Test Bank for Strategic Management Competitiveness and Globalization 13th by Hitt

Test Bank for Strategic Management

Competitiveness and Globalization 13th
by Hitt
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Test Bank for Strategic Management Competitiveness and
Globalization 13th by Hitt
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-strategic-
management-competitiveness-and-globalization-13th-by-hitt/

7. Particularly when assessing investments in new venture firms, the most effective, and often the only, way to measure
the performance of the firms and determine their viability as an investment option is to examine financial metrics such as
returns on assets, and sales.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

8. To implement a firm’s strategies, the firm takes actions to enact each strategy with the intent of achieving strategic
competitiveness and above-average returns.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

9. Economies of scale and huge advertising budgets are more effective in the new competitive landscape than they were in
the past.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

10. The two primary drivers of hypercompetition are the emergence of the global economy and technology.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

11. The rate of technology diffusion has increased significantly over the last two decades.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

12. RelTech is a firm in the electronics industry. It could protect its proprietary technology through patents. However, it
likely will not apply for patents to keep competitors from gaining access to the technological knowledge included in the
patent application.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

13. Examples of incremental innovations include iPads, Wi-Fi, and the web browser.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

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Test Bank for Strategic Management Competitiveness and
Globalization 13th by Hitt
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-strategic-
management-competitiveness-and-globalization-13th-by-hitt/

14. The rapid rate of technological diffusion has increased the competitive benefits of patents.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

15. Companies searching for opportunities in the global economy would likely conclude that the three leading European
economies of Germany, United Kingdom, and France would be good investments because they are predicted to continue
increasing in size.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

16. Since the 1980s, the basis for competition has shifted from intangible resources to hard assets.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

17. The new CEO of Opacity Enterprises is determined to make the long-established firm strategically flexible. The CEO
should understand that the task is not easy, largely because of inertia that can build up over time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

18. The industrial organization (I/O) model suggests that above-average returns are determined primarily by the firm's
unique internal resources rather than by external capabilities.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

19. The CEO of Twin Spires, Inc., is committed to using the expertise and resources currently in the firm to serve the
needs of the natural gardening community by providing rare and native plants to individuals and nurseries around the
United States. The perspective of the CEO of Twin Spires is consistent with the assumptions of the industrial organization
(I/O) model.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

20. The five forces model suggests that firms should target the industry with the highest potential for above-average
returns and then implement either a cost-leadership strategy or a differentiation strategy.
a. True
b. False

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Test Bank for Strategic Management Competitiveness and
Globalization 13th by Hitt
Full download link at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-strategic-
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ANSWER: True

21. The uniqueness of a firm's resources and capabilities is the basis for a firm's strategy and its ability to earn above-
average returns under the industrial organization (I/O) model.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

22. Research shows that a greater percentage of a firm's profitability is explained by the I/O model rather than the
resource-based model.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

23. All of a firm's resources and capabilities have the potential to be the foundation for a competitive advantage.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

24. The I/O and resource-based models contain many of the same steps. One clear difference between the two models is
the resource-based model starts by looking at the internal strengths and weaknesses of a firm, while the I/O model begins
with an examination of the external environment. Another key difference is the resource-based model identifies an
attractive industry much earlier in the process than does the I/O model.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

25. The assumptions of the industrial organization model and the resource-based model are contradictory. Therefore,
organizational strategists must choose one or the other model as the basis for developing a strategic plan.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

26. An effective vision statement must specify the industry in which a company will operate.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

27. An effective vision stretches and challenges people and can result in increased innovation. This is illustrated by
Apple's CEO Steve Jobs, who was known to think bigger and differently than most people.
a. True

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 STATES AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS.

States and Territories. Area in sq. miles. Capitals. Governor’s salary.

Alabama 50,722 Montgomery $4,000
Alaska Territory 577,380 Sitka
Arizona Territory 113,916 Tucson 2,600
Arkansas 52,198 Little Rock 5,000
California 188,981 Sacramento 7,000
Colorado 104,500 Denver
Connecticut 4,750 Hartford 2,000
Dakota, North } 15,200 Bismarck 3,000
Dakota, South } Pierre 2,500
Delaware 2,120 Dover 2,000
District of Columbia 60 Washington
Florida 59,248 Tallahassee 5,000
Georgia 58,000 Atlanta 4,000
Idaho 90,932 Boise City
Illinois 55,410 Springfield 6,000
Indian Territory 68,091 Tahlequah 1,000
Iowa 55,045 Des Moines 2,500
Kansas 88,318 Topeka 3,000
Kentucky 37,680 Frankfort 5,000
Louisiana 41,346 Baton Rouge 7,000
Maine 35,000 Augusta 2,500
Maryland 11,124 Annapolis 4,500
Massachusetts 7,800 Boston 5,000
Michigan 56,451 Lansing 1,000
Minnesota 83,531 St. Paul 3,000
Mississippi 47,156 Jackson 3,000
Missouri 65,350 Jefferson City 5,000
Montana 143,776 Helena 5,000
Nebraska 75,995 Lincoln 1,000
Nevada 81,539 Carson City 6,000
New Hampshire 9,280 Concord 1,000
New Jersey 8,320 Trenton 10,000
New Mexico Territory 121,201 Santa Fe
New York 47,000 Albany 10,000
North Carolina 50,704 Raleigh 5,000
Ohio 39,964 Columbus 4,000
Oregon 95,274 Salem 1,500
Pennsylvania 46,000 Harrisburg 10,000
Rhode Island 1,306 Newport and Providence 1,000
South Carolina 34,000 Columbia 4,000
Tennessee 45,000 Nashville 3,000
Texas 274,356 Austin 5,000
Utah Territory 88,056 Salt Lake City 2,600
Vermont 10,212 Montpelier 1,000
Virginia 38,352 Richmond 5,000
Washington 69,994 Olympia 4,000
West Virginia 23,000 Wheeling 2,700
Wisconsin 53,924 Madison 5,000
Wyoming 85,000 Cheyenne 2,600
 States and Territories. Legislatures meet. Time of Election in each State.
Alabama 2d Monday November 1st Monday August
Alaska Territory
Arizona Territory January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Arkansas Tuesday after 2d Mon. November 1st Monday September
California 1st Monday December Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Colorado 1st Wednesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Connecticut Wednesday after 1st Mon. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Dakota, North } 1st Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Dakota, South } 1st Tuesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Delaware 1st Tuesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
District of Columbia
Florida Tuesday after 1st Mon. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Georgia 2d Wednesday January 1st Wednesday October
Idaho
Illinois Wednesday after 1st Mon. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Indiana 1st Wednesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Indian Territory
Iowa 2d Monday January 2d Tuesday October
Kansas 2d Tuesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Kentucky 1st Monday December 1st Monday August
Louisiana 1st Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Maine 1st Wednesday January 2d Monday September
Maryland 1st Wednesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Massachusetts 1st Wednesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Michigan 1st Wednesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Minnesota Tuesday after 1st Mon. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Mississippi 1st Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Missouri Last Monday December Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Montana 1st Monday January
Nebraska Tuesday after 1st Mon. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Nevada 1st Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
New Hampshire 1st Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
New Jersey Monday before 3d Tues. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
New Mexico Territory
New York 1st Tuesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
North Carolina Wednesday after 1st Mon. January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Ohio 2d Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Oregon 2d Monday September 1st Monday June
Pennsylvania 1st Tuesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Rhode Island May and January 1st Wednesday April
South Carolina 4th Tuesday November Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Tennessee 1st Monday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Texas 2d Tuesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Utah Territory
Vermont 1st Wednesday October 1st Tuesday September
Virginia 1st Monday December Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Washington
West Virginia 1st Monday December Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Wisconsin 1st Wednesday January Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
Wyoming Tuesday after 1st Mon. November
 THE CUSTOMS TARIFF OF GREAT BRITAIN.

