Guevarra, Daniel

BSA 3C
Grasses
1.Napier Grass

 Scientific Name: Pennisetum purpureum

 Characterisric: Habitat: large perennial grass
with erect stems that grow to 15 feet tall. Leaves:
flat and strap-like, up to an inch-and-a-half wide,
and several feet long. They have fine-toothed
margins, and sparse hairs on the leaf surface.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial tropical
grass
 Yield per h/a: very high yield, at least 200 tons per hectare per harvest. You can harvest this
thing twice a year
 Methods of Planting: The cuttings are planted flat in the furrows, 70 centimeters (cm) apart,
and covered with soil one to two inches thick.

2.Para grass

 Scientific Name: Brachiaria mutica

 Characteristic: They root from the basal nodes and
may reach a height of 0.9-2 (-3) m. Para grass is leafy.
Leaf blades are hairy, linear, up to 30 cm long and 16-
20 mm wide. The inflorescence is a panicle (6)-10-20 (-
30) cm long holding 5-20 spreading racemes (2-15 cm
long).
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial, Stoloniferous
grass.
 Yield per h/a: In the Philippines, it was possible to obtain 24 t DM/ha/year under irrigation.
 Methods of Planting: Sowing para grass by seed has generally not been successful. Plant
cuttings into mud or shallow water (up to 15 cm deep) in January and February, depending on
rainfall.
3.Rhode Grass

 Scientific Name: Chloris gayana

 Characteristic: Its stem is fine and leafy, with heights
ranging between 0.5 and 2 meters high. The leaves are
glabrous, 15-50 cm long and 3-9 mm wide. The panicle
has 3-20 dense, spike like racemes 4-15 cm long.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial or Annual tropical
grass.
 Yield per h/a: You can get between 200-250 bales of Boma Rhodes grass per acre. If you
neglect to feed your grass then you will get 150 bales.
 Methods of Planting: broadcast grass seeds or drill in rows 30–40 cm apart. Mix the seeds
with sawdust, rough sand or fertilizer for an even distribution in the field.

4.Guinea Grass
 Scientific Name: Megathyrsus maximus
 Characterisric: Commonly found at around 1.5 m tall, some
individuals have been recorded at 3 m tall. The leaf blades are
long, narrow and finely tipped. They have a prominent mid-rib
and are approximately 1 cm wide.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial Grass
 Yield per h/a: It gives average yield of 210 qtl/acre.
 Methods of Planting: It can be propagated by nursery
sowing. A seedling of 20 to 25 days old nursery or rooted slips
at the spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm is optimum for the sole stand.

5.Carabao Grass

 Scientific Name: Paspalum conjugatum

 Characteristic: The leaf sheaths are strongly flattened, usually 30 to
50 mm (1.2 to 2.0 in) long and hairy around the nodes. The leaves are
smooth, around 8 to 20 cm (3.1 to 7.9 in) in length, and 5 to 12 mm
(0.20 to 0.47 in) in width.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Tropical to Subtropical Perennial grass.
 Yield per h/a: Natural pasture in coconut plantations where it yields
19 t/ha fresh matter with no fertilizer and up to 30 t/ha with NPK
fertilizer (at 310 kg/ha).
  Methods of Planting: Another method of ensuring that this advice is followed is to apply
roughly 16 seeds per square inch of surface area. In some locations, the grass may be poor or
sparse. Seedlings are forced to compete for space and nutrition when too many seeds
are planted too close together.

6.Giant Star Grass

 Scientific Name: Cynodon plectostachyus

 Characteristic: Giant star grass bears several racemes (7-20),
3-7 cm long, curling upwards at maturity. The spikelets are 2.5-
3 mm long. The glumes are a conspicuous feature, as they are
reduced to small triangular scales one-fifth the length of the
spikelet.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Stoloniferous, Perennial grass
 Yield per h/a: DM yields range from 6 t/ha in unfertilized stands to 32 t/ha where fertilizer has
been applied.
 Methods of Planting: Stargrass is propagated only by vegetative means, by sprigging
mature stem and stolon pieces at a rate of 1000–1500 pounds of planting material per
acre.

