of the utmost
iryortauce for both attack and de-
ftnce.
Ifthe opponent's king obstructs our
frn and prevents its Promotion,
ltlO is often the case, we shall con-
cuEse our efforts on driving him off.
I-ct us look at an illustrative example
r. B-Nz ! put, while his pawns will fall one by
one, resulting in a total Zugzwangfor
Black'
Clears the way for the pawn with a ***
gain oftempo. As a driving-offattempt
ithas little weight, because Black's
king is already as uncomfortably In more complicated and longer
placed on his KB7 as he would be on combinations the driving-off ma-
noeuvre often occurs in a more com-
KNz.
plex, two-stage form. Let us remember
that the control effect of a certain piece
r. K-K6
z. - -
P-R4 KxP
!
can also be decreased by way of line
interference. Diversion and line inter-
3. B-B3 !
ference sometimes make a happy
combination.
In the cases examined so far, the
But this is a more significant move,
since it denies the KN4 square to piece driven off had to leave its origi-
: Black's king and forces him to make nal place; consequently it ceased to

r67
exercise its control effect over certaln 183. DRTVTNG OFF (DTVERSI(
squares. In the examples on line inter- PINNING
ference the piece preventing the real- H. RINCK, r9rr.
ization of some plan remained on its The control effect of fictu r

place, but it was blocked by another be eliminated or decreascd t

piece and its control effect nullified in ning. The piece under pin cr
certain directions. The combination its place, lest a more Frir
of these two factors is sometimes so standing on the same line rL
powerful as to work wonders or, at exposed to danger. In thit q
feast, achieve what could not be done pinning is only effective if ft
by resortiug to one or the other motif movement of the pinncd fii
alone. from those of the piece piEn
Let us presume that in order to example a rook can pin e ti
reach some goal it would be desirable oice oersa., and a line-picce cr
to eliminate the control effect of a knight or a pawn.
hostile piece, but we cannot drive it Vhite wi,ns. If, however, the pinning F
off from its original line nor can this the pinned one are of 6c rr
line be closed. In such a case it must r. P-K7 ! the pin is not compler, tdr
be considered whether there is a fined not to a grven squre h
possibility of decoying that piece r. B-B5 ch?, K-R5 z. P-K7, line. (Line pinning.)
farther from the critical point. Then R-Rr or z. P x P, K-N 4 ch,3. K- By way of line pinning I 1i
the line in question may be lengthened Nz, R-Q3 ! leads only to a draw. be forced to exchange dc,
sufficiently to allow of creating an the pinning piece. The l:ttero
interference on some square in be-
r.-- K-N5ch!
a typical form of ddviag t
tween. A necessary interpolation, because differing, in principle, frr tL
Such L preliminary driving-off the immediate r. .. .1 R-Kg?? fails dealt with thus far.
manoeuvre carried out in the interest against z. B-B5 ch.
of line interference may be termed 184
driving over. Its essence is that the z. K-Nz R-Kr
piece driven out, though remaining on F. SACKMAI.IN, r9q
It would be a good thing now to cut
its original line, will be transposed to off the control effect of the rook
such a section of that line that it can be towards its Kz-Kr. This cannot be
cut off by means of line interference. done either by driving off or by line
Of course, only "Iine pieces" (mostly interference alone. But should the
the bishop and the rook) can be driven rook, for instance, be posted on its K8,
over to a certain square. (Driving-off we could slam the door behind it by
and driving-over manoeuvres against way of P-Bl ch and B-K+. There-
the highly mobile queen are very fore the rook must be driven over
rarely effective; therefore in this the K4 square towards Kr.
chapter we shall not deal with exam-
ples of this kind. ) 3. R-Kz !! RxR
Respective examples of the success- a. B-fu !! RxB
ful driving over of rook and bishoP : 5. P-B3 ch and wins. Vhiu z. rr,-

r68
 183.
IL RINCK, r9rr.
r B-B5 ch?, K-R5 2. P-K:/,
c z. PxP, K-N+ ch, f. K-
B+ ! leads only to a draw.
K-N5 ch
A rcary interpolation, because
e imcdice r. . . .e R-Kg?? fails
a B-85 ch.
; r K-Nz R-Kl
Erwld be a good thing now to cut
6c control effect of the rook
its K2-Kr. This cannot be
cirtcr by driving off or by line
alone. But should the
fu instance, be posted on its K8,
@H slam the door behind it by
dP-B3 ch and B-K4. There-
6e mok must be driven over
K+ squarc towards Kr.
RxR
RxB
and wins.
DRTVTNG OFF (DMRSION) BY r. B-B8 !
PINNING Threatening a discovered attack (2.
P-K7 !) against the bishop even
The control effect of pieces can also K-Q3. It is not sufficient
after r. . . .,
be eliminated or decreased by pin- for Black to capture the KP at the
ning. The piece under pin cannot leave price of exchanging off the bishops,
its place, lest a more precious piece because after r. . . ., B xP z. Bx B ch,
standing on the same line should be KxB 3. K-K+ !, K-Qg 4. K-
exposed to danger. In this respect the
Q+ K-83 5. K-B4 ! -White would
pinning is only effective if the laws of win with his remaining pawn. Black's
movement of the pinned piece differ bishop must therefore seek safety in
from those of the piece pinning it. For flight, and be ready to control his Kr
example a rook can pin a bishop or at the same time.
oice oersa., ffid a line-piece can pin a
knight or a pawn. r. B-88
If, however, the pinning piece and - -
z.P-K7 B-N+
the pinned one are of the same kind, 3. P-B4 ch !
the pin is not complete, being con-
A powerful directing moye ! Either
fined not to a grven square but a given
the bishop is driven off the QR4-K8
line. (Line pinning.)
By way of line pinning a piece can
diagonal (followed by the immediate
queening of White's pawn) or the
be forced to exchange off or capture
the pinning piece. The latter option is
king is driven on the QR6-KBI
! diagonal and the stage is set for a
a tlpical form of driving ofq not driving off by pinning.
differing, in principle, from the motifs
dealt with thus far. 3.- - KxP
4. B-R6 ! and wins.
184. ' 185.
F. SACKMANN rgo9.
A. O. HERBSTMAN 19z6.
lVhite uins. lVhite wins.
t69
 Here White's kirrg prepares the 186. r. R-R3 !!
ground for a driving off by a pin of H. RINCK, r9o7.
Black's bishop, in order to realize his IThite prefers to decc'.' E-.:-.- ,

on to the closed QR fil: :a:i:: ---

RP.
open that file impruder-*; : :
ch. In the latter case there ': - - -
r. K-I(3 ! B-Bz win for White r. . . .. K-li: :
z. K-Q4 ! B-Kr Q7, R-R6 ch 3. K-\: l
+. R-RS, K-B3 5. R-i.-. .
It is a matter of life and death for 6. K-B3, K-B4 ! '\.': 1.-
Black to occupy the long diagonal. 7. K--K4 !)
z.....P-RZ? would fail on account of I. F.--'.:
3.P-R7, P-R8 (Q +.P-R8 (Q ch --
and 5. QxQ. White wins. The sacrifice had lrt t: ::---,:
though after r. . .,, R i' : : -
r. P-N7 B-Q4 R-RS ch, 3. K-N:. :.-:.- -
l.P-Rz B-Bl z. P-B4l NxP
Q8 (Q, RxP ch 5. K-3_-. !.-
Black has reached his goal but on
After z. . . ., B-K3 White wins Q-K7, R-B6 ch \-l;-
rnore quickly. Now the knight ob- K6 ! Black could sa\'- :-.: ::':
this particular square the defensive
structs the movement of his bishop. would jeopardize his r:.: i I
powers of the bishop can be patalysed
B-K: ch, K-Bz 9. K-B_< I .:-
by pinning. 3. B-B3 !
B-N4 and wins. A version of drivinE :.- :, :-
4. !
would have ensued ai::: :
+. B-QZ ! and wins, In rook endings the motif of pin- Nz z. R-Rl ch, K-\: _: l.-i
ning can in like manner be combined and there would be n r. ',' :-,' . i ': . '
with that of driving off. The next \X/hite's QP.
because after 4. . . ., P-B7 5. B x B
study demonstrates the underlying The same manoeu\':a -: .:'::
ch, K-N6 6. B-NS Nz) the outside
pawn is safely promoted.
idea in two variations. tive now, because z. R-R: :: -
187. countered by 2.. . ., K-\.-: :
KNI??, RxR 4. P{-. i-i
V. and M. PLATOV, 1923. -
R-Rr. Ti:::::-::
5. K-Nz,
must operate with threa:: -:- -:-:
lving.
In the next end-garne White in &
E
,ru,
realizing his passed pawn wields an z.P-Q7 I

array of tactical weapons, including 3.RxP!

threats, a driving-on manoeuvre for- ,rru ,rrm
cing Biack into line interference, chase .ru, There is no othcr ;.:=::.
and finally the motif of driving off by 4. P-Q8 (Q ch, s:-:: -:-
pinning. This goes to show how ef- %A% % 3. ..., K-Rr (Nr' [:-::
ficaciously the several motifs described & 4. R-R8 ch and 5. P-(i
so far can be interlinked to build up a now White has recc,:r:; .'
successful combination. White wins. off by pinning:

170
 186. r. R-R3 !! 4. R-R6 ! and wins.
H. RINCK, r9o7.
White prefers to decoy Black's rook
on to the closed QR file rather than to
open that file imprudently by r. RxP Though *. ui concerned here with
ch. In the latter case there would be no the various of driving off as a
cases
r. . . ., K-Nl z. P-
win for White weapon for realizing a passed pawn,
Q7, R-R6 ch 3. K-Nz, R-Rr we propose to include an example
+. R-RS, K-B3 S.R-QS, R{r which demonstrates that the same
6. K-83, K-B4 ! (Not. . ., K-K3 ? manoeuvre (driving offby pinning) is,
strangely enough, also suitable for the
7. K-K4 !)
neutralization of a pin. This motif may
r.-- R-N3! be called counter-pinning or-if you
like it-cross-pinning.
The sacrifice had to be refused for (This manoeuvre is not to be con-
though after r. .. ., RxR z. P-Q7, fused with another which aims at the
r. P-N7 B_Q+ R-R8 ch, 3. K-Nz, R-RZ 4. P- actual removal of an existing pin by a
z P-B4 ! NxP
Q8 (Q), R x P ch 5. K-B3, K-N3 6. driving-off sacrifice. For instance, let
After z. . . ., B-K3 White wins Q-K7, R-B6 ch T. K-N4, R- : White's king on
us take this position
rrt quickly. Now the knight ob- K6 !
Black could save his pawns, he QN5, his queen on KB7 and his rook
Iruc$ the movement of his bishoP. would jeopardize his king: 8. Q-Q6 on KN5. Black's king on Black's KRr,
B-Kr ch, K-Bz 9. K-85 ! etc. his queen on KRz and his rook on
3- B-83 !
g B-N4 ! and wins. A version of driving off by pinning KNr. Now it would be wrong to pin
' In rook endings would have ensued after r. . . ., R- Black by r. R-RS? because of the
the motif of pin- Nz z. R-Rl ch, K-Nt 3. R-KN3!! possible unpinning and driving-off
itrg cen in like manner be combined and there would be no way of stopping reply : r. . . ., R-N4 ch ! )
ri6 that of driving off. The next White's QP.
ody demonstrates the underlying The same manoeuvre is less effec-
lka in two variations. tive now, because z. R-R3 ch can be
188.
countered by 2.. . ., K-Nz ! g. R-
187.
KNt??, RxR +. P-QZ, R-R6 ch ! B. HORWITZ, r8n.
Y" and M. PLATOV, 1923.
K-Nz, R-Rr. Therefore White
5.
must operate with threats on the other
wing.

z.P-Q7 ! R-Q3
3.RxP! K-Nr (Rr)
There is no other defence against
4. P-Q8 (Q ch, since in case of
3. . .., K-Rr (Nr) \trhite wins by
4. R-R8 ch and 5. P-Q8 (Q). But
now White has recourse to driving
off by pinning : White wins.

t7r
 Which of the two queens is doomed I. r. P-R6, K{3 z. P-N6 !
Four pawns try to shmt fortrd
in this position? wins. succession and it is the fifit d
actually does the iob.
r. R(6) x R Rx R(r)
190.
After r. . . ., QxR(S)? z. P-N6 ch PxP ap
Black cannot avert the mate. SCHEME II. PxP
z. P-N6 ch KxP PxP
2. . . ., K-Nr ? fails against 3. R- PxP
R8 ch, artd z. .. ., RxP? 3. QxQ and rir.
would also be in \White's favour. For
this reason White is willing to sacrifice
a rook.

3. R-R6 ! and wins, A break-through is ofcspccn i

because ttre counter-pin saves not only
the life of the queen but also wins one
of Black's chief officers.
BREAK.THROUGH
Thus far we have dealt with the
driving off of various pieces. But in
the end-game the driving offofpawns
is dso an important factor.
The driving off of pawns is aimed
at opening a line, or more often, at
clearing a square or path.
The driving-off operation for the
establishment of a passed pawn, i. e.
to remove the obstacle hindering its
advance is called break-through. Let
us see it in its simplest forms :
II. r. P-N6 ! , BP xP z. P-R6 !,
P x P 3.P-86 wins. Or :
r. P-N6 ! , RPxP z. P-86
P x P 3. P-R6 wins.
Similar sacrifices purposing to estab-
lish a passed pawn can often be car-
ried out in several phases. Sometimes
we have to heap sacrifice on sacrifice
in order to remove the obstacles. For
example:
l9l.
SCHEME.
portance in the stmggle betwea Nr
R pawns. An outside pewn i u
rarely realizable and 6c of
!,
might also uy and convert mNP-
we have seen in end-gamc No. r7e-
a RP. An important tactical rG
thwarting such an atteuF ii I
break-through.
A typical instance of it is sh.,uo
this study :
192.
F. M. TEED, r88j.

189.
SCHEME I.

'// -
,1
:

White wins. lVhite ?rins.

172
 I r. P-R6, K-Q3 z. P-N6 !
Four pawns try to shoot forward in r. K-B7 ! P-R4 !

wlns. succession and it is the fifth that

actually does the iob. Forced, but seemingly good, for
190. after z. PxP? White will have only
worthless outside pawns left, and in
r. P-R4 PxP e.p.
SCHEME II. z. P-N4 PxP case ofz. K-B6?, PxP 3.PxP, K-
l.P-Bs PxP Rl +. K-B5, K-Rz 5. KxP, K-
P-Q6 PxP Nz ! Black can secure a draw by tak-
4. ing up the opposition.
s.P-Kz and wins.
Consequently only a break-through
will bring
us nearer the desired goal.*

z. P-R4 !! K-Rl
A break-through is of especial im-
portance in the struggle between N and
II. r. P-N6 !, BPxP z. P-R6 !, The best, though it does not help
R pawns. An outside pawn is very
either. After 2. .,., NPxP 3. P-
P P-B6 wins. Or :
:< P 3. rarely realizable and the opponent
r. P-N6 !, RPxP z. P-B6 !, N5 ! or 2. . . ., RPxP l.PxP White
might also try and convert our NP-as
P.l P 3. P-R6 wins. obtains a passed pawn with tempo. It
we have seen in end-game No. r7z-to
is obvious now why White had to go
a RP. An important tactical means of
Simi I ar sacrifices purposing to estab- precisely to KB7 on his first move.
Xish a passed pawn can often be car-
thwarting such an attempt is the
break-through.
ried out in several phases. Sometimes A typical instance of it is shownby 3. K-B6 ! NPx P
q-e have to heap sacrifice on sacrifice
this study:
i: order to remove the obstacles. For Nor is . . ., RPxP 4. PxP ch, K-
gtzmole :
192.
R+ S. P-N6, P-N6 6. P-N7, P-
l9l.
NZ Z.P-N8 (Q) any better for Black.
F. M. TEED, 1885.
SCHEME. 4. P-N5 ch K-Rz
5. K-B7 ! P-R6
.a/: * It is interesting that this example is
very rarely to be found among end-game
reproductions. Most theoretical books cite
the I7alker position (r84r) as a textbook
pattern. (\Vhite: king on KBS, Pawns
i .% on KN5 and KR4. Black: king on his
KRr, pawns on KN3 and KRz.) This
%l position, however, is more artificial, more-
over it meets neither the artistic nor the
'{ didactic requirements, since after r.
tfl,' K-B7, P-Rg !flhite can simPlY win
also by playing z. KxP, PxP g.PxP !,
KNr 4. K-R6 P-R5 !
!, etc. insteadof z.
lVlite wins. W'hite wins. as intended.

