(LT)

matransform man
2-
Transform (IT)

· to evaluate complex sinusoidal ·to evaluate complex sinusoidal

represents by signal, u(t) represents by time

signal,an

x(t) et = =

s(wt)+(wt) x[n] = z" = r"cos ((n) + jo"sin (en)

Real
imaginary
Real
imaginary
4) 4)
Leal(cos) Imaginary (sin)
Leal(cos) Imaginary (sin)
->

Ah
-> -
Mr
->
Sa
-
I'll l
-

-> Transfer function, HCS) of LT -> Transfer function, ACI) of IT

system
system
y(t) x[n] nIn] y[n]
x(t) h(t)

x(2) H,(z) Y(z)

x(s)H(s) Y(S)

H(S) = Y (S) ->

output
H(Z) = Y(2) ->
output
X(S)
X (z) -> input
-> input

eg: H(S) 1
1
=

eg: H(z) =

S+ 2 1- z-

Inverse
->
LT -> Inverse IT

H (S) x(t) H(Z) I[n]

from from
or
from Y(s) -> y(t) or
from Y(z) -> yIn]
or
from X(S) -> x(t) or x(2) -> x(n]
from

-> What we need to find in Question? What we need to find in Question?

L
h(t) H(S) h[n]
=
H(z)
 LT 2T
- -

Example; Example:
Find Find
LT
for this equation. IT
for this signal.

3
x(t) 2 e4t u(t) x[n] =
-zu[n]

3
=

refer table refer

X(S) X(z) table
E4
=
=
- 1
-
1 -
22

Rivergence
(ROC) Region of Convergence (ROC)
t nee I
Im(j0)
Im (jV) S-plane z-
plane

Re(2)
Re(s)

① "u[n] Im(jo

Re(2)
&

& -
xu[ - n -

1]
Im(j0)

& a
- Re(2)
 e-tu(t) LT
⑩eatu(t) ②

Im(jv)
Im(jv)

Re(s)
Re(s) -
a
A

u(
+

8 -

e- -
t) ④ -
eatu( -

t)

Im(jv) Im(jv)

-
a
I Re(s)
a
Re(s)
 LT POLES & IEROS IT
AZEROS - - -

nput=zeros mera
arere
H(s)
tut eros-mera
are H(z)
re
=
->
-
=

-> ROC only depends on poles ① H(z) 1 =

-> hIn] u[n]

=

1 - z-
How to
find poles ROC?
->

in

1 2>0
① eqtu(t)
-

1
10
-

Im (jV) 2) I

Im(j0)

ROC Re(s) I

9
Re(2)
-
I I

- I

ACS)
a
=

S- 9>0

S>a

② u(t) =
-
et u) t) -

HCS) I <4
3
=
-

1
5 -
4
20C

5 -
40
>
4 3 <4
 2T
(
me
Example

Find the unilateral LT of x(t) = ( -

etu(t))* (tn(t))
nee

x,(t) x-(t)

x,(t) -
= etu(t)

X,(S) -1 ① x(x)

=
=
-

-- 3

①
x(t) tu(t) =

Xc(S) = I -
92

Example
2

Find the Inverse LT of

X(s) 35 4
=
+

(S+ 1) ( S +2)

->
Partial fraction

XCs) =
t B t
C
2
_ S+ 2 (s+ 2)

35+4 A(s+2) B(S+1) (s +2)

=
+ + ((s +1)
2

(s+1) (s + 2)

=
A(S +4s 4) B(s+ 3s 2) (s +
+ + +

+ (
2
= As + 4AS 4A
+ + Bs 3Bs 2B
+ +
+ (s+c

35+ 4 (A B)s+ (4A

= +
+
3B ((s +
+(4A 2B
+ +
c)
 + 2B +c 4
A+ B 0
= 4A+ 3B +C 3 =
4A =

E
unknown -> 3
equ -> 2 or

A 1 calculator x
degree
=

4
B =
- 1

C 2 =

- 2*
x(S) =

e4Ct)
2
tn(t) Ite- (t)
-

act) =
-
e +

Ample3

Find the Inverse bilateral LT of:

XCS) = -
55 -
7 ROC: -1ReCS) < 1

(S+ 1)(s 1) (s+ 2)

