3 (Unit-1) 15997479505f5a376ec32e8

M.Sc.
Semester – IV
Paper – III; Unit – I
Microprocessor 8085 & Programs
Sources:- 1. Microprocessor 8085 – Ramesh Gaonkar

2. A course on 8085 Microprocessor – Prentice Hall
3. Microprocessors & its applications – P Raja
4. Microprocessor and Microcontroller Architecture and Interfacing
(Wikipedia)
By Saikumar Chirra @ ECC - Prayagraj

Content :
1) Introduction to Microprocessor 8085
2) Architecture of Microprocessor 8085
3) Instruction set and
4) Simple programs
1) Introduction to Microprocessor 8085
 Microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) etched on a single chip.
 A single Integrated Circuit (IC) has all the functional components of a CPU namely
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit and registers.
 The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor that includes on its chip most of the logic
circuitry for performing computing tasks and for communicating with peripherals.
1. Introduction to …. Continue
Features
 8 bit microprocessor(8085 microprocessor can read or write or
perform arithmetic and logical operations on 8-bit data at time)
 It has 8 data lines and 16 address lines hence capacity is 216 = 64
kB of memory
 Cock frequency is 3 MHz
 It requires +5V power supply.
 It is a single chip NMOS device implemented with 6200 transistors.
 It provides 74 instructions with five addressing modes.
 It provides 5 hardware interrupt and 8 software interrupts.
Processor System Architecture Bus and CPU
The typical processor system Bus: A shared group of wires used for
consists of: communicating signals among devices
• address bus: the device and the location within
▪ CPU (central processing unit) the device that is being accessed
▪ ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) • data bus: the data value being communicated
▪ Control Logic
▪ Registers, etc… • control bus: describes the action on the address
▪ Memory and data buses
▪ Input / Output interfaces CPU: Core of the processor, where instructions
Interconnections between these are executed
units: • High-level language: a = b + c
• Assembly language: add r1 r2 r3
▪ Address Bus • Machine language: 0001001010111010101
▪ Data Bus
Memory and I/O
Memory: Where instructions (programs) and data are stored

• Organized in arrays of locations (addresses), each storing
one byte (8 bits) in general
• A read operation to a particular location always returns the
last value stored in that location
I/O devices: Enable system to interact with the world

• Device interface (a.k.a. controller or adapter) hardware
connects actual device to bus
• The CPU views the I/O device registers just like
memory that can be accessed over the bus. However,
I/O registers are connected to external wires, device
control logic, etc.
• Reads may not return last value written
• Writes may have side effects
2) Architecture of Microprocessor 8085
I. 8085 ARCHITECTURE
II. FUNCTION OF EACH BLOCK
III. 8085 BUS ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

2). Architecture… Continue…
I. 8085 ARCHITECTURE (OR) BLOCK DIAGRAM
I. Intel 8085 CPU Block Diagram
ALU
9
II. FUNCTION OF EACH BLOCK 2). Architecture… Continue…
Register Section
a) Temporary Register
b) General Purpose Register
c) Special Purpose Registers
a) Temporary Registers
• In 8085 available temporary register are temporary data register and W and Z
registers. These registers are not available to the programmer, but 8085 uses t
hem internally to hold temporary data during execution of some instructions.
• W and Z are two 8-bit temporary registers, used to hold 8-bit
data/address during execution of some instructions.
b). General Purpose Registers
 B,C,D,E,H &L are used as general purpose register.

 Each 8 bit long .
 Apart from the above function these registers can also be used to work in pairs to
hold 16-bit data.
 They can work in pairs such as B-C, D-E and H-L to store 16-bit data.
 The H-L pair works as a memory pointer.
 A memory pointer holds the address of a particular memory location.
 They can store 16-bit address as they work in pair.
i. Accumulator
c). Special Purpose Register
ii. Status or Flag Register
iii. Instruction Register
iv. Program Counter
v. Stack Pointer
i. Accumulator
• The accumulator is an 8-bit register that is a part of arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
• This register is used to store 8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operatio
ns.
• The result of an operation is stored in the accumulator. The accumulator is also ident
ified as register A.
• It also works as a via register for I/O accesses i.e. it reads data from input device and
similarly can transfer data to output device.