173

t,rrilllllllllililllililliltilr
ffilllilr,riilr,r I
 6. P-N6 ch K-Ra 1. P-B4 ! PxP?? rz. K-Nz, P-RS (Q ch I Bla;k
would win.
Z. P-NZ I'-R7
8. P-N8 (Q P-R8 (Q) Black had only the three united
9. Q-N6 ch and mate. passed pawns in mind-which make a 9.-- P-R7 ch
terrible force indeed-but overlooked
ro. K-Rr !! P-B6
These century-old examples show the other break-through manoeuvre
rr. P-N8 (Q) and rrins.
that the break-through has for a long that was to start with the sudden ***
time been a widely recognized and onslaught of the RP. Instead of walk-
consciously applied tacticd factor in ing straight into the trap Black could An elaborate build-up for a br=k-
end-games. Hence its frequent occur- have easily won by playrng r. . . .,
through is demonstrated in this sl--: j;
rence in over-the-board games which K-Bl and 2.. . ., KXP, but now- :

often produce study-like positions. however incredible it seems-he is

194.
An example set by experienced hopelessly lost !
grandmasters will throw light on the
unpleasant consequences of ignoring J. BEHTING, r9o_(.
z. P-R4 ! P-R+
the possibility of a break-through :

193.
2. . . ., K-B+ :. P-RS, K-N4
+. P-QS, K-B3 5. P-Q6, K-K3
STAHLBERG-TARTAKOWER, 6. P-R6 ! wins.
t934.
l. P-RS P-RS
+. K-Qz ! P-N4
5. P-Q5 ch ! K-Qz
If 5...., KxP 6. P-R6 ! follorvs
and the pawn is promoted with check.
White wins.
6. P-R6 !

In principle, $7hite has ni'o .rErr:s

There is no time to lose because here for capitalizing his eErra i."=
after 6. K-Bl ?, P-R6 ! 7. P-R6, The simple, technical u'av wcu-i :e
P-N5 ch ! etc. Black recovers his to exchange the NP for Black's tsF.
White to play.
breath. and march up with the king ar; -,:e
pawns; the tactical method rr-r ci;3
(This diagram is taken from a casual 6.-- P-R6 off the hostile pawns, i.e. eie; z
game played by the two Grandmasters 7. K-Bz I P-Ns break-through.
in Budapest, after the Ujpest Inter- 8. PxP P-N6 ch But neither of these optroc-r r-<
national Tournam ent, ry34.) 9. K-Nr ! smooth going right from the cut-=er
In this losing position White made After r. K-Bz, K-R7 z. Ii-Bj,
a bold gamble for a break-through, After 9. K-B3 ?, P-R7 ro. K- K-R6 Black is just in time ro F::;=:
and it worked ! Nz, P-B6 ch ! rr. K-Rr, P-BZ White's playing P-N+. After r. F-

171
 P-BJ I PxP?? rz. K-Nz, P-R8 (Q ch ! Black N4 ?, P x P z. P-85, P-N6 Black's
would win. pawn will evidently outmarch White's.
STith the text, a preparatory waiting
tl&:"l( :ad only the three united
in mind-which make a 9.-- P-R7ch move, White does not show his hand,
s.uC p,as,,:ns
:.ble t-orce indeed-but overlooked
ro. K-Rr !! P-B6 keeping both irons in the fire.
otL.er break-through manoeuvre
rr' P-N8 t: u'u wins'
I to start with the sudden r. K-Kr !! K-Nz
n-a-i . *
Jar4irt of the RP. Instead of walk-
$raight into the trap Black could
In case of z. . . ., K-R7 3. K-
An elaborate build-up for a break- Bz ! , K-R6 4. K-B3, K-RZ White
'e a.il]' rvon by playrng r. . . ., through is demonstrated in this study : could proceed with a well-timed 5.
-ts3 anC 2. . .., KxP, but now- P-N+. The text continuation, how-
mcrer incredible it seems-he is
194. ever, makes the break-through pos-
rCe:sh' lost !
sible, since Black's king now obstructs
J. BEHTING, r9o5. his own pawn on the KN file.
r P-R4 ! P-R+
z. P-N4 ! PxP
K-B+ l. P-RS, K-N4
r- . . .-. E.P-Bs P-N6
P{., K-Bl 5.P-Q6, K-K3 4. P-B6 !
P-R5 I rr'ins.
Green light for the RP to queen
t-P-Rs P-Rs with check, should Black's king go to
p E-Qz ! P-N+ the KR file.
;: P{< ch ! K-Qz
4.- - PxP
[:5.. . .. KxP 6. P-R6 ! follows 5.P-R6 P-B+
i -.:e :a',rn is promoted with check. 6. P-R7 P-Bs
lYhite wins.
!" F-R6 I Black has missed the boat, but only
In principle, \il7hite has two options because White played K-Kr ! If
IA,ere is no timeto lose because here for capitalizing his extra pawn. instead K-Kz ? had been the first
er 6. K-B3 ?, P-R6 ! 7. P-R6, The simple, technical way would be move, Black's BP could now advance
-N5 ;h I etc. Black recovers his to exchange the NP for Black's BP, with check, and White would not be
"*f.i- and march up with the king and the able to win.
pawns; the tactical method to drive
5. P-R6 off the hostile pawns, i.e. effect a 7. P-R8(Q) P-B6
-
-. -K-Bz ! P-N5 break-through. 8. Q-R.8 ! and wins.
t-P P P-N6ch But neither of these options is
9- K-\t ! smooth going right from the outset. As we have observed in these exam-
After r. K-Bz, K-R7 z. K-B3, ples, the object of a break-through is
-trrer 9. K-B3 ?, P-.R7 ro. K- K-R6 Black is just in time to prevent to establish a passed pawn; in other
L P-B6 ch ! rr. K-Rr, P-BZ White's playing P-N+.After r. P- words, to remove the obstacle barring

175
the way of a blockaded (fixed) pawn. this end-game as an "orgy of sacri- 3. RxB ! P-B< ]

It is usually a case of pawns facing ficesr" and not without reason !

pawns, but it goes without saying that
pieces may also take part in the strug-
gle.
The sacrifice of a piece may serve
either to drive off an obstructing hos-
tile pawn or to annihilate it. An
example of each to end this chapter :
195.
In the next end-game Black's In case of 3. . . ., P X R Eb-ite ci
doubled pawns are more than a match have continued with 4. N+,
BS S. N-Br etc. But no\s . . ., P-
for a rook and a knight.
is very dangerous again, since m .
196. not be parried by 4. R-QB5
account of 4...., P>,.N1 :n,i
pawn is promoted on the other il,
ORTUETA-SANZ,
Madrid, t934. R-N4 P-R1
4. ! |

LIIND-NIMZOVITCH, A splendid additional threer :)

Oslo, Tgzr.
ffir
ffi 6 Black would counter 5. R-\8 o
N x P with 5. . . ., P-87, whJie L,
ru text the rook is unable to lttr=
a
.{-l t %,% QN+.

% + 5. RxP P N]
%{ru I A ,+

TI %
t Blach to play and win.

r.-- RxQNP !!
z. NxR P-86
Black to play and win.
Threatening (after l. N-Qr, N-
The blockade seems to be complete. R4 or N-84) 3. . . ., P-Bl and 4.
Indeed it is only by a grandiose all-out . . ., P-B8 (Q. l. N-Qf on the other
break-through manoeuvre carried out hand would allow time for Black's
along the whole breadth of the front other BP to intervene decisively with
that Black can prove the vulnerability discovered check. E. g. 3. N-Q3 ?,
of White's defences. P-B5 ch ! 4. K-Br, PXN S. K-
Kr, P-B7 6. K-Qz, B-K6 ch !,
r. P-N5 ! etc. ; or : 4. N-Bz, P-Bl etc. ; or :
- -
z. PxP RxN ! 4. RxB, PxN ! and the two pawns
3. PxR P-N6 ! win against the rook. Nor would l.
4. PxP P-B6 ch R-KZ be any better for White in
5. PxP P-R6 view of 3. . . ., P x N 4. R-Kr, P-
85 ch ! 5. K-Br, P-B6 etc.
his textbook
-and
Black
wins.
- In the
M. Czerniak describes
Therefore White's only hope
finish of in returning the sacrifice.
lies

176
; ao..1.-$me as an "orgy of sacri- 3. RxB ! P-B5 !! Black wins.
-and
In this last the
s." :"d not rvithout reason ! example break-
n t-he next end-game Black's In case of 3. . . ., PXR White could through has been made possible by
iFtlad pan:ns are more than a match have continued with 4. N-Q3, P- the annihilation of the obstacle-
a ror:'k and a knight. BS S. N-Br P-B7
etc. But now . . ., Vhite's QNP-and not by the..driv-
it can-
is very dangerous again, since ing-off" motd yet the key to success
l96. not be parried by 4. R-QB6 on lay in the driving on of the knight.
account of 4...., PxN! and the Having devoted this section ro the
ORTUETA-SANZ, pawn is promoted on the other file. subject of driving off, we have delib-
erately come back to the concept of
Iladrid, t934. R-N4 P-R4
4. ! !! driving on. The two motifs are, in
t:
fact, closely related, and may often
vt '//'a/r,
A splendid additional threat ! Now occur together in the same combina-
E
a:
,r,
& Black would counter 5. R-N8 or 5. tion.
,\t, ,,*, N x P with 5. . . ., P-B7, while in the
r
gil ;l
text the rook is unable to return to
QN+.
We have examined them separately
as tactical elements and now-in the
following chapter'-we propose to give
a survey of both with particular stress
Y
z.-a+
i:%
5. RxP PxN ! on the relationship between them.
-t| 4
,:h,
fitla._ - . .:

RxQNP !!
.N R P_B6

frearening (after :. N-Qr, N-

m \-B4) l. . . ., P-BT and 4.
, P-BS .Q. :. N-Qf on the other
d wou-ld allow time for Black's
r BP to intervene decisively with
Eleered check. E. g. E. N-Q3 ?,
.BS ch I
4. K-Br, PxN S. K-
, P-B- 6. K-Qz, B-K6 ch !,
; or : -1. N-Bz, P-BZ etc. ; or :
I .: B, P..r N ! and the two pawns
rya*;"st the rook. Nor would l.
-K- be any better for White in
r of 3. . . ., PxN 4. R-Kr, P-
ch ! -<. K-Br, P-B6 etc.
tcretbre Vhite's only hope lies
enrraing the sacrifice.
 DIRECTION The acceptance
forced, for after
RxP, P-N: l. R-N: c: :. . .
N8 (Q 3. R-RS ch, Q-F.-
RxQ ch, KXR White's tsF :,
first to queen.
z. P-R6 P-\ -
3. P-R7 P-\-r r

The tactical motifs we have discuss- 197. Black's queen is soor.ei c: ::= '
ed in the preceding chapters may also exchanged off and then \[a::-:
occur together, in close interconnec- Dr. G. KISSLING r9zr. maining pawn stafis ::=
=-:-
tion. \U7e have seen that, if we force march.
some hostile piece to an inconvenient
square, it is a case of driving off as 4.P-R8 (Q .h K_F.-
opposed to the driving-on manoeuvre 5 Q-R8 ch K-\-
which consists in decoying a hostile
6. QxP ch K_8.
piece from a square favourable to the 7.QxQ ch Ka
8. PxP ir
opponent. In both cases we direct the aj.!
---:.,

opponent's pieces by forcible means. ***

There are two instances when we A directing sacrifice la1-s -: :::
may speak of total direction. One is tion for the win also il. -: -:1F.. .

when, as a result of our forcing move, ending in which, hos-er-er. :: ::ts-{

a hostile piece leaves a definite square lead straightaway to i:i *:
and lands on another definite square; position as was the case i: :l: ::=.
or, to put it more plainly, the "where- lVhite wins. example.
from" is just as important as the
"whereto ?" Regarded from this angle what's more, after r. R-N7, P-NZ 198.
it is obvious that the motifs of driv- z. RxP, P-N8 (Q g. RxQ, KxR
ing off and driving on can be com- Black has a won end-game. Dr. A. WOTA\['A. r9_<:.
bined in a single move. Still there is one hidden move that
The other case of total direction is turns the scales in White's favour.
when our combination is made up of
an alternation of driving-off and driv-
ing-on moves.
r. R-N5 !!
itri
Let us demonstrate first the concept A total directing sacrifice since it
of a one-move directing sacrifice. accomplishes not only the driving off
In this position White's extra rook of Black's RP but also drives it Pre- x
seems to be amply offset by Black's cisely to its KN4, within convenient
QN6 pawn. White has no winning slaying distance for ![rhite's BP.
chance even if he can get both of
Black's NP's in exchange for the rook; r.-- PxR

178 r2*
:TIO\ The acceptance of the sacrifice is r. P-N7 ! R )'< NP
forced, for after r. . . ., P-N7 z.
RxP, P-N: l. R-NS or 2. .. ., p- If r. ..., R-Rr?, then z. Rxp,
N8 (Q 3. R-RS ch, Q-Rz ! +. K-NE l.R-N+ ch, etc. easily wins.
RxQ ch, KxR White's Bp is the
first to queen. z. R-R3 ! !
It tr.rrns out that $(Ihite's plan is not
z. P-R6 P-Nz to realize his RP, but to launch a mat-
3. P-R7 P-N8 (Q) ing attack against Black's unhappily
posted king. The directing move has
197. Black's queen is sooner or later to be
exchanged off and then White's re- in fact served a double purpose, name-
Dr. G. KISSLING, r9zr. maining pawn starts its triumphal
ly (a) the hostile rook has been
made to leave the QR file on which
march.
!7hite's RP is a constant menace, and
P-RS (Q ch K-Rz
4. (b) the rook has occupied its KNz,
1l 5 Q-R8 ch K-Nz the exact square where it indirectly
6. QxP ch K-BZ bars the escape of its king
(2. . . .,
7. QxQ .h KxQ K-N3 ? 3. R-Nl ch, etc. wins
8. PxP and wins. quickly.)
*** But tured
A directing sacrifice lays the founda-
Black's spar-
%% "ffi tion for the win also in the next rook
ingthe
P ? Black could have warded off the
.Rx
* ending in which, however, it does not
mating threat (P-N+) after R ro the
lead straightaway to the winning KN file by way of z. .. ., R-QR z I 3.
position as was the case in the previous
White wins. example.
R-KN4, RxP 4. R-N8, R-R6
ch.
But now S[hite's threat is still in the
R-N7, P-NZ
mb;r's more, after r. 198.
air, the obstacle on the QR file frus-
:. R P, P-N8 (Q :. RxQ, KxR trating the suggested line of defence.
tsl-a:li res a rvon end-game. Dr. A. \X/OTA$ilA, r95r.
S:.[ there is one hidden move that ) R-QBz
m:> lhe scales in White's favour. 3.
--
R-KN3 P-R6
r. R-\5 !! Black is ready to parry the mating
threat after 4. R-N8 by . . ., R-86
-{ toial directing sacrifi,ce since it ch. Therefore another directing move
a.-':rnp[shes not only the driving off is needed, the rook must be driven off
ot Bia:k's RP but also drives it pre- from the open line and driven on
mel'; to its KN4, within convenient to a closed one.
s,Laru.s distance for I7hite's BP. P-R7 !
4. RxP
5. R-NS ! R-Rs
7 PxR Wlite wins. 6. P-N4 ch RxP
--

r2* r79
 7. RxR P-N+ because the interfering bishop pre- Again and again Black is *-ror
8. R-N4 ! and wins. vents Black from giving more checks to give another check, trest
and White is free to queen. should affain his R>rP or--
In the next bishop ending the manoeuvre.
directing sacrifice brings about an ***
exceptional drawing position in spite 8. K-R6 ! R-8.
of the opponent's overwhelming supe- 9. R-B4 ch K_R.
Here follow some simple, classical
riority: examples of the combined application ro. K-N6 ! R-\'
of chase, driving on and driving off, rr. K-R5 ! R-ts-
199.
for bringing about the desired win-
A. A. TROITSKY, 19o6. ning position. White has completeC -:s :
gradually squeezing back n:
200. king and now, after dri-'-u: -r-
second rank, White crJ?.:-i :1
Dr. Em. LASKER, r89o. driving off with pinning.

rz. R-B3 ch K-R.

