DEVELOP OCTG Inspection Fundamentals

OCTG Inspector (Tubing&Casing)
Fundamentals Training
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OIL COUNTRY TUBULAR GOODS
(OCTG)
Definition:
Pipe and tube products used in petroleum

industry, such as:
- drill pipe.
- casing (lines the wellbore).
- tubing (transport the oil and gas to the
surface).
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OCTG in Oilfield Production
OCTG (80-85% of Oilfield Products)

Casing - used as a retainer wall for oil and gas wells
Production Tubing - transports oil and gas from wells to the
surface
Couplings - connections used to join individual sections of
casing and tubing together
Custom Finishing - premium threading, heat treating, 80-85% OCTG
upsetting, storage & inspection
LINE PIPE (15-20% of Oilfield Products)
15-20% Line Pipe
Used in the gathering and transmission of oil and natural gas
from the wellhead to larger transmission lines and refineries.
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OCTG Types
Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) exist in a few

different varieties. The manufacturing plant will produce
all of the varieties of Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG)
Types are :
OCTG Casing - Plain End
Specification table for OCTG Casing - Plain End
OCTG Casing - Threaded and Coupled
OCTG OCTG Tubing - Plain End
Line Pipe
OCTG Tubing - Threaded and Coupled
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DRILL PIPE
Drill pipe, is hollow, thin-walled, steel or

aluminium alloy piping that is used on
drilling rigs. It is hollow to allow drilling
fluid to be pumped down the hole through
the bit and back up the annulus. It comes
in a variety of sizes, strengths, and wall
thicknesses, but is typically 27 to 32 feet in
length (Range 2). Longer lengths, up to 45
feet, exist (Range 3).
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DRILL PIPE
Drill pipe is a portion of the overall drill string. The
drill string consists of both drill pipe and the
bottom hole assembly (BHA), which is the tubular
portion closest to the bit. The BHA will be made
of thicker walled heavy weight drill pipe (HWDP)
and drill collars, which have a larger outside
diameter and provide weight to the drill bit and
stiffness to the drilling assembly. Other BHA
components can include a mud motor,
stabilizers, and various specialty down hole
tools. The drill stem includes the entire drill
string, plus the Kelly that imparts rotation and
torque to the drill pipe at the top.
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DRILL PIPE
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HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL PIPE
(HWDP)
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DRILL COLLARS
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MUD MOTOR
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STABILIZERS
KELLY
OCTG PIPING INSPECTION
METHODS
An OCTG inspection can involve nothing more

than a trained human eye, or it can entail a
complex variety of special tools and
techniques. Inspections apply to rigs, drill
piping, drill tools, casing and tubing.
OCTG PIPING INSPECTION
METHODS
First and foremost, inspectors aim to identify
potential damage and deterioration of the
piping through cracks, dents, and corrosion.
Inspectors go on to measure the thickness
and straightness of the tubing, as well as
inspect the threading for gaps or flaws at the
thread roots.
RELEVANT STANDARDS
API STD 5B Specification for Threading, Gaging, and Thread

Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads.
API RP5A5 Field Inspection of New Casing, Tubing, and Plain
End Drill Pipe
API RP5B1 Threading, Gauging, and Thread Inspection of
Casing, Tubing, and. Line Pipe Threads.
API RP5CT Casing and Tubing
API 5L Seamless and welded carbon steel pipe material

specification
NDT METHODS TO INSPECT
OCTG
Visual Inspection (VI).
Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI).
Electromagnetic Inspection (EMI).
Ultrasonic Testing (UT).
Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI).
Hydrostatic Test.
VISUAL INSPECTION (VI)
Visual thread inspection (VTI)
VTI is a non-destructive inspection method that is based on the

inspector using his eyes and hands.
Any reduced eyesight might cause the inspector to miss vital flaws.
Example of check with a profile gauge Example of use of finger tips on a VTI inspection
TOOLS REQUIRED
• Flashlight
• Profile gauges
• Magnifying mirror
Measurements
On a VTI it is normal to make all vital measurements on the connections.