No protective duties are now levied on goods imported, Customs duties being charged solely for the
sake of revenue. Formerly the articles subject to duty numbered nearly a thousand; now they are only
twenty-two, the chief being tobacco, spirits, tea, and wine. The following is a complete list:

Articles. Duty.
£ s. d.
Ale or beer, spec. gravity not exceeding 1065°, per bbl. 0 8 0
Ale or beer, spec. gravity not exceeding 1090°, per bbl. 0 11 0
Ale or beer, spec. gravity exceeding 1090°, per bbl. 0 16 0
Beer, Mum, per bbl. 1 1 0
Beer, spruce, spec. gravity not exceeding 1190°, per bbl. 1 1 0
Beer, spruce, exceeding 1190°, per barrel 1 4 0
Cards, playing, per doz. packs 0 3 9
Chicory (raw or kiln-dried), cwt. 0 13 3
Chicory (roasted or ground), lb. 0 0 2
Chloral hydrate, pound 0 1 3
Chloroform, pound 0 3 0
Cocoa, pound 0 0 1
Cocoa, cwt., husks and shells 0 2 0
Cocoa paste and chocolate, pound 0 0 2
Coffee, raw, cwt. 0 14 0
Coffee, kiln-dried, roasted or ground, per pound 0 0 2
Collodion, gallon 0 1 4
Essence of spruce, 10 per cent. ad valorem Ethyl, iodide of, gallon 0 13 0
Ether, gallon 0 1 5
Fruit, dried, cwt. 0 7 0
Malt, per quarter 1 4 9
Naphtha, purified, gallon 0 10 5
Pickles, in vinegar, gallon 0 0 1
Plate, gold, ounce 0 17 0
Plate, silver, ounce 0 1 6
Spirits, brandy, Geneva, rum, etc., gallon 0 10 5
Spirits, rum, from British Colonies, gallon 0 10 2
Spirits, cologne water, gallon 0 16 6
Tea, pound 0 0 6
Tobacco, unmanufactured, lb. 0 3 1¾
Tobacco, containing less than ten per ct. of moisture, lb. 0 3 6
Cavendish or Negro head 0 4 6
Other manufactured tobacco 0 4 0
Snuff, containing more than 13 per cent. of moisture, lb. 0 3 9
Snuff, less than 13 per cent. of moisture, lb. 0 4 6
Tobacco, cigars, pound 0 5 0
Varnish, containing alcohol, gallon 0 12 0
Vinegar, gallon 0 0 3
Wine, containing less than 26° proof spirit, gallon 0 1 0
Wine, containing more than 26° and less than 42 spirit, gallon 0 2 6
Wine, for each additional degree of strength beyond 42°, gallon 0 0 3
 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.

PRESIDENTS. VICE-PRESIDENTS.
Term Name. Qualified. Name. Qualified.
[108]1 George Washington April 30, 1789 John Adams June 3, 1789
2 „„ March 4, 1793 „„ Dec. 2, 1793
3 John Adams March 4, 1797 Thomas Jefferson March 4, 1797
4 Thomas Jefferson March 4, 1801 Aaron Burr March 4, 1801
5 „„ March 4, 1805 George Clinton March 4, 1805
6 James Madison March 4, 1809 „„ March 4, 1809
7 „„ March 4, 1813 Elbridge Gerry March 4, 1813
John Gaillard Nov. 25, 1814
8 James Monroe March 4, 1817 Daniel D. Tompkins March 4, 1817
9 „„ March 5, 1821 „„ March 5, 1821
10 John Q. Adams March 4, 1825 John C. Calhoun March 4, 1825
11 Andrew Jackson March 4, 1829 „„ March 4, 1829
12 „„ March 4, 1833 Martin Van Buren March 4, 1833
13 Martin Van Buren March 4, 1837 Richard M. Johnson March 4, 1837
14 Wm. H. Harrison March 4, 1841 John Tyler March 4, 1841
14a John Tyler April 6, 1841 [109]Samuel L. Southard Apr. 6, 1841
[109]Willie P. Mangum May 31, 1842
15 James K. Polk March 4, 1845 George M. Dallas March 4, 1845
16 Zachary Taylor March 5, 1849 Millard Fillmore March 5, 1849
16a Millard Fillmore July 10, 1850 [109]William R. King July 11, 1850
17 Franklin Pierce March 4, 1853 William R. King March 4, 1853
[109]David R. Atchison Apr. 18, 1853
[109]Jesse D. Bright Dec. 5, 1854
18 James Buchanan March 4, 1857 John C. Breckinridge Mar. 4, 1857
19 Abraham Lincoln March 4, 1861 Hannibal Hamlin March 4, 1861
20 „„ March 4, 1865 Andrew Johnson March 4, 1865
20a Andrew Johnson April 15, 1865 [109]Lafayette S. Foster Apr. 15, 1865
[109]Benjamin F. Wade March 2, 1867
21 Ulysses S. Grant March 4, 1869 Schuyler Colfax March 4, 1869
22 „„ March 4, 1873 Henry Wilson March 4, 1873
[109]Thomas W. Ferry Nov. 22, 1875
23 Rutherford B. Hayes Mar. 5, 1877 William A. Wheeler March 5, 1877
24 James A. Garfield March 4, 1881 Chester A. Arthur March 4, 1881
24a Chester A. Arthur Oct. 20, 1881 [109]Thomas F. Bayard Oct. 12, 1881
[109]David Davis Oct. 13, 1881
25 Grover Cleveland March 4, 1885 Thomas A. Hendricks March 4, 1885
[109]John Sherman Dec. 1885
26 Benjamin Harrison March 4, 1889 Levi P. Morton March 4, 1889
 SUMMARY OF POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTES IN
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS, 1789–1888.

Year. Number of Total Elect Party. Candidates. States. Popular Elect.

States. Vote. Vote. Vote.
1789 10 73 George 63
Washington
John Adams 24
John Jay 9
R. R. Harrison 6
John Rutledge 6
John Hancock 4
George Clinton 3
Samuel 2
Huntington
John Milton 2
Benjamin Lincoln 1
James Armstrong 1
Edward Telfair 1
Vacancies 4

1792 15 135 Federalist George 132

Washington
Federalist John Adams 77
Republican George Clinton 50
Republican Thomas Jefferson 4
Republican Aaron Burr 1
Vacancies 3

1796 16 138 Federalist John Adams 71

Republican Thomas Jefferson 68
Federalist Thomas Pinckney 59
Republican Aaron Burr 30
Samuel Adams 15
Oliver Ellsworth 11
George Clinton 7
John Jay 5
James Iredell 3
George 2
Washington
John Henry 2
S. Johnson 2
Charles C. 1
Pinckney

1800 16 138 Republican Thomas Jefferson 73

Republican Aaron Burr 73
Federalist John Adams 65
Federalist Charles C. 64
Pinckney
Federalist John Jay 1
Year. Number of Total Elect. Party. For President. States. Popular Elect. For Vice- Elect.
States. Vote. Vote. Vote. President. Vote.
1804 21 176 Republican Thomas 15 162 George Clinton 162
Jefferson
Federalist Chas. C. 2 14 Rufus King 14
Pinckney

1808 17 176 Republican James Madison 12 122 George Clinton 113

Republican George Clinton 6 James Madison 3
Federalist Chas. C. 5 47 Rufus King 47
Pinckney
John Langdon 9
James Monroe 3
Vacancy 1 1