13. RxP !

***
Occasionally rve cc. L: - ;
Draw. the increase of the rar:: :: a
piece, for example the cF3-:.--
r. B-N4 ! B-N4 line, by way of direcrioi.
z. B-Qz !!
20t.
The double purpose of the sacrifice
is again very remarkable. It drives off White wins. P. HEUACKER.
the bishop from the Q8-KR4 di-
agonaland drives it on to the Qz r. K-N8 R-N7 ch
square. The driving off has cleared z. K-R8 ! R-87
the way in front of White's pawn, the 3. R-B6 ch K-R+
driving on restricts the mobility of
Black's prospective queen. Though 3. . . ., K-N+? is unsound, since
the sacrifice is not forcing, Black ob- the QN file must be left open so that
viously cannot expect to win if he if need be the rook can harass
tolerates $fhite's bishop on its QB- S7hite's king with checks.
KR6 diagonal.
+.K-Nz R-N7 ch
, BxB 5. K-R7 ! R-Bz
--
:. P-KZ P-B8 (Q ch 6. R-B5 ch K-Rs
+.K-Qz and draws, z.K-Nz R-N7 ch

r8o
because the interfering bishop pre- Again and again Black is compelled
Black from giving more checks
T'eo,ts to give another check, lest White
ad \t-hite is free to queen. should attain his RxP driving-off
manoeuvre.
***
R-Bz
Here follow some simple, classical K-R6
a:mples of the combined application R-N7 ch
ot- c}"'ese, driving on and driving off, R-Bz
The three elements of direction are
presented here one by one and these
three factors together combine to
assure a gain of tempo needed for the
eventual blockading of Black's harm-
ful KP.
First, a try for driving off:
r. B-R7 ! B-R8 !

for bringhg about the desired win- Now a little chase to bring the king
ni,rg p,-rsition. White has completed his plan of nearer his goal on K4, to prevent the
gradually squeezing back the hostile opening of the bishop's diagonal of
200. king and now, after driving him to the course.
second rank, White crowns it by a
Dr. Em. LASKER, r89o. driving off with pinning. z. K-Nr B-B6
3. K-Bz ! B-R8
rz. R-B3 ch K-Rz
13. RxP ! and wins. And now a surprising driving-on
manoeuvre to make the mountain
come to Mohammed.

4. B-Qa !! BxB
Occasionally we can also prevent
the increase of the range of a hostile ..., PXB would indeed move
piece, for example the opening of a
4.
the mountain, and Black would meek-
line, by way of direction. ly resign himself to an immediate
blockade by 5.K-Qf. Of course, the
201. text continuation makes little dif-
White wins. ference.
P. HEUACKER, rg3o.
K-\8 R-N7 ch s. K-Qr B-R8
K-RS ! R-87
R-B6 ch K-R+ Unavoidable loss of tempo, because
Black cannotplay ..., P-K5 as long as
_:. . . ., K-N+? is unsound, since the bishop is en prise. And he never
freQ\ i-le must be left open so that does manage to play it after White's
il =eeC be the rook can harass next move.
Ere', i<ing with checks.
6. K-K4 ! and wins,
.r K-N7 R-N7 ch
5. K-R7 ! R-Bz because there is no cure against
6. R-B5 ch K-Rs White's queening.
-. K-Nz R-N7 ch White wins. ***
 In the following example the direct- cope with the task, therefore we'd is necessary to single oul ai'c
ing manoeuvre leads to a Zagzwang better shift it on to the king's shoul- differentiate between ssllpin c:-Ete
position and eventually to Black's ders. teristic features (analysis) ani i-33
defeat. examine them in their interco--s-Ti
202. 5.BxN ch ! KxB and unity (synthesis). Tc.,.s r: :
6. K-N5 ! process of logical thinking E: ,=i
L. I. KUBBEL, 1929. tive imagination.
Zugzwang! The only reasonable We propose to offer the r=ai=
knight move at Black's disposal also fund of practical experience b1 ;:
proves to be damaging because it senting here some of te: :-e-';---
immensely increases the effectiveness gerns of artistic end-gams:. T1: :ea
of a new driving-off sacrifice. er is advised to enter intc r-=-: a=
analysis and follow up the l-=:ai
6.-- N-Kz combinations in all detai-I.
7. P-N7 ! K-Bz It is advisable to re-esa=::. -r
8. P-Q6 ch ! and wins. position after each move a:a
-=
play over the main vanac'-'- +"
after the analysis.

The above examples may have suf- 203.

White wins. ficed to throw light on the essentials
of direction. We must point out, how- L. V. SALKIND. rc::.
r. P-Q4 ch ! K-Kl ever, that direction is no longer a
simple, elementary motif of tactical
White threatened to rush ahead with operations, but such a complex pro-
P-N6 and N7 if either of his central cess of forcing as may enable us to
pawns were captured. tackle enormous, not to say impos-
sible, tasks in both attack and defence.
z. P-Q5 ch K-K+ This amounts to declaring that one
3. P-N6 ! NxP ch who has, in his studies of technical
subtleties, reached the point at which
The only way to overtake the NP he consciously and purposefully util-
leads via White's Q6. Even this line izes the various motifs of direction is
of defence has its drawback though: actually on the threshold of being able
Black can't help "directing" White's to find his way in the labyrinth of the
most intricate combinations. White zcin-s.
king to a better place.
To cross that threshold he has to
4. K-R4 ! N-Qr acquire abundant experience and dev- White's only winning chalcr ;,
elop both the analytic and synthet- in his QB6 pawn. For the resl i
Things seem to be shaping out ic methods of thought. In order to be pawns are isolated, his kiag be;
quite satisfactorily for Black : the NP able to perceive and understand the posted and Black threatens to pley . "
cannot reach the promotion square. substance of an end-game with a view R-QI-QB3. There is there:-cre :
Indeed, Black's knight could easily to drawing the correct conclusions, it time to lose.

t8z
cope u-ith the task, therefore we'd
bcmer shift it on to the king's shoul-
d€s.
5.B )ich! KxB
6. K-N5 ! process of logical thinking and crea-
Zugzr ang ! The only reasonable
kuigfit move at Black's disposal also
plrotrs to be damaging because it
irrn'nsas3lv increases the effectiveness
qq-a oen- driving-off sacrifice.
6.-- N-Kz
-. P-N7 ! K-Bz
r. P{6 ch ! and wins.
T-oe above examples may have suf-
6.el, to throw light on the essentials
c*-d,::r.ion. I7e must point out, how-
ere:_. t-nat direction is no longer a
sirarl.e. elementary motif of tactical
cperaions, but such a complex pro-
m* cf forcing as may enable us to
txei<-: enormous, not to say impos-
sble- tasks in both attack and defence.
Tl-t amounts to declaring that one
ryfuo has. in his studies of technical
subtlei.es, reached the point at which
he cins.-icusly and purposefully util-
izcs -.re various motifs of direction is
aauer-ls otr the threshold of being able
rg
-l his u'ay in the labyrinth of the
BLa-t intri cate combinations.
Trr e-rcsS that threshold he has to
rcqure abundant experience and dev-
e$,ep both the analytic and synthet-
ic -:-..1:ods of thought. In order to be
Eble ro perceive and understand the
suts-;rce of an end-game with a view
ru-r d-liing the correct conclusions, it
is necessary to single out and to
differentiate between certain charac-
teristic features (analysis) and then to
examine them in their interconnection
and unity (synthesis). This is the
tive imagination.
We propose to offer the reader a
fund of practical experience by pre-
senting here some of the finest-cut
gems of artistic end-games. The read-
er is advised to enter into their deep
analysis and follow up the thread of
combinations in all detail.
It is advisable to re-examine the
position after each move and then to
play over the main variation again
after the analysis.
203.
L. V. SALKIND, r93o.
t play 3. R-Qz?!, KxR ch 4. K-Nz
A would proceed with 4. . . ., R-QB6!
White wins.
White's only winning chance lies
in his QB6 pawn. For the rest, his
pawns are isolated, his king badly
posted and Black threatens to play . . .,
R-Qf{B3. There is therefore no
time to lose.
r. P-B7 P-R4 !
Threatenitrg ..., K-B7 mate. Of
course, we had to reckon with this
danger in advance. What shall we do
now? \ilfle have to drive off one or
another ofthe enemy officers so as to
provide some elbow-room for our king
before it is too late.
z. R-Q4 !! RxP !
If z. ..., RxR, White is free to
promote his pawn for after 3. P-88
(Q, R-Q6 | +. Q-NZ !, K-B7 ch
he can avert the danger by 5. Q-Nf
ch ! After 2....,KxRch 3. K-Nz !
White is out of his pr'edicament and is
soon compensated by a queen for the
sacrificed rook.
It would also be easyto stave off the
mating danger in case of z. .. ., R-
K6? 3. R-K+ !, RxP (+. R-Kz !).
But now l7hite would be led astray
if he seized the alluring opportunity
for a driving-off sacrifice. Though the
would put an end to the mating threat
and even net a queen for V/hite, Black
S. P-B8 (Q), R-B7 ch, etc. and
draw by perpetual check.
For the time being then, we must
strive to drive off the rook, instead of
the king.
3. R-84 ! R-N6 !
We could easily find a defence now
in 4. R-Bz, but then Black's rook can
prevent queening by +. .. ., R-Nr
thanks to the open file. Let us deprive
it of even that option.
r83
 4. R-N4 ! R-R.6 ! Inbishop endings as we observed rn square it wants to, but gec i-r:="::
Diagram No. r79, driving-off motifs there.
To the open file, of course, other- are of particular importance. In this
wise Black could not guard the queen- very difficult position the struggle is 7. P-N8 (Q !!
ing square after R-Nz ! We should enlivened by driving on-r square vacat- 8. K-N7 !!
also observe that Black can occupy his ing and Zugzwang.
KR6 only now when White's rook is Our first conclusion is that we gain Of courseWhite's kr:rg::::ss:: :
already closing the diagonal, other- nothing by winning Black's bishop RP which is a great powe! ::;r'. E-a
wise White would promote his pawn immediately in exchange for the NP, can only make tempo mc',':-. ;:- :
with a double attack. This suggests to since after r. P-NS (Q, BxQ ch z. king behind the pa\rn, b:,.r-. i: '. s:,
us the idea, even in our hurry, to drive K x B, P-86!, etc., Black is first to deprived even of that p*--rt:3-T.
off the rook that on the third rank queen. Obviously then our task is
there might be a square that is partic- either to occupy the KNI-QR7 di-
ularly for the rook to agonal in order to prevent . . ., P-Bl 8.-- K-L.
suitable
driven on.
be
or to drive off the hostile bishop from
g. B-R4 K_\:
our KRz-QN8 diagonal and promote ro. B-Kr ?:\:
R-N6 our QNP.
5. R-R4 !
Forced, and just as bai ..
6. R-R3 !! and wins, have been earlier.
r. B-R3 K--B5 !
since after 6. . . ., Rx R 7. P-88 (Q), z. B-K7 P_B6
P-Kl 8. Q-NZ, K-B7 ch g. Q- 3. B-Q8 Bx KRP rr. BxP ! BB
rz. P-R7 )E-
N3 ch !, RxQ ch ro. PxR the other r3. P-R8 (Q) P-B!
QBP will also be promoted. If l. .. ., P-B7 4. Bx B, P-88 14. Q-R6 ch
'

(Q S. P-N8 (Q) White's extra piece

and pawn would decide the issue. ***
204.
4. B-N6 K-N4 !
O. DURAS, 19o6. Lest the difficult an\l ;-=:;
variations of the precedins
Eliminates the threat 5. P-N8 (Q)
shouid blur the clear unifcrr,
..., BxQ ch
which now fails on 5. direction in our mind, let us
6. KxB, P-B7 I l.BxP, KxP. chapter with two apparei''*'; sa
positions with a minimum of
P-R6 P-Ns =a::--;
5. ! in which the pieces dance like g--:
6. B-Bz B-Bz marionettes controlled b,v r}le r--;:s::
strings of creative imagiaauo:.
Threatening ..., P-N6, and In both studies the singJe-tra:s ;:
White's NP is harmless as long as it cess of direction is crosrrri E::
lacks the support of the QRP. Black a dramatic flourish: the cc:.-::
seems to be getting the upper hand. offensive of White's forces c=::
But now a remarkable "driving on"
=
expectedly cuts short the Me cl Bla:r
White wins. takes place : Black's bishop goes to the monarch.

r84
 Io bishop endings as we observed in square it wants to, but gets imprisoned 205.
Dragran No. r79, driving-off motifs there.
TE ci particular importance. In this L. I. KUBBEL, tg2z.
retr drJEcult position the struggle is 7. P-N8 (Q !! BxQ ch
cnlLireoed by driving on, square vacat- 8. K-N7 !!
reg ard Zugmrang.
Or:r first conclusion is that we gain
norhing by winning Black's bishop
Of course White's king sticks to his ,.% '%,
RP which is a great power now. Black
iirnr"re$ately in exchange for the NP,
can only make tempo moves with his
sine after r. P-NS (Q), BxQ ch z.
king behind the pawn, but he is soon
K , ts, P-B6!, etc., Black is first to deprived even of that possibitty.
qu€D. Obviously then our task is
dti,ei ro occupy the KNI-QR7 di-
ry-oral i-o order to prevent . . ., P-Bl
8.-- K-R+
cr t.. cirive off the hostile bishop from s. B-R+ K-N+
KRz{N8 diagonal and promote ro. B-Kr P-N6
"rrr
ou: Q\P. White wins,
Forced, and iust as bad as it would
have been earlier.
B-R; K--B5 !
ts-Kz P-86 To neutralize Black's dangerous
B-Q8 Bx KRP rr. BxP ! BxB passed pawn White must conquer the
rz. P-R7 P-Bz vital Q4 square.
r3. P-R8 (Q) P-B8(Q)
. L -:. . .., P-Bl 4. BxB, P-88 14. Q-R6 ch and wins. r. N-B6 ! KxN
Q -.. P-N8 (Q White's extra piece
roi ;arn rvould decide the issue. *** The best, for White would have
countered r. . .., P-RZ with z. N-
.r L\6 K-N4 ! N4 ch. For the rest, White threatened
Lest the difficult and intricate also to play NxP and 8-86 or N-
variations of the preceding examples N3. The driving-off manoeuvre has
F-:r.rinateS the threat 5. P-N8 (Q)
should blur the clear uniform idea of gained time for a new attack:
wH:\ ..., BxQ ch
norv fails on 5.
direction in our mind, let us end this
6- K B, P-87 | l.BxP, KxP.
chapter with two apparently easy z. 8-86 ! K-Q+ !
positions with a minimum of material,
;. P-R6 ! P-Ns in which the pieces dance like graceful Not z. . . ., K-B4? for fear of 3.
5. ts-Bz B-Bz marionettes controlled by the invisible B-K7 ch.
strings of creative imagination.
Trreatening . . ., P-N6, and In both studies the single-track pro- g. P-Qr ! P-Rz
Eh.'t:'s \P is harmless as long as it cess of direction is crowned with 4. P-B4 ch ! K-B+
ErcrRs lhe support of the a dramatic flourish: the concerted
QRP. Black
rc to be getting the upper hand. offensive of V/hite's forces quite un- Forced move, otherwise either the
B,"lr now a remarkable "driving on" expectedly cuts shoft the life of Black's QP falls or White wins easily by +.
srk+ ciace : Black's bishop goes to the monarch. . . ., PXP e. p. 5. BxP.

