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Chap 9 Shape Functions Consist Load
Chap 9 Shape Functions Consist Load
: Chapter 9
Shape functions and consistent loading in 1D
J.-P. Ponthot
University of Liège - Belgium
December 6, 2021
Introduction
ORDER 1
ORDER 2
1 1 1
x1 x3 x 2 x1 x3 x2 x1 x3 x2
x1 x12 or x3 x2 x1 x2 x3
7 1 −8 u1 1
E γ̄L
K = 3L 1 7 −8 q = u2 g= 6 1
−8 −8 16 u12 4
● note : subintervals do not have to be equal but they are generally taken so
n+1
X
ψ(x) = FI LnI (x) with FI = F (xI )
I=1
Discrete values at sampling points
Z Z Z n+1
X
→ F (x) dx ≃ ψ(x) dx = FI LnI (x) dx
I=1
n+1
X Z
= FI LnI (x) dx
| {z }
I=1
POLYNOMIAL
→ Approximation technique to
numerically evaluate integrals
→ See Gauss Legendre integration
Node x2
x − x1
L12 (x) = valid ∀ x1 6= x2
x2 − x1
Particular
cases:
x1 = −1
if ⇒ L12 (x) = x+1
2
x 2 = +1
x1 = 0
if ⇒ L12 (x) = x
x2 = +1
Particular
case:
x1 = −1
x(x−1)
if x2 = 0 ⇒ L21 (x) = 2
x3 = +1
Node x2
(x − x1 )(x − x3 )
L22 (x) =
(x2 − x1 )(x2 − x3 )
Particular
case:
x1 = −1
if x2 = 0 ⇒ L22 (x) = (1 − x)(1 + x)
x3 = +1
Node x3
(x − x1 )(x − x2 )
L23 (x) =
(x3 − x1 )(x3 − x2 )
Particular
case:
x1 = −1
x(x+1)
if x2 = 0 ⇒ L23 (x) = 2
x3 = +1
● So far the shape functions depend on the element geometry (at least its length,
which is defined on [0, L])
● Interest for defining a “local” or “natural” coordinate system (e.g. ξ ∈ [−1, 1]
or r ∈ [0, 1] so that the calculations for a typical element may be standardized
● By an appropriate change of variables any interval x ∈ [x1 , x2 ] can be mapped
onto ξ ∈ [−1, +1] using x = x2 −x 2
1
ξ + x2 +x1
2
L
Example: [0, L] → [−1, +1] : x = 2 (1 + ξ)
● Shape functions can thus be defined independently of the element geometry ⇒
systematic computation
● Finite Elements that have shape functions built on Lagrange interpolation
function are called LAGRANGE ELEMENTS
−1 ≤ ξ ≤ 1 0≤r≤1
A) Linear
x1 x2 (1−ξ) 1
N1 = 2 or NI = (1 + ξξI ) N1 = (1 − r)
2
(1+ξ)
N2 = 2 with I = 1 or 2 N2 = r
B) Quadratic
ξ(1−ξ)
N1 = 2 N1 = (r − 1)(2r − 1)
x1 x3 x2 ξ(1+ξ)
N2 = 2 N2 = r(2r − 1)
N3 = (1 + ξ)(1 − ξ) N3 = 4r(1 − r)
C) Cubic
N1 = (1 − ξ)(3ξ + 1) (3ξ−1)
16 N1 = (1 − r)(r − 3r) (1−3r)
2
(3ξ−1) (1−3r)
x1 x3 x4 x2
N2 = (1 + ξ)(3ξ + 1) 16 N2 = r(2 − 3r) 2
N3 = 9(1 + ξ)(ξ − 1) (3ξ−1)
16 N3 = 9r(1 − r) (2−3r)
2
(3ξ+1) (3r−1)
N4 = 9(1 + ξ)(1 − ξ) 16 N4 = 9r(1 − r) 2
applied load
Z L nodal value
P= u(x)t̄(x)dx and since u(x) = NI (x)uI , one gets P = uI gI
0
Continuum Mechanics Discrete Approximation
Z L Z +1
L
with gI = NI (x)t̄(x) dx = NI (ξ)t̄(ξ) dξ
0 2 −1
ξ ∈ [−1, 1] L
note : ⇒ dx = 2 dξ
x ∈ [0, L]
● systematic computation of nodal forces
● Since u(x) = NI (x)uI ; u(x) is polynomial (this is a restriction) but t̄(x) is
quite arbitrary (as long as integrals remain well defined!).
