Kinetic Model of Matter

05/11/2023-06/11/2023
• 3, 6, 7, 8, 9b, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22a, 24 a b, 25, 28 b,
Increase or creation of force and pressure in
terms of momentum for gas molecules.
• When molecules collide against a wall, they bounce off or rebound
from the wall, changing their momentum
• There are many such collisions every second, resulting in a large
change in momentum each second
• This change in momentum each second results in a force being
exerted against the wall:
• The pressure exerted by the gas is equal to this force divided by the
area of the wall
Relationship between Pressure and volume
when temperature is constant
• When a gas is compressed, the density of the gas increases
• This means there will be more collisions against surfaces, rate of
collision per unit area increases which will also increase the pressure
• Decreasing the volume of a gas (whilst keeping the temperature fixed)
will increase the pressure
• If a gas has an original pressure, P , and volume, V , then its final
pressure and volume (P and V ) will be given by the relationship:
P1 V1 = P2 V2 Note: The above equation only works if the temperature
of the gas remains constant
How gas molecules exert pressure on the wall
of the container?
• Gas molecules moving very fast having a lot of momentum colliding
with the wall of the container
• After the collision gas molecules rebound from the wall of the
container causes change in momentum per unit time
• This change in momentum per unit time generate force
• Pressure is force per unit area so force generate pressure on the wall
of the container
When volume decreases temperature constant
what happened to the pressure for a gas molecule
• As Volume decreases Density increases causes increase in rate of
collision of the gas molecules with the wall of container or collide
more frequently or collide more hardly
• These collisions leads to bigger or more change in momentum per
unit time as the gas molecules rebound from the surface of the wall.
• As force is change in momentum per unit time so bigger change in
momentum creates more force on the wall of container
• Pressure is force per unit area, as force increases pressure also
increases.
When temperature increases and volume constant
what happened to the pressure to the gas
molecule
• As temperature increases average KE of the gas molecules increases
causes increase in number of collision of the gas molecules with the
wall of container or collide more frequently or collide more hardly
• These collisions leads to bigger or more change in momentum per
unit time as the gas molecules rebound from the surface of the wall.
• As force is change in momentum per unit time so bigger change in
momentum creates more force on the wall of container
• Pressure is force per unit area, as force increases pressure also
increases.
• When temperature increases KE of the gas molecules increases which
causes to more collision and collide more hard with the and rebound
this change the momentum per unit area and create more force on
the wall that means force on the wall increases as pressure is force
per unit area as force increases pressure increases.
• When volume decrease density increases This means there will be
more collisions against surfaces, rate of collision per unit area
increases which will also increase the pressure
Brownian motion
• Smoke cell demonstrating Brownian motion
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygiCHALySmM
• https://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/HTML5/brownian_motion.html
• When small particles (such as pollen or smoke particles) are
suspended in a liquid or gas, the particles can be observed through a
microscope moving around in a random, erratic fashion
• This movement is called Brownian Motion This motion is caused by
molecules in the gas (or liquid) colliding at high speeds with the small
particles.
Brownian motion
• The molecules are able to affect the particles in this way because they
are travelling at very high speeds (much higher than the particles) and
so have a lot of momentum, which they transfer to the particles when
they collide.
Properties of Brownian motion:
• Particles move randomly and slower then the molecules
• Particles move in a zigzag way
• Particle change its direction of motion in an erratic fashion
• Particles move in a straight line between the collisions with the
molecules.
What is the cause of the Brownian motion
• Air molecules are small or less in mass comparing with the smoke
particles
• These air molecules move randomly in any direction with high speed
which lead them to have high momentum
• Air molecules strike, bombard or collide with the smoke particle from
different direction transfer momentum to the smoke particle causes
to exert unbalanced force on smoke particle.
• Due to this unbalanced force smoke particle moves in a zigzag way
Relation between Degree Celsius and Kelvin
scale
• -273 C=0K
• 0 C=273K
• T is the temperature reading in Kelvin scale or Absolute scale and θ is
the reading in degree Celsius scale then relation between them will
be
• T=(273+ θ)K