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Manual of Poultry Diseases

Chapter · May 2015

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 662 ● DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Symptoms Species
Main clinical signs & lesions Etiology Chap.
& lesions affected
I.3
Poultry Severe beak trimming or toe trimming Impaired interventions
I.9
Deformities
BEAK

Acute: sudden death; immunosuppression (acute bursal necrosis); chronic: Psittacine beak and feather
Psittacines II.39
dystrophic feathers, stunting; immunodepression (necrosis of bursa) disease (Circovirus)

Lameness; stunting; beaks, claws and bones soft and flexible; enlarged joints Rickets IV.69
All species
(rickety beads); thin or soft-shelled eggs; egg drop; decrease in hatchability Osteomalacia IV.71

Cutaneous form: nodular proliferative skin lesions progressing to thick Fowlpox

Proliferative stomatitis

All species II.31

scabs; diphtheritic form: upper digestive and respiratory tract lesions (Avipoxvirus)

Respiratory signs: laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia; conjunctivitis, Pacheco's disease

Psittacines II.39
airsacculitis; esophagitis (Psittacid herpesvirus 1)

Hyperkeratosis (cornea, mouth, esophagus); nutritional nephropathy;

All species Vitamin A deficiency IV.71
ruffled feathers, corneal hyperkeratosis; nerve lesion; egg drop
MOUTH & PHARYNX

Reduced feed intake; digestive lesions mainly in crop (coated Candidiasis

All species IV.62
with multifocal or confluent mats of white cheesy material) (Candida albicans)

Pigeon, turkey, Anorexia; ruffled feathers; «oral canker» (yellow plaques or cheesy masses in Trichomoniasis
IV.67
chicken, etc. buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus and crop); systematic spread (liver) (Trichomonas gallinae)

All species Chemicals products: quaternary ammonium, copper sulfate, etc. Caustic products
Ulcerative stomatitis

Sudden death; acute bursal necrosis; chronic: dystrophic feathers, stunting; Psittacine beak and feather
Psittacines II.39
immunodepression (necrosis of bursa) disease (Circovirus)

Ducks, turkeys, Acute intoxication: diarrhea; necrotic lesions (oral mucosa,

Trichothecene poisoning
goose, guinea gastrointestinal tract); chronic poisoning: stunting; abnormalities of IV.63
(Fusarium spp.)
fowls, etc. feathering; egg drop; hepatitis; immunodepression (atrophy of bursa)
IV.71
All species Feed too finely ground Nutritional disease
IV.74

Pigeons, turkeys, Anorexia; ruffled feathers; «oral canker» (yellow plaques or cheesy masses Trichomoniasis
IV.67
chickens, etc. in buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus and crop); systematic spread (liver) (Trichomonas gallinae)
Dilatation of

Turkeys, chickens Crop greatly distended and full of feed, particles of bedding, and fluid Pendulous crop IV.71
the crop

All species Accumulation of hard, fibrous feed, litter or foreign bodies Crop impaction IV.71
ESOPHAGUS & CROP

Reduced feed intake; digestive lesions mainly in crop (coated Candidiasis

All species IV.62
with multifocal or confluent mats of white cheesy material) (Candida albicans)

Ducks, turkeys, Acute intoxication: diarrhea; necrotic lesions (oral mucosa,

Trichothecene poisoning
Inflammation

geese, guinea gastrointestinal tract); chronic poisoning: stunting; abnormalities of IV.63

(Fusarium spp.)
fowls, etc. feathering; egg drop; hepatitis; immunodepression (atrophy of bursa)

Pigeons, turkeys Anorexia; ruffled feathers; «oral canker» (yellow plaques or cheesy masses Trichomoniasis
IV.67
chickens, etc. in buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus and crop); systematic spread (liver) (Trichomonas gallinae)

Hyperkeratosis (cornea, mouth, esophagus); nutritional nephropathy;

All species Vitamin A deficiency IV.71
ruffled feathers, corneal hyperkeratosis; nerve lesion; egg drop
Section VII

Ulcers

Catarrhal inflammation; thickening of the wall of esophagus and crop or in

All species Capillariidae IV.67
the small intestine or ceca (depending on the species); bloody diarrhea

Tabl.101.1: Differential diagnosis of diseases of mouth, pharynx, esophagus and crop.