1812 18 218 Republican James Madison 11 128 Elbridge Gerry 131

Federalist De Witt Clinton 7 89 Jared Ingersoll 86
Vacancy 1 1

1816 19 221 Republican James Monroe 16 183 D. D. Tompkins 183

Federalist Rufus King 3 34 John E. Howard 22
James Ross 5
John Marshall 4
Robt. G. Harper 3
Vacancies 4 4

1820 24 235 Republican James Monroe 24 231 D. D. Tompkins 218

John Q. Adams 1 Rich. Stockton 8
Daniel Rodney 4
Robt. G. Harper 1
Richard Rush 1
Vacancies 3 3

1824 24 261 Republican Andrew Jackson 10 155,872 99 John C. Calhoun 182

Republican John Q. Adams 8 105,321 84 Nathan Sanford 30
Republican Wm. H. 3 44,282 41 Nathaniel Macon 24
Crawford
Republican Henry Clay 3 46,587 27 Andrew Jackson 13
M. Van Buren 9
Henry Clay 2
Vacancy 1

1828 24 261 Democratic Andrew Jackson 15 647,231 178 John C. Calhoun 171
Nat. John Q. Adams 9 509,097 83 Richard Rush 83
Republican
William Smith 7

1832 24 288 Democratic Andrew Jackson 15 687,502 219 M. Van Buren 189
Nat. Henry Clay 7 530,189 49 John Sergeant 49
Republican
Anti-Mason William Wirt 1 33,108 7 Amos Ellmaker 7
John Floyd 1 11 Henry Lee 11
William Wilkins 30
Vacancies 2 2

1836 26 294 Democratic Martin Van 15 761,549 170 R. M. Johnson 147

Buren
Whig Wm. H. 7 736,656 73 Francis Granger 77
Harrison
Hugh L. White 2 26 John Tyler 47
Daniel Webster 1 14 William Smith 23
W. P. Mangum 1 11

1840 26 294 Whig Wm. H. 19 1,275,017 234 John Tyler 234

Harrison
Democratic Martin Van 7 1,128,702 60 R. M. Johnson 48
Buren
Liberty James G. Birney 7,059
L. W. Tazewell 11
James K. Polk 1

1844 26 275 Democratic James K. Polk 15 1,337,243 170 Geo. M. Dallas 170
Whig Henry Clay 11 1,299,068 105 T. Frelinghuysen 105
Liberty James G. Birney 62,300

1848 30 290 Whig Zachary Taylor 15 1,360,101 163 Millard Fillmore 163
Democratic Lewis Cass 15 1,220,544 127 Wm. O. Butler 127
Free Soil Martin Van 291,263 Chas. F. Adams
Buren

1852 31 296 Democratic Franklin Pierce 27 1,601,474 254 Wm. R. King 254
Whig Winfield Scott 4 1,386,578 42 Wm. A. Graham 42
 Free Democracy John P. Hale 156,149 Geo. W. Julian

1856 31 296 Democratic James Buchanan 19 1,838,169 174 J. C. Breckinridge 174

Republican John C. Fremont 11 1,341,264 114 Wm. L. Dayton 114
American Millard Fillmore 1 874,534 8 A. J. Donelson 8

1860 33 303 Republican Abraham 17 1,866,352 180 Hannibal Hamlin 180

Lincoln
Democratic J. C. 11 845,763 72 Joseph Lane 72
Breckinridge
Democratic S. A. Douglas 2 1,375,157 12 H. V. Johnson 12
“Const. Union” John Bell 3 589,581 39 Edward Everett 39

1864 36 314 Republican Abraham 22 2,216,067 212 Andrew Johnson 212

Lincoln
Democratic Geo. B. 3 1,808,725 21 Geo. H. Pendleton 21
McClellan
Vacancies[110] 11 81 81

1868 37 317 Republican Ulysses S. Grant 26 3,015,071 214 Schuyler Colfax 214
Democratic Horatio Seymour 8 2,709,613 80 F. P. Blair, Jr 80
Vacancies[111] 3 23 23

1872 37 366 Republican Ulysses S. Grant 31 3,597,070 286 Henry Wilson 286
Dem. and Lib. Horace Greeley 6 2,834,079 B. Gratz Brown 47
Rep.
Democratic Chas. O’Conor 29,408 John Q. Adams
Temperance James Black 5,608 A. H. Colquite 5
T. A. Hendricks 42 Iohn M. Palmer 3
B. Gratz Brown 18 Geo. W. Julian 5
David Davis 1 W. S. Groesbeck 1
Willis B. Machen 1
N. P. Banks 1
Not counted[112] 17 14

1876 38 369 Republican R. B. Hayes 21 4,033,950 185 Wm. A. Wheeler 185

Democratic S. J. Tilden 17 4,284,885 184 T. A. Hendricks 184
“Greenback” Peter Cooper 81,740 S. F. Cary
“Prohibition” Green C. Smith 9,522 R. T. Stewart

1880 38 369 Republican James A. 19 4,442,950 214 Chester A. Arthur 214

Garfield
Democratic W. S. Hancock 19 4,442,035 155 Wm. H. English 155
“Greenback” James B. Weaver 306,867 B. J. Chambers
Scattering 12,576

1884 38 401 Democratic Grover 20 4,911,017 219 T. A. Hendricks 219

Cleveland
Republican James G. Blaine 18 4,848,334 182 John A. Logan 182
Prohibition John P. St. John 151,809 William Daniel
Greenback Benj. F. Butler 133,825 A. M. West
Scattering 11,362

1888 38 401 Republican Benjamin 20 5,438,157 233 Levi P. Morton 233

Harrison
Democratic Grover 18 5,535,626 168 Allan G. Thurman 168
Cleveland
Prohibition Clinton B. Fisk 250,157 John A. Brooks
Labor R. H. Cowdrey 150,624 W. Wakefield
 CABINET OFFICERS OF THE ADMINISTRATIONS.

George Washington, President.

I. and II.; 1789–1797.

Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, September 26th, 1789; Edmund Randolph, Virginia,
January 2d, 1794; Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, December 10th, 1795. Secretary of Treasury,
Alexander Hamilton, New York, September 11th, 1789; Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut February 2d, 1795.
Secretary of War, Henry Knox, Massachusetts, September 12th, 1789; Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania,
January 2d, 1795; James McHenry, Maryland, January 27th, 1796. Attorney-General, Edmund
Randolph, Virginia, September 26th, 1789; William Bradford, Pennsylvania, January 27th, 1794; Charles
Lee, Virginia, December 10th, 1795. Postmaster-General,[113] Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts, September
26th, 1789; Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, August 12th, 1791; Joseph Habersham, Georgia, February
25th, 1795.

John Adams, President.

III.; 1797–1801.
Secretary of State, Timothy Pickering, continued; John Marshall, Virginia, May 13th, 1800. Secretary
of Treasury, Oliver Wolcott, continued; Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, January 1st, 1801. Secretary of
War, James McHenry, continued; Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, May 13th, 1800; Roger Griswold,
Connecticut, February 3d, 1801. Secretary of Navy,[114] George Cabot, Massachusetts, May 3d, 1798;
Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland, May 21st, 1798. Attorney-General, Charles Lee, continued; Theophilus
Parsons, Massachusetts, February 20th, 1801. Postmaster-General, Joseph Habersham, continued.

Thomas Jefferson, President.