 Flag register is a group of flip flops used to give status of different operations result.
 The flag register is connected to ALU.
 Once an operation is performed by ALU the result is transferred on internal data bus and status
of result will be stored in flip flops.
 They are called Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC) flags.
 A flag register contains a number of flags either to indicate certain conditions arising
after arithmetic and logical operations or to control certain operations.
 The flags which indicate conditions are known as condition flags. The flags which are used to control certain
operations are called control flags.
 A flag is a flip-flop which is set or reset by the processor to indicate certain conditions or set/reset by the
programmer to control certain operations.
• Carry flag(CY): If an operation performed in ALU generates the carry from D7 to next stage then CY flag is s
et, else it is reset.
• Auxiliary carry(AC): If an operation performed in ALU generates the carry from lower nibble (D0 to D3) to
upper nibble (D4 to D7) AC flag is set, else it resets.
• Zero flag(z): If an operation performed in ALU results 0value of entire 8-bits then zero flag is set, else it resets
• Sign flag(s): If MSB bit =0 then the number is positive, else it is negative.
• Parity flag(p):If the result contains even no. of ones this flag is set and for odd no. of ones this flag is reset.
iii. Instruction Register
 Temporary store for the current instruction of a program. Latest instruction sent here
from memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and decodes or interprets
the instruction. Decoded instruction then passed to next stage.
 Instruction register is 8-bit register just like every other register of

microprocessor. Consider an instruction. The instruction may be anything like adding two
data's, moving a data, copying a data etc. When such an instruction is fetched from memory,
it is directed to Instruction register. So the instruction registers are specifically to store the
instructions that are fetched from memory.
 There is an Instruction decoder which decodes the information's present in the Instruction
register for further processing.
iv. Program Counter
 This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of

instructions.
 This register is a memory pointer.
 Memory locations have 16-bit addresses, and that is why this is a 16-bit
register.
 The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the
instructions.
 The function of the program counter is to point to the memory address
from which the next byte is to be fetched. When a byte is being fetched,
the program counter is incremented by one to point to the next memory
location
v. Stack Pointer
 The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory
location in R/W memory, called the stack. The beginning of the stack is defined by loading 16-
bit address in the stack pointer.
 Stack pointer is also a 16-bit register which is used as a memory pointer.
 A stack is nothing but the portion of RAM (Random access memory).
 Stack pointer maintains the address of the last byte that is entered into stack.
 Each time when the data is loaded into stack, Stack pointer gets decremented.
 Conversely it is incremented when data is retrieved from stack

ALU
 The ALU performs the actual numerical and logic operation such as add,
subtract, AND, OR, etc. Uses data from memory and from Accumulator to
perform arithmetic. Always stores result of operation in Accumulator.
 It is not accessible by user.
 The word length of ALU depends upon of an internal data bus.
 IT is 8 bit. It is always controlled by timing and control circuits.
 It provides status or result of flag register.

Arithmetic and Logical Section

i. Instruction Decoder and Machine cycle Encoder
ii. Address Buffer
iii. Address/Data Buffer
iv. Increment/Decrement Address Latch
v. Interrupt Control
vi. Serial I/O Control Group
vii. Timing And Control
Instruction Decoder and Machine cycle Encoder
 It accepts an OPCODE from instruction register, decodes it and gives

the decoded information to control logic.
 The information includes what operation is to be performed, who is
going to perform it, etc. It means it will understand the instruction in
this block.
 The decoded information is given to the timing and control unit that
provides control signals
Address Buffer
 The contents of the stack pointer and program counter are loaded into the address buffer and address-
data buffer.
 These buffers are then used to drive the external address bus and address-data bus.
 As the memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses, the CPU can exchange desired data to the
memory and I/O chips.
 The address-data buffer is not only connected to the external data bus but also to the internal data bus
which consists of 8-bits.
 The address data buffer can both send and receive data from internal data bus.
 The contents of the stack pointer and program counter are loaded into the address buffer and address-
data buffer. These buffers are then used to drive the external address bus and address-data bus. As the
memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses, the CPU can exchange desired data to the memory
and I/O chips.
 The address-data buffer is not only connected to the external data bus but also to the internal data bus
which consists of 8-bits. The address data buffer can both send and receive data from internal data bus.
Increment/Decrement Address Latch
 The 8-bit contents of a register or a memory location can be