7.Bermuda Grass

 Scientific Name: Cynodon dactylon

 Characteristic: Bermuda grass densely roots at the
nodes. The root system mostly develops within 0-25
cm depth but can go as deep as 70-80 cm in sandy
soils. The underground biomass is mostly
rhizomatous. Creeping stolons spread rapidly and
may be as long as 20 m but are generally 0.5-1.5 m.
Culms are numerous (8-40), usually prostrate but
flowering culms can be erect or geniculated, and
may be 10-90 cm high.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial grass
 Yield per h/a: With adequate fertilization, some of the older bermudagrass varieties have the
potential to produce up to 3 to 4 tons of forage per acre. Newer bermudagrass varieties can
produce between 6 to 9 tons of forage per acre with a high level of management.
  Methods of Planting: Hybrid varieties are not able to produce seeds and are propagated
vegetatively by sprigs (pieces of rhizomes) planted in the soil on a 90 cm grid. In fertile varieties,
dehulled seeds are sown on a well-prepared, fine bed.

8.Nut Grass

 Scientific Name: Cyperus rotundus

 Characteristic: Nutgrass is a perennial weed plant
from rhizomes and tubers. It can reach 2 1/2 feet
in height. It is found throughout the southeastern
United States as a common weed of agronomic
and horticultural crops, nurseries, turfgrass, and
landscapes.
 Botanical classification: Family Cyperaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial Grass
 Methods of Planting: Tubers (often called “nutlets”) and rhizomes (underground stems)
survive in the soil and sprout the following spring. The tubers and rhizomes can grow eight to 14
inches below the soil surface.

9.Crabgrass

 Scientific Name: Digitaria sanguinalis

 Characteristic: Crabgrass have membranous ligules
that are truncated and have a jagged appearance.
The sheath (area where the leaf and stem join) is
covered with straight, long hairs. The stem is rather
stout, may exhibit a decumbent (reclining) growth
pattern, and additional roots may form at the
soil/node region.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Annual grass
 Yield per h/a: If you are establishing a stand of crabgrass, consider seeding rates in the 4-6 lb
per acre range.
 Methods of Planting: Crabgrass reproduces by seeds and and it has a prolific tillering or
branching habit.
10.Alabang X grass

 Scientific Name: Dichanthium aristatum

 Characteristic: Dichanthium aristatum is a vivacious
tufted grass in dense clumps, sometimes prostrate on
the ground, with the thatch erect or geniculate at the
base, 20 cm to almost 1 m high. The leaves are simple,
alternate, with narrow, linear blade, 4 to 20 cm long and
2 to 5 mm wide, flat; glabrous or loosely hairy.
 Botanical classification: Family Poaceae
 Agronomic classification: Perennial grass
 Yield per h/a: Young plants prostrate to semi-erect with foliage to 80 cm, becoming erect at
maturity, culms geniculate to 1‒1.8 m at maturity; nodes glabrous or short woolly. Leaf blades
linear, 3‒25 cm long, 2‒8 (‒10) mm wide, glabrous or thinly pilose on both surfaces; ligule c. 0.6
mm, minutely fimbriate.
 Methods of Planting: Alabang X is commercially established by cuttings and rootstocks and
spreads rapidly thereafter due to its prolific seeding ability.