IV. and V.; 1801–1809.

Secretary of State, James Madison, Virginia, March 5th, 1801. Secretary of Treasury, Samuel Dexter,
continued; Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, May 14th, 1801. Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn,
Massachusetts, March 5th, 1801. Secretary of Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, continued; Robert Smith,
Maryland, July 15th, 1801; Jacob Crowninshield, Massachusetts, May, 3d, 1805. Attorney-General, Levi
Lincoln, Massachusetts, March 5th, 1801; Robert Smith, Maryland, March 3d, 1805; John Breckinridge,
Kentucky, August 7th, 1805; Cæsar A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, January 20th, 1807. Postmaster-General,
Joseph Habersham, continued; Gideon Granger, Connecticut, November 28th, 1801.

James Madison, President.

VI. and VII.; 1809–1817.

Secretary of State, Robert Smith, Maryland, March 6th, 1809; James Monroe, Virginia, April 2d, 1811.
Secretary of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, continued; George W. Campbell, Tennessee, February 9th, 1814;
A. J. Dallas, Pennsylvania, October 6th, 1814; William H. Crawford, Georgia, October 22d, 1816.
Secretary of War, William Eustis, Massachusetts, March 7th, 1809; John Armstrong, New York,
January 13th, 1813; James Monroe, Virginia, September 27th, 1814; William H. Crawford, Georgia,
August 1st, 1815. Secretary of Navy, Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, March 7th. 1809; William Jones,
Pennsylvania, January 12th, 1813; B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, December 19th, 1814. Attorney-
General, C. A. Rodney, continued; William Pinckney, Maryland, December 11th, 1811; Richard Rush,
Pennsylvania, February 10th, 1814. Postmaster-General, Gideon Granger, continued; Return J. Meigs,
Ohio, March 17th, 1814.

James Monroe, President.

 VIII. and IX.; 1817–1825.
Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 5th, 1817. Secretary of Treasury,
William H. Crawford, continued. Secretary of War, George Graham, Virginia, April 7th, 1817; John C.
Calhoun, South Carolina, October 8th, 1817. Secretary of Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, continued; Smith
Thompson, New York, November 9th, 1818; John Rogers, Massachusetts, September 1st, 1823; Samuel
L. Southard, New Jersey, September 16th, 1823. Attorney-General, Richard Rush, continued; William
Wirt, Virginia, November 13th, 1817. Postmaster-General, R. J. Meigs, continued; John McLean, Ohio,
June 26th, 1823.

John Quincy Adams, President.

X.; 1825–1829.
Secretary of State, Henry Clay, Kentucky, March 7th, 1825. Secretary of Treasury, Richard Rush,
Pennsylvania, March 7th, 1825. Secretary of War, James Barbour, Virginia, March 7th, 1825; Peter B.
Porter, New York, May 26th 1828. Secretary of Navy, S. L. Southard, continued. Attorney-General,
William Wirt, continued. Postmaster-General, John McLean, continued.

Andrew Jackson, President.

XI. and XII.; 1829–1837.

Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, New York, March 6th, 1829; Edward Livingston, Louisiana,
May 24th, 1831; Louis McLane, Delaware, May 29th, 1833; John Forsyth, Georgia, June 27th, 1834.
Secretary of Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, March 6th, 1829; Louis McLane, Delaware,
August 8th, 1831; William J. Duane, Pennsylvania, May 29th, 1833; Roger B. Taney, Maryland,
September 23d, 1833; Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, June 27th, 1834. Secretary of War, John H.
Eaton, Tennessee, March 9th, 1829; Lewis Cass, Michigan, August 1st, 1831; Benjamin F. Butler, New
York, March 3d, 1837. Secretary of Navy, John Branch, North Carolina, March 9th, 1829; Levi
Woodbury, New Hampshire, May 23d, 1831; Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, June 30th, 1834. Attorney-
General, John M. Berrien, Georgia, March 9th, 1829; Roger B. Taney, Maryland, July 20th, 1831;
Benjamin F. Butler, New York, November 15th, 1833. Postmaster-General, William T. Barry, Kentucky,
March 9th, 1829; Amos Kendall, Kentucky, May 1st, 1835.

Martin Van Buren, President.

XIII.; 1837–1841.
Secretary of State, John Forsyth, continued. Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury, continued.
Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, March 7th, 1837. Secretary of Navy, Mahlon
Dickerson, continued; James K. Paulding, New York, June 25th, 1838. Attorney-General, Benjamin F.
Butler; Felix Grundy, Tennessee, July 5th, 1838; Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, January 11th, 1810.
Postmaster-General, Amos Kendall, continued; John M. Niles, Connecticut, May 19th, 1840.

Wm. H. Harrison and John Tyler, Presidents.

XIV.; 1841–1845.
Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, March 5th, 1841; Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina,
May 9th, 1843; A. P. Upshur, Virginia, July 24th, 1843; John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 6th,
1844. Secretary of Treasury, Thomas Ewing, Ohio, March 5th, 1841; Walter Forward, Pennsylvania,
September 13th, 1841; John C. Spencer, New York, March 3d, 1843; George M. Bibb, Kentucky, June
15th, 1844. Secretary of War, John Bell, Tennessee, March 5th, 1841; John McLean, Ohio, September
13th, 1841; John C. Spencer, New York, October 12th, 1841; James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, March 8th,
1843; William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, February 15th, 1844. Secretary of Navy, G. E. Badger, North
Carolina, March 5th, 1841; A. P. Upshur, Virginia, September 13th, 1841; David Henshaw,
Massachusetts, July 24th, 1843; T. W. Gilmer, Virginia, February 15th, 1844; John Y. Mason, Virginia,
March 14th, 1844. Attorney-General, John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, March 5th, 1841; Hugh S. Legare,
South Carolina, September 13th, 1841; John Nelson, Maryland, July 1st, 1843. Postmaster-General,
Francis Granger, Now York, March 6th, 1841; Charles A. Wickliffe, Kentucky, September 13th, 1841.

James K. Polk, President.

XV.; 1845–1849.
Secretary of State, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, March 6th, 1845. Secretary of Treasury, Robert J.
Walker, Mississippi, March 6th, 1845. Secretary of War, William L. Marcy, New York, March 6th, 1845.
Secretary of Navy, George Bancroft, Massachusetts, March 10th, 1845; John Y. Mason, September 9th,
1846. Attorney-General, John Y. Mason, Virginia, March 5th, 1845; Nathan Clifford, Maine, October
17th, 1846. Postmaster-General, Cave Johnson, Tennessee, March 6th, 1845.

Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore, Presidents.

XVI.; 1849–1853.
Secretary of State, John M. Clayton, Delaware, March 7th, 1840; Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, July
22d, 1850; Edward Everett, Massachusetts, December 6th, 1852. Secretary of Treasury, W. M.
Meredith, Pennsylvania, March 8th, 1849; Thomas Corwin, Ohio, July 23d, 1850. Secretary of War,
George W. Crawford, Georgia, March 8th, 1849; Winfield Scott (ad interim), July 23d, 1850; Charles M.
Conrad, Louisiana, August 15th, 1850. Secretary of Navy, William B. Preston, Virginia, March 8th, 1849;
William A. Graham, North Carolina, July 22d, 1850; J. P. Kennedy, Maryland, July 22d, 1852. Secretary
of Interior, Thomas H. Ewing, Ohio, March 8th, 1849; A. H. H. Stuart, Virginia, September 12th, 1850.
Attorney-General, Reverdy Johnson, Maryland, March 8th, 1849; John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, July
22d, 1850. Postmaster-General, Jacob Collamer, Vermont, March 8th, 1849; Nathan K. Hall, New York,
July 23d, 1850; S. D. Hubbard, Connecticut, August 31st, 1852.