incremented or decremented by 1.
 This 16-bit register is used to increment or decrement the content of

program counter and stack pointer register by 1.
 Increment or decrement can be performed on any register or a memory

location.
Interrupt Control
 Consider that a microprocessor is executing the main program. Now whenever
the interrupt signal is enabled or requested the microprocessor shifts the
control from main program to process the incoming request and after the
completion of request, the control goes back to the main program.
 For example an Input/output device may send an interrupt signal to notify that
the data is ready for input. The microprocessor temporarily stops the
execution of main program and transfers control to I/O device. After
collecting the input data the control is transferred back to main program.
Serial I/O Control Group

 The data transferred on to data bus is parallel data, but under
some conditions it is advantageous to use serial data transfer at
that time this control group is brought into application.
 The input and output of serial data can be carried out using 2
instructions in 8085:
 1. SID-Serial Input Data
 2. SOD-Serial Output Data

Timing And Control

 Timing and control unit is a very important unit as it synchronizes the registers and flow of data through
various registers and other units.
 It accepts data from instruction decoder and generates micro steps to perform it ,in addition it accepts clock
inputs for synchronizing operations.
 This unit consists of an oscillator and controller sequencer which sends control signals needed for internal and
external control of data and other units.
 1. Control Signals: READY, RD(bar), WR(bar), ALE

 2. Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M(bar)
 3. DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
 4. RESET Signals: RESET IN(bar), RESET OUT.
III. 8085 BUS ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
Bus Organization
 What is a Bus?
 It is a set of pins, wires or signals having common functions as
bus.
 What is system Bus?

 A bus is a bundle of wires that are grouped together to serve a
single purpose in microprocessor, generally there are three sets
of communication lines that are called buses.
 They are address bus, the data bus and control bus.
System Bus :-wires connecting memory &

I/O to microprocessor
Bus Structure Address Bus
 Unidirectional
 Identifying peripheral or memory location
Data Bus
 Bidirectional
 Transferring data
Control Bus
• Synchronization signals
• Timing signals
• Control signal
System Bus :-wires connecting memory &
I/O to microprocessor
Address Bus
 Unidirectional
 Identifying peripheral or memory location
Data Bus
 Bidirectional
 Transferring data
Control Bus
• Synchronization signals
• Timing signals
• Control signal
Address Bus
 The bus over which the microprocessor sends out the address of a
memory location or I/O location is called as the address bus.
 In 8085 microprocessor, Address bus is of 16 bits. This means that
Microprocessor 8085 can transfer maximum 16 bit address which
means it can address 65,536 different memory locations.
 This bus is multiplexed with 8 bit data bus. So, the most significant
bits (MSB) of address goes through Address bus and LSB goes
through multiplexed data bus.
 In 8085 address bus is 16 bit A – A
0 15
Data Bus
 It is bi-directional as Microprocessor requires to send or
receiver data. The data bus also works as bus in 8 bits long.
 A data bus simply carries data. Internal buses carry
information within the processor, while external buses carry
data between the processor and the memory. Typically, the
same data bus is used for both read/write operations.
 When it is a write operation, the processor will put the data on
to the data bus. When it is the read operation, the memory
controller will get the data from the specific memory block
and put it in to the data bus.
 The data bus in8085 is of 8 parallel lines D – D
0 7
Control Bus
 The control bus is used for sending control signals to the memory and
I/O devices. The CPU sends control signal on the control bus to enable
the outputs of addressed memory devices or I/O port devices.
 Some of the control bus signals are as follows:

1.Memory read
2.Memory write
3.I/O read
4.I/O write.
3) Instruction set of 8085
32
 The 8085 MP Instruction set has 74 operation codes that results in 246 instructions.
 The set includes all the 8080A instructions plus two additional (SIM & RIM related to serial
I/O) instructions.
 There are 5 different kinds of I-sets:-
1. Data transfer/copy I-set:
2. Arithmetic I-set:
(*ADD *SUB *INR (increment1) *DCR (decrement1)
3. Logic and Bit Manipulation I-set:
*AND (ANA/I) *OR (ORA/I) *X-OR (XRA/I) *Compare(CMP/CPI)
4. Branch I-set:
5. Stack, Input/output and Machine control I-set:
3. Instruction set Conti…
33
Instruction format (Writing a program using IS)
 Instructions typically consist of
 Opcode (Operation Code)
◼ defines the operation to be performed (e.g. opcode for ADD B is 80H)
 (Source/Destination) Operand
◼ what’s being operated on (e.g. In instruction MOV A, B the registers A (Destination) & B (Source) are
operabds)
 The 8085 Instruction set typically have 0, 1 or 2 operands and consists of one,
two and three byte instructions. The first byte is always opcode.
OpCode (1 byte) OpCode(1 byte) Opd (1 byte)
OpCode (1 byte) Opd1 (1 byte) Opd2 (1 byte)

One-byte Instructions Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code
MOV C, A 0100 1111 4FH
 Includes Opcode and Operand
in the same byte ADD B 1000 0000 80H
HLT 0111 0110 76H
Two-byte Instructions
Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code
 First byte specifies Operation Code
MVI A, 32H 0011 1110 3EH
 Second byte specifies Operand
0011 0010 32H
 Examples- MVI B, F2H 0000 0110 06H
1111 0010 F2H
Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code

Three-byte Instructions LXI H, 2050H 0010 0001 21H
 First byte specifies Operation 0101 0000 50H
Code 0010 0000 20H
 Second & Third byte specifies LDA 3070H 0011 1010 3AH
Operand 0111 0000 70H
 Examples- 0011 0000 30H
Example (AVR instruction)

35
 Subtraction with carry

 Syntax: sbc Rd, Rr
 Operation: Rd ← Rd – Rr – C
 Rd: Destination register. 0  d  31
 Rr: Source register. 0  r  31, C: Carry

 Instruction format
0 0 0 0 1 0 r d d d d d r r r r
15 0
 OpCode uses 6 bits (bit 10 to bit 15).

 Two operands share the remaining 10 bits.
Instruction lengths
36
 The number of bits an instruction has

 For some machines – instructions all have the same length
 E.g. MIPS machines
 For other machines – instructions can have different lengths
 E.g. M68K machine
Instruction encoding
37
 Operation Encoding
 2n operations needs at least n bits
 Operand Encoding
 Depends on the addressing modes and access space.
◼ For example: An operand in direct register addressing mode requires at most 3 bits if the the
number of registers it can be stored is 8.
 With a fixed instruction length, more encoding of operations means less
available bits for encoding operands
 Tradeoffs should be concerned
Example 1
38
 A machine has:
 16 bit instructions
 16 registers (i.e. 4-bit register addresses)
 Instructions could be formatted like this:
OpCode Operand1 Operand2 Operand3
 Maximally 16 operations can be defined.

4) Simple programs
39
 Program:
 It is a sequence of instructions written to do specific task.
 It instructs the microprocessor to perform a specific function.
Microprocessor understands Machine Language only!

 Microprocessor cannot understand a program written
in Assembly language
 A program known as Assembler is used to convert a
Assembly language program to machine language
Assembly Machine
Assembler
Language Language
Program
Program Code
4. Simple programs Conti…..
Assembly language program
Assembly Language of 8085 to add two numbers
 It uses English like words to MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A

convey the action/meaning MVI B, 4H ;Copy value 4H in register B
called as MNEMONICS
ADD B ;A = A + B
 For e.g.
 MOV to indicate data transfer
Note:
 ADD to add two values
 Assembly language is specific to a given
 SUB to subtract two values
processor
 For e.g. assembly language of 8085 is
different than that of Motorola 6800

microprocessor
Graphic symbols used in the flow charts

Steps in Assembly Language Program
Steps to write a program


 Analyze the Problem

 Sample Problem
 Make a Flowchart
 Write program Instructions using Assembly language of 8085
Program Format:
Memory Label Instruction Comments
Address (Hex) Opcode Operands
Ex: XX00 As per need MOV B, C Move data from C register to B register
XX01 MOV A, M Move data from memory location M to
A register
1. Program:
Add two 8-bit numbers and store 8-bit result in register C.
Analyze the Problem