r85
 5. K-N7 !! P-R8 (Q) Paving the way for a directing
6. B-K7 ch and mate ! sacrifice by which Black will ulti-
mately succeed in stealing White's
206. cherished treasure.
Incidentally, there is no better con-
Dr. J. FRITZ, 1938. tinuation because if r. . . ., B-N7 or
r. . . ., B-R5 !7hite would continue
with z. N-BZ ch and 3.P-Bl since
the knight guards both its Q6 and its
%z K5.
THE FIGHTING KI\ G
Al
z. P-87 B-B5 ch ! The motifs and elemee-u:-r; -':d:i
_a.KxB N-Q4 ch tions discussed in the pre'i: tr: ::-zr'
4. K-K5 ! NxP ters have invariabl;r been ac;:=r,:-:r:
by a factor which has maCe E--Elrr-
The pawn is lost, therefore we must the efficient application of -.3 r.-:-.
change our plan. In addition to the ple offorcing. This factor i= -: ''::,;
piece sacrificed, Black has had to pay a or indirect effect of the positious o.
White wins. heavy price for the pawn: White's both kings upon the course ,.-t ';-=
king has become an active participant operations.
In this end-game both sides effec- in the struggle while Black's knight is The fact that in the over;;i: ---,
uncomfortably decentralized and as majority of end-games the -t:: ;. --
tively direct each other's pieces by way
of threats and attacks, and from the such a convenient target in White's the open field, taking an acri-,-e 3- -
clash of the two lines of play a final second plan: the trapping of the attack or defence, may oft:e be ;::=
picture emerges which could hardly be knight. ducive to greatly increasi:rg tbe -:,::-
foreseen from the initial position. ity and range of the hostile piece:. 'l'-
It is worth noting how the threats open positions with ferr,piec+ a *4
5. K-Q6 N-Kr ch especially if posted near the rui.-: :
are transformed and the plans nnodi- 6. K-K7 ! N-Nz
fied as new targets for attack arise. the board, is exposed to ana.--<
=-:
At any rate our first plan is the -:;;
several directions and offensii-e
realization of the passed pawn. After 6. . . ., N-Bz 7. B-B4 !, of every kind; every chec!: g'.
= -:-
N-Rr 8. I(-Q6 !, N-N3 9. B-N3!, count as a gain of time for -&: -:--
r. K-N3 !
N-Br ch ro. K-Q7, N-N: ch (ro. deployment of the attacki-c_: ;:-:;
..., N-R2 rr. B-R+ !) rr. K-B7, Practically speaking, the srie i-;'
Preventing . . ., B-BS ch and N-Rr ch tz. K-NZ Vrhite would gives check can make two mo\-i: E---'
threateningP-B7, r. N-K6? would have done it. the same piece at one go: I:--ri;-
not have the same effect, for after r. And now? Let us switch over to the reaching without loss of ti-nse er::
. . ., B-N7 or r.. . ., B-R6 Black's third plan-a less obvious possibility, such squares as were not o-=:r.
bishop could occupy its Zugzwangt under its direct control.
QNI-KR7 The group of squares u'i'jj:
diagonal.
7. K-B8 !! N-R+ of a piece as it stands, incluj'-.
r.-- N-N5! 8. N-87 ch and mate ! square it occupies, is callei t-h.: ra-uge

r86
rar=g -r.i:e way for a directing RANGE AND CONCERTED ACTION
ol'-** fr.' rvhich Black will ulti-
rrl]- s':cceed in stealing \U7hite's
dsLei tr.€sure.
nideltallv, there is no better con-
rmic- because if r. . . ., B-N7 or
. .. ts-R6 White would continue
b. :. \-B7 ch and l.P-Bl since
imi_::t guards both its Q6 and its
THE FIGHTING KING or scope, ofthatpiece. Speaking ofthe
11 i1-
range of a piece we generally think of
.- r-D B-B5 ch ! The motifs and elementary opera- its primary range, that is the group
,.K B N-Q4 ch tions discussed in the previous chap- of squares it can reach in one move.
- K-K< : NxP ters have invariabl5r been accompanied But for a correct appraisal of the
by a factor which has made possible dynamic powers of a piece it is
fi,3 ;:-..-l is lost, therefore we must the efficient application of the princi- necessary that its secondary range,
=s: ,'ji plan. In addition to the ple of forcing. This factor is the direct that is the group of squares it can
:: =:,;:ic:d, Black has had to pay a or indirect effect of the positions of occupy in two moves, should also
r-n :-,-e for the pawn: !7hite's both kings upon the course oftactical be taken into consideration.
h"a. .ecome an active participant
_s
operations. By giving check we can often extend
5e --r:gsle rvhile Black's knight is The fact that in the overwheiming the dynamic powers of a piece over a
r:e:-:r'uablv decentralized and as majority of end-games the king is in secondary range. Therefore the oppo-
L a :.--venient target in White's the open field, taking an active part in nent's king very often becomes air in-
:si r1a. : the trapping of the attack or defence, may often be con- direct target, a springboard for the
-r:. ducive to greatly increasing the mobil- preparation of successful "skewers" or
ity and range of the hostile pieces. In double attacks.
open positions with few pieces a king,
,.F{5 N-Kr ch especially if posted near the middle of
i K-K- I N-Nz the board, is exposed to attack frorn THE GEOMETRICAL MOTIF
several directions and offensive moves
|;-: 5. . . ., N-Bz 7. B-B4 !, of every kind; every check given may A frequent objective of forcing and
=R.r S. I.:-Q6 !, N-N3 9. B-N3!, count as a gain of time for the rapid directing tactical operations is to
-Br ;r ;0. K-Q7, N-N3 ch (ro. deplovment of the attacking piece. achieve a position in which a king ex-
- 5-R: rr. B-R4 !) rr. K-B7, Practically speaking, the side that posed to attack is placed on the line
-R.r :r 12. K-NZ $7hite would gives check can make two moves with (diagonal) of another unsupported
s u--! 11. the same piece at one go, thereby piece. In such cases we can capture
LEi ...ii- ? Let us switch over to the reaching without loss of time even the latter by giving check to the king.
:ri p:.:.::-a less obvious possibility, such squares as were not originally The target position which makes
I
il, ri 3--< - under its direct control. possible a dual attack (skewer) is called
-.- The group of squares within reach
-on the strength of its spatial
,- K_BE I: N-R+ of a piece as it stands, including the characteristics-geometrical position.
l. \-B- ch and mate ! square it occupies, is called the range, Its tactical motif is the realization of

187
the secondary range of the offensive After 3. . . ,, K-K4, the secondary achieved by the continuation z. Q-Rt
piece whether queen, rook or bishoP, range of the queen is shifted to the ch, K-N3 3. Q-Nz ch !

intervening on the vulnerable line. diagonal: 4. Q-B3 ch, etc.

z. Q-R3 ch K-N-i
207. 4. Q-B5 ch K-Qz 3. Q-Nz ch ! K_B:
5. Q-R7 ch* wins.
A. A. TROITSKY, 1898.
After 3. . . ., K-Rl +. Q-tt: e-
* .t* K-Nl S. Q-Nl ch ! the prri,"u:s
pattern would emerge. On 3. . . .. K-
84 +. K-RZ, Q-R2 5. Q-\ c:-
The range of the queen in a geo- K{+ 6. K-R6 wins.
metrical position is also demonstrated Now the geometrical mou:- i(

6 by the next examples. The existing realized by a diagonal driving-or' ::.F

queen paves the way for the action of noeuvre.
her successor.
4. Q-Rz ch !! aa
5. P-N8 (Q ch and a-:-cs.
208.
***
L. van VLIET, r888.
The secondary range of the qum rs
White wins. of particular importance in en.l--emcs
& rvith mutual queening.
In this elementary example an A
energetic and meaningful sacrifice 209.
paves the way for forcing a geometric-
al position : N. D. GRIGORIE\I, t9:-i.

r. R-K6 ch !!

Opens a line for the queen, enforces

self-interference on the long diagonal
and drives Black's rook to its K3 to Wldte wins.
block a square. All this goes to the
making of a successful chase.
r.Q-N+ ! Q-RS !

r. RxR
z. - -
Q-R6 ch K-Q+ The longest moYe makes the game
last longest. In case of r. . . ., Q-Q+
fn case of z. . . ., K-B (Q)z the (86) z. Q-R+ ch, K-Nr f. Q-Nr lVhite wins.
geometrical position is already arrived ch !! would force Black in a position in
at and White wins by f .Q-RZ ch, etc. which a "skewer" by a. P-N8 (Q)
ch would be fatal. After r. . . ., Q-NZ The extra tempo not onl.v assu.sEs
K-Qr a similar geometrical position can be psq:
the timely promotion of White's
3. Q-B4 ch

r88
 j. . . ., K-K4, the secondary
trr achieved by the continuation z. Q-R3 but also enables Black's prospective
:cf the queen is shifted to the ch, K-N3 3. Q-Nz ch ! queen to be captured on any of the
url: + Q-Bf ch, etc. three available promotion squares.
z. Q-R3 ch K-Nl
Q-8,<ch K-Qz 3. Q-Nz ch ! K-Bz r. P-Q4 ! K-N4 !
Q-R- cb and wins. z. K-B7 ! K-B+
K-Rl 4. Q-Rz ch,
After 3. . . ., r.P-Qs K-K+
K-Nl S. Q-Nr ch ! the previous 4. F-K4 !
pattern would emerge. On 3. . . ., K-
84 +. K-RZ, Q-Rz 5. Q-N6 ch, Now Black may push forward with
E raoge of the queen in a geo- K{4 6. K-R6 wins. any of his three pawns, the result u,ill
izl p'osition is also demonstrated Now the geometrical motif is ultimately be the same: a disastrous
lc Best gsamples. The existing realized by a diagonal driving-on ma- geometrical position:
D psFes the way for the action of noeuvre. A. 4. .. ., P-QR+ S. K-K7, P-
trcEESSOr.
4. Q-Rz ch !! QxQ RS 6.P-Q6, P-R6 Z.P47,P-RZ
5. p_N8 ,0r..1 and wins. 8. P-Q8 (Q), P-R8 (Q g. Q-R8 ch
208. wins.
. -and
8.4. . . ., P-N4 S.K-KZ, P-N5
L. r'an VLIET, 1888. 6. P-Q6, P-N6 l.P-Ql, P-N7
The secondary range of the queen is s.P-Q8 (Q), P-N8 (Q s.Q-Q6 ch,
of particular importance in end-games KxP ro. Q-N6 ch!-and wins.
t: v,*,
rvith mutual queening. C. 4. . .., P-KR+ S. K-K7, P-
w .!1 R5 6. P-Q6, P-R6 7.P-Q7,P-RZ
aW 209. 8. P-Q8 (Q), P-R8 (Q e. Q-Q6
ch, KxP ro. Q-86 ch-and wins.
WI
w.,i, N. D. GRIGORIEV, 1928. ***
I The secondary range of the rook is
* also a frequent and well-known motif
of end-game tactics. Thus far, the
rook "skewer" as an efficient tactical
weapon has appeared in the main or
lTlite wins. subvariations of the following end-
games : Nos. 79, rz4, tz8, t3t rr33, r48

Q--r-+ I Q-R8 !
and 16o.
For the sake of completeness, we
rhryest move makes the game include one more example here. In
qEsL In case of r. . . ., Q-Q+ this it is the recognition of the simplest
a fRl ch, K-Nf l.Q-Nt and most characteristic geometrical
rmld force Black in a position in White zoins. position that leads us to the solution,
ht "skewer" by a. P-N8 (Q) but-as we shall see-the correct
rH b€ fatal. After r. . . ., Q-NZ The extra tempo not only assures solution will result only from the
uTa geometrical position can be the timely promotlon of Whiie's pawn correct recognition.

r89
 210. R-K ch K-Qz for launching attacks of tl.; ":i
4. !

5. R:QR6 ! R-N7 ch type; but it is a mcsr ::=

N. D. GRIGORIEV, t933. 6. K-B6 R-B7 ch fighter when it comes to >icrt
7. I(-K5 R-K7 ch attacks launched in ser-eral L-
8. K-B4 R-Rz From each of the 16 cecuz- s
of the board the knight, Ii-\e :'-:
And now a ddving-offattempt, since exercises its direct effe- :---
White's pawn is taboo on account directions ; therefore erea:- ;:
of Black's badly posted king : range is not to be undera::,:-
termediate checks the ar= r:--
g. RxP ! and wins, reach can be considerablt 38,

because the rook will be lost after 9.