The results need to match the standards given in the inspection
specification.
Example of OD gauge of tube Example of a check with a slide caliper
• Various calipers (slide caliper etc.)

• Thread gauges
MAGNETIC PARTICLE
INSPECTION (MPI)
By magnetizing a pipe, the presence of a
surface or slightly below-surface flaw in the
pipe allows the magnetic flux to leak, since
air cannot hold as much magnetic field as
metals. Iron particles are then applied to the
pipe; if there is a crack present, the
particles will be attracted to this area of the
pipe. This spot is called an indication.
MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MPI)
Magnetic particle method is a non-destructive testing method revealing
material defects in the surface, and just below the surface, in ferromagnetic
(magnetic) materials.
A magnetic field is applied to an object. The magnetic field will penetrate

the surface of the object. Any errors in the surface will alter the power of the
magnetic field lines.
These power lines outside and around the damage forms(delete s) a leakage field.
This leakage field can be detected by adding iron particles (in powder form) on the
surface. These particles clump together in and around the leakage field.
TOOLS
REQUIRED
An object can be magnetized
with several methods:
• Coil
• AC Yoke
• Direct current flow
ELECTROMAGNETIC INSPECTION
(EMI)
Process of inducing electric currents or magnetic

fields or both inside a test object and observing
the electromagnetic response. If the test is set
up properly, a defect inside the test object
creates a measurable response.
(EMI)
(EMI)
(EMI)
Primarily the eddy-current and flux-leakage methods are used to detect

imperfections.
NOTE: Electromagnetic “Inspection Systems” made for use in the field

sometimes include equipment for performing additional inspections or
services.
Source: API RP 5A5, Field Inspection of New Casing, Tubing, and

Plain-end Drill Pipe, Reaffirmed August 2010. Global
Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection
INSPECTION METHOD for OCTG

PULSED EDDY CURRENT
ACCOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING
What is Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection ?
Pulsed eddy current (PEC) is an advanced

electromagnetic inspection technology used in detecting
flaws and corrosion in ferrous materials typically hidden
under layers of coating, fireproofing, or insulation.
How does it work ?
A magnetic field is created by an electrical current Pulsed eddy current can be used:
in the coil of a probe. When the probe is placed on 1. On outer surfaces with or without insulation
the insulation, fireproofing, or coating, the field or aluminum, stainless and galvanized
penetrates through all the layers (including steel weather jacket, blistering scabs, or
sheeting, if present) and stabilizes in the fireproofing
component thickness, and then the electrical 2. Near pipe elbows, supports, valves, and
current in the transmission coil is turned off, other metallic structures such as nozzles,
causing a sudden drop in the magnetic field. and flanges
3. Through concrete, polymer coatings,
metallic mesh, and rebars
As a result of electromagnetic induction, eddy
currents appear in the component wall. The eddy
currents diffuse inward and decrease in strength.
The decrease in eddy currents is monitored by the
PEC probe and used to determine the wall
thickness. The thicker the wall, the longer it
takes for the eddy currents to decay to zero.
How does it work ? (continued)
To analyze transient eddy currents, pulsed eddy current comprises three phases:
1. Emission (Pulse) :
The probes injects a magnetic field penetrating and stabilizing in the component wall.
2. Cutt Off:
The probe interrupts emission abruptly and strong eddy currents are induced in the component wall.
How does it work ? (continued)
3. Reception :
The sensors in the probe measure the decay rate of eddy currents as they diffuse inside the
component wall
How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?
The eddy current decay rate in a conductive material under insulation and cladding follows a power law,
where a relative change in voltage results in a proportional relative change in time and produces a rapid
drop in a Log-Lin scale graph. Later on, as the eddy currents reach through to the other side of the
component, their decay rate follows an inverse exponential distribution that produces a straight line in a
Log-Lin scale graph.
Where V is the voltage, t represents time, and τ is the decay rate. Different wall thicknesses generate
different decay rate curves:
The illustration when the probe running to the inspected object:
The thickness appears as percentages (no defect found)
The thickness appears as percentages (thickness decreasing - defect found) 78%
(Thickness is decreasing since initial corrosion