◼ Addition of two 8-bit numbers to be done
Sample Problem
◼ Add two numbers
◼ Store result in register C
◼ Example
10011001 (99H) A
+00111001 (39H) D
11010010 (D2H) C
Make a Flowchart:
Start
• Load 1st no. in register D
Load Registers D, E • Load 2nd no. in register E
Copy D to A • Copy register D to A

• Add register E to A
Add A and E
Copy A to C • Copy A to register C
• Stop processing
Stop
Program
Memory
Address: Opcode: Operands: Comments:
MVI D, 2H ; Load 1st no. in register D
MVI E, 3H ; Load 2nd no. in register E
MOV A, D ; Copy register D to A
ADD E ; Add register E to A
MOV C, A ; Copy A to register C
HLT ; Stop processing
2 Program:
Add two 8-bit numbers. Result can be more than 8-bits (Use Carry).
Analyze the Problem

 Result of addition of two 8-bit
numbers can be 9-bit
Sample Problem
◼ Example
10011001 (99H) A
+10011001 (99H) B
100110010 (132H)
◼ The 9th bit in the result is called CARRY bit.
 How 8085 does it?  Storing result in Register memory

 Adds register A and B
CY A
 Stores 8-bit result in A
1 10011001 32H
 SETS carry flag (CY) to indicate carry bit
10011001 99H A
Register B Register C
+
10011001 99H B Step-1 Copy A to C
Step-2
0
1 10011001
00110010 32H
99H A a) Clear register B
b) Increment B by 1
CY
Make a Flowchart
Start
Load Registers D, E Is Yes

Carry = 1 Clear B
Copy D to A
Increment B
No
Add A and E
Copy A to C
Stop
Program
Memory Mnemonics (OR)
MVI D, 2H ; Load 1st no. in register D
MVI E, 3H ; Load 2nd no. in register E
MOV A, D ; Copy register D to A
ADD E ; Add register E to A
MOV C, A ; Copy A to register C
JNC END ; Use Conditional Jump instructions
MVI B, 0H ; Clear register B
INR B ; Increment B
3 Program:
Calculate the sum of series of numbers. The length of the series is in memory location 2300H and series itself begins from memory
location 2301H. The result of sum is stored in memory location 2500H and the carry is stored on location 2501H.
Analyze the Problem

 Let data of 4 numbers in 2301H to 23004H
 Result 2500H and carry in 2501H
Sample Problem
◼ Example
2300H = 04H
2301H = 9AH
2302H = 52H
2303H = 89H
2304H = 3EH
Result = 9A + 52 + 89 + 3E = 1B3 (1 will be carry )
2500H = B3H 2501H = 01H
Start
Make a Flowchart Sum = 0

