20 - 29

In 1915 a German scientist, Alfred Wegener, published a book that contained a bold
new hypothesis conceming Earth’s continents. According to Wegener, all the landmasses on
Earth were once united in a giant supercontinent. This primeval landmass, which he named
Pangaea, broke apart, forming the continents and oceans as we know them today.

Wegener's book was not translated into English until the end of the 1920s. By then,
Wegener's notion of continental drift-the fragmentation of Pangaea and the slow movement
of the resulting continents away Trom each other-was already a topic of hot debate in
geological circles in many parts of the world. An American geologist, F. B. Taylor, had
written a long article in support of continental drift. But most other geologists could not
conceive of the possibility that whole continents might be mobile, functioning like giant rafts.
Wegener had marshalled a good deal of circumstantial evidence: fossil plants and
animals from widely separated locales; climatic environments (as indicated by sedimentary
rocks) unlike those now prevailing and the remarkable fact that the coastlines of continents,
especially those of South America and Africa, can be made to fit so well with each other,
suggesting that the continents had once been actually joined together. Plausible as continental
drift was to those who believed this evidence, there was one major problem: the process or
mechanism that causes continents to mOve remained unexplained.
As sometimes happens when a new sCientific concept emerges, the hypothesis of
continental drit raliea to gain credibility among many geologists, in part because tne
mecnanisms proposed by Wegener himself, as well as others, were imgausiDle. wegener
suggested that Earth's gravitational force, wnicn s sgnuy weaker at the equator than
elsewhere, was capable of graauay ng tne continents apart. Taylor proposed that the
continents have been steadily moving into the gap thereby created. Such notions damaged the
credibility of the entire continental drift hypothesis. It was only in the 1950s, when scientists
discovered that ocean floors move and spread, that wegener’s theory gained general
acceptance among geologists.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss ?
A. Wegener’s explanation of how oceans influence continental drift
B. Wegener’s theory of continental drift and how it was received by scientists
C. Geological theories that preceded Wegener’s theory of continental drift
D. Geological concepts developed by Wegener that gained immediate acceptance

21. The word “bold” in line 2 is closest in meaning to?

A. Convincing
B. daring
C. complex
D. attractive

22. The word “primeval” in line 4 is closest in meaning to ?

A. movable
B. very big
C. very ancient
D. assumed

23. According to the second paragraph, how did most geologists view Wegener’s theory by
the end of the 1920s ?
A. They found it extremely difficult to accept.
B. They knew little a bout it because Wegener’s book had not yet been translated
C. They considered it possible but waited for more evidence.
D. They agreed that continents move but rejected proposed explanations of how they move

24.The word “locales” in line 16 is closest in meaning to?

A. places
B. distances
C. forests
D. coasts

25. The third paragraph metions all of the following as evidence that Wegener offered for
continental drift EXCEPT ?
A. fossils of ancient plants and animals
B. sedimentary rocks indicating past climatic conditions
C. recorded observations of continental movement
D. the way in which the coastlines of continents fit together

26. it can be inferred from the passage that according to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental
drift, the landmasses of South America and Africa ?
A. have always been separated from each other by an ocean
B. were once located next to each other in pangaea
C. were the first two continents to separate from pangaea
D. were once further away from each other than they are today

27. The word “implausible” in line 27 is closest in meaning to ?

A. unfamiliar
B. unproven
C. unnatural
D. unconvincing

28. According to the passage, what did Wegener think might be the cause of continental
drift?
A. The movement of ocean currents against the coastline of Pangaea
B. The movement and spreading of ocean floors
C. A gap created when the Moon was torn from Earth
D. The different strength of Earth’s gravitational force at different locations

29 According to the passage, F.B Taylor disagreed with Wegener a bout which of the
following ?
A. Whe ther continents are in a constant state of slow movement
B. The past existence of a single supercontinent
C. Whe the pangaea broke up into separate continents
D. The mechanism or prosess that caused continents to move

30 - 40
Although the deep-sea anglerfish has been a subject of curiosityfor a long time, it is still very
much a mystery to scientists. This type of fish has escaped close scientific observation
because it lives deep at the bottom of the ocean. For this reason, scientists have not had
manychances to follow the anglerfish around in its natural environment. Furthemmore,
because the anglerfish inhabits the deep dark waters of the ocean, it cannot be examined in
the same way that scientists study many other fish in the laboratory. However, we do know
some things about the anglerfish. What we do know, we've gathered mainly from anglerfish
that have gotten caught in the nets of fishing boats.
The anglerfish comes in many shapes and sizes. Its length can range from about twenty
centimeters to over three meters. However, all anglerfish have a few things in common. They
all have a large head with small eyes and a huge mouth filled with sharp, see-through teeth.
The anglerfish attracts its food, usually other small sea animals, with a strange green glow
given off by a long rodlike outgrowth over its mouth. InIn the darkness of the deep sea, the
anglerfish waves the shining "rod" around until it catches the eye of another sea creature.
When the curious creature spots the glowing tip of the antenna, it cannot help but swim closer
for a better look. Then, in a split second, the creature is swallowed up and eaten by the
anglerfish. In this way, the anglerfish uses its antenna much like a fishing rod to lure prey to
it. That is why it is callea an anglerTish-because "angler" is just another word ior someone
who fishes.
Although the anglerfish's abillity to Tish" using its rod is a unique one, it is nof the anglerfish
itself that produces the light which attracts other sea creatures. The green glowing light is
produced by a type of special bacteria called photobacteria. Scientists do not know exactly
why photobacteria collect on the tip of the anglerfish's antenna, but they thrive there. The
large amount of salt in the ocean's water allows them to survive and multiply. Although these
green glowing bactena cannot be seen in smal groups-that is, they are invisible in.smail
groups-they reproduce on the tip of the rod until there are so many of them that they glow
brightly. By doing this, the bacteria help the anglerish to survive in deep dark places near the
ocean floor, places where very tew creatures are well adapted to live.
30. What is the passage mainly a bout?
A. The unusual places where fish live
B. The unique features of an odd fish
C. Experiments scientists use to leam a bout fish
D. Modem fishing techniques

31. Why do scientists know so little a bout the deep- sea anglerfish?
A. it is not a fish that is eaten by humans.
B. it is a shy fish that hides from humans
C. it lives far below the surface of the ocean
D. it was believed to be an extinct species of fish

32. The word “gathered” in line 9 is closest in meaning to ?

A. made
B. placed
C. changed
D. learned

33. What is probably true about the size of the anglefish ?

A. its size varies greatly
B. its size helps it catch prey
C. its size is thb same as that of other deep-sea fish
D. its size is not known for certain

34. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true of the way an
anglerfish catches its prey ?
A. it uses light to attract the attention of small sea animals
B. it uses the rod over its mouth to frighten away sea creatures
C. it uses the rod like antenna over its mouth to detect the presence of other sea animals
D. it uses bright light to prevent sea creatures from seeing clearly

35. The word “it” in line 19 refers to ?

A. the sea creature
B. the antenna
C. the green glow
D. the deep-sea anglerfish
36. Why does the author mention a fishing rod ?
A. to help describe the flexibillty of the anglerfish’s antenna
B. To show how scientists catch anglerfish
C. To emphasize that the anglerfish’s antenna glows
D. To explain how the anglerfish gets its name

37. In saying in line 25 that anglerfish have a unique ability, the author means that
A. their ability to fish with a rod is an ability that no other fish has
B. their ability to fish with a rod is very helpful to them
C. they fish very well
D. they fish very often

38. The word “thrive” in line 30 is closest in meaning to ?

A. move slowly
B. grow quickly
C. Line up
D. curl up

39. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about photobacteria?
A. they collect on the anglerfish’s antenna in order to hide from predators
B. They produce different colors of light depending on how deep in the ocean they are.
C. They need salt in order to live and reproduce
D. They prefer to live in small groups

40. According to the last paragraph, whe do photobacteria glow brightly?

A. When they are excited
B. When they are in large groups
C. After they have eaten
D. After they are fully grown

1 – 10
Inspiration for the themes in inuit art is intimatelty tied to personal experience of the
Canadian Arctic land and its animals, camp and family life, hunting, spirituality, and
mythology. In telling the story of their people through this wide array of subjects, Inuit artist
have created an almost encyclopedic visual catalog of traditional (and to a lesser extent
transitional and modern) inuit cultuer.
Animals play a vital role in the everday lives of inuit, and only in the past few decades has
the people’s absolute dependence on them lessened. Not too long ago, procuring food and
other necessities depended solely on successful hunts, which in turn depended upon proper
preparation and luck, in addition to the strict observance of taboos and respect for the soul of
the soul of the prey. As a consequence, animals constitute the prime inspiration for many
inuit artist, particularly in sculpture.
Based on yers of observing and tracking prey, inuit wildlife art shows a keen awareness of
the physical characteristics, habits, and seasonal changes in animals. Some artists display a
high degree of naturalistic detail, but others prefer to exaggerate certain physical attributes
for effect. In general, while most inuit artist strive for a realistic presentation, they seem more
concerned with capturing the essence of an animal’s spirit.
Animals may be portrayed singly, in small groups, or in scenes tha involve both hunter and
prey. Pictorial arts often show the chase, whict sculptures focus more on the final
confrontation of hunter and prey, ofter with considerable drama. The hunter may be human or
one of the gree. Arctic predators such as the polar bear, owl, hawk, or wolf.
Scenes of everyday life, which include camp scenes, games, and entertainment, are common
to all forms of inuit art, and traditional activities are far more prevalent than modern aspects
of inuit community life. Camp-related themes mostly portray women engaged in demostic
tasks such as sewing clothes or preparing food and skins. Games and contest involve both
individuals and the community, and drum dancing is a from of entertainment that also has
considerable spiritual significance.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss ?
A. Everyday life in the Canadian rctic
B. The importance of mythology in inuit life
C. The subjecys of inuit art
D. The value of inuit art

2. The word “intimately” in line 1 is closest in meaning to?

A. Carefully
B. Presumably
C. Closely
D. Formally
 3. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is a true description of inuit
art?
A. It presents a nearly complete picture of inuit life.
B. It covers one aspect of inuit life thoroughly
C. It focuses mainly on scenes of inuit camp and family life
D. It is the main way inuit myths are passed from one generation to another
4. The word “adsolute” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
A. predictable
B. Total
C. traditional
D. necessary
5. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is most likely to be the subject
of an inuit sculptue ?
A. Observance of taboos
B. Inuit life in the past few decades
C. Preparation for a hunt
D. An Animal
6. The word “tracking” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
A. capturing
B tricking
C following
D studying
7. The word “exaggerate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
A eliminate
B represent
C decorate
D enlarge
8. The phrase “strive for” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A. try to achieve
B. enjoy
C. imitate
D. believe in
10. According to the fifth paragraph, which of the following types of activities would be
LEAST likely to be represented in inuit art ?
A. Women sewing clothes
B. Modern activities
C. Community games
D. drum dancing
9. According to the third paragraph, which of the following is the primary concern of most
inuit artists ?
A. Depicting seasonal changes in animals
B. Demonstrating accurate naturalistic detail
C. Exaggering a characteristics for dramatic effect
D. Revealing the essence of their subject’s spirit

11. The major subject of the passage is

A. The effects of glaciers
B. the domestication of crops
C. genetic variants of cultivated crops
D. eating habits of the earliest humans

12. The word “ them” in line 6 refers to

A. forests
B. Eurasia and North america
C grassland
D large animals

13. The word “dwindled” in line 6 is closest in meaning to

A. decreased
B. doubled
C. differed
D. dominated
14 The word “secure” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
A. Important
B. Fresh
C. Attractive
D. Dependable
15. the word “deliberate” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
A. reported
B. intentional
C. regular
D successful

16. it can be inferred from the second paragraph that by accidentally spilling grains near their
campsites, early humans most likely leamed
A. how to cultivate crops
B.
C. how to increase their crop yields
D. how to combine seeds to create a superior type of grain

17. The word “initiated” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

A. learned
B. evaluated
C. begun
D repeated

18 According to the third paragraph what advantage do cultivated wheat species have over
wild wheat species?
A. Cultivated wheat stalks produce larger seeds that are easier to plant
B. Cultivated wheat stalks hold seeds so they can be gathered and replanted
C. Cultivated wheat stalks produce more seeds
D. Cultivated wheat stalks help scatter seeds as they
19 It can be inferred that the cultivated crop plant becomes “more and more dependent on the
humans who cultivate it” (line 33 – 34) because?
A. Its stalk needs to be streng thened
 B. It needs to be protected from cold
C. It needs to be planted on grasslands
Its seeds need to be scattered