White wins.
r K-B6 !
r. P-R7 ?, R-KR7 2. R-R6
(threatening mate) fails against the
interpolated z. . . ., R-R3 ch ! and
. . ., RxP.
r..-- P-R6
z. P-Fr7 R-KR7
l.K-Nz P-R7
ft seems that White's natural con-
tinuation is 4. R-QR6, nevertheless
the following move is a very irnportant
interpolation.
It is worth noting that the sound of the relationships between various
continuation after 3. . . ., K-Kz is 4. simple tactical motifs and the geo-
R-QN6 !, and R-QR6 ! should be
played only on Black's 4. ..., P-RZ
so that in case of 5. . . ., R-N7 ch
6. K-R6, R-R7 ch 7.K-N6, R-
N7 ch 8. K-B5, R-R7 White could
play g. RxP ! with tempo, attacking
the hostile rook at the same time.
2ll.
..., RXP ro. R-RZ ch, or 9. ..., L. PROKES.
R-(anywhere) ro. R-RS !. It
would make no difference if Black's
king had gone to his Qt on the fourth
move. It was important, however, not /,/4.,-'
l' 1\
J
to tolerate him on his Kr, since he
could then rtrsh to the defence of the
rook: 9. ..., RXP ro. R-R8 ch, ,,%
K-Bz ! rr. R-R7 ch, K-N3 etc.
*** iA e
In end-games Nos. 67, tot, ro2,
r3o, r38, r39, and t6z we saw many
examples of the realization of a
bishopts secondary range. Therefore White *'ir-'.
it is enough to stress the importance
of playing them over again. These, Both knights are in pe:- ; : -
together with the examples of queen they to defend each ct!e: i Ti
"skewers"-611 files, ranks or diagonal at the edge of the bcari i= -j:
ro7, ro8, tz5, t58, 165) offer but the one that cerr !ee.-: =i
-(Nos.
an adequate background-for the study will be exceedinglv r-a,--:l-:
t. N-Q6 ch i\-{
metrical motif.
If r.. . ., K-Bz \\E:: r- 3r:
THE RANGE OF THE KNIGHT ki-::=
contact between tl.e
N-NS ch and 3. \-B_:.
Unlike "line-pieces," the knight
controls individual squares on the z. N-fu ! B}
board, and as such is not suitable 3. K-Qz ! ;-=_i.

r90
 r. R-K ch ! K-Qz for launching attacks of the "skewer" because the secondary range of the
;. R-QR6 ! R-N7 ch type; but it is a most formidable knight extends over the whole route
5. K-B6 R-B7 ch fighter when it comes to simultaneous of the bishop's escape, due to the
-. FL-K5 R-K7 ch attacks launched in several directions. possible checks on QB5 and KB6.
S. K-B4 R-Rz From each ofthe 16 central squares It is remarkable that a knight's
of the board the knight, like the queen, effectiveness in its secondary range
-i-a..1 norr a driving-offattempt, since exercises its direct effect in eight can allow it to intervene almost like
Slite's pawn is taboo on account directions ; therefore even its primary a bishop, that is diagonally. An espe-
ei- Black's badly posted king: range is not to be underrated. By in- cially strikingillustration of this is seen
termediate checks the area within its in the next example.
q.R P! andwins, reach can be considerably extended.
212.
hecar.e the rook will be lost after 9. 2ll.
.. ., R P ro. R-RZ ch, or 9. ..., L. I. KUBBEL, r9o8.
R- anr-n-here) ro. R-RS !. trt L. PROKES, r95r.
F*-.'.:li make no difference if Black's
H;3 :ad gone to his Qr on the fourth
r'.-,-i. It rras important, however, not
ir. :.l:rate him on his Kr, since he
cedd tl.en rush to the defence of the
rorx: 9. ..., RXP ro. R-R8 ch,
K-B: I rr. R-R7 ch, K-N3 etc.
***
I- e:rd-games Nos. 67, tot, toz,
ri:. i38, r39, and t6z we saw many
e=":-.;les of the realization of a White wins.
bishop's secondary range. Therefore White wins.
I Li 31.-rugh to stress the importance r. N-K6 !

cd' ;-a-,-hg them over again. These, Both knights are in peril; how are
"*cs3-.3r u-i'.h the examples of queen they to defend each other ? The one Directly preventing the bishop from
"'sk--r31. "-on files, ranks or diagonal at the edge of the board is little help, going to the long diagonal and also
\ rs. r3-, ro8, t2S, r58, 165) offer but the one that can reach the centre threatening P-RZ. It is not sr-lfficient,
-E i:=quate background.for the study will be exceedingly valuable ! however, to guard Q4 alone, control
."-t- -: :elationships between various
must be extended also to K5 and KB6.
::.:-: ractical motifs and the geo- r. N-Q6 ch K-Qz
ae=-;] motif.
If r. . . ., K-Bz White can establish r. B-N6
THE RL\GE OF THE KNIGHT contact between the knights by z. z. - -
N-Q4 ch !! K-BS
N-NS ch and l. N-Bg. :. N-Bl ! and wins,
tr_:_rj<e "line-piecesr" the knight
ccc-:r--'ls individual squares on the z. N-K4 ! B><N because the knight not only prevents
hcerd. and as such is not suitable 3. K-Qz ! wins, . . ., B-K4, but also thwarts B-B7-

19T
Q5, B-RS-Bf or B-K8-B6. That
is one alternative. And the other?
r.-- B-R5
z. N-B5 ch! K-Bs
3. N-K4 ! and wins again,
since the roads from Black's KR5 and
K8 are blocked, and an approach via
KN6 or KBZ is prevented; thus
Black cannot stop White's pawn.
The whole area from Vhite's Kr
to KR4 and from QB3 to KB6 is;in
the range of the knight ! r. . . ., P-N6? z. N-NS ! and
The only disadvantage of
knight is that it is a "short-range"
piece, which is why it often cannot
catch up with a pawn running towards
the queening square. Therefore, con-
fronted with a king and a pawn, we
can generally expect results to come
not from its direct defensive effect, but
from its indirect dual threats.
213.
F. J. PROKOP, t9z7.
"%,lt
&
,%,
,
Draw.
White cannot stand idly waiting will get some idea of h.:-;- :t s:rl
for Black to play ... P-N6 (when chance if there is oD3 Eii, i^ir
N-Rl would make the defence easy), wield the tactical \r-eaF\c.r: -" =: --=.
because Black is seriously threatening knight "big."
to repel the knight.
For instance : r. K-N3?,
K-B5 ! CONCERTED ACTIT]\
2. N-B7, P-N6 ! or z. N-R7,
K-B+ ! or z. N-K6 ch, K-K+
3. N-B8, K-B4 ! and the promo-
tion cannot be prevented. This must
be forestalled by voluntary retreat.
r. N-R7 !! K_B6 !
the White has free access to KR3. If r.
K-B5 ?, White captures the
dangerous pawn by z. N-86 !, P-
N6 l. N-R5 ch. r. . . ., K-K5 ?
would allow a double attack bYN-B6
ch.
But now Black threatens . . ., P-
N6 and, after N-N5, . .., K-N5 !,
depriving White of his last hoPe.
Therefore new efforts must be made !
z. N-B8 !
3. N-N6 214.
4. N-K5 ch
H. RINCK, r9:S.
because the centrally posted knight
has better chances of controlling
KNz and KNr'*
**
Usually it is rather difficult to re-
cognize the geometrical relationships
which make such "devilish" knight
manoeuvres possible. But if the reader
takes the trouble to study the examples
Nos. 64, 6517or tz3, rz8, r34 and r8r
over and over again from this view-
point (of course not at one go !), he White z:,ru.
r3
Shite c'nnot stand idly waiting will get some idea of how to spot
r Hack to play . . . P-N6 (when a 1. B-82 ch K_Q 4
chance if there is one, and how to
-R3 would make the defence easy), wield the tactical weapons that make a r. . . ., K-K5 ? z. N-e6 ch wins
aese Black is seriously threatening knight "big." the queen
rtpel the knight.
Fm irutance : r. K-Nl
?, K-B5 !
CONCERTED ACTION z. B-B4 ch ! K-Bl
N-B7, P-N6 ! or 2. N-R7, 3. B-N5 ch ! KxB
-84 ! or 2. N-K6 ch, K-K+ We have seen that a hostile king, as 4. N-Q6 ch and wins.
Ii-B8, K-B+ ! and the promo- a direct target, and another piece or
E crnnot be prevented. This must square in close geometrical relation A double attack has emerged from
: fsrcstalled by voluntary retreat. to him, as an indirect target, may go the simple chase and driving otr, like
a long way towards increasing- the the contours of a familiar face after
r. l(-R7 !! K-B6 ! range ofour pieces.
V.ry often the piece singled out for
r. . . ., P-N6? z. N-NS ! and
qnrr has free access to KR3. If r.
effecting a "skeler" or a dual attack
must rely on the literally "self-sacrific-
.,:, K-B5 ?, White captures the ing" help of one or more ofits fellows. idea expressed in a more colourful
EgEmus pawn by z. N-B6 !, P- One prepares the ground for the example:
5 I N-R5 ch. r. .. ., K-K5 ? favourable position, the other exploits
uold dlow a double attack byN-B6 it. This is what we call concerted 215.
L action.
Brr now Black threatens . . ., P- _
In the general evaluation of pieces H. RINCK, r9o3.
5 rn4 after N-N 5, . . ,, K-N5 !, three light officers are equivalent to
ryENiDg Vhite of his last hope. M
B,
herdore new efforts must be made !

z N-B8 ! P-N6
3; \-N6 K-NS 214.
g N-K5 ch and draws,
H. RINCK, 1928.
rcrrs€ the centrally posted knight
E better
Nz aod KNr.
chances of controlling ''*K**DK,
*** White wins.
Il'suallv it is rather difficult to re-
!'ri'e the geometrical relationships r. R-RS !
Q-Rz !

H Eake such "devilish" knight

Errrres possible. But if the reader
trs the trouble to study the examples
E 6{" 6517ortz3rtz&, r34 and r8r
rcr aod over again from this view-
inr 'of course not at one go !), he White wins. (2. R-R6 ch or z. R-BS ch).

r3
r93
 z. RxP ! Q-Nr It has not been difficult to discover range of some pie;=: =-j '-
the antidote of line interference (r. scope to their ccf,.e-:: :-=:
There is nothing better again, be- . . ., P-Q5) in the attemPted driving question arises ror- :rl---- 5 1
causethe rook is defended bY the of the king hirnseL- -:r- :€ fl
"range" of the bishoP (2. . .., QxR? at all.
3. B-K8 ch). It is unthinkabl.e -r-: ,:,:
should give a direst ci::.q :: --
3. R-R8 ! Q_Rz because two kirgs :3-,'i: ::
not?" adjacent squiires. He -:a:. ---:'n :-,
Thus far the rook has Paved the Yes, indeed, but this Primitive a discovered check. j. ; :-= :
; now theY change concerted action would lead only to a
way for the bishop
draw after 3. B x P ch, Qx B 4. NxQ,
part in double ama;-.-= :::^:-:
parts. the opening of li:a* ,: : : - ----:
KxN 5. K-B+, KXP 6. K-N5, attacks." (See Fund-:=:::=' ,C,-
4. B-N6 QxB K-K5 7. K-R6, K-84 8. KxP, Diagrams No. 6. a:: -
5. R-R6 ch and wins. K-Bl ! Therefore we have to fulfil
taller orders ! ::.
Besides these, a k::-.-'_.
*** also has a spatial 'eetr:. 3r-L
N-Br !!
which may be consccur-; :-
3. the increase of his ;',:'--: :
The next end-game is a classical
From the fact thar a .r-:: --
beauty exemplifying the concerted Threatening 4. B-NS mate (!),
action of a bishoP and a knight.
not only on ranks ai: __= :
while the knight is indirectly defended on diagonals, rve can ;.ia; -:
by the bishop. tant conclusion that ri:e i::: "{ i
216. approach two targets i.o diJ
3'- - Q_-R+ directions at the sarne rir"re
V. and M. PLATOV, r9o9. For instance, if \re 'd-;-: --
Apparently the best, for after 3. ourkingfrom Kr to K-. -.r::-r:
. . ., P-R3 4. B-K5 ! the mate can cally shortest wav leaos .:: L-
be averted only by 4. ..., QxN or K4, etc. and it reouls !.? -.
4. . . .,K-Q7, but the first alternative make. Yet the saftie n ,rnt
would bring the queen within range moves is enough ele: :: -:
of the bishop, and the second within diagonal route via
-
Q:--eE_:-{
that of the knight. The latter motif KBz-KN3-KRa. T::. -
can be enforced even now. ==
e. g. K-Bz, n-i11 br::: :-. cXo
QB5-N6 as well a: i: R-E-r -,
4.BxP ! ch KxB (K-QZ) the opposite direcri..r..
5. N-N3 ch and wins. Consequentll', the c:-: -:.
ment of a king ma1' :: -::--:
bringing about sim''l--e:-::.*.
White wins. DOUBLE THREAT threats. By its hslp r:,'; -:r --
surprising excepions :: -: :
r. 8-86 P-Qs The king has, as we have seen, a
rules, as for example r-. ,.,=i
z. N-Kz ! P-R8 (Q) considerabie part in increasing the an "unstoppable" pa..=

r94 r3*
 It has not been difficult to discover range of some pieces and in giving 217.
bc m'idote of line interference (r. scope to their concerted action. The
, -" P-qi) in the attemPted driving question arises now whether the range
6'-2. \-Xr); though we might raise
R. RETI, 1928.
of the king himself can be extended
be question: "Why not PlaY 2. at all.
i-Bi ? Then we could win the It is unthinkable that one king
p@ in the same way G. B x P ch) should give a direct check to the other,
e in the text continuation, could we because two kings never stand on
E?', adjacent squares. He can, however, give
Tes, indeed, but this Primitive a discovered check, i. e. he can take
mocrted action would lead onlY to a
part in double attacks springing from
her atter 3. B x P ch, Qx B +. NxQ,
the opening of lines or in "threatening
K.\ -s. K-B4, KXP 6. K-N5, attacks. " (See Fundamental Concepts,
K-K: '. K-R6, K-B4 8. KxP, Diagrams No. 6. and 7)
K-Bl ! Therefore we have to fulfil
dlcr orden ! Besides these, a king's movement
also has a spatial (geometrical) quality
\-Bt which may be consciously utilized foi
3. I!
the increase of his dynamic powers. r. K-N6 K-Nr
From the fact that a king can move
Threatening 4. B-NS mate (!), not only on ranks and files but also The driving-offattempt r. . . ., p-
rrhle the knight is indirectly defended on diagonals, we can draw the impor-
84 or r. . . ., P-R+ would be followed
by the b,ishop.
tant conclusion that the king is able to
byz. KxNP !,
etc. (As in the
approach two targets in different
. . ., P-B6 (R
3"- - Q--R+ directions at the same time.
(Rz) s. P-Bt
queening.)
Apparendv the best, for after 3.
. -., P-R3 4. B-K5 ! the mate can
t:e rrensd only by 4. ..., QxN or
z. KxP ! P-Bq
* - - ., K-Q7, but the first alternative make. Yet the same number of
Eouli briag the queen within range moves is enough even if we choose a
of rhe hlshoP, and the second within diagonal route via Qz-QB3-eN4 or
trer r-',t ihe knight. The latter motif KBz-KNI-KR+. This means that,
r'n !6 enforced even now. e. g. K-Bz, will bring us closer to
QB5-N6 as well as to KR4 lying in
aB Pch! KxB(r-Qz) the opposite direction.
3. K-B6 P-Bs
;. \-\3 ch and wins.
!
Consequently, the diagonal move- 4. K-K5 !
ment of a king may be utilized for
bringing about simultaneous double This bi-directional approach gives
DOUBLE THREAT threats. By its help we may discover Black the Hobsons' choice of either
the general allowing his pawn to be captured or
Tl,e king has, as we have seen, a stopping of permitting the opponent also to pro-
camsii.erable part in increasing the mote his pawn !

r3*
r95
 r. K-K7 219.
4.- - P-B6 !

5. K-Q6 ! P-Bz M. G. KLI-\TSK-I\, IF-<

6. P-B7 ! and draws.*
V/ith one eye on the pawn and the
In the following end-game a round- other on QB5 where he will attack the
about approach of White's king com- bishop which is to be driven on to
bined with an intermediate attack QNS.After r. K-N7 GZ)?, P-N+
wins a tempo which enables him to or r. P-K7?, B-N4 White would
catch up with Black's "unstoppable" be hopelessly lost.
pawn:
218. r.-- P-N+
z. K-Q6 ! P-Ns
R. RIiTI, t928.
3. P-K7 !