Franklin Pierce, President.

XVII.; 1853–1857.
Secretary of State, William L. Marcy, New York, March 7th, 1853. Secretary of Treasury, James
Guthrie, Kentucky, March 7th, 1853. Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, March 7th, 1853.
Secretary of Navy, James C. Dobbin, North Carolina, March 7th, 1853. Secretary of Interior, Robert
McClelland, Michigan, March 7th, 1853; Jacob Thompson, Mississippi, March 6th, 1856. Attorney-
General, Caleb Cushing, Massachusetts, March 7th, 1853. Postmaster-General, James Campbell,
Pennsylvania, March 7th, 1853.

James Buchanan, President.

XVIII.; 1857–1861.
Secretary of State, Lewis Cass, Michigan, March 6th, 1857; J. S. Black, Pennsylvania, December 17th,
1860. Secretary of Treasury, Howell Cobb, Georgia, March 6th, 1857; Philip F. Thomas, Maryland,
December 12th, 1860; John A. Dix, New York, January 11th, 1861. Secretary of War, John B. Floyd,
Virginia, March 6th, 1857; Joseph Holt, Kentucky, January 18th, 1861. Secretary of Navy, Isaac Toucey,
Connecticut, March 6th, 1857. Secretary of Interior, Jacob Thompson, continued. Attorney-General, J.
S. Black, Pennsylvania, March 6th, 1857; E. M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, December 20th, 1860.
Postmaster-General, Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, March 6th, 1857; Joseph Holt, Kentucky, March 14th,
1859; Horatio King, Maine, February 12th, 1861.

Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, Presidents.

 XIX. and XX.: 1861–1869.
Secretary of State, William H. Seward, New York, March 5th, 1861. Secretary of Treasury, S. P.
Chase, Ohio, March 5th, 1861; W. P. Fessenden, Maine, July 1st, 1864; Hugh McCulloch, Indiana, March
7th, 1865. Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, March 5th, 1861; Edwin M. Stanton,
Pennsylvania, January 15th, 1862; U. S. Grant (ad interim), August 12th, 1867; Edwin M. Stanton
(reinstated), January 14th, 1868; J. M. Schofield, Illinois, May 28th, 1868. Secretary of Navy, Gideon
Welles, Connecticut, March 5th, 1861. Secretary of Interior, Caleb P. Smith, March 5th, 1861; John P.
Usher, Indiana, January 8th, 1863; James Harlan, Iowa, May 15th, 1865; O. H. Browning, Illinois, July
27th, 1866. Attorney-General, Edward Bates, Missouri, March 5th, 1861; Titian J. Coffee, June 22d,
1863; James Speed, Kentucky, December 2d, 1864; Henry Stanbery, Ohio, July 23d, 1866; William M.
Evarts, New York, July 15th, 1868. Postmaster-General, Montgomery Blair, Maryland, March 5th, 1861;
William Dennison, Ohio, September 24th, 1864; Alexander W. Randall, Wisconsin, July 25th, 1866.

Ulysses S. Grant, President.

XXI. and XXII.; 1869–1877.

Secretary of State, E. B. Washburne, Illinois, March 5th, 1869; Hamilton Fish, New York, March 11th,
1869. Secretary of Treasury, George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts, March 11th, 1869; William A.
Richardson, Massachusetts, March 17th, 1873; Benjamin H. Bristow, Kentucky, June 2d, 1874; Lot M.
Morrill, Maine, June 21st, 1876. Secretary of War, John A. Rawlins, Illinois, March 11th, 1869; William
T. Sherman, Ohio, September 9th, 1869; William W. Belknap, Iowa, October 25th, 1869; Alphonso Taft,
Ohio, March 8th, 1876; J. D. Cameron, Pennsylvania, May 22d, 1876. Secretary of Navy, Adolph E.
Borie, Pennsylvania, March 5th, 1869; George M. Robeson, New Jersey, June 25th, 1869. Secretary of
Interior, Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, March 5th, 1869; Columbus Delano, Ohio, November 1st, 1870; Zachariah
Chandler, Michigan, October 19th, 1875. Attorney-General, E. R. Hoar, Massachusetts, March 5th,
1869; Amos T. Akerman, Georgia, June 23d, 1870; George H. Williams, Oregon, December 14th, 1871;
Edwards Pierrepont, New York, April 26th, 1875; Alphonso Taft, Ohio, May 22d, 1876. Postmaster-
General, J. A. J. Creswell, Maryland, March 5th, 1869; Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, August 24th, 1874;
James M. Tyner, Indiana, July 12th, 1876.

Rutherford B. Hayes, President.

XXIII.; 1877–1881.
Secretary of State, William M. Evarts, New York, March 12th, 1877. Secretary of Treasury, John
Sherman, Ohio, March 8th, 1877. Secretary of War, George W. McCrary, Iowa, March 12th, 1877;
Alexander Ramsey, Minnesota, December 12th, 1879. Secretary of Navy, Richard W. Thompson,
Indiana, March 12th, 1877; Nathan Goff, Jr., West Virginia, January 6th, 1881. Secretary of Interior,
Carl Schurz, Missouri, March 12th, 1877. Attorney-General, Charles Devens, Massachusetts, March
12th, 1877. Postmaster-General, David M. Key, Tennessee, March 12th, 1877; Horace Maynard,
Tennessee, August 25th, 1880.

James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.

Presidents.

XXIV.; 1881–1885.
Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, Maine, March 5th, 1881; Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey,
December 12th, 1881. Secretary of Treasury, William H. Windom, Minnesota, March 5th, 1881; Charles
J. Folger, New York, October 27th, 1881; Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, September 24th, 1884; Hugh
McCulloch, Indiana, October 28th, 1884. Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln, Illinois, March 5th, 1881.
Secretary of Navy, W. H. Hunt, Louisiana, March 5th, 1881; William E. Chandler, New Hampshire,
April 1st, 1882. Secretary of Interior, S. J. Kirkwood, Iowa, March 5th, 1881; Henry M. Teller, Colorado,
Attorney-General, Wayne McVeagh, Pennsylvania, March 5th, 1881; Benjamin H. Brewster,
Pennsylvania, December 16th, 1881. Postmaster-General, Thomas L. James, New York, March 5th,
1881; Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin, December 20th, 1881; Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, April 3d, 1883;
Frank Hatton, Wisconsin, October 14th, 1884.

Grover Cleveland, President.

XXV.; 1885–1889.
Secretary of State, James A. Bayard, Delaware, March 5th, 1885. Secretary of Treasury, Daniel J.
Manning, New York, March 5th, 1885. Secretary of War, W. C. Endicott, Massachusetts, March 5th,
1885. Secretary of Navy, William C. Whitney, New York, March 5th, 1885. Postmaster-General,
William H. Vilas, Wisconsin, March 5th, 1885. Secretary of Interior, Lucius Q. C. Lamar, Mississippi,
March 5th, 1885. Attorney-General, Augustus H. Garland, Arkansas, March 5th, 1885.

Benjamin Harrison, President.

XXVI.; 1889–1893.
Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, Maine, March 5th, 1889. Secretary of Treasury, William
Windom, Minnesota, March 5th, 1889.[115] Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor, Vermont, March 5th,
1889. Secretary of Navy, Benjamin Tracy, New York, March 5th, 1889. Postmaster-General, John
Wanamaker, Pennsylvania, March 5th, 1889. Secretary of Interior, John W. Noble, Missouri, March
5th, 1889. Attorney-General, W. H. H. Miller, Indiana, March 5th, 1889. Secretary of Agriculture,
Jeremiah Rusk, Wisconsin, March 5th, 1889.
 SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. IN
CONGRESS ASSEMBLED JULY 4th, 1776.