Legumes

1. Pea
● Scientific name: Pisum sativum
● Characteristic: The pea plant is a
hardy leafy annual with hollow
trailing or climbing stems that
reach up to 1.8 metres (6 feet) in
length. The stems feature terminal
tendrils that facilitate climbing and
bear compound leaves with three pairs of leaflets.
● Botanical classification: Family Fabaceae, Genus Pisum
● Agronomic classification: Annual grain and forage legume
● Yield per h/a: Average yields are 2.5 to 3.5 tons per hectare. For the fresh
market, yields of peas in pods vary from 3 tons to 10 tons per hectare, or an
 average of 5 or 6 tons of pods per hectare. Edible podded peas will normally
yield 3 to 5 tons of pods per hectare.
● Methods of planting: Sow seeds 1 inch deep (slightly deeper if soil is dry) and
about 2 inches apart. Do not thin. Plant rows 7 inches apart.
2. Mulberry
● Scientific name: Morus alba
● Characteristic: Mulberries are small to
medium sized shrubs or trees with a thick
tan-gray ridged trunk and light green
leaves which vary in shape depending on
variety.
● Botanical classification: family Moraceae,
genus Morus
● Agronomic classification: Annual
● Yield per h/a: One hectare (2.4 acres) of freshly cut mulberry can yield 30,000 –
35,000 kg per year this is equivalent to 26,000 - 31,000 lbs of foliage (fresh) per
acre per year provided that proper management practices are done.
● Methods of planting: Planting. Mulberries like deep, moisture-retentive but
well-drained soil that has been enriched with well-rotted manure or garden
compost. Choose a sunny, sheltered planting spot, where the tree will have
plenty of room to develop its wide shape – black mulberries can eventually reach
up to 9m (30ft) across.

3. Centrosema
● Scientific name: Centrosema
pubescens
● Characteristic: Centrosema
pubescens is a twining or climbing
herbaceous vine, annual or perennial,
with alternate leaves, and compound
trifoliate with broad oval leaflets and
long petioles. This plant is slightly
hairy or glabrous.
● Botanical classification: Family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, and tribe
Phaseolae
● Agronomic classification: Annual forage legume
● Yield per h/a: Annual yields of green matter are around 5-14 t/ha but 40 t/ha
has been recorded (Ecocrop, 2009).
 ● Methods of planting: Land must be ploughed and harrowed. good germination,
the seeds must be scarified to break the seed coat. Immersion in hot water at 80
degrees celcius for 3 – 5 minutes and (2) immersion in concentrated sulphiric
acid (96%) for 10 – 20 minutes. 100% and reduces the days to germination
compared to hot water.

4. Kakawate
● Scientific name: Gliricidia sepium
● Characteristic: Kakawati is a smooth,
deciduous tree, 3 to 10 meters high.
Leaves are 15 to 25 centimeters long
with 13 leaflets which are opposite,
oblong-ovate, 4 to 6 centimeters long,
with a pointed tip and rounded base.
Racemes are numerous on leafless
branches, containing many flowers.
● Botanical classification: Family Fabaceae, Genus Vicia
● Agronomic classification: Annual grain legume
● Yield per h/a:
● Methods of planting: The tree can very easily be propagated by large cuttings, 3
cm thick and 0.5-2 m long; the bark may be incised to assist rooting.

5. Soybean
● Scientific name: Glycine max
● Characteristic: The soybean is an erect
branching plant and can reach more
than 2 metres (6.5 feet) in height. The
self-fertilizing flowers are white or a
shade of purple. Seeds can be yellow,
green, brown, black, or bicoloured,
though most commercial varieties have brown or tan seeds, with one to four
seeds per pod.
● Botanical classification: Family Fabaceae, Genus Glycine
● Agronomic classification: Annual grain and oilseed legume
 ● Yield per h/a: Yield can vary widely with water availability, fertilization and row
spacing. Under rainfed conditions, good soybean yields vary between 1.5 and 2.5
ton/ha seed.
● Methods of planting: Soybeans must have warm soil to germinate and grow.
Poke holes into a cultivated bed or row to plant soybean seeds about 2 inches (5
cm) apart and one-half inch (1 cm) deep. Thin to 6 inches (15 cm) apart in all
directions.