It is necessary to fire off this threat lYhi:: -it

now, when the bishoP-on account of
the NP's line-interfering effect-can
control his Kr onlY from QN+.

a
). B-N+ poseless it seems-. sa',-=: -: ;-:
4.
--
K-B5 ! B-Qz
r. K-N7 P-[ ]n ,

z. K-R6 j- _Ia\
4. . . ., P-N6 5. KxB and White ?-R:
Draw. will also queen his Pawn. But now l.K-Rs
\flhite can not only overtake Black's +. K-R+ P_R.-
* In another well-known end-game NP, but annihila-te it by driving offthe
Grandmaster R6ti presents this idea hostile bishop.
Where is the L1oc '*32ji-.- :
with a minimum amount of material: soon turns out that Li= r:-:r
White's king on KR8, Pawn on QB6; is by no means a me= l::'--:sr=
Black's king on his QR3, pawn on KR3. K-Nl
The stipulation: Black to move and s. K-Q+ ! after the pa\\-n.
\7hite to draw. Solution: r. . . ., P-R4
z. 'K-N7, P-R5 3. K-86 !, K-N3 5. K-N3 F_R.:
., P-N6 6. K-K3, B-B3
I

+. K-KS etc. The idea originates from -s. . . 6. N-K6 ch

an over-the-board game : Marco- would offer a short-lived defence
Schlechter, r895. In that position-
'White's king on QR4, pawn on QB5, owing to 7. P-K8 (Q)!, BxQ 8. K-
Black's king on his QR3, pawn on KR3- 83 and 9. KxP.
Vhite hammers out a double threat by
r. K-N4, P-R+ z. P-B,6 !, K-N3 3.
K-84, P-RS +. K-QS !; in case of 6. K-K4 K-Ba account.
4. ..., P-R6 White's reply, 5. K-Q6 K_Q3 We have seen si-;i- .n-
assures the promotion of the BP, while
l.K-B+ concerted action in e-:-.-:-
afret 4. . .., K-82 5. K-K4 Black's 8. P-K8 (Q ! BxQ
RP will be overhauled. 9. KxP drawn. 98, 99, r4z and zo5.

tg6
 r. K-K7 ! 219. GAIN OF TIME

M. G. KLIATSKIN, 1925. Many examples have proved that

Wifi one eye on the pawn and the in the attack against a king the ex-
cther on QB5 where he will attack the tension of range by an intermediate
bi-.hop rvhich is to be driven on to check is a characteristic time-gaining
Q\_.. .\fter r. K-N7 (BZ)?, P-N+ factor. AIso the active intervention of
or r. P-K7?, B-N4 White would a king-in the form of a double
be hcpelessly lost. attack-has been seen to resuit in a
gain of time.
AIl this must have made the idea of
li. P-N+ gaining time sufficiently clear.Never-
:. -K-{6
- ! P-Ns theless, in discussing the roles of the
3. P-K7 !
kings, we have to bring up the subject
once more, if onlY to Point out the
trt is necessary to fire off this threat White wins. reverse of the medal, Ztgzwang!
n,.:ir-. when the bishop-on accountof
tre NP's line-interfering effect-can Two light pieces left to themselves 220.
c',::u.c'l his Kl only from QN+. would be no match for Black's Pawns
R. RETI, rgz2.
marching forward on both rvings. But
the king's intervention, however pur-
B-N+ poseless it seems, saves the situation.
B-Qz
r. K-N7 P-QR4 !
-1. . . ., P-N6 5. KxB and White
z. K-R6 P-Rs
s:ll Cso queen his pawn. But now l.K-Rs P-R6
EAi: can not only overtake Biack's +. K-R+ P-Rz
\-lP but annihila_te it b5r driving offthe
i-.-,sdl: tishop. Where is the king heading for? It
soon turns out that his ultimate aim
is by no means a mere hopeless chase
:.K{+ ! K-N: after the pawn. Wltite wins.

5. K-N3 P-R8 (Q) White's rook rnust obviously leave

-i. . . ., P-N6 6. K-K3, B-ts3
!

6. N-K6 ch and mate ! its Q4, permitting Black's pawn to ad-

r-c:rl.l, offer a short-lived defence vance. Thereupon \F/hite needs to
cring to 7. P-K8 (Q)!, BxQ 8. K- This is the main variation. In case rush his king round to the rook's aid,
ts3 aad 9. KxP. but, the approach being barred, he
of any deviation White has sufficient
time to turn his material advantage to can't help wasting a move.
5. K-K4 K-Bl account. The point is that the "wasted"
-. K-B+ K-Qr We have seen similar examples of waiting move must not be damaging,
E. P-K8 (Q ! BxQ concerted action in end-games Nos. nor facilitate the progress of the hostile
9.K.P drawn. 98, 99, t4z and zo6. king.

rg7
 r. R-Qz !! P_Q5 221. 4. K-Bz ! P-R'
z. R-Qr !! S.K-NI ! P-H.
6. KxP P-B'
J. BEHTING, 1929.
Now Black is forced to give ground 7. K-Nz F-N
and now too the rook is at a favourable 8. K-Bl ! =c =
distance from the advancing enemy. because V'hite picks r:! 3.
pawns one by one a:i i:,e- :
) K-Q+ as soon as Black mor.es ia.r
'r-
--
r. K-Qz ! K-Ks
!

If l. . . ., K-B5 White's king would
break in on the other side.
4. K-B6 K-K6
s. K-Bs P-Q6
6. K-B4 P-Qz
Z. K-B: ancl wins.
The exacting problern fan will
probably take exception to this study
from an "artistic" point of view, see-
ing that (a) r. R-Qa is just as good
a key as r. R-Q2, (b) \f,/hite's second
and third moves may be transposed
and (c) White's king could (on the
fourth and fifth moves) just as well
walk up the Q file. All that is quite
true. But the idea expressed here-a
gain oftempo by sacrificing a tempo
-is nevertheless
lightful *o
very fascinating, de-
"':':r:..
The next end-game illustrates the
prevention and counter-imposition of
Zugzwang by way of sacrifice. The
author of the study selects a very in-
teresting motif of an end-game type
which was comprehensively and sys-
tematically analysed by the first Hun-
garian master of international fame,
Jdzsef Sz6n.
CLOSE.RA*\GE FiGHT]
Very frequeot rnc=-= .- ifi
ing round the king rE I.€ ;
unpin and the fligl: i:q :
The space and -'rne e.i---i== :
Wkite wins. the range of the pi=:s La =
much in evidence L< ;,:=-'' I
r. K-Nr ! range fight, nith ar"air EE r
attack swiftly alternac:5 r- 3i
Any other move would lose out- work of a single ccE:r--,=-'r-
right. In similar positions-as proved
by Sz6n-a symmetrical situation is z?2.
equivalent to Zugzwang. For example,
L. I. KLTBET : : r--
after r. P-R6?, P-N6 ! the side
to move loses.
r.-- K-B(R)z
In case of a pawn move White's
king would face up to the advancing
pawn, sooner or later enforcing a move
by the hostile monarch. For instance :
r. .. ., P-N6 z. K-Nz ! or r. . ..,
P-R6 z. K-Rz !, P-B6 3. K-N3 !
etc.
z. P-N8 (Q ch !! lYhi:: ::"t:.
This sacrifice the king
paralyses Jq lsalize his es=a =sE--
and establishes Zugz-wang. z. P-R6 ?, must either i-ucrga-.: ----' :
K-Nr !, however, would lead to an superiority, or liquic=:= :: E
exactly opposite situation. able pawn sndins. T:-: '-=:,
) rnove points to the f^:.: ,'::
KxQ
--
3. P-R6 ! P-86 and achieves the s3---::.

rg8

i
 4. K-Bz ! P-R6 r. R-R4 ! R-QR6 !
221.
5. K-N3 ! P-Rz
KxP P-Bl Vhite threatened z. Rx B and 3.
l. BEHTING, \929. 6.
K-Nz P-N6 B-Kr (pinning) or in case of r. . . .,
7.
8. K-Br ! and wins, R-B (KR)6 z. B-Kr ! winning a
piece.
because White picks up the adverse
pawns one by one and queens his own Black's counter-attack amounts to
as soon as Black moves his king. giving up a piece, but only, after z.
RxR?,BxRch 3. KxB, K-86 !-
CLOSE.RANGE FIGHTING in exchange for the powerful pawn.
Very frequent motifs in skirmish- z.RxBch! KxR
s ing round the king are the pin, the 3. B-Kr ch !
unpin and the flight from the pin.
The space and time elements defining 3. B-BS ch?, Kx B 4. Kx Rwould
White wins. the range of the pieces are never so secure the pawn, but give away the
much in evidence as during a close- win, there being no chance of its
r- K-\r ! range fight, with attack and counter- promotion.
attack swiftly alternating in the frame-
An5 other move would lose out- work of a single combination. 3.- - K-Rs
L'+m In similsr positions-as proved 4. B-B3 ! and wins,
ry Szen-a syrnmetrical situation is 222.
ryiralent tr: Zugzwang. For example, since the encircled rook most soon
q= r. P-R6 ?, p-N6 ! the Jide L. I. KUBBEL, 1934. perish on account of Ztgzwang; and
D Erere loses. after 4. ..., RxB 5. KxR White's
king can comfortably escort the pawn
r.-- K-B(R)z to the queening square.
Itr
i.-se of a pawn move White's
iog rould face up to the advancing 223.
lrrtr: a.'oner or later enforcing a move T. B. GORGIEY, tgzg.
p the hostile monarch. For instance :
P-N6 z. K-Nz ! or l. . . .,
'--R5 :. K-Rz !, P-86 3. K-N3 !
TL

2 P-\8 (Q) ch !! White wins.

Th-i-q sacrifice paralyses the king To realize his extra pawn White
od estaL,lishes Zugzwarlg. 2. P-R6 ?, must either increase his material
i.-\-r l. hon'ever, would lead to an superiority: ot liquidate to a favour-
mlr cpposite situation. able pawn ending. The introductory
'% % %w'ffi
, KxQ rnove points to the first alternative-
3-
--
P-R6 ! P_86 and achieves the second. White wins.
 White is the exchange to the good, 224. This is the "mosi" E-E;r
but this alone is not enough for vic- hope for. But the kr'r=h.:
S. M. KAMINER, 1926.
tory. He must try and increase his N7 is trapped br te ;::'' ----
material advantage, which calls for rook.
some heated close-range fighting.
Black's king puts up a valiant resist- 8. R-Q+ ! K-
ance, but ultimately, a reluctant yet K-Bz
9. K-
convenient target, finds himself play- ro. K-K3 ! 4--.llq

ing into White's hands.

r. 8-86 ch K-Rz ?25.

z. R-N7 ch K-Rl
3. R-B7 ! K-Nl M. S. LIBI- RKi\.
If . . ., N-Bl?, then 4. BxB, Nx White wins.
B S. R-Q7 !, N-K3 6. R.Q6 (pin)
wins. Black threatens both . : ., B-Bl
and . . ., P-KS (Q), to White's first
4. R-BS N-B3 ! move is forced.

Forced, otherwise Black loses more r. R-K5 N-Qz !

quickly.
Threatening . . ., B-B3 ch and. . .,
5. BxB K-Nz ! N-B6 ch.
6. R-K8 K-Bz
z.RxP P-R8 (Q ch !
N-K5 Whirc:::t:.
This appears to chase the rook away 3.KXQ !

and recover the bishop. While White's

rook is indeed of little use in defence, The knight is invuinerable on The battle centres ro''-; QB5
it is the more valuable in counter- account of the pin . . ., B-B3, and sides throw in all Ln:i: --==-
attack, pulling off an exchange ma- threatens both ..., NxB and ..., ons.
noeuvre based on its secondary range. N-N3 ch.
r. R-B7 ch K-l
7. R.-R8 ! K-Nz 4. B-Bz B-Q8 !
z. R-N7 ch R-i
8. 8-86 ch ! KxB 3. B-KS !

9. R-R6 ch and wins. By energetic play Black manages

to liquidate to a "theoretical" draw, Not 3. R'. P?? ca-: :r - . .
*** but, unhappily for him, the ensuing Q+ ch. Should the a:-:ir:: i
The next two examples demonstrate position is a rare exception to the rule. move away no\r, SI:: 'x-:r.,ic
how, after the subsidence of tactical safeguarded his parr:.
skirmishes, the wider range of the 5. R-Kr NxB ch
active piece is crystallized in a gain of 6. K-Nz N-Q6 3.--
sPace. 7. RxB NxP 4. RxP
200
 ,Dd,
This is the "most" Black could The matter seems to be settled.
S. 11. KAMINER, 1926. hope for. But the knight posted on its $t'hite nor,v threatens both B x N and
N7 is trapped by the easily centralized R-R6 ch. 4. . . ., K-Rz fails against
rook. 5. R-Nr and 6. R-QRI.
But a surprising line opening-
8. R-Q4 ! K-Kl threat with scope-exrension-holds
9.K-Bz K-K+ out new hopes for Black.
ro. K-K3 ! and wins.
4.- - N-N5 !!

225.
Counter-attacking the offensive
bishop, guarding against R-R6 ch
M. S. LIBURKIN, r93r. and threatening . . ., N-Q4 ch.

White wins. 5. B-B7 ! B-Kr !!

Bla:k threatens both .: ., B-Bl Another beautiful counterplay ! The

rc,i . . ., P-K8 (Q), ro White's first underlying motif : driving off to
EEiL.\Ye is forced. permit .. ., N-Q4 ch. If White's
bishop makes another detour, Black
r. R-K5 N-QZ ! can solve his problem by . . ., N-B3.
But S7hite plays:
Tl.::ateninE. . ., B-Bl ch and. . .,
.\-85 ch.
6. KxN BxB
:R P P-R8 (Q ch !
7. R-R6 !!

rK a N-K5 ! White wins.

Demonstrating the superiority of
the rook's range to that of the bishop.
T:: knight is invulnerable on The battle centres round QB6 ; both White threatens R-R8 ch and R-RZ.
e-";:'r:r of the pin . . ., B-B3, and sides throw in all their tactical weap- If l. .. ., B-R7 8. R-R6 ch would
it:s:.re.-s both ..., NxB and ..., ons. be fatal. The attempt to escape lands
\-)i: ch.
the king in a mess.
r. R--B7 ch
.t- ts-Bz B-Q8 !
z. R-N7 ch 7-- - B-Q+
3. B-K8 ! 8. K-B5 ! B-Nz
B'; :nergetic play Black manages K-N6 and wins.
ro l:;:ldate to a "theoretical" draw, 9.
Not 3. RxP?? owing to " .., N-
[q-* r':-h3ppily for him, the ensuing
pos::o', i.s a rare exception to the rule. Q4 ch. Should the attacked knight
move away now, White would have ATTACK AGAINST A
safeguarded his pawn. DEFENDING PIECE
- r:
r. fr-Ir-I
Y--
Nxts ch
6. K-Nz N-Q6
3.-- ItIx P The dynamic power and rangc of a
-.R. B NxP +. RxP piece is influenced, apart from the

t4 201
time and space factors, also bY the danger, he is powerless against the
extent to which it is burdened with joint onslaught of king and rook.
defensive duties. Obviously the com-
plete freedom of movement of a piece r. R-N6 ! N-Bz ch
presupposes that it is notcalled upon to z. K-K7 B-B5
defend its companions or keep certain 3. R-KB6 ! N-K4 !
squares under its corporal or control
effect.
Apiece burdenedwith defensive ob- After 3. . . ., B-N6? +. R-B3,
ligations is restricted in its activity; B-Q+ 5. R-B5 !, B-N6 Black
therefore, any attack against it will also
could not sacrifice either of his pieces

threaten the piece protected by it. An for White's advancing pawn.

attack launched against a defending
piece can often be as effective as a +.R-Bs N-N3 ch
double attack in disrupting the con- 5. K-B6 B-Q6
certed action of the defensive forces. 6. R-Q5 ! N-Bs
t. R-Bq ll
The defensive position is repeating
itself, with Black losing ground inch Ifr.....R Ri.T---::;:
226.
by inch.
ch). A subvaria-: r:. : --:
M. HAVEL,
-
=.-::
1924.
R-Q+ N-R4 ch
the same lines ai -: :::=-
z. rvorks out to \\-r::='> 3:'.:----
8. K-N5 B-Kz R-BS ch z. K-\: . f.-E"'"
N4, R-N+ +. P-Rj. F-.r\:
This does not help either, because K+!
White can now liquidate by a double
attack. The outcome is decided by the z. K-Kr J

difference between the scope of the 3. K-Kz

-l-1r"

two kings. +.K-Qz

5. R-K4 ! R-)i
9. R-R4 ch ! K-NZ
ro. RxN andwins. 5" ", R-B R
P-N+ and P-Rl
Relentless chase, as seen in the pre-
White wins. vious example, is only one of the many 6.R-Kr\q I

forcing tactical methods that may be 7.BxN ch L-1

resorted to in order to harass a de-

The knight defending the bishop is fending piece. A fairly frequent motif A notable mod-t a: i: - = - i-- ;
a convenient target here. Though is the directing sacrifice with a view beneficial intermE;:=:: -- =-s-
after r. K-KZ?, N-B4 ch or r. to driving off the defending piece and cally exploiting a trr.=::--n-
K-B7 ?, N-KS ch Black could decoying it into the range of the the defence.
somehow extricate himself from the attacker.