The following list of members of the Continental Congress, who signed the Declaration of
Independence (although the names are included in the general list of that Congress, from 1774 to 1778),
is given separately for the purpose of showing the places and dates of their birth, and the times of their
respective deaths, for convenient reference:
Names of the Signers. Born at Delegated From Died.
Adams, John Braintree, Mass., 19 Oct. 1735 Massachusetts 4 July, 1826.
Adams, Samuel Boston, Mass., 27 Sept. 1722 Massachusetts 2 Oct. 1803.
Bartlett, Josiah Amesbury, Mass., in Nov. 1729 New Hampshire 19 May 1795.
Braxton, Carter. Newington, Va., 10 Sept. 1736 Virginia 10 Oct. 1797.
Carroll, Chas of Carrollton Annapolis, Md., 20 Sept. 1737 Maryland 14 Nov. 1832.
Chase, Samuel Somerset Co., Md., 17 Apr. 1741 Maryland 19 June, 1811.
Clark, Abraham Elizabethtown, N. J., 15 Feb. 1726 New Jersey — Sept. 1794.
Clymer, George Philadelphia, Pa., in 1739 Pennsylvania 23 Jan. 1813.
Ellery, William Newport, R. I., 22 Dec. 1727 R. I. & Prov. Pl. 15 Feb., 1820.
Floyd, William Suffolk Co., N. Y., 17 Dec. 1734 New York 4 Aug., 1821.
Franklin, Benjamin Boston, Mass., 17 Jan. 1706 Pennsylvania 17 Apr. 1790.
Gerry, Elbridge Marblehead, Mass., 1 July 1744 Massachusetts 23 Nov. 1814.
Gwinnet, Button England, in 1732 Georgia 27 May, 1777.
Hall, Lyman Connecticut, in 1731 Georgia — Feb. 1790.
Hancock, John Braintree, Mass., in 1737 Massachusetts 8 Oct. 1793.
Harrison, Benjamin Berkley, Va., —— —— Virginia — Apr. 1791.
Hart, John Hopewell, N. J., in 1715 New Jersey 1880.
Heyward, Thomas, Jr. St. Luke’s, S. C., in 1746 S. Carolina — Mar. 1809.
Hewes, Joseph Kingston, N. J., in 1730 N. Carolina 10 Oct. 1779.
Hooper, William Boston, Mass., 17 June, 1742 N. Carolina — Oct. 1790.
Hopkins, Stephen Scituate, Mass., 7 Mar., 1707 R. I. & Prov. Pl. 13 July, 1785.
Huntington, Samuel Windham, Conn., 3 July 1732 Connecticut 5 Jan. 1796.
Hopkinson, Francis Philadelphia, Pa., in 1737 New Jersey 9 May, 1790.
Jefferson, Thomas Shadwell, Va., 13 Apr. 1734 Virginia 4 July, 1826.
Lee, Richard Henry Stratford, Va., 20 Jan. 1732 Virginia 19 June, 1794.
Lee, Francis Lightfoot Stratford, Va., 14 Oct. 1734 Virginia — Apr. 1797.
Lewis, Francis F Landaff, Wales, in Mar. 1713 New York 30 Dec. 1803.
Livingston, Philip Albany, N. Y., 15 Jan. 1716 New York 12 June, 1778.
Lynch, Thomas, Jr St. George’s, S. C., 5 Aug. 1749 S. Carolina Lost at sea, 1779.
McKean, Thomas Chester Co., Pa., 19 Mar. 1734 Delaware 24 June, 1817.
Middleton, Arthur Middleton Place, S. C., in 1743 S. Carolina 1 Jan. 1787.
Morris, Lewis Morrissianna, N. Y., in 1726 New York 22 Jan. 1798.
Morris, Robert Lancashire, Eng., Jan. 1733–4 Pennsylvania 8 May, 1806.
Morton, John Ridley, Pa., in 1724 Pennsylvania — Apr. 1777.
Nelson, Thomas, Jr York, Va., 26 Dec. 1738 Virginia 4 Jan. 1789.
Paca, Wm. Wye-Hill, Md., 31 Oct. 1740 Maryland — ——, 1799.
Paine, Robert Treat Boston, Mass., in 1731 Massachusetts 11 May, 1804.
Penn, John Caroline Co., Va., 17 May 1741 N. Carolina 26 Oct. 1809.
Read, George Cecil Co., Md., in 1734 Delaware — ——, 1798.
Rodney, Cæsar Dover, Del., in 1730 Delaware — ——, 1783.
Ross, George New Castle, Del., in 1730 Pennsylvania — July, 1779.
Rush, Benjamin, M. D. Byberry, Pa., 24 Dec. 1745 Pennsylvania 19 Apr. 1813.
Rutledge, Edward Charleston, S. C., in Nov. 1749 S. Carolina 23 Jan. 1800.
Sherman, Roger Newton, Mass., 19 Apr. 1721 Connecticut 23 July, 1793.
Smith, James ——, Ireland, —— —— Pennsylvania 11 July, 1806.
Stockton, Richard Princeton, N. J., 1 Oct. 1730 New Jersey 28 Feb. 1781.
Stone, Thomas Charles Co., Md., in 1742 Maryland 5 Oct. 1787.
Taylor, George ——, Ireland, in 1716 Pennsylvania 23 Feb. 1781.
Thornton, Matthew ——, Ireland, in 1714 New Hampshire 24 June, 1803.
Walton, George Frederick Co., Va., in 1740 Georgia 2 Feb. 1804.
Whipple, Wm. Kittery, Maine, in 1730 New Hampshire 28 Nov. 1785.
Williams, Wm Lebanon, Conn., 8 Apr. 1731 Connecticut 2 Aug. 1811.
Wilson, James Scotland, about 1742 Pennsylvania 28 Aug. 1798.
Witherspoon, John Yester, Scotland, 5 Feb. 1722 New Jersey 15 Nov. 1794.
Wolcott, Oliver Windsor, Conn., 26 Nov. 1726 Connecticut 1 Dec. 1797.
Wythe, George Elizabeth City Co., Va., in 1726 Virginia 8 June, 1806.
 ANTE-WAR DEBTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES.

Table showing the Debts of the several States before the war (1860–61).
STATES. In 1860–61.
Maine $699,500
New Hampshire 31,669
Vermont none.
Massachusetts 7,132,627
Rhode Island none.
Connecticut none.
New York 34,182,976
New Jersey 104,000
Pennsylvania 37,964,602
Delaware none.
Maryland
Ohio 14,250,173
Indiana 7,770,233
Michigan 2,388,843
Illinois 10,277,161
Wisconsin 100,000
Minnesota 250,000
Iowa 200,000
Missouri 24,734,000
Kansas 150,000
Kentucky 4,729,234
California
Oregon 55,372
Virginia 33,248,141
North Carolina 9,129,505
South Carolina 3,691,574
Georgia 2,670,750
Florida 383,000
Alabama 5,048,000
Mississippi none.
Louisiana 10,023,903
Texas
Arkansas 3,092,622
Tennessee 16,643,666
 CANDIDATES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT,

Since the adoption of the Federal Constitution, March 1st, 1789.