Path)
The thickness appears as percentages (thickness decreasing - defect found) 43%
(the worse corrosion path-lowest % defect)
The thickness appears as percentages (thickness increasing - defect found) 59%
(The thickness is increasing due to move from

corrosion path)
The thickness appears as percentages (thickness increasing - no defect found) 99.9%
(No Corrosion Founded)
Accoustic Emission Testing
What is Accoustic Emission Testing?
Acoustic Emission (AE) Analysis is an extremely

powerful technology of non-destructive testing
What is Accoustic Emission Testing?
Acoustic Emission (AE) refers to the generation of

transient elastic waves produced by a sudden
redistribution of stress in a material.
When a structure is subjected to an external stimulus

(change in pressure, load, or temperature), localized
sources trigger the release of energy, in the form of
stress waves, which propagate to the surface and are
recorded by sensors
Accoustic Emission Testing Method
Scheme of the test stand and layout of AE sensors and the map of damage on the coating of the pipeline
section (specimen)
General view of the test stand with the pipeline section (a) and example corrosion damage (b, c)
Acoustic emission testing can be performed in the field with portable instruments or in a stationary laboratory
setting. Typically, systems contain a sensor, preamplifier, filter, and amplifier, along with measurement, display, and
storage equipment (e.g. oscilloscopes, voltmeters, and personal computers). Acoustic emission sensors respond
to dynamic motion that is caused by an AE event
In order for point location to be justified, signals

must be detected in a minimum number of
sensors: two for linear, three for planar, four for
volumetric. Accurate arrival times must also be
available. Arrival times are often found by using
peak amplitude or the first threshold crossing. The
velocity of wave propagation and exact position of
the sensors are necessary criteria as well.
Equations can then be derived using sensor array
geometry or more complex algebra to locate more
specific points of interest.
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)
LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material.

There are two indications, one from the initial pulse of the
probe, and the second due to the back wall echo. RIGHT: A
defect creates a third indication and simultaneously
reduces the amplitude of the back wall indication. The
depth of the defect is determined by the ratio D/Ep
Ultrasonic testing is a nondestructive testing method that uses radio
frequencies to determine a materials entirety. Impulse-echo method
is the most used method in industry.
An array of transducer one sound waves are sent into the material,
penetrating it at a constant speed (the speed of sound of the
material).
The sound waves are reflected from the back wall of the object back
to the probes.
Any imperfections in the material will appear as peaks between the
initial and the reflecting echo.
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION
(DPI)
DPI is based upon capillary action, where low

surface tension fluid penetrates into clean and
dry surface-breaking discontinuities.
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION
(DPI)
HYDROSTATIC TEST
The test involves filling the vessel or pipe
system with a liquid, usually water, which
may be dyed to aid in visual leak detection,
and pressurization of the vessel to the
specified test pressure.
HYDROSTATIC TEST
What to look for when inspecting
Drill pipe repair
Whether you need to take the pipe to a repair shop or it can fixed in the field, is
dependent on the degree of damage to the joints.
Field repair
Grinding
Double shouldered connections or severe shoulder
damage, require a shop reface.
Grinding Pin threads Grinding Box threads