-

Partial fraction:

X(S) A =
t B +
C
S+ 1 S-1 S+ 2

-
55 -

7 A(s-1)(s +2) B(st1)(s+2)

=
+
+ c(s +1) (S 1) -

As + As-2A Bs +
=

3Bs + 2 B cs- c + +

55 7 (A B c) s2+(A + 3B)s + ( 2A 2B c)
= - + -
- + +
-

1
AB C 0 A
=

=
+ +

B =
2
-

A + 3B -
= 5

-
2A 2B + - c -
=
7 C 1 =
 I 2+ I
X(S) =
-

S+ 1
S -1 St2 ROC:
1$1
↓ ↓ -
SH1 0 =
St=0 St2 0 =

S--1 5 <1 Sx -
22 -
1 I

act) e
=
ct) 2t))
-
+ etuct)
↓
- ↓ = e-tuct)+zetul-t)+e2u(t)
X

12
i i "
i
-
KS1
↓
 2T

(
Example
⑩
me

Find the inverse

transform of
-

2+
2
X(z)
-

<2
1 z Roc:1<
with =>
=
-

x2z )(1 2=1)(1 z1)

-

(1 - -
-

⑪ ② ③
Im(z)

ReCE)
" !!

①1 -
1 0
2z
=
81
1 0
=

&1
2
- 0
=

z > I
I
7
z

z<2

Partial fraction:

X(z) A
=

B
+
t C

1 -
Yz" 1-22" 1-z

Let z m
=

A
=
A B t C

1- Yem 1-2m 1 -
M

1 - m m2
+
A(1
= - 2m)(1 -
m) B(1
+ -
xm)(1 m) c(1 xm)(1 2m)
- +
- -

A
= - 3Am+2Am2 +B -3/2Bm+YBm2 +
c- 5/2 (m+ (m2

=(B )
2
x)
(B
1 +

+
m+ m
5)m
- +
+
-

---

①& ⑪
&
2A
1B + c 1 3A
2B 5 1 AtB + C 1
+ =
=
- - - -
=

A 1 B 2c 2
-
= =
=

X(z) =
I A 2
-
2

1- Ym 1 -
2 m 1 -
M

1
= A 2 2
-
Yz
1
1 -
1- 22 1- z-

x[n]
I x[n] x3[n]
2

- e(1)u[n]

(2)"
-
u [n] 2(2)u[n] will always
be 1
H
IzI I
-
2(2)"n( - n -
1) -

2u[n]
1z) < 2 121> 1

x n) (2)"u[n]-2(2)"u[
=

-n -
1) 24/n]
-

X
 Example
n
2

Find the transfer function, A(2) and the impulse response, h[n]
of a causal LTI system if the input to the system is

a(n)
( 1)"usn] and the output of system is
=

y [n] 3 (-1) "u[n]

=

(t)"
+

u[n]

solution
nu

I a(n) > x(z)

(5)"usn>
It
Iz
y(n) - ) (z)
+

3(
x)"u[n3+()" usn] ti!1zt
-

8 Solve for H(2)

(z+ i12t)
Yi
+(
+
=
=

(i+)
A(2) 4 =
+

4/324
(1 z
+
-

)(1 -

y,2)) X
 Partial
->

fraction

+(2) A
=

+
B A 2 =

1 + z
-1 -

z-| B 2
=

E
- 2 I
1
1+ z-

③ H(z) =
1, n[n]
ROC:

h(n 2
=
( 1)
-

"u(n] 2()"
+

u[n] Re/2) > 1

⑭ ROL

2t 732
1
1 +
=

1+ 0
=
1 -
0
=

23 -1 2>
I
A

1
13 I
-
 PROPERTIES
m

LT IT

① ② Linearity
Linearity

a,h,(t) a2h(t)
+

Gx,(n) Bx,[n]
+

↓ LT

a,H,(s) a2H(s)
+
↓2T
↓X,(z) (Xz(z)
+

② scaling
③ Time shift
u(at)
X()
=

x(n no] zm0X(z)

-
=

Example: Example:
"
(zut(u(t) a(n)
(f) u(n 5]

wn
sin
= -
=

(5)5(t)n u(n
5
-

=
-

5]

