1.Describe the operations of DMA in detail?

Direct Memory Access (DMA) Controller in Computer Architecture

DMA Controller is a hardware device that allows I/O devices to directly
access memory with less participation of the processor. DMA controller needs
the same old circuits of an interface to communicate with the CPU and
Input/Output devices.
DMA Controller in Computer Architecture:
DMA Controller is a type of control unit that works as an interface for the data
bus and the I/O Devices. As mentioned, DMA Controller has the work of
transferring the data without the intervention of the processors, processors
can control the data transfer. DMA Controller also contains an address unit,
which generates the address and selects an I/O device for the transfer of
data. Here we are showing the block diagram of the DMA Controller.
There are four popular types of DMA:
1) Single-Ended DMA. 2) Dual-Ended DMA. 3) Arbitrated-Ended DMA. 4)
Interleaved DMA.
2.Data transfer and data manipulation?
Data transfer instructions cause data to be transferred from one
location to another without affecting the binary information content.
And data manipulation instructions execute arithmetic, logic, and shift
operations on data. When a program is executed in a computer,
program control instructions allow it to make decisions and modify its
direction. While the collection, replication, and transmission of huge
datasets from one organization or business unit to another are done
through the data transfer method, data manipulation instructions are
those that alter or change the data content.Data Manipulation
Instructions Data manipulation instructions perform operations on data and
provide computational capabilities for the computer. The data manipulation
instructions in a typical computer are usually divided into three basic types as
follows.
1) Arithmetic instructions
2) Logical and bit manipulation instructions
3) Shift instructions
3.8085 instruction set?
The 8085 instruction set is classified into 3 categories by considering the
length of the instructions. In 8085, the length is measured in terms of “byte”
rather than “word” because 8085 microprocessor has 8-bit data bus. Three
types of instruction are: 1-byte instruction, 2-byte instruction, and 3-byte
instruction.
4.list the types of 8055 interrupt?
There are 8 software interrupts in 8085, i.e. RST0, RST1, RST2, RST3,
RST4, RST5, RST6, and RST7. Hardware interrupt − There are 5 interrupt
pins in 8085 used as hardware interrupts, i.e. TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5,
RST5.5, INTA.
5.explain the architecture of 8085 with block diagram?
Architecture of 8085 microprocessor
The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor that was developed
by Intel in the mid-1970s. It was widely used in the early days of personal
computing and was a popular choice for hobbyists and enthusiasts due to its
simplicity and ease of use. The architecture of the 8085 microprocessor
consists of several key components, including the accumulator, registers,
program counter, stack pointer, instruction register, flags register, data bus,
address bus, and control bus..
The data bus is an 8-bit bus that is used to transfer data between the
microprocessor and memory or other devices. The data bus is
bidirectional, which means that it can be used to read data from memory
or write data to memory.the address bus is a 16-bit bus that is used to
address memory and other devices.

6. conversion of decimal 41.6875 into binary?

*To convert the decimal number 41 into a binary number, we have to do the
repeated division by 2, then we get
*Now, to convert the decimal number (0.6875) into a binary number, we have
to do the repeated multiplication of 2 till we get zero.
7.what is pipelining?
Pipelining is the process of accumulating instruction from the processor
through a pipeline. It allows storing and executing instructions in an orderly
process. It is also known as pipeline processing. Pipelining is a technique
where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution.
8.interrupt handling?
Interrupt handling is a key function in real-time software, and comprises
interrupts and their handlers. Only those physical interrupts which of high
enough priority can be centered into system interrupt table. The software
assigns each interrupt to a handler in the interrupt table.
9.types of interrupt
Interrupts have two types: Hardware interrupt and Software interrupt. The
hardware interrupt occurrs by the interrupt request signal from peripheral
circuits. (refer 6th question and additional mark)

10.what is a register transfer language?

*In computer science, register transfer language (RTL) is a kind of
intermediate representation (IR) that is very close to assembly language,
such as that which is used in a compiler.
*It is used to describe data flow at the register-transfer level of an
architecture.
*The most popular example of RTL Design is that of a Processor, which is
nothing but a very sophisticated Finite State Machine with a very large
number of states.
11.what is an addressing mode?
Addressing Modes– The term addressing modes refers to the way in which
the operand of an instruction is specified. The addressing mode specifies a
rule for interpreting or modifying the address field of the instruction before the
operand is actually executed. Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical address, logical address, port
address, and application-specific address.
12.list any two futures of Pentium i7?
*Core i7 processors employ a new technology the Intel Quick Path
Interconnect (QPI), for increased bandwidth and reduced latency.
*Hyper-Threading has also been reintroduced the line, so each core process
two threads simultaneously making eight-core processing a reality.
13. list any two futures of Pentium i5?
*64 bit data bus.
*8 bytes of data information can be transferred to and from memory in a
single bus cycle.
*Supports burst read and burst write back cycles.
*Supports pipelining.
*Instruction cache.
*8 KB of dedicated instruction cache.

14.what is RISC?
A Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a type of microprocessor architecture
that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions rather than the highly-
specialized set of instructions typically found in other architectures. Simplified
instruction set leads to faster processing. Pipe-lining can increase
performance. Lower power consumption. Smaller chip size, which can lead to
cost savings.( In 1980, David A. Patterson and his colleagues at the
University of California at Berkeley, sponsored by the Department of Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency,)
15.what is ASCII?
ASCII, a standard data-encoding format for electronic communication
between computers. ASCII assigns standard numeric values to letters,
numerals, punctuation marks, and other characters used in computers. in full:
American Standard Code for Information Interchange. related topics: ASCII
art extended ASCII coding is the most common character encoding format for
text data in computers and on the internet.
16. futures of 8257?
*It has four channels which can be used over four I/O devices.
*Each channel has 16-bit address and 14-bit counter.
*Each channel can transfer data up to 64kb.
*Each channel can be programmed independently.
*Each channel can perform read transfer, write transfer and verify transfer
operations.
17.Explain the fixed point and floating point?
The term 'fixed point' refers to the corresponding manner in which numbers
are represented, with a fixed number of digits after, and sometimes before,
the decimal point. With floating-point representation, the placement of the
decimal point can 'float' relative to the significant digits of the number.
Fixed point:
In computing, fixed-point is a method of representing fractional (non-integer)
numbers by storing a fixed number of digits of their fractional part. Dollar
amounts, for example, are often stored with exactly two fractional digits,
representing the cents (1/100 of dollar)
Floating point:
In computers, floating-point numbers are represented in scientific notation of
fraction ( F ) and exponent ( E ) with a radix of 2, in the form of F×2^E . Both
E and F can be positive as well as negative. Modern computers adopt IEEE
754 standard for representing floating-point numbers.
18.List and explain the ports of 8255A?
8255A has three ports, i.e., PORT A, PORT B, and PORT C. Port A contains
one 8-bit output latch/buffer and one 8-bit input buffer. Port B is similar to
PORT A. Port C can be split into two parts, i.e. PORT C lower (PC0-PC3) and
PORT C upper (PC7-PC4) by the control word. The 8255 is a 40 pin
integrated circuit (IC), designed The 8255 is a 40 pin IC designed by Intel for
the 8080 microprocessor.