202 r4*

l|i,
l,r
6cr, he is powerless against the 227. 228.
i mslaught of king and rook.
S. M. KAMINER, 1925. JENO BAN, rg43.
N-Bz ch
B-Bs
N-K4 !

tfrtr 3. .. ., B-N6? +. R-B3,

Q+ 5. R-B5 !, B-N6 Black
ld not sacrifice either of his pieces
Shite's advancing pawn.

N-N3 ch
B-Q6 White utins. White wins.
N-Bs
r. R-B4 !! R-Q7 ch r. B-85 It-Rr ch
tc def,ensive position is repeating
q s.i& Black losing ground inch If r. . . ., RxR?, White would get r. K-Kz? fails against 2.
ioch- the rook back with a bonus (2. B x N R-RZ ch leading to the loss of
ch). A subvariation, along more or less Black's rook. This is equally the case
N-R4 ch the same lines as the text, likewise after . . ., R-Qr ?, z. R-RB ch.
B-Kz rvorks out to White's advantage: . . .,
R-BS ch z. K-Nr !, R-B4 3. p- z. K-Nz !

hfo does not help either,

N4, R-N4 4. P-R4, R-K4 5. R-*
because
b cao now liquidate by a double K+! z. K-N3?, R-R6 ch e. Kxp,
*- The outcome is decided by the BxB ch 4. KxB, RxP would result
z. K-Kr R-Q6 in a draw. After the tempting z. K-
:.race between the scope of the K-Kz R-K6
tings.
3. ch Nr Black would find a defence in z.
+.K-Qz R-K+ . . ., R-R3 3. R-Br ch, K-K2 !
5. R-K4 ! R-N+ 4.R-Kr ch, K-Qz 5. R-K6, R-
x R-R4 ch ! K-NZ Bl ! This "by-play" is apt to divert
rR"N andwins. 5. . .., R-B (R) is followed by 6. our attention from a hidden, but
P-N+ and P-R 4 etc. actually very simple point:
dodess chase, as seen in the pre-
6 anrnple, is only one of the many 6.R-KN4 ! RxR 2.-- R-Rl
iry mcrical methods that may be 7.BxN ch and wins.
rted to in order to harass a de- Protecting the bishop and parrying
tag piece. A fairly frequent motif A notable motif at the finish was the the threat of R-R8 ch. But the de-
: direcdag sacrifice with a view beneficial intermediate check, rypi- fending rook has not yet rveathered
Eiring off the defending piece and cally exploiting a momentary gap in the storrn.
lyiog it into the range of the the defence.
tEr. +++ 3. R-Rr ! and r,vins,

t4+
for against 3. . . ., RX R the interpolat-
eC 4. B x B ch wins a Piece, while after
3. . . .,Bx B 4. Rx R White's material
Kr" In of 3. . . ., R-86 he would
case We then oniv sr*=:j r-:E i,I
double the vigour of the attack by +. tactical mo'i-t-'ce=5 ' -{=E:
R (Kz)-KBz we propose to s:;3 a :-d s:
!

superiority is slowly but surely real- how those motls E =:=TF6''

ized' 4. R-Nz ch K-Rl
*** From simcre es^:-:.,:s r
Against 4. ..., R-N6 follows 5.
proceed to mcr3 ::=:- --r
R(Br)-KNr according to the pre- and we trust thar r'i-: :-;a.k'r
Another characteristic example dem-
vious pattern. joy and gratifica:--: '- =,e !
onstrates how a piece burdened bY widening scoPe oi :'e ;:E:
defensive obligations can be "out- which, however ci'-:';:-'- E,::
attacked." 5. R-Rr ch R-R6
6. R(Nz)-Rz !! they may be, a:e rr-r;:-; 3':
the fundamenta., --=r: :8,
229"
Black is now out-attacked. "Spite- have been the sub-:; :: -:e
checks" keep the rook alive only two ing chapten. j-:'ry-
A. MANDLER and E. KONIG, more moves. A glance at rt.:5-
r924. will convisss vcrr :-r=: '-:E :

6.-- R-B6 ch material balance. hr-r =: 5l

7. K-N4 ! R-N6 ch efficienq' bersret: a-=-.3 13:
8. K-R4 and lvins.
operations. Thi.s E- -: n:r-r
many an unesDe;3'; -:Iii I
THE KING
AS A DIRECT TARGET lrr.
In the iast phase of the struggle H. RI\CK.
the weaker side's king suddenly finds
himself in the focus of events. In most
end-games of a tactical type, the acttral
lYhite wins. mate is, as a rule, not the crowning act
of the last decisive battle, but rather
By a driving-on manoeuvre White its colourless and grim aftermath, a
forces the pinning of Black's KR, dreary "punishing expedition" against
then, putting more Pressure on the a helpless opponent. A king rarely dies
defending piece, manages to capture a "hero's death" in the heat of battle ;
its "prot6g6." he is usually taken prisoner when the
fight is over.
r. P-B7 ! K-Nz Nevertheless in a high percentage
z. P-BS (Q ch ! KxQ of combinations the mating threat, as
3. R-Br ch K-Nz a tactical weapon of forcing, plays an
important part. This was the case in
After 3. .. ., K-Kz White reaches end-games Nos. 85, 86, 87, gor 9r, 98, r. R-K7 ch K-R:
his desired end by playing 4. R (Br)- rro, r45, t46, t47, t1r, r53, t54, t56. z. K-R6 ! RI:
204
-In case of 3. . . ., R-B6 he would We then only stressed the particular Necessary, because White threat-
dile the vigour of the attack by +. tactical motif being illustrated; now ened R-R7 mate. After 2. . . ., R(Nr)
$: -KBz we propose to give a brief survey of the king would likewise perish
!
how those motifs are interwoven in the
-Br
forlackof air. (f. R-.RZ ch, K-Nr
p R-\z ch K-Rl web of a mating combination. 4. R-Nr mate.)
From simple examples tve shall
lgria.t +. .. ., R-N6 follows 5. proceed to more complicated ones, 3. R(t)-Q7 ! and wins,
Br"-K-\l according to the pre- and we trust that the reader will find
E$ Psmerlt. joy and gratification in the gradually because Black's KR blocks its king's
widening scope of the combinations route of escape, e. g. . . ., K-Nr, 4.
;- R.-Rr ch R-R6 which, however colourful and ramified R-NZ ch, K-Rr 5. R-R7 ch, K-
L R\: -Rz !! they may be, are invariably built up of Nr 6. QR-NZ ch, K-Br 7. R-R8
the fundamental tactical bricks that mate.
Rtr* is nou' out-attacked. "Spite- have been the subject of the preced-
ris'' keeo the rook alive only two ing chapters. 211.
EE Etrr-ri-S. A glance at the trvo diagrams below
will convince you again that it is not R. RETI, rg25.
t R-B6 ch material balance, but the difference in
r. K-\+
--
I R-N6 ch efficiency between active and passive
l- R-R-+ and wins. pieces that matters in all tactical
operations. This truth is borne out by
many an unexpected mating attack.
THE KING
,
-{S A DIRECT TARGET 230.

lB rhe iast phase of the struggle H. RINCK, r9zr.

:iltr&l(er side's king suddenly finds
qqp
crCl-rn the focus of events. In most trI
l-grc- of a tactical type, the actual I ffit

oe rE a= a rule, not the crowning act % White wins.

dr. last decisive battle, but rather
do'.uless and grim aftermath, a
\U(Ihite's bishop has to obtain control
ijs5 "prrn ishing expedition" against
Sles's opponent. A king rarely dies
of the KNz square before the pawn
hero's *Jeath" in the heat of battle ; "gets tough." Is it possible? Yes, pro-
fo s5rratll- taken prisoner when the l'ided we discover the only mating
h h orer. chance hidden in the position !
![,crertheless in a high percentage
cr-t'rbieafions the mating threat, aS r. R-B3 ! P-Nz
Eical $rezrpon of forcing, plays an White wins. z. B-Br !! P-NS (Q)
prtant part. This was the case in 3. R-R3 ch and mate !

Lguaes \os. 85, 86187r 9o, 9rr 98, r. R-K7 ch K-Rr

L tr4-{, tq6, t47, t5t, r53, t54, t56. z. K-R6 ! R (Nt)-Kr ***
 Mate with a minimum of material The best, since after 3. . . ., R)(B, 5. K F. K-\:
usually requires the hostile king to be +. P-NZ ch, etc. Black is lost in a few
at the edge of the board, or, still
better, in the corner. To bring about
moves, while 3. . . .,R-KN8
an immediate mate. (4. 8-86 ch.)
leads to
3. P-N8 .Q ;: Ke
4. K-K6
such a favourable situation it is well Now the threat results in a favourable
worth sacrificing the rest of our forces, liquidation. ZugnralLg. Blzcir ;; l:rs-
retaining only the bare minimum corner rrhere, tha;is :: =e
needed to give mate. 4. 8-86 ch RxB ch of the nro harm:j- -F465
"single-track" mating combina- 5. KxR K-Nr solitary bishoP is a*'-: :: :
tions are few and far between. Usu- 6. P-N7 and wins. fatal blorv.
ally the mating chance is linked with
the possibility of liquidation to a tech- 233. 4. E.-E
nically simple winning position. 5. K-B; P-K
A. A. TROITSKY, 1895. 6. B-N- c: E: =
232.
Ii+.
W. STEINITZ, t\6z. J. GL\ST. tP.
nft,
EEJ

. .)

v/////t
///////l lVhite wins.
%%%n
./1V//,

By trying to hang on to his solitary

pawn V/hite runs the risk of stale-
Whtt: =lrs-
White wins. mate, but behind a stalemate there
always gleams the hope of mate. This theme is clc.'elE rei
A bishop and two pawns are worth previous ooe, the -'==ss i
more than a rook, but by playing r. r. B-R6 ch K-Nr however, not ulr--r '!'*e
B-NS White would only reach dead- z. P-N7 K-Bz manoeuYre b'ut uF:l 5I
lock, since Black could safely sacrifice tempo that creats re Za,g:
his rook whenever White advances his 2. . . ., P-K3 ch ? ! 3. K-Q6 !,
RP. The win is achieved by a forcing K-Bz 4. K-K5, K-Nr 5. K-B6, r. B-N7 1!

mating threat. P-K4 6. K-K6 !, P-K5 7. K-B6!, After the narurel l. ts-F
P-K6 8. B x P etc. and !7hite wins. White ought to @arr a Et
r. P-R7 ch K-Nz ! But now, playing l. K-KS ?, White
to bring about th.e l-::a= :
e. P-RS (Q) ch ! KxQ could keep his pawn only at the cost of
tern, but after z. K-ts-{ ts.,
l. K-BZ ! R-88 eh stalemate (4. . . ., P-K3 4. K-Q6,

zo6
 P-K4 ! 5. KxP, K-Nr.) There- terpolate 2. . .., P-Q3 ch ! and the
Tb.e L*cst, since after 3. . . ., RxB,
pawn can no longer be blockaded.
r P-\r ch, etc. Black is lost in a few fore :

tscrres-. while 3. . . ., R-KNS leads to K-Bz

a im-cnediate mate. (4. 8-86 ch.) 3. P-N8 (Q ch ! KxQ r.
- -
(cm'ohe threat results in a favourable 4. K-K6
Any other move would allow White
lqgi;lation. Zugzwang. Black is forced into the to save both pieces.
corner where, thanks to the Presence
4 8-86 ch RxB ch of the two harmful pawns, even a z. B-R6 ! KxN
s.K,R K-Nr solitary bishop is able to deliver the
6. P-\7 and wins. If z. .. ., P-Q3 3. N-B6 and the
fatal blow. struggle is drawn out into a "more
K-Rr prosaic" knight-bishop mate.
233. 4.- -
S.K-BZ P-Kl 3.K-Q6 K-Rr
A. A. TROITSKY, 1895. 6. B-N7 ch and mate !
P-Q3
+.K-Bz
234. 5. B-N7 ch and mate !

J. GUNST, tgzz. Let us ,"* ;; I g"rr*t fight by

the cavalry with queenly assistance.

235.
L. I. KUBBEL, 1925.

White wins.

By trr-:-ng to hang on to his solitary

trFa \fhite runs the risk of stale-
rme- but behind a stalemate there White wins.
hsur': gleams the hope of mate. This theme is closely related to the
previous one, the stress being laid,
r. ts-R6 ch K-Nr however, not upon the driving-on
+D\--
-_L-^\/
K-Bz manoeuvre but upon gaining the lYhite wins
tempo that creates the Zugzwang.
:- P-Kt ch ? ! 3. K-Q6 !, r. N-K3 ch ! K-N6
+. K-KS, K-Nr 5. K-B6,
i.-ts: r. B-N7 !!
' q 5. K-K6 !, P-K5 7. K-B6!, z. Q-N4 ch K-BZ
:K5 S. B P etc. and tff/hite vrins.
..<
After the natural r. B-R6, K-Bz, 3. Q-B4 ch K-K7 (8)
hu n.,r: playing l. K-KS ?, White White ought to make a waiting move
i'rd'd ke.'p his pawn only at the cost of to bring about the former mating pat- There was no other way out ; after
$c.::: j. . . ., P-K3 tern, but after z. K-BS Black can in- any deviation from the text a quick
4. K-Q6,
247
mate would have followed. Now the r. Q-Q4 ch K-N4 ! To get the upc='*..p-n,;, WE[i
precarious position of Black's queen z. Q-B6 ch K-Ns win one of B-acr's ne;rx. &
allows White to pursue the chase 3. Q-B3 ch K-N+ so rather eiJr.
under the protection of his unprotect- 4. Q-N3 ch B-Ns
ed knight. r. R-R: $-\;-i
4. .. ., K-84? would lose to 5. r. . . ., N-BS :. K-K.:
Q-Bt ch !
aslc
4. K-QZ Q-Qg ch, winning the queen. But as
wins.
a result of the square block in a re-
The knight must not be touched on stricted area, Black's king gets en- z. R-KNz K-E'5
account of S. Q-Kr ch winning the tangled in a mating net. (The mating 3. RxB K-8.
queen. position is very much like the one in 4. R-Kr P-K<
S. Q-Qt ch K-86 Diagram No. z.)
Are there ax.i F: ::e$s
6.Q-Bz ch K-NS worthy of the rl^arc E-,1 FlIi
5. Q-R4 ch !! KxQ
E
6. . . ., K-QS ? fails against 7. N- 6. 8--86 ch and mate !
have made tbe sane
='rq-:s-
85 ctr. Black, in an ore:-=Fl:Ei
Of course Black is not compelled to And who rroulC lii ==i = F
7. Q-Nz ch N-N6 put his head into the noose right away, natural to bring ti:e li: ir--n8-:
secure the K: sq':r't E: -r
7.. .., K-R+ 8. N-B4 ch, K-R3 but to escape he has to pay with his
Black's suniring ti:- i
9. Q-N6 mate. But the knight move queen i S. ..., K-B5 6. Q-Bz ch,
has drawbacks : (a) it has opened the 8-86 ch7. QxB ch, K-N4 8.Q- 5. N-K6 P-K5
diagonal onto the queen, and (b) it N3 ch, K-B+ q.Q-Ql ch, etc. Have
blocks a square in the proximity of the these been a bit artificial? Well,let us And it is "t-rbrir'ir. :r:'B- :

king. This brings us to a splendid now look at a gameJike position, with that White must coc-:: *.
finale. a natural, self-evident sequence of Q+ or 6. N-B+ tr ="ri
moves : threatened . . ., P-K- r^ i
8. Q-R3! ch KxQ But what happeos iJ- tsia*
9. N-Bz ch and mate ! 237. theless plays 6. . . ., P-8.-
236. counters 7. N>rP srirh 7. -"
M. S. LIBURKIN, 1935. B8!?
A. A. TROITSKY, 1916.
The imprisoned 1ssft '-rrt
and there is no msdjfrns r;*::

ch). In short, \[-hi:: --2-- -':