Field reface
Reface of a damaged connection shoulder is done with a special shoulder dressing tool.
There are several types available on the market, but the same principle applies to all of
them.
A refaced shoulder should be flat and at right angles to the threads.
copper sulfating
and phosphatization
is done to prevent
galling and provide
corrosion resistance.
Preservation & storage
Pipe storage
Recommendations for pipe storage:
• Do not put the pipe directly on the ground. The first layer of pipe
should be
no less than 0.3m above the ground.
• The height of the pipe stack on a rack shall not exceed 2.5 m, and
the pipe
shall be secured with post to prevent rolling out.
• When the pipe is laid in several rows, place 3 wooden blocks

between each
row so that the tool-joint elements do not touch each other.
• Pipe shall be laid with boxes in the same directions
• Rejected pipe or pipe going to be repaired, shall be laid on a

separate rack
and clearly identified
Preservation
The use of protective compounds to protect equipment during storage and use.
Recommendations for the application and use of our thread compound
on connections
1. Upon opening the container, the product should be stirred with either a dope brush
or other suitable device to re-blend any oil separation or settling of the component
solids that may have occurred during shipment and storage.
2. Never add any material such as diesel fuel, kerosene, motor oil, etc. to improve
the ease of application.
3. All connections contact surfaces should be cleaned and free of storage or prior
running compound, drilling fluids and any other contaminant residues prior to the
applications of the compound.
4. Contaminant residues, when mixed with the thread compound during connections
engagement can substantially change the friction factor and galling resistance of
the thread compound. A small amount of moisture in most cases is unavoidable
and will not affect compound performance.
Note: These are general procedures not intended to replace the recommendations
of the connection manufactures.
Thread compounds
CASE STUDY
THANK YOU
OCTG Inspector (Tubing&Casing)
Fundamentals Training

DEVELOP OCTG Inspection Fundamentals

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OCTG Inspector (Tubing&Casing)

Pipe and tube products used in petroleum

OCTG (80-85% of Oilfield Products)

Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) exist in a few

Drill pipe, is hollow, thin-walled, steel or

An OCTG inspection can involve nothing more

API STD 5B Specification for Threading, Gaging, and Thread

API 5L Seamless and welded carbon steel pipe material

VTI is a non-destructive inspection method that is based on the

On a VTI it is normal to make all vital measurements on the connections.

Example of OD gauge of tube Example of a check with a slide caliper

• Various calipers (slide caliper etc.)

A magnetic field is applied to an object. The magnetic field will penetrate

Process of inducing electric currents or magnetic

Primarily the eddy-current and flux-leakage methods are used to detect

NOTE: Electromagnetic “Inspection Systems” made for use in the field

Source: API RP 5A5, Field Inspection of New Casing, Tubing, and

INSPECTION METHOD for OCTG

ACCOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING

What is Pulsed Eddy Current Inspection ?

Pulsed eddy current (PEC) is an advanced

How does it work ?

How does it work ? (continued)

How does it work ? (continued)

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

The illustration when the probe running to the inspected object:

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

The thickness appears as percentages (no defect found)

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

The thickness appears as percentages (thickness decreasing - defect found) 78%

(Thickness is decreasing since initial corrosion

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

The thickness appears as percentages (thickness decreasing - defect found) 43%

(the worse corrosion path-lowest % defect)

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

The thickness appears as percentages (thickness increasing - defect found) 59%

(The thickness is increasing due to move from

How Pulsed Eddy Currents Evaluate Thickness ?

The thickness appears as percentages (thickness increasing - no defect found) 99.9%

(No Corrosion Founded)

What is Accoustic Emission Testing?

Acoustic Emission (AE) Analysis is an extremely

What is Accoustic Emission Testing?

Acoustic Emission (AE) refers to the generation of

When a structure is subjected to an external stimulus

Accoustic Emission Testing Method

Accoustic Emission Testing Method

Accoustic Emission Testing Method

Accoustic Emission Testing Method

In order for point location to be justified, signals

Accoustic Emission Testing Method

LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material.

DPI is based upon capillary action, where low

Grinding Pin threads Grinding Box threads

Recommendations for pipe storage:

• When the pipe is laid in several rows, place 3 wooden blocks

• Pipe shall be laid with boxes in the same directions

• Rejected pipe or pipe going to be repaired, shall be laid on a

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