BIO 091

LAB REPORT 1 (S56)

DATE : 7 FEBRUARY 2023

EXPERIMENT 1 :

PROBABILITY OF GENES AND DEMONSTRATION OF

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

GROUP 3:
1. AIDA SHAHEERAH BT MOHD FAUZI 2022458774
1.

2. ALLY DZAMIR IHTISHAM BIN ALI 2022460516

3. ANIS NATASHA BINTI YAHYA 2022458946

4. NUR KHAIRIN ADRIANA BINTI MOHD FAIZ 2022877368

5. MUHAMMAD IZAT IMRAN BIN MOHD SAM 2022459216

LECTURER’S NAME :
NUR SYAKIREEN BINTI ISHAK
1.1 GENES AND PROBABILITY

INTRODUCTION

Every living organism inherits their parent’s trait through genetic inheritance. The genotype
of the parents are the combination of alleles that will determine their offspring’s phenotype.
Phenotype is the observable physical characteristics and physiological traits. Through the
breeding of monohybrids, two types of alleles can be expected which are dominant and
recessive alleles. While dominant alleles can produce phenotypic characteristics in the
presence of homozygous or heterozygous conditions, recessive alleles can only be expressed
in homozygous conditions. This is because the dominant allele has complete dominance
towards the recessive allele and the phenotype of the heterozygous is identical to the
homozygous dominant parent.

In this experiment, Mendel’s Law which is the Law of Segregation and Law of Independent
Assortment will be tested by the breeding of two monohybrids. The Law of Segregation
states that, the 2 alleles in a pair of homologous chromosomes separate from each other into
different gametes during gamete formation. To test this statement , we used two identical
coins and labeled the hibiscus part of the coin as ‘H’ for dominant allele and the star flower
part of coin as ‘h’ for recessive allele. We would pretend one of the coins is from the male
gametes while the second coin is from female gametes. Afterwards, we put the coins into a
cup to shake and toss them on the table to produce a new phenotype.We also draw the
punnett square to determine the ratio for dominant phenotypes to recessive phenotypes so we
are able to compare them with our results from the experiment.

OBJECTIVES

1. To apply the laws of chance to genetics and demonstrate the effect of dominance in a
monohybrid cross.
2. To compare the expected and the observed genotype ratio in a monohybrid cross.
Results

H- Hibiscus part of coin

h- star flower part of coin

Female gamete/Male H h
gamete

H HH Hh

h Hh hh

Table 1 Punnett square

a) How many offspring with the genotype HH could be expected?

1

b) How many offspring with the genotype Hh could be expected?

2

c) How many offspring with the genotype hh could be expected?

1

d) How is the ratio calculated from your coin tosses compared to the expected
results determined with the Punnett square?

Expected ratio:
1:2:1

Ratio that were obtained:

29:52:19
 Number of toss Genotype HH Genotype Hh Genotype hh

20 7 10 3

100 29 52 19

Genotype Ratio 29 52 19
Table 2 genotype ratio table

1.2 DEMONSTRATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

INTRODUCTION

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a large molecule containing the genes that code instructions
for the synthesis of protein. The code consists of a sequence of repeating subunits, or
nucleotides. Nucleotides have three parts which are a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar,
and a ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. DNA is “read” by using three-base sequences to
form “words” that direct the production of specific amino acids. These three-base sequences,
known as triplets or codons are arranged in a linear sequence along the DNA. A linear stretch
of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called a gene. The entirety of genes in the human
population is termed the human genome. Most of the DNA is contained in the nucleus of the
cell (a small amount is in the mitochondria), yet most protein synthesis occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell.

The Protein Synthesis Manipulative Kit is used in this experiment to learn about protein
synthesis, which involves several stages. Because DNA is too big to move from the nucleus
to the cytoplasm, messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic
information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This information is transcribed from DNA to
mRNA in a process called transcription, where each gene's DNA sequence is copied into a
corresponding RNA sequence. The mRNA then moves into the cytoplasm, where it directs
the assembly of a specific sequence of amino acids to create the protein. This process, called
translation, occurs on ribosomes either in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum, and requires the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Therefore, the synthesis
of a protein is regulated by the information in the DNA, with the assistance of mRNA and
tRNA.
OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the main stages of protein synthesis using the Protein Synthesis
Manipulative Kit.

RESULTS