Carry = 0
Pointer = 2301
Count = (2300H)
Sum = Sum + Pointer
No Is
Carry = 1 Load (2500H) = Sum
(2501H) = Carry
Yes
Carry = Carry + 1
Stop
Pointer = Pointer + 1
Counter = Counter - 1
No Is
Count = 0
Yes
Program
Memory
LDA 2300H
MOV C, A ; Initialize counter
LXI H, 23001H ; Initialize pointer
SUB A ; Sum = 0
MOV B, A ; Initialize carry = 0
BACK : ADD M ; Sum (L) = Sum + data
JNC Loop ; Check Carry
INR B ; Add carry
Loop : INX H ; Increment Pointer
DCR C ; Decrement counter
JNZ Back ; Check if counter not 0 repeat
STA 2500H ; Store Sum
MOV A, B
STA 2501H ; Store Carry
4 Program:
Write an assembly language program in 8085 microprocessor to find maximum and
minimum of 10 numbers.
Analyze the Problem
 List of numbers from 2050H to 2059H and output at 2060H and 2061H.
Sample Problem
1. Maximum number is stored in B register and minimum in C register
2. Load counter in D register
3. Load starting element in Accumulator, B and C register
4. Compare Accumulator and B register
5. If carry flag is not set then transfer contents of Accumulator to B. Else, compare Accumulator with
C register, if carry flag is set transfer contents of Accumulator to C
6. Decrement D register
7. If D>0 take next element in Accumulator and go to point 4
8. If D=0, store B and C register in memory
9. End of program
ADDRESS LABEL INSTRUCTION COMMENT
2000H LXI H, 2050H Load starting address of list
2003H MOV B, M Store maximum
2004H MOV C, M Store minimum
2005H MVI D, 0AH Counter for 10 elements
2007H LOOP MOV A, M Retrieve list element in Accumulator
2008H CMP B Compare element with maximum number Draw the Flow
2009H JC MIN Jump to MIN if not maximum Chart ?
200CH MOV B, A Transfer contents of A to B as A > B
200DH MIN CMP C Compare element with minimum number
200EH JNC SKIP Jump to SKIP if not minimum
2011H MOV C, A Transfer contents of A to C if A < minimum
2012H SKIP INX H Increment memory
2013H DCR D Decrement counter
2014H JNZ LOOP Jump to LOOP if D > 0
2017H LXI H, 2060H Load address to store maximum
201AH MOV M, B Move maximum to 2060H
201BH INX H Increment memory
201CH MOV M, C Move minimum to 2061H
201DH HLT Halt

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M.Sc.

Sources:- 1. Microprocessor 8085 – Ramesh Gaonkar

By Saikumar Chirra @ ECC - Prayagraj

1) Introduction to Microprocessor 8085

2) Architecture of Microprocessor 8085

3) Instruction set and

 Microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) etched on a single chip.

Processor System Architecture Bus and CPU

Memory and I/O

Memory: Where instructions (programs) and data are stored

I/O devices: Enable system to interact with the world

II. FUNCTION OF EACH BLOCK

III. 8085 BUS ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

b). General Purpose Registers

 B,C,D,E,H &L are used as general purpose register.

ii. Status or Flag Register

ii. Status or Flag Register

iii. Instruction Register

 Instruction register is 8-bit register just like every other register of

iv. Program Counter

 This 16-bit register deals with sequencing the execution of

 A stack is nothing but the portion of RAM (Random access memory).

 Conversely it is incremented when data is retrieved from stack

 It is not accessible by user.

 The word length of ALU depends upon of an internal data bus.

 IT is 8 bit. It is always controlled by timing and control circuits.

 It provides status or result of flag register.

Arithmetic and Logical Section

Instruction Decoder and Machine cycle Encoder

 It accepts an OPCODE from instruction register, decodes it and gives

Increment/Decrement Address Latch

 The 8-bit contents of a register or a memory location can be

 This 16-bit register is used to increment or decrement the content of

 Increment or decrement can be performed on any register or a memory

Serial I/O Control Group

 2. SOD-Serial Output Data

Timing And Control

 1. Control Signals: READY, RD(bar), WR(bar), ALE

III. 8085 BUS ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE

 What is system Bus?

System Bus :-wires connecting memory &

 Identifying peripheral or memory location

 Identifying peripheral or memory location

 Some of the control bus signals are as follows:

OpCode (1 byte) Opd1 (1 byte) Opd2 (1 byte)

Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code

Example (AVR instruction)

 Subtraction with carry

 Rd: Destination register. 0  d  31

 Rr: Source register. 0  r  31, C: Carry

 OpCode uses 6 bits (bit 10 to bit 15).

 The number of bits an instruction has

OpCode Operand1 Operand2 Operand3

 Maximally 16 operations can be defined.

Microprocessor understands Machine Language only!

Assembly language program to machine language

 It uses English like words to MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A

different than that of Motorola 6800

Graphic symbols used in the flow charts

Steps in Assembly Language Program

Steps to write a program

 Analyze the Problem

Analyze the Problem