The following is a list of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States, as well as those who
were candidates for each office, since the organization of the Government: (vide pp. 21–25, 62.)
1789—George Washington[116] and John Adams, two terms, no opposition.
1797—John Adams, opposed by Thomas Jefferson[116] who, having the next highest electoral vote,
became Vice-President.
1801—Thomas Jefferson[116] and Aaron Burr; beating John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney.[116]
1805—Thomas Jefferson[116] and George Clinton; beating Charles C. Pinckney[116] and Rufus King.
1809—James Madison[116] and George Clinton; beating Charles C. Pinckney.[116]
1813—James Madison[116] and Eldridge Gerry; beating De Witt Clinton.
1817—James Monroe[116] and Daniel D. Tompkins; beating Rufus King.
1821—James Monroe[116] and Daniel D. Tompkins; beating John Quincy Adams.
1825—John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun;[116] beating Andrew Jackson,[116] Henry Clay,[116] and
William H. Crawford;[116] there being four candidates for President, and Albert Gallatin for Vice-
President.
1829—Andrew Jackson[116] and John C. Calhoun[116]; beating John Quincy Adams and Richard Rush.
1833—Andrew Jackson[116] and Martin Van Buren; beating Henry Clay,[116] John Floyd,[116] and William
Wirt for President; and William Wilkins, John Sergeant, and Henry Lee[116] for Vice-President.
1837—Martin Van Buren and Richard M. Johnson[116]; beating William H. Harrison, Hugh L. White,
and Daniel Webster for President, and John Tyler[116] for Vice-President.
1841—William H. Harrison and John Tyler[116]; beating Martin Van Buren and Littleton W. Tazewell.
[116]
Harrison died one month after his inauguration, and John Tyler[116] became President for the rest of
the term.
1845—James K. Polk[116] and George M. Dallas; beating Henry Clay[116] and Theodore Frelinghuysen.
1849—Zachary Taylor[116] and Millard Fillmore; beating Lewis Cass and Martin Van Buren for
President, and William O. Butler[116] and C. F. Adams, for Vice-President.
1853—Franklin Pierce and William R. King[116]; beating Winfield Scott and William A. Graham.[116]
1857—James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge[116]; beating John C. Fremont and Millard Fillmore
for President, and William L. Dayton and A. J. Donaldson[116] for Vice-President.
1861—Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin; beating John Bell, Stephen A. Douglas, and J. C.
Breckinridge[116] for President.
1865—Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson,[116] Union candidates; beating G. B. McClellan and G.
H. Pendleton.
1869—Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax; beating Horatio Seymour and Frank P. Blair, jr.
1873—Ulysses S. Grant and Henry Wilson; beating Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown, for President
and Vice-President.
1877—Rutherford B. Hayes and Wm. A. Wheeler; beating Samuel Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks.
1881—James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur; beating General W. S. Hancock and W. H. English.
Arthur succeeded Garfield, after his death from assassination, Sept. 19, 1881, and David Davis is now
Acting Vice-President.
1885—Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, who defeated James G. Blaine and John A. Logan.
1889—Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton, who defeated Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman.
NUMBER OF ELECTORAL VOTES TO WHICH EACH STATE HAS
BEEN ENTITLED, AT EACH ELECTION, 1789–1880.
States. 1789 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 186
Alabama 3 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 8
Arkansas 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5
California 4 4 4 5
Colorado
Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6
Delaware 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Florida 3 3 3 3 3
Georgia 5 4 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 9
Illinois 3 3 3 5 5 5 9 9 11 11 11 16 1
Indiana 3 3 5 5 9 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 1
Iowa 4 4 4 4 8
Kansas 3
Kentucky 4 4 4 8 8 12 12 12 14 14 15 15 15 12 12 12 12 12 11 1
Louisiana 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7
Maine 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 7
Maryland 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 7
Massachusetts 10 16 16 16 19 19 22 22 15 15 15 14 14 14 12 12 13 13 13 12 1
Michigan 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 8
Minnesota 4 4
Mississippi 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 7
Missouri 3 3 3 4 4 4 7 7 9 9 9 11 1
Nebraska
Nevada 3
New
Hampshire 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5
New Jersey 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7
New York 8 12 12 12 19 19 29 29 29 36 36 42 42 42 36 36 35 35 35 33 3
North
Carolina 7 12 12 12 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 10 9
Ohio 3 3 8 8 8 16 16 21 21 21 23 23 23 23 23 21 2
Oregon 3 3
Pennsylvania 10 15 15 15 20 20 25 25 25 28 28 30 30 30 26 26 27 27 27 26 2
Rhode Island 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
South
Carolina 7 8 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 8 6
Tennessee 3 3 5 5 8 8 8 11 11 15 15 15 13 13 12 12 12 10 1
Texas 4 4 4 4 6
Vermont 4 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5
Virginia 12 21 21 21 24 24 25 25 25 24 24 23 23 23 17 17 15 15 15 10 1
West Virginia 5
Wisconsin 4 5 5 5 8
Total 91 135 138 138 176 176 218 221 235 261 261 288 294 294 275 290 296 296 303 314 31

Number of
States 13 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 24 24 24 24 26 26 26 30 31 31 33 36 3
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
 Chief Associate State Term of Years Born. Died.
Justices. Justices. Whence Service. of
Appointed. Service.
1 John Jay[117] New York 1789– 6 1745 1829
1795
John South 1789– 2 1739 1800
Rutledge[117] Carolina 1791
William Massachusetts 1789– 21 1733 1810
Cushing 1810
James Wilson Pennsylvania 1789– 9 1742 1798
1798
John Blair[117] Virginia 1789– 7 1732 1800
1796
Robert H. Maryland 1789– 1 1745 1790
Harrison[117] 1790
James Iredell North 1790– 9 1751 1799
Carolina 1799
Thomas Maryland 1791– 2 1732 1819
Johnson[117] 1793
William New Jersey 1793– 13 1745 1806
Patterson 1806

2 John South 1795– 1739 1800

Rutledge[118] Carolina 1795
Samuel Chase Maryland 1796– 15 1741 1811
1811

3 Oliver Connecticut 1796– 5 1745 1807

Ellsworth[117] 1801
Bushr’d Virginia 1798– 31 1762 1829
Washington 1829
Alfred North 1799– 5 1755 1810
Moore[117] Carolina 1804

4 John Marshall Virginia 1801– 34 1755 1835

1835
William South 1804– 30 1771 1834
Johnson Carolina 1834
Brockh’t New York 1806– 17 1757 1823
Livingston 1823
Thomas Todd Kentucky 1807– 19 1765 1826
1826
Joseph Story Massachusetts 1811– 34 1779 1845
1845
Gabriel Maryland 1811– 25 1752 1844
Duval[117] 1836
Smith New York 1823– 22 1767 1845
Thompson 1845
Robert Kentucky 1826– 2 1777 1828
Trimble 1828
 John McLean Ohio 1829– 32 1785 1861
1861
Henry Baldwin Pennsylvania 1830– 16 1779 1846
1846
James M. Georgia 1835– 32 1790 1867
Wayne[119] 1867

5 Roger B. Taney Maryland 1836– 28 1777 1864

1864
Philip P. Virginia 1836– 5 1783 1841
Barbour 1841
John Catron Tennessee 1837– 28 1778 1865
1865
John McKinley Alabama 1837– 15 1780 1852
1852
Peter V. Daniel Virginia 1841– 19 1785 1860
1860
Samuel New York 1845– 27 1792 1873
Nelson[117] 1872
Levi Woodbury New 1845– 6 1789 1851
Hampshire 1851
Robert C. Pennsylvania 1846– 23 1794 1870
Grier[117] 1869
Benjamin R. Massachusetts 1851– 6 1809 1874
Curtis[117] 1857
John A. Alabama 1853– 8 1811
Campbell[117] 1861
Nathan Maine 1858– 1803 1881
Clifford
Noah H. Ohio 1861– 1805 1881
Swayne[117]
Samuel F. Iowa 1862– 1816
Miller
David Illinois 1862– 15 1815
Davis[117] 1877
Stephen J. California 1866– 1816
Field

6 Salmon P. Ohio 1864– 9 1808 1873

Chase 1873
William Pennsylvania 1870– 10 1808
Strong[117] 1880
Joseph P. New Jersey 1870– 1813
Bradley
Ward Hunt[117] New York 1872– 1811

7 Morrison R. Ohio 1874– 13 1816 1887

Waite 1887
John M. Kentucky 1877– 1833
Harlan
 William B. Georgia 1880– 1826
Woods
Horace Gray Massachusetts 1881–
Roscoe New York 1882– .
Conkling[117]
Samuel New York 1882–
Blatchford

8 Melville W. Illinois 1887–

Fuller
Lucius Q. C. Mississippi 1887–
Lamar
David J. Kansas 1890–
Brewer
 TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO
[120]
SERVICE DURING THE REBELLION.

