AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY

PHYSICS OF FLIGHT 1: WING AERODYNAMICS

20 May 2013

PROF. RAUL LLAMAS

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 ^/t/E'ZKzED/^
t/E'd/WsKZdy

DOWNWASH

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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXrnGiIMGLs

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 Winglets are wing tip devices
installed on aircraft wings with
the intent of reducing the
“strength” (core velocity) of the
tip vortices.

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 Although the wing tip vortex cannot be
avoided, reducing its kinetic energy (by
reducing the v^2 term in its rotation)
helps reduce the vortex drag
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 http://aero.stanford.edu/reports/VKI_nonplanar_Kroo.pdf

Closing the wing tip, “in theory” eliminates the

tip vortex, although there is always a motion of air
from the lower to the upper surface of the wing

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 “Spillman” concept

The tip feathers of a bird act as small winglets,

breaking down the strength of the tip vortex

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 At low heights over the ground (under about one
wing span), the wing tip vortices are “squeezed”,
increasing the lift

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 Wing in Ground‐effect vehicles
(WiG) have been developed mainly by
the Soviet military as attack and
tactical transports

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 If the stall pattern is known and deemed unnaceptable,
the stall can sometimes be delayed by “energising” the
boundary layer by generating turbulence. This “brings”
kinetic energy from the free airflow and helps maintain
the boundary layer attached, but increases cruise drag

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 BASIC WING AERODYNAMICS
HIGH LIFT

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 BASIC WING AERODYNAMICS
HIGH LIFT

1-WINGLET
2-LOW SPEED AILERON
3-HIGH SPEED AILERON
4-FLAP TRACK FAIRING
5-KRÜGER FLAPS
6-SLATS
7-THREE SLOTTED INNER FLAPS
8-TRHEE SLOTTED OUTER FLAPS
9-SPOILERS
10-SPOILERS AIRBRAKES

http://elpais.com/diario/2001/06/09/internacional/992037611_850215.html

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 BASIC WING AERODYNAMICS
Main Wing Drag Components
The drag coefficient consists of two elements, a lift
independent part, zero lift drag and a lift dependent
part, induced drag.
So, even when there is no lift, there will be some drag,
such as friction drag. This is the same as when you are
riding a bike. You do not generate aerodynamic lift, but
you do experience aerodynamic drag
An aircraft that flies very fast, mainly has to deal with zero lift drag. This is why fighter
aircraft have very small wings. Aircraft that are supposed to fly very slow on the other
hand have wings with a low wing loading and a large aspect ratio because they are
mainly influenced by induced drag.

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 ^hDDZz

ĐĞƐ •Finite wings experiment tip vortices

•The air goes from the high pressure area (intrados) to the low pressure area (extrados)

•There is an extra downwash velocity over the airfoil and angle of attack decreases

•Lift decreases and drag increases (induced drag)

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