-n
5(1,5z1)
-

Time shift
③ (0.2)
=

-
as

y(t -a)u(t
- a) e
=
y(s)

Example.y(t) 5u(t 4)
= - -
5u(t 8) -

5(
4s() 8s(t)
-

55
=

-
 LT
⑰
Freq shift

at
x(t)u(t) X(s a)
-
=
+

Example:

3t
Cs(wt) u(t)
-

e
=
s+ 3

(St3) + w2

⑤ Freq. Differentiation

th(t) (
=
-
1)"q" +
(s)

ds

Example:
L'2 u(t) ( 1) d'H(s)
- 2
+

=
-

Is

(st2)
=
-

= ↓

(s
1)
+
 LT

Example4:Transfer Function & Differential equation system

H(S)
> Find the
transfer function of the LTI system described by the

differential equation below.

y(t)
2d
d
3d y(t)
u(t) 3x(t)
+ + 2y(t) = -

dt2

substitute:y(t) -estHCs)
not give ite n
Step 1

drfesrs) 3de p() 2(e Hsy 2dSest 3et

t
=
-
+ +

Step 2: Solve for HCs)

H(x) d2estdest 2eSt) 2deste

time +
=

ACS)
2dest- zest
=

①
Zest sdestmeet+

Step 3

H(s) 2se/t_3est
=
①
# s'est 3seSt+2est
+

"
7 = 25 -
3 ①
s 3s 2
+
+

↓ I
S -
=
2
it ...
partial foieine+
 2T
xample 3

Find the impulse response, hin]. Given the

transfer function,

H(z) z
+2z - 1 - 2
z
12
=

z2 -
3z 2+

Step 1

H(z) z(z 2)
=
+

z2 -
3z + 2

H(z)
= z
+
2

22 -
3z + 2

Step 2

z 2

#z)
+

+
=

(z 1)(z- 2)
-
1 -
2

z 2
+
A(z
=
-
2) B(z
+ -
1)

(A B(z
=
+
(
+
-

2A -
B)

A B 1
+ =
-
0 - 2A -
B 2
=
-
g

A
3,B 4
-
= =

H(z) =3 2
+
=
Step 3

13z+te
H(z) =

/ &

i= =z) 2z
=
=

z1

H(z) 3
4
=

-
+

-
1 1
1
-

1 -
z
-

2z

H(z) = -
3u[n] 4(2)"
+
u(n]
 Implementing Discrete-Time ITI System

The system is
represented by the
differential equation:

y(n) a,y[n 1] acy(n 2] b.x(n) b,x(n 1] b,x(n 2]

=

+ - + - + - + -

2T
↓ b.X(z) b,z X(z) bczX(z)
y(z) q2z -y(z)
+
-

Y(z)
+

a,z
+
=
+
+

② Taking the IT of differential equ gives,

q,z" a2z2)Y(z) (bo b,z bzz2)X(z)

+
(1 + + =
+

③ The transfer function of the system,

H(z) Y(z) =

X(z)

H(z) bo b,z +bzz2

+

+
=

1 +
9,z1 92z2 +

④ Block diagram of the transfer function:

bo I
x(z) Y(z)
1
V
7
-
1
-
z
z

b, a,

Δ
-

b
- -
I
z z

2 -
a2
 4
Example

Determine causal described by

transfer function of the systems the

following differential equ.

y(n) x[n]
= -
x(n 2] x(n 4]
- +
- -
x[n 6]
-

1:Find
Step 27 for each term.

X(z) E4X(z) z 3X(z)

Y(z)
x
=
+ -

factorize

z6]
2
Y(z) X(z)21
=
-
z- z4 -

Step 2:Find H(z)

4 6
H(z) Y(z) =
1
= - z2 +
2 - z
X(z)

Step 3:Change H(z) to impulse response, h[n]

h(n) S(n) f[n

f[n 2] S(n 4]
6]*
- - - -
= + -

1
X(z) Y(z)

- 2
z

-
I

- 2
2

- 2
z
- 1
 LT elity
& stability 1

H(s) -
h(t)
-> In order to obtain a
unique inverse transform,
mustknow
H(z) h[n]
the
->

we ROC

her additional
->
Hence, to obtain u
(t), we must knowledge
of the system characteristics .