The various calls of the President for men were as follows:

1861—3 months’ men 75,000

1861—3 years’ men 500,000
1862—3 years’ men 300,000
1862—9 months’ men 300,000
1864—3 years’ men, February 500,000
1864—3 years’ men, March 200,000
1864—3 years’ men, July 500,000
1864—3 years’ men, December 300,000

Total 2,675,000
LENGTH OF SESSIONS OF CONGRESS, 1789–1891.
No. of Congress. No. of Session. Time of Session.
1st March 4, 1789—September 29, 1789
1st 2d January 4, 1790—August 12, 1790
3d December 6, 1790—March 3, 1791
1st October 24, 1791—May 8, 1792
2d
2d November 5, 1792—March 2, 1793
1st December 2, 1793—June 9, 1794
3d
2d November 3, 1794—March 3, 1795
1st December 7, 1795—June 1, 1796
4th
2d December 5, 1796—March 3, 1797
1st May 15, 1797—July 10, 1797
5th 2d November 13, 1797—July 16, 1798
3d December 3, 1798—March 3, 1799
1st December 2, 1799—May 14, 1800
6th
2d November 17, 1880—March 3, 1801
1st December 7, 1801—May 3, 1802
7th
2d December 6, 1802—March 3, 1803
1st October 17, 1803—March 27, 1804
8th
2d November 5, 1804—March 3, 1805
1st December 2, 1805—April 21, 1806
9th
2d December 1, 1806—March 3, 1807
1st October 26, 1807—April 25, 1808
10th
2d November 7, 1808—March 3, 1809
1st May 22, 1809—June 28, 1809
11th 2d November 27, 1809—May 1, 1810
3d December 3, 1810—March 3, 1811
1st November 4, 1811—July 6, 1812
12th
2d November 2, 1812—March 3, 1813
1st May 24, 1813—August 2, 1813
13th 2d December 6, 1813—April 18, 1814
3d September 19, 1814—March 3, 1815
1st December 4, 1815—April 30, 1816
14th
2d December 2, 1816—March 3, 1817
1st December 1, 1817—April 20, 1818
15th
2d November 16, 1818—March 3, 1819
1st December 6, 1819—May 15, 1820
16th
2d November 13, 1820—March 3, 1821
1st December 3, 1821—May 8, 1822
17th
2d December 2, 1822—March 3, 1823
1st December 1, 1823—May 27, 1824
18th
2d December 6, 1824—March 3, 1825
19th 1st December 5, 1825—May 22, 1826
2d December 4, 1826—March 3, 1827
1st December 3, 1827—May 26, 1828
20th
2d December 1, 1828—March 3, 1829
1st December 7, 1829—May 31, 1830
21st
2d December 6, 1830—March 3, 1831
1st December 5, 1831—July 16, 1832
22d
2d December 3, 1832—March 3, 1833
1st December 2, 1833—June 30, 1834
23d
2d December 1, 1834—March 3, 1835
1st December 7, 1835—July 4, 1836
24th
2d December 5, 1836—March 3, 1837
1st September 4, 1837—October 16, 1837
25th 2d December 4, 1837—July 9, 1838
3d December 3, 1838—March 3, 1839
1st December 2, 1839—July 21, 1840
26th
2d December 7, 1840—March 3, 1841
1st May 31, 1841—September 13, 1841
27th 2d December 6, 1841—August 31, 1842
3d December 5, 1842—March 8, 1843
1st December 4, 1843—June 17, 1844
28th
2d December 2, 1844—March 3, 1845
1st December 1, 1845—August 10, 1846
29th
2d December 7, 1846—March 3, 1847
1st December 6, 1847—August 14, 1848
30th
2d December 4, 1848—March 3, 1849
1st December 3, 1849—September 30, 1850
31st
2d December 2, 1850—March 3, 1851
1st December 1, 1851—August 31, 1852
32d
2d December 6, 1852—March 3, 1853
1st December 2, 1853—August 7, 1854
33d
2d December 4, 1854—March 3, 1855
1st December 5, 1855—August 18, 1856
34th 2d August 21, 1856—August 30, 1856
3d December 1, 1856—March 3, 1857
1st December 7, 1857—June 14, 1858
35th
2d December 6, 1858—March 3, 1859
1st December 5, 1859—June 25, 1860
36th
2d December 3, 1860—March 4, 1861
1st July 4, 1861—August 6, 1861
37th 2d December 2, 1861—July 17, 1862
3d December 1, 1862—March 4, 1863
38th 1st December 7, 1863—July 4, 1864
 2d December 5, 1864—March 4, 1865
1st December 4, 1865—July 28, 1866
39th
2d December 3, 1866—March 4, 1867
1st March 4, 1867—March 30, 1867
„ July 3, 1867—July 20, 1867
40th „ November 21, 1867—December 2, 1867
2d December 2, 1867—July 27, 1868
3d December 7, 1868—March 4, 1869
1st March 4, 1869—April 23, 1869
41st 2d December 6, 1869—July 15, 1870
3d December 5, 1870—March 4, 1871
1st March 4, 1871—April 20, 1871
42d 2d December 4, 1871—June 10, 1872
3d December 2, 1872—March 4, 1873
1st December 1, 1873—June 23, 1874
43d
2d December 7, 1874—March 4, 1875
1st December 6, 1875—August 15, 1876
44th
2d December 4, 1876—March 4, 1877
1st October 15, 1877—December 3, 1877
45th 2d December 3, 1877—June 20, 1878
3d December 2, 1878—March 4, 1879
1st March 18, 1879—July 1, 1879
46th 2d December 1, 1879—June 16, 1880
3d December 6, 1880—March 4, 1881
1st December 5, 1881—August 8, 1882
47th
2d December 4, 1882—March 4, 1883
1st December 3, 1883—July 7, 1884
48th
2d December 1, 1884—March 4, 1885
1st December 7, 1885—August 5, 1886
49th
2d December 6, 1886—March 4, 1887
1st December 5, 1887—October 20, 1888
50th
2d December 3, 1888—March 4, 1889
1st December 2, 1889—October, 1890
51st
2d December 1, 1890—March 4, 1891
 CIVIL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES

Number Employed in the several Departments of the Government, July 1st,

1882.

Executive Office 7
Congress 280
State Department 419
Treasury Department 12,130
War Department 1,861
Post-Office Department 52,672
Navy Department 128
Interior Department 2,813
Department of Justice 2,876
Department of Agriculture 77
Government Printing Office 1,168

Total 74,431