6. Alfalfa
● Scientific name: Medicago sativa
● Characteristic: Alfalfa can grow up to 36
inches high and has an extremely deep
root system. This root system is what
allows it to survive exceptionally
difficult conditions such as drought.
● Botanical classification: Family
Fabaceae, Genus Medicago
● Agronomic classification: Perennial forage legume
● Yield per h/a: The average total yield is 20-35 tons per hectare (or 8-14 tons per
acre) per year (distributed in 5-6 cuts). Top yields (intensive farming) can exceed
40 tons per hectare or 16 tons per acre per year.
● Methods of planting: Plant alfalfa seeds three-eighths of an inch below the soil
surface.

7. Chickpea
● Scientific name: Cicer arietinum
● Characteristic: Most chickpea
varieties have leaves about five cm
(two in.) long with nine to fifteen
leaflets, and are described as having
a fern-leaf structure. Some kabuli
varieties have a single (unifoliate)
leaf structure instead of leaflets.
Chickpea pods are short and inflated, and contain one or two seeds.
● Botanical classification: Family Fabaceae, Genus Cicer
● Agronomic classification: Annual grain legume
 ● Yield per h/a: The yield of the crop varies depending upon various factors but on
the average yield potential of chickpea is 8-10 quintals per acre.
● Methods of planting: Sow chickpeas 1½ to 2 inches (5cm) deep, spaced 3 to 6
inches (7-15cm) apart. Thin successful plants to 6 inches (15cm) apart; cutaway
thinned plants at soil level with scissors so as not to disturb roots. Space rows 18
to 24 inches (45-61cm) apart.
8. Madre de agua
● Scientific name: Trichanthera
gigantea
● Characteristic: This plant is a shrub or
tree growing up to 5 meters tall,
though a 15-meter specimen was
reported once. It often produces
aerial roots. The oval or oblong leaves are up to 26 centimeters long by 14 wide
and are borne on short petioles. The flower is maroon with a yellow throat.
● Botanical classification: Monotypic genus
● Agronomic classification:
● Yield per h/a: Madre de Agua is harvested every three months, yielding 17 tons
per hectare per cutting. Planted as a living fence, Madre de agua can yield 9.2
tons per hectare of fresh foliage per linear kilometer harvested every three
months.
● Methods of planting: Using madre de agua tops(talbos) is the best and fastest
style of propagation instead of stem cuttings. Roots easily coming out and with in
2 weeks is ready to transplanted to soil.

9. River tamarind
● Scientific name: Leucaena leucocephala
● Characteristic: Ipil-ipil is a small tree growing
up 8 meters high. Leaves are compound, 15
to 25 centimeters long, with hairy rachis.
Pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters
long. Leaflets are 20 to 30, linear oblong, and
7 to 12 millimeters long.
● Botanical classification: Fabaceae family
● Agronomic classification: Annual grain
legume
● Yield per h/a: Each hectare should yield 20 to 50 tons of wood per year. After
felling, the ipil-ipil logs lose about 30 percent of their weight in three months.
 ● Methods of planting: Then soak the seed for 12 - 24 hours in warm water prior
to sowing. Treated seeds can give 70% germination within one week.

10. Lentil
● Scientific name: Lens culinaris
● Characteristic: Lentil plants are pale
green herbs that grow up to 75cm
tall. The main stem has a square
cross section with many branches.
The leaves are formed of leaflets
that grow in 5 to 10 pairs alternately
along the stem. Lentil flowers
develop on a stem between the main stem and a leaf.
● Botanical classification: Family Fabaceae, Genus Lens
● Agronomic classification: Annual grain legume
● Yield per h/a: The seed should be safely stored in appropriate bins and
fumigated to protect them from bruchids. Yield - A well mange crop yields about
15 - 20 quintals of grain per hectare.
● Methods of planting: Sow lentil seeds 1 to 1½ inches deep, deeper if the soil is
dry. Space seeds 1 inch apart. Innoculate lentil seeds before planting with
Rhizobium leguminosarum. Thin successful seedlings to 4 to 5 inches apart.
Space rows 18 to 24 inches apart.