-> The and system

relationships bet. the poles, ceros

characteristics can this additional knowledge.

provide

- - -.
causal -> a(n)
system
causal system ult 0
for to 0
for
no
=
-
=

in the
A
->

system pole left half of the -> A

pole inside unitcircle contributes

s-plane contributes term to the

an
exponentially an
exponentially decaying
x[n]
decaying term to a (t) x[n] Im

jw x(t) ->
1
n
Re

1
->
- 1X 7

L
X
·--

x circle contributes
-

1 Fx-i - -
+ A outside unit
pole
-

contributes to an increasing exponential an

exponentially increasing term an
of

x[n]
term n (t)
of Im
1

jw

xt
->
1
n
Re
-
I
X

L
·
 LT IT

Stablesystem -> Theimpulse

response,
stable system -> absolutely summable

u (t) the n[n].

absolutely
is

integrable.
A pole in the - A inside the unit
-> left half of the S-plane pole -
circle contributes

contributes a right-sided decaying a right-sided decaying exponential term

exp. term to the n(t) to the k[n]

Im x[n]
jw x(t)
1
->

1
->
n

X
Re
7
-
I

L
X
·--

-> A pole in the right half of the s-plane A

->

pole outside the unit circle contributes

contributes a
left-sided decaying a left-sided decaying exponential term

exp. term to the n(t) the k[n]

to
x(t)
jw x[n]

.
Im 1
1

-> ->

.
Re -

X .
o
LT

-> musthall

X
X
thes-plane
decaying

...
↓

X
jw
1
its poles
contributes

exponential

-
System

su
at

jw
with

lefthalf
right-sided
term to k (t)
of
1
BOTH causal & stable

-
he all its
must

unit circle
contributes

exponential

-
I
↓

z
Im

(2.
=
#
in

7
term

-
poses inside
z-plane that

Re

Y3
->
to k

x[n]
[n]
can

right-sided decaying
the

n
 Example

suppose the transfer function of on LT1

system is given by:

H(z) 222 =
- 1.62 -0.90

23 -
2.5z2 1.962
+ -
0.48

Can this be both stable causal?

system

Solution:

Find the characteristic equation of the system.

poles:23 -2.52" + 1.962 -

0.48 0
=

(2 -
1.2)(2 -
0.5)(2+ 0.8) 0
=

Im

z - 1.2 0
=

z 1.2
=

Re
o8 *
↓
0.5 0
1 1.2
-

. 2 -
=

z 0.5=

z + 0.8 0
=

The 0.8
cannotbe both stable and
->

system z
=
=

causal since there is pole outside the

unit circle.

- allthe
Notes:stable within the unit circle, 1
poles z
=

causal -> the right-sided decaying exponential.

 1,yea
Causality & stability
(according to ROC of z-transform)

if
A
->
discrete time ITI is causal
system mus
and if:
only

①
The ROC is the exteriol of a circle outside the outermost
pole.
② If H(z) is
expressed as ratio
polynomial
of in
The order the numerator cannot be greater than order denominator.
of of

-> An LTI system is stable if

u

① It's system function, HCz) includes the circle.

unit

& A
causal ITI is
system stable if and only if all the poles
of H(z) lies inside the unit
circle.

X f

X X
X
3 2
↓
↓
Example

Check & causality

of with
the
stability a
system
"

(t)
"
-

x(n) =
u(n] 3 +

u[n]

solution

u(n)
x(n)
(t) (t) uzn]
=
+

x(z)
22 E- 13
=

#
1

0
z -

z 0
=
z
-
13 =

z
>Yz z +
Y3

(21 > Y
ROC
ROC stable
*
system
because the ROC
Yy Y2 includes unit
circle

poC
causal
* system
ROL because ......

......
 2
Example

Check for causality

of with response.
stability a system

u(n] 2u(
"
u(n) 1]
(5) n
-
= -
+

solution:
x(z)
= 2
=

113

z -

Yz 0
=
z -
z = 0

z<2
z <
Y

b < (z) < 2

stable
*
system because
a
*
incausal because-