g1
x u1 u2
Continuum F.E. approx
t(x) = applied load Discrete nodal loads
Actual P
load P
L L 2/3
1/2 1/2
Consistent 1/3
load linear
4/6 2/3
1/6 1/6 1/3
0
quadratic
36/60
1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8 2/60 9/60 13/60
cubic
32/90 32/90
12/90
7/90 7/90
degree 4
75/288 75/288
50/288 50/288
19/288 19/288
degree 5
u(ξ) = α0 + α1 ξ + α2 ξ 2 + α3 ξ 3 ξ ∈ [−1, 1]
⇒ u′ (ξ) = α1 + 2α2 ξ + 3α3 ξ 2
identification :
u1 = u(−1) = α0 − α1 + α2 − α3
u′1 = u′ (−1) = α1 − 2α2 + 3α3
u2 = u(1) = α0 + α1 + α2 + α3
u′2 = u′ (1) = α1 + 2α2 + 3α3
inversion :
⇒ αi = f ct(u1 , u′1 , u2 , u′2 )
leads to :
4
X
⇒ u(ξ) = f ct(u1 , u′1 , u2 , u′2 , ξ) = NI (ξ)uI
I=1
where the NI are the shape functions
1 N1 N1 (ξ) = 14 (1 − ξ)2 (2 + ξ)
N2 (ξ) = 41 (1 − ξ)2 (1 + ξ)
N3 (ξ) = 41 (1 + ξ)2 (2 − ξ)
N2 N4 (ξ) = − 14 (1 + ξ)2 (1 − ξ)
tg q=1
P
1 N.B. NI 6= 1
N3
This is an exception as mentionned at
the beginning of the chapter.
N4 tg q=1 This property is valid for Lagrangian
interpolation, not for Hermitian inter-
x=-1 x=1
polation.
du
● Subtlety: So far we have both u(ξ) and u′ (ξ) = that are polynomials in ξ.
dξ
They have thus the same physical dimensions (e.g. meters) and so have the
NI .
2x
● The strains in the bar have to be computed as (remember: ξ = − 1)
L
du(ξ) du(ξ) dξ 2 2 X dNI
ε(ξ) = = = u′ (ξ) = qI
dx dξ dx L L dξ
| {z } |{z} I
u′ Jacobian
C 2 continuity :
U (r) = H1 u1 + H2 u′1 + H3 u′′1 + H4 u2 + H5 u′2 + H6 u′′2
C 3 continuity :
U (r) = H1 u1 + H2 u′1 + H3 u′′1 + H4 u′′′ ′ ′′ ′′′
1 + H5 u 2 + H6 u 2 + H7 u 2 + H8 u 2
with
● Generalized displacements
T
q = u 1 ε1 u 2 ε2
du du dξ 2 ′ L
ε1 = = = u1 ⇒ u′1 = ε1
dx ξ=−1 dξ ξ=−1 |{z}
dx L 2
| {z }
2/L
u′1
du du dξ 2 ′ ′ L
ε2 = = = u 2 ⇒ u 2 = ε2
dx ξ=+1 dξ ξ=+1 |{z}
dx L 2
| {z }
2/L
u′2
= N1 u1 + N2∗ ε1 + N3 u2 + N4∗ ε2
with
L 1
N2∗ = N2 = L(1 − ξ)2 (1 + ξ)
2 8
L 1
N4∗ = N4 = − L(1 + ξ)2 (1 − ξ)
2 8
with:
● Generalized displacements (yields continuity for both u and ε)
T
q = u 1 ε1 u 2 ε2
● Shape functions
N = [N1 , N2 , N3 , N4 ] ξ ∈ [−1, 1]
with
N1 (ξ) = 14 (1 − ξ)2 (2 + ξ)
N2 (ξ) = L8 (1 − ξ)2 (1 + ξ)
N3 (ξ) = 41 (1 + ξ)2 (2 − ξ)
N4 (ξ) = − L8 (1 + ξ)2 (1 − ξ)
T γ̄L L
g = 1 6 1 − L6 (uniform loading)
2
36 3L −36 3L u1 1
EA 3L 4L 2 −3L −L 2 ε
1 γ̄L L
= 6
30L −36 −3L 36 −3L u2 2 1
3L −L2 −3L 4L2 ε2 − L6
γ̄L2 ∂u γ̄L ∂u
⇒ u2 = ε1 = = ε2 = =0
2EA ∂x 1 EA ∂x 2
Displacement field:
u(ξ) = N1 u1 + N2 ε1 + N3 u2 + N4 ε2
L 2 γ̄L 1 2 γ̄L2
= (1 − ξ) (1 + ξ) + (1 + ξ) (2 − ξ)
8 EA 4 2EA
γ̄L2 2 2
= (1 − ξ) (1 + ξ) + (1 + ξ) (2 − ξ)
8EA
γ̄L2 2x
= (1 + ξ)(3 − ξ) with ξ= −1
8EA L
γ̄L2 2x x
= 2(2 − )
8EA L L
γ̄x
= (2L − x) EXACT SOLUTION
2EA
Strain field:
2 dN1 dN2 dN3 dN4
ε(ξ) = u1 + ε1 + u2 + ε2
L dξ dξ dξ dξ
2
2 dN2 γ̄L dN3 γ̄L
= +
L dξ EA dξ 2EA
2 γ̄L L 3
= (ξ − 1)(3ξ + 1) + (1 − ξ 2 )L
L EA 8 8
2γ̄L 2x
= 2(1 − ξ) with ξ= −1
8EA L
γ̄
= (L − x) EXACT SOLUTION
EA