T. =
%, T%
extra rook !
In that case hcq- "-:!- -5 "
the loss of the rock er:: 5- .

K7 ch Z. K-{:, \-Kj i
We can't. But sshr Lre a rrr&
draw, if mate cen b'e e=::'ros
out it? For mrte with a s:,i-rrr
does not only occur ln t-sr,'
White ntins. White wins. over-complicated cesinras iu
zoB
r. Q--Q4 ch K-N4 ! To get the upper hand, White must times even in an ordinary game if the
a $86 ch K-Ns win one of Black's pieces. He can do king is forced to the edge of the board
3- $B3 ch K-N+ so rather easily. and his pieces block a couple of
a Q-\-3 ch B-Ns squares around him.
r. R-Rz B-N8 Now perhaps we can see the solu-
+ .. ., K-B+? would lose to
r. tion.
-Q: ch, winning the queen. But as
5. .. .,N-B8 z. K-Kr andWhite
wins. 6.N-B5 !! P-K7 ch
resul.t of the square block in a re-
rioel area, Black's king gets en- z. R-KNz K-B6 z.K-Qz N-B8 ch
sgiai ie a mating net. (The mating 8. K-Br ! KxR
3. RxB K-Bz
dio: is rery much like the one in R-Kr P-Ks 9. N-Q3 ch and mate !
4.
@rara \o. z.) If Black refuses to take the rook,
Ate there any two chess players
Vhite will realize his material supe-
;. Q-fu ch i! KxQ wofthy of the name who would not
riority by accurate play : 8. . . ., K-
6. ts-B6 ch and mate !
have made the same moves, White or
K6 g. K-Bz !, N-Q7 ro. N-Q3 !,
Black, in an over-the-board game?
And who would not find it perfectly N-B6 rr. R-QNI !! (against the
Gi -**'-rise Black is not compelled to harassing . . ., N-Q5 ch and N-N+
m fus head into the noose right away, natural to bring the idle knight to help
il Eo .scape he has to pay with his secure the Kz square and round ,rp ch)'
***
Ho: j. .. ., K-BS 6. Q-Bz ch, Black's surviving forces ?
ch -. Q x B ch, K-N+ 8. Q- The
substance of the following arti-
-B5
cb, K-B+ q.Q-Ql ch, etc. Have 5. N-K6 P-K6 stic composition is accentuated by the
3
csc b'eo. a bit artificial? Wellr let us And it is "obvious" now, isn't it, active share taken by the offensive
rs nork at a game-like position, with that White must conrinue with 6. N- king in spinning a mating net round
l*rural, self-evident sequence of or 6. N-B+ to ward off his royal opponent. In the analysis we
Q+ the
01-g: : threatened. . ., P-K7 ch? have laid special stress on the tactical
But what happens if Black never- motifs that make up the winning
237. theless plays 6. . . ., P-KZ ch and combination.
counters 7. NxP with l. .,., N-
.\[. S. LIBURKIN, Ig3s. 238.
88!?
The imprisoned rook cannot move A. A. TROITSKY, 1924.
E'
F
and there is no medicine against per-
petual check (1. . .., N-K6-88
ch). In short, White cannot realize his

7Z extra rook !
In that case how can we stave off
the loss of the rook after 6. . . ., P-
K7 ch Z. K-Qz, N-K5 (B8) ch ?
.% We can't. But why be a rook up and
draw, if mate can be enforced with-
out it ? For mate with a solitary knight
does not only occur in fairy tales or
lVhite wins. over-complicated positions, but some- White wins.

209
 ahead and threatens the threat ..., RxP ch bY a line As the lxi :r:-:-: -ri I
opening. Su[lman- sre :i]l,'L: -j3 ]Ert
:dr.#' .],fi}t: K-NS
liveliest Ead:S ::,:=ir-:n:rE
and ..., RxP. The 4.
situation brooks no delay ; White must
li9-
Gain of space and concerted
act at once the
action ofrook and king expressed by A. A. SELETSF.Y- :;
principle the
the mate threat.
heaping of

r. P-R7 !
4.- - B-Q+
This line interference is the onlY
The dangerous Pawn forcinglY dcfence against R-Q6 mate. It does
directs the movement of the rook. On not seem to helP either, but there is
the one hand it drives off the rook more finesse in it than meets the eye.
from its fifth rank, Putting a stoP to
the direct attack against the NP; on 5. R.xB !

the other, it drives it on to its fourth

rank to prevent any further harassing Driving-off sacrifice in the inter-
est of promotion.
checks.

5.- - RxR !
r.-- R-N4ch
Though dictated bY necessitY, this r. Q-N5 I K-K
Black chases the king where he was rnove still demands caution, since
wanting to go anyway; hence White At first si:ht ,t_
Black lays a stalemate-trap for us. natural to pre', E:i :::=-'-:
gains time for an oPPortune inter- If 6. P-R8 (Q?adriving-onmove'
vention bY his king. BxP. Then, h.-T3;-it. :"
6. . .., R-Ql ch! would lead to stale- would decide t}.e i-..-: :- e
mate after 7. Q x R. the mating threat _:. B-F.-r
z. KxP RxP
stance: 2. ..., H: i. E
3. K-B7 ! 6. P-R8 (R) !!
K-Kr 4.Q-NS c', Fi
87 ch !, K-K2 5. \-\

because Black cannot ward off the

..., RxP
6. R-Qr
driving-on
give check
- -
7.K-87 I

on the QB file.)
Line opening and attack combined
B--K3! with threit. The fourth mating threat It will turo o;i i=:=: --:;:
3.-- (R-R8) can onlY be warded off bY only square cf, t':::: -: r
leaving ihe rook en prise. White wins. from the ha:a..-::
Active defence, since it not only :.---=-r-,

guards Black's QR7, but also renews queen,

2IO
 tftreat ..., RxP ch by a line As the last example of our short ) KxP
lrfios. suurmary we introduce one of the
--
liveliest mating combinations : 2. ..., BXP? g. B-N+ ch, K-
pK-\8 Ql +. Q-BS ch, or 3. . . ., K-Bz 4.
239. B-RS ch, K-K3 5. Q-K5 ch in
E in of space and concerted either case resulting in a mate in the
tirn of rook and king expressed by A. A. SELETSKY, t933. centre of the board.
tErme threat.
3. N-B5 ch K-Br
B-Q+
t- - - 3. . . ., +. Q-N: ch !, K-
K-Q3
ltis line interference is the only KxN? 5. Q-R3 ch !)
Q+ (+. . ..,
ftDG agai$t R-Q6 mate. It does S. B-B+ ch !, KxB 6. Q-N3 ch
I JcED. to help either, but there is and S7hite wins the queen (N-K6 ch
re frnesse in it than meets the eye. or Q-R3 ch).

5"R B! 4. B-R6 ch K-Nr

Driving-off sacrifice in the inter- S. Q-Na ch K-Rr
:dpromotion. Black's king is cornered. By way of
White wins. two energetic driving-on sacrifices he
S--- RxR! will be walled in completely.
Ibugh diaated by necessity, this r. Q-N5 ! K-K3 ch
,.rE still demands caution, since 6. B-N7 ch !! BxB
d lays a stalemate-trap for us.
At first sight it would be more 7. N-Q7 !! Q-Qr
natural to prevent queening by r. . . .,
6- P-R8 (Q)? a driving-on move,
B x P. Then, however, z. N-B4 ! Black must defend his QN3. But he
-. . R-Ql ch! would lead to stale- would decide the issue on account of can't hold out long !
re after 7. Q x R.
the mating threat l. B-RS. For in-
6. P-R8 (R) !! stance: 2. ..., Q-Q3 3. B-84 ch, B.Q-QN8 ch ! QxQ
K-Kr 4. Q-N8 ch, Q-Br 5. B- g. N-N6 ch and mate !

Arqtiry the stalemate by under- 87 ch !, K-K2 6. N-N6 ch; or

oootion and threatening mate again 2. . . ., Q-QNI l. B-RS ch, K-Br 240.
.-R6 !'. Therefore Black's rook is 4. Q-B6 ch, K-Nr 5. Q-BT ch,
rcfrfr-s driven on to Q6. K-Rr 6. N-N6 mate ; or 2. . . ., SCHEME.
Q-Nz g. B-B+ ch, K-Br 4. Q-
6.-- R-Qr Q8 ch, B-Kr 5. N-K6 ch etc.
7. K-B7 !

liDc opening and attack combined
rh thneat. The fourth mating threat
l-RE) can only be warded off bY
lvins the rookelntjt..l{hite wins.
z. K-Nr !
It will turn out later that this is the
only square on which the king is safe
from the harassing checks of Black's "A miracle on the chessboard !"-
queen, this is how that master of composi-

2rl
tion, Dr. Gyiirgy P6ros, describes this He who has arrived from Damiano's
final position in his work "Wonders smothered mate (No. 13) through T?.c q,"'rrsrfz;; ilo
on the Chessboard" (r94o). Troitsky's smothered mate (145) at
The boundless emPire of tactical Seletsky's smothered mate (239), and
possibilities in chess play is indeed who has perceived the eternal familiar
marvellously rich and variegated. But motifs beneath the ever-changing
even miracles are governed bY the multicoloured gannents of brilliant
laws of Nature. Chess play too has its combinations not only with an amazed
own natural laws and its particular but also with a critical eye, will cer-
phenomena deriving from them. Ve tainly have made some Progress on
only have to discover them. the road towards that discovery. Amelung, F. 3:. :::
Bdn, J. zz8
Behting, J. 46. :-::'
Berger, J. z3
Brenew, J. 64
Bron, V. tI6
Campbell, L C. :'
Cassidy, F. Dr. t-:
Chekhover, V. -cj
Cohn, H. ri9
Cook, E. B. lS
Cozio, A. +l

Damiano, r3
Daniel, A. W. 4:
Dehler, O. ro8
Duras, O. r8z, z:,4
Eisenstadt, l\{. t;8
Erochin, I. 156

Farag6, P. 9z
Feijter, C. J. de 55
Fritz, J. Dr. zo6
Gorgiev, T. B. r{:. I (-- --:
Grigoriev, N. D. r53. ::9- ::
Gulyaev, A. P. t:-
Gunst, J. zZ+
Gurvitch, A. S. -l- I lri
Halberstadt. \'. :l
Hasek, J. rt8. r-lS
Havel, M. zz6
Herbstman, A. O. $:. ii-
Herbstman and Go:a:-r
fleutcker, P. zcr
Holm, E. r41. r49
Holzhausen, E. r-.-: :::
Horwitz, B. 8t, 84- 1- :5:-

212
& rho hes arrived from Damiano's INDEX
tred mate (No. 13) through (The numerals indicate the serial number of the end-games.)
*Ys smothered mate (r45) at
lstr's smothered mate (239), and
p ha perceived the eternal familiar
ri6 beneath the ever-changing
tidoured gannents of brilliant
&ations not only with an amazed
t rbo with a critical eye, will cer-
dy hrye made some progress on
I rcd towards that discovery. Amelung, F. 3o, rrr Kaminer, S. M. 224,227
Kissling, G. Dr. r97
Bin, l. zz9 Kliatskin, M. G. 69, zr9
Behting, l. 46, r3r, r94' 22r Kling and Horwitz 96, r35
Berger, J. z3 Kubbel, L. l. 27,28r 29, 37, 39, 4r' 45,
Brenew, l. 6+ 47, 58, 59, 6e, 6tr 79, 94, ro3, tr7,
Bron, V. 116 r2o, t23, t24, tz6, tzB, t3z, r38, 16o,
t6z, t68, 2o2r 2o5r 2r2, 222, 235
Campbell, L C. z4
Cassidy, F. Dr. r7z Lasker, Em. Dr. zoo
Chekhover, V. 83 Lazard, F. 19, 33, 34, to6, t37
Cohn, H. r79 Lewitt, M. Dr. roz
Cook, E. B. aS Liburkin, M. S. gg, 225, 237
Cozio, A. +l Lomov, V. r54
Lund-Nimzovitch r95
Damiano, 13
Daniel, A. $fl. 4o Mandler, A. and Kiinig, E. zz9
Dehler, O. ro8 Marwitz, J. H. S6
Duras, O. rBz, zo4 Mattison, H. 32, r34, r73
Eisenstadt, M. r78 Mendheim, ]. 5o, 86
Erochin, I. 156
Moravec, I.72, t33
Farag6, P. gz Neumann, A. rr5
Feijter, C. J. de 55 Neustadtl, H. Dr. r55
Fritz, J. Dr. zo6 Newman, M. B. 169
Gorgiev, T. B. r42, r47,223
Grigoriev, N. D. 163, zo9, zto Ortueta-Sanz t96
Gulyaev, A. P. tz7 Otten, H. r7o
Gunst, l. zl+
Gurvitch, A. S. 7o, rog Paulsen-Metger 89
Platov, M. 3r
Halberstadt, V. zt Platov, V. and M. 67, tzt, t87, zt6
Flasek, J. rr8, r48 Prokes, L. ztt
Flavel, M. zz6 Prokop, F. l. 26,36, 38, 65, 78,87, r59,
Fferbstman, A. O. 8o, 95, r5r, r85 176, zr3
flerbstman and Gorgiev 136 Przepiorka, D. ro5
Ileu[cker, P. zot
Flolm, E. t44, r49 Reichhelm, G. R. tr3, rr4
Holzhausen, W. von r4r R6ti, R. 73,77, to7, rro, rrz, r7r, r8o,
Horwitz, B. 8r, 84, 97, t5z, t57, t88 t8t, zt7, zt8, zzo, 23t

213
Rinck, H. 18, 42r 76r roo, rr9, t22' 165, Stahlberg-Tartakower r93
t67, t83, t86, zt4, zr5,23o Stamma, F. l+
Steinitz, W. z3z
Saavedra, F. g8
Sacknann, F. r4o, r84 Teed, F. M. r9z
Salkind, L. V. zo3 TroitskS A. A. 17,22, 5rr 6z1 66' 68' 7t'
Salvio, A. 8S 75, 88, 90, ror, ro4, r25, r29t 143' r45,
Salvioli, C. 8z r5o, r53, r58, 166, r74, r77; rg9r 2o7'
Sarytchev, A. and K. z5 233, 236,238
Sarytchev, K, 9r
Schemes rr 2t 31 41 51 6171819, ro, rr, Vancura, I. r:g
Vliet, L. van zo8
12, t4, t5, t6, 48r 49, 57,93, t75, t89, Vlk, L. 16r
tgo, r9I, 24o
Sehwers, I. r64 V'eenink, H. 63, r3o
Seletsky,A. A. 239,24o 'lU7'otawa, A. Dr. r98
Selesniev, A. zor 44
Simkhovitch, F. 53, 54 Zakhodiakin, G. N. 52, 146

2t4
*