Manual of poultry diseases

N Alloui, M Bouzouaia & J Brugère-Picoux D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M ● 663

Differential diagnosis
101. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Symptoms Species
Main clinical signs & lesions Etiology Chap.
& lesions affected
Pale birds; stunting; abnormal feathering (helicopter wings); femoral head Enteritic problems II.27
Chickens
Enlarged

fractures; immunodepression; orange diarrhea, enlarged proventriculus (Reovirus) II.28

Depression, weight loss, diarrhea, diffuse or nodular lymphomas in visceral Marekʼs disease
Chickens
organs (liver, spleen, ovary, kidney, proventriculus, heart, bursa) and Acute form II.33
(turkeys)
sometimes in skin (feathers follicules) and skeletal muscles (Very virulent Mardivirus)
Nervous signs and/or gastrointestinal signs; dilatation of the proventriculus; Proventricular dilation disease
Psittacines II.39
encephalomyelitis; myocarditis; adrenalitis; chorioretinitis (Avian Bornavirus)
Depression; stunting; poor feathering; diarrhea; osteoporosis; bone deforma- Runting stunting syndrome
Chickens II.28
tion; intestine and ceca are pale distended with mucus, gas and fluid feces (Chicken parvovirus)
Chickens Inflammation and enlargement of the proventriculus; impaired growth Transmissible proventriculitis II.39
Proventriculitis
PROVENTRICULUS

Reduced feed intake; digestive lesions mainly in crop (coated with Candidiasis
All species IV.62
multifocal or confluent mats of white cheesy material) (Candida albicans)
All species Anemia; erosions; mortality Tetrameres spp. IV.67
Catarrhal inflammation; thickening of the wall of esophagus and crop or in
All species Capillariidae IV.67
the small intestine or ceca (depending on the species); bloody diarrhea
Waterfowl Esophagus, crop, gizzard; small intestine Echinura uncinata IV.67
Partridges, ostrich, Proventriculus: edematous and hyperemic with viscous mucus adhered to Mycotic proventriculitis VI.98
cage birds the mucosa, hemorrhages, rupture (peritonitis) (Macrorhabdus ornithogasterae) VI.100
Ratites Nematode in the proventriculus and ventriculus Libyostrongylus douglassi VI.100
Sudden onset (mortality up to 100%); egg drop; respiratory signs (sinusitis, Highly pathogenic avian
All species II.18
Hemorrhages

facial swelling); hemorrhages; cyanosis; diarrhea; encephalitis; pancreatitis influenza virus

Chickens, game Sudden death with high mortality; hemorrhagic Newcastle disease
II.19
birds, pigeons, etc lesions in the intestinal tract; encephalitis (Velogenic paramyxovirus)
Acute form: vent pecking; diarrhea; mortality (10-90%); inflammation of
Gumboro disease
Chickens bursa swollen early and atrophied later; petechial hemorrhages (muscles, II.32
(Avibirnavirus)
liver); kidney with urate deposits; milder form: immunodepression
Bloody greenish diarrhea; high mortality; conjunctivitis; esophagitis; widespread Duck virus enteritis
Waterfowl VI.89
hemorrhages; intestinal annular bands; egg drop (25-40%); smaller spleen (Anatid herpesvirus 1)
Gizzard erosions
Chickens Several black areas in gizzard filled with blood stained fluid II.24
(Aviadenovirus)
Erosions
or ulcers

Anorexia; fever; depression; cyanosis of the head; anemia; marked Spirochaetosis

All species III.61
enlargement and mottling of the spleen; hepatitis; nephritis; pericarditis (Borrelia anserina)
Ducks, turkeys, Acute intoxication: diarrhea; necrotic lesions (oral mucosa, Trichothecene poisoning
gastrointestinal tract); chronic poisoning: stunting; abnormalities of IV.63
geese, etc. feathering; egg drop; hepatitis; immunodepression (atrophy of bursa) (Fusarium spp.)
Geese Lesions of the gizzard; anemia; rapid weight loss Amidostomum anseris VI.94
Nodules

Chickens, turkeys, 1-3 week-old chicks; encephalomyelitis (ataxia, paralysis, opisthotonos, Avian encephalomyelitis
II.23
quails, pheasants tremors); mortality from 25 to 50 %; cataract; egg drop (5 to 10%) (Hepatovirus)
Chickens, Anorexia, prostration; droopy wings; diarrhea; mortality (up to 100%); Pullorum disease I.3
I.3
turkeys, etc. dyspnea, blindness, arthritis; nodules on heart, gizzard, pancreas, lung (S. Gallinarum-pullorum) III.42
GIZZARD

Sudden onset (mortality up to 100%); egg drop; respiratory signs (sinusitis, Highly pathogenic avian
All species II.18
facial swelling); hemorrhages; cyanosis; diarrhea; encephalitis; pancreatitis influenza virus
Chickens, game Sudden death with high mortality; hemorrhagic Newcastle disease
Hemorrhages

II.19
birds, pigeons, etc lesions in the intestinal tract; encephalitis (Velogenic paramyxovirus 1)
2-4 week-old chicks; severe anemia; hematocrit <27%; lymphoid depletion (thymus Chicken infectious anemia
Chickens II.30
and bursal atrophy, pale bone marrow); hemorrhages; mortality (up to 60%) (Gyrovirus)
Turkeys, Sudden deaths; purple color and turgescence of snood and dewlap, yellow- Erysipelas
green diarrhea; mortality; septicemia: congestion or hemorrhages III.55
chickens, etc. (petechiae); catarrhal enteritis; splenomegaly; valvular endocarditis; arthritis (E. rhusiopathiae)
Anorexia; fever; depression; cyanosis of the head; anemia; marked Spirochaetosis
All species III.61
enlargement and mottling of the spleen; hepatitis; nephritis; pericarditis (Borrelia anserina)
Chapter 101

Bloody greenish diarrhea; high mortality; conjunctivitis; esophagitis, widespread Duck virus enteritis
Waterfowl VI.89
hemorrhages; intestinal annular bands; egg drop (25-40%); smaller spleen (Anatid herpesvirus 1)
ction
Impa

All species Accumulation of hard, fibrous feed, litter or foreign bodies Gizzard impaction IV.71

Tabl.101.2: Differential diagnosis of diseases of the proventriculus and gizzard.

Manual of poultry diseases

 664 ● DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Symptoms Species
Main clinical signs & lesions Etiology Chap.
& lesions Obstruc- affected

tion All species Small intestine twisting around the yolk sac; torsion; parasites; etc. Intussusception & volvulus I.3
All species Cloacitis; egg laying; coughing; vent pecking Cloacal/intestinal prolapse I.9
Chickens, turkeys Anemia; intermittent diarrhea; weight loss; egg drop; intestinal impaction Ascaridia spp. IV.67
Conjunctivitis, tracheitis, pneumonia; nephritis (young birds); salpingitis (abnor- Infectious bronchitis
Chickens II.21
malities of egg-shell and egg albumen); egg drop (>50%); false layers; enteritis (Coronavirus)
Pale birds; stunting; abnormal feathering ("helicopter wings"); femoral head Enteritic problems II.27
Chickens
fractures; immunodepression; orange diarrhea, enlarged proventriculus (Reovirus) II.28
Depression; stunting; poor feathering; diarrhea, osteoporosis; bone deforma- Runting stunting syndrome
Chickens II.28
tion, intestine and ceca are pale distended with mucus, gas and fluid feces (Chicken parvovirus)
Depression; stunting; poor feathering; diarrhea, osteoporosis; bone deforma- Poult enteritis complex II.28
Turkeys
tion, intestine and ceca are pale distended with mucus, gas and fluid feces (Turkey parvovirus) IV.72
Diarrhea; litter eating; high morbidity, low mortality; watery and undigested Turkey torovirus infection
Turkeys II.28
feed material in intestine; ceca with watery, frothy and brownish contents (Torovirus)
Diarrhea, stunting of growth lead to uneven flocks; higher mortality; ceca Enterovirus-like virus
All species II.28
Enteritis

thin-walled, dilated and filled with yellowish frothy fluid infection (Picornaviridae)
Psittacines, tur- Anorexia; lethargy; ruffled feathers; coughing; green droppings; loss of weight; Avian chlamydiosis
III.40
key, duck, etc. egg drop; conjunctivitis; airsacculitis; pericarditis; enteritis; hepatitis; splenitis (Chlamydophila psittaci)
Turkey, chicken, No clinical signs to severe diarrhea and death; associated with vibrionic Campylobacteriosis
III.53
etc. hepatitis; egg drop (immune-compromised birds); granuloma in bursa (Campylobacter spp.)
Chickens Mild enterititis (orange mucus); thickened mucosa; petechiae Coccidiosis (E. maxima) IV.64
Turkeys, ducks,etc. Watery or foamy diarrhea; nervous signs; dehydration; weight loss Hexamitiasis IV.67
All species Weakness, emaciation, diarrhea, ataxia progressing to death Toxoplasma spp IV.67
All species Low pathogenicity; weight loss; catarrhal enteritidis; egg drop Cestodes IV.67
Respiratory signs; mortality (up to 40%); enteritis; conjunctivitis; lameness; Duck reovirosis
Muscovy ducks VI.85
stunting; egg drop; splenomegaly; perihepatitis; pericarditis; airsacculitis (Reovirus)
Geese, Muscovy Mortality (up to 60%); older birds: hepatitis; nephritis; ascites; intestinal Derszyʼs disease
VI.87
ducks edema; lameness, diarrhea; splenomegaly; poor feathering (Parvovirus)
Quails, chickens, Sudden death; depression; emaciation; watery droppings; deep ulcers (intestine, Ulcerative enteritis III.51
INTESTINE

Necrosis Ulcers

etc. ceca); peritonitis; hemorrhages (liver, spleen); splenomegaly; hepatomegaly (Clostridium colinum) VI.96
Septicemia; diarrhea; blindness; lameness; hepatitis; splenitis; pericarditis; Paratyphoid salmonella
All species III.43
arthritis; air sacculitis, typhilitis; omphalitis; peritonitis; oophoritis; meningitis (Salmonella spp.)
Rare in poultry; diarrhea and dehydration; intestines
Turkeys, chickens, etc. Enteritis (E. coli) III.45
and ceca pale and distended with fluid
Sudden death; depression; ruffled feathers; diarrhea; intestines distended Necrotic enteritis III.51
All species
(gas and foul fluid); fibrinonecrotic enteritis; cholangiohepatitis (Clostridium spp.) VI.98
Chickens Distal section of digestive tract: fibrinonecrotic mass covering mucosa or caseous cores Coccidiosis (E. brunetti) IV.64
Sudden onset (mortality up 100%); egg drop; respiratory signs (sinusitis, facial Highly pathogenic avian
All species II.18
swelling); hemorrhages; cyanosis; diarrhea; encephalitis; pancreatitis influenza virus
Sudden death (2-30%); pallor; lethargy; ruffled feathers, anorexia; yellow drop- Inclusion body hepatitis
Chickens, etc. II.24
pings; hepatitis; hemorrhages; hydropericardium; pancreatitis; anemia (Aviadenovirus)
Hemorrhages

Sudden death; depression, bloody droppings, decreased feed and water Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis
Turkeys, bustards consumption; 10-15% mortality (up to 60%); swollen dark purple small intestine filled II.25
with bloody content; enlarged, mottled spleen followed by atrophy; hepatomegaly (Siadenovirus)
Turkeys, chickens, Sudden death; septicemia; hemorrhages (heart, gizzard, abdominal fat); oophoritis; Acute fowl cholera III.46
ducks, geese, etc. dermal necrosis; enlargement and necrosis of liver and spleen; peritonitis; egg drop (Pasteurella multocida) VI.93
Catarrhal inflammation; thickening of the wall of esophagus and crop or in
All species Capillariidae IV.67
the small intestine or ceca (depending on the species); bloody diarrhea
Mortality (up to 80%); locomotor difficulties; hemorrhagic diarrhea (sometimes); Hemorrhagic nephritis
Geese VI.88
nephritis; ascites; urate deposits in viscera and joints (chronic form) enteritis (Polyomavirus)
Bloody greenish diarrhea; high mortality; conjunctivitis; esophagitis, widespread Duck virus enteritis
Waterfowl VI.89
hemorrhages; intestinal annular bands; egg drop (25-40%); smaller spleen (Anatid herpesvirus 1)
Chickens, Anorexia; prostration; droopy wings; diarrhea; mortality (up to 100%); Pullorum disease I.3
Granulo-

turkeys, etc. dyspnea; blindness; arthritis; nodules (heart, gizzard, pancreas, lung, etc.) (S. Gallinarum-pullorum) III.42
mas

Turkeys, Multiple granulomas in liver, ceca, duodenum, and mesentery, but not Hjarreʼs disease
III.45
chickens, quails spleen; sporadic to high morbidity, high mortality (Escherichia coli)
Chronic disease; progressive emaciation; pallor; diarrhea; lameness; granuloma: Tuberculosis
All species III.54
Section VII

lesion triad "liver, spleen, intestine”, bone marrow, ovary, teste, heart, skin, lung (Mycobacterium avium)
Turkeys, Runting; pallor; abnormal feather development; lameness; atrophy of thymus
Tumors

Reticuloendotheliosis
chickens, ducks, and bursa; enlarged peripheral nerves (marginal); proventriculitis, enteritis; II.35
(Gammaretrovirus)
geese hepatomegaly, splenomegaly; other tumors (gonads, pancreas, kidneys, heart)
8-10 week-old turkeys; mortality (up to 25%); enlarged marble spleen; Lymphoproliferative
Turkeys II.35
tumors (liver, thymus, gonad, pancreas, kidney, intestine, lung, heart) disease (Retrovirus)
Tabl.101.3: Differential diagnosis of diseases of the intestines. Watery diarrhea can also be due to excessive water consumption.
Petechiae can be seen on intestines in other hemorrhagic syndromes (e.g., Gumboro disease).
Manual of poultry diseases
N Alloui, M Bouzouaia & J Brugère-Picoux D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M ● 665

Symptoms Species
Main clinical signs & lesions Etiology Chap.
& lesions affected
Diarrhea; listlessness; nervousness; dilated ceca with yellowish frothy Astrovirus infection II.29
Turkeys
content and gaseous fluid (Turkey Astrovirus 1 & 2) IV.72
IV.72
Chickens, Anorexia, prostration; droopy wings; diarrhea; mortality (up to 100%); Pullorum disease I.3
turkeys, etc. dyspnea; blindness; arthritis; nodules (heart, gizzard, pancreas, lung, etc.) (S. Gallinarum-pullorum) III.42
Septicemia; diarrhea; blindness; lameness; hepatitis; splenitis; pericarditis; Paratyphoid salmonella
All species III.43
arthritis; air sacculitis; typhlitis; omphalitis; peritonitis; oophoritis; meningitis (Salmonella spp.)
Typhlitis

Turkeys, Rare in poultry; diarrhea and dehydration; intestines and Enteritis

III.45
chickens, etc. ceca pale and distended with fluid (Escherichia coli)
Turkeys, Multiple granulomas in liver, ceca, duodenum, and mesentery, but not Hjarreʼs disease
III.45
chickens, quails spleen; sporadic to high morbidity, high mortality (Escherichia coli)
Ducks, chickens, Duckling sudden death syndrome; septicemia; splenomegaly; Streptococcus III.56
turkeys, pigeons hepatomegaly; osteomyelitis; arthritis; vegetative valvular endocarditis (Streptococcus gallolyticus) VI.99
CECA

VI.99
Chickens, tur- Chronic diarrhea (brownish-yellow, frothy and/or mucoid droppings); egg drop Avian intestinal spirochetosis
III.58
keys, ducks, etc. (eggs of poor quality); stunting; dilated ceca (foamy & watery content) (Brachyspira spp.)
Ratites Enterotoxemia, typhlocolitis Clostridium sordellii VI.100

Chickens Typhlitis; bloody cecas; bloody droppings; cheesy cecal cores Coccidiosis (E. tenella) IV.64

Chickens Typhlitis; caseous plug, white to grey in color in ceca Coccidiosis (E. adenoides) IV.64
Parasites

Turkeys, chickens, Yellow sulfur diarrhea; abnormal gait; typhlitis; hepatic lesions: Histomoniasis
IV.66
quails, ducks, etc. necrotic foci in cockade with raised edges and a center depression (Histomonas meleagridis)
Ducks, turkeys Typhlitis and catarrhal enteritis Cochlosoma anatis IV.67
Pigeons, turkeys, Anorexia; ruffled feathers; «oral canker» (yellow plaques or cheesy masses Trichomoniasis
IV.67
chickens, etc. in buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus and crop); systematic spread (liver) (Trichomonas gallinae)
All species Typhlitis; role as vector for Histomonas Heterakis spp. IV.67

Tabl.101.4: Differential diagnosis of diseases of the ceca.

Symptoms Species
Main clinical signs & lesions Etiology Chap.
& lesions affected
Depression, weight loss, diarrhea, diffuse or nodular lymphomas in Marekʼs disease
Chickens
visceral organs (liver, spleen, ovary, kidney, proventriculus, heart, bursa) Acute form II.33
(turkeys)
and sometimes in skin (feathers follicules) and skeletal muscles (Very virulent Mardivirus)

Sudden onset (mortality up to 100%); egg drop; respiratory signs (sinusitis, Highly pathogenic avian
All species II.18
Pancreatitis

facial swelling); hemorrhages; cyanosis; diarrhea; encephalitis; pancreatitis influenza virus

Sudden death (2-30%); pallor; lethargy; ruffled feathers, anorexia; yellow Inclusion body hepatitis
Chickens, etc. II.24
droppings; hepatitis; hemorrhages; hydropericardium; pancreatitis; anemia (Aviadenovirus)

Turkeys High mortality in poults; hepatitis; pancreatitis; egg drop; splenomegaly Turkey viral hepatitis II.39
PANCREAS

Guinea fowls Distended ceca (foamy yellow content); nephritis; necrosis of pancreas Fulminating disease VI.95

Guinea fowls Nervous symptoms; pancreas enlarged, with nodules and petechiae Viral pancreatitis VI.95

Pale birds; stunting; abnormal feathering (helicopter wings); femoral head Enteritic problems II.27
Atrophy

Chickens
fractures; immunodepression; orange diarrhea, enlarged proventriculus (Reovirus) