UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION

Impacts of Development on Environment – Rio Principles of Sustainable

Development- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Objectives –
Historical development – EIA Types – EIA in project cycle –EIA
Notification and Legal Framework.

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 Types of EIA - Purpose and Theme
EIA can be classified based on the purpose and the theme of development. EIA
can be climate impact assessment, demographic impact assessment,
development impact assessment, ecological impact assessment, economic and
fiscal impact assessment, health impact assessment, risk impact assessment,
social impact assessment, strategic impact assessment, technology assessment.

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 Categorization of EIA
EIA is also categorized based on systematic analysis of environmental
parameters, geographical region, carrying capacity limitations, sectoral
planning and line of activity.

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 Types of EIA
The following are the types of EIA. They are as follows:

1. Strategic EIA

2. Regional EIA

3. Sectoral EIA

4. Project level EIA

5. Life Cycle Assessment

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 Strategic EIA
❖ Strategic EIA refers to systematic analysis of the environmental effects of
development policies, plans, programs and other proposed strategic actions.

❖ This process extends the aims and principles of EIA upstream in the
decision-making process, beyond the project level and when major
alternatives are still open.

❖ Strategic EIA represents a proactive approach to integrate environmental

considerations into the higher level of decision-making.

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 Regional EIA
❖ EIA in the context of regional planning integrates environmental concerns
into development planning for a geographic region, normally @ the sub-
country level. Such an approach is referred to as the economic-cum-
environmental (EcE) developmental planning.

❖ Regional EIA addresses the environmental impacts of regional

developmental plans and thus, the context for project-level EIA of the
subsequent projects, within the region.

❖ In addition, if environmental effects are considered at regional level, then

cumulative environmental effects of all the projects within the region can be
accounted.
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 Sectoral EIA
Sectoral EIA helps in addressing specific environmental problems that may be
encountered in planning and implementing sectoral development projects. All
most all the projects are categorized into eight sectors as follows:

List of Projects or Activities requiring prior EC

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 Project level EIA
Project level EIA refers to the developmental activity in isolation and the
impacts that it exerts on the receiving environment. Thus, it may not
effectively integrate the cumulative effects of the development in a region.

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 Life Cycle Assessment
❖ Life cycle assessment is a cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle analysis
technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a
product's life. This includes the product design, development,
manufacturing, packaging, distribution, usage and disposal.

❖ LCA is concerned with reducing environmental impacts at all these stages

and looking at the total picture rather than just one stage of production
process.

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 Life Cycle Assessment

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 Life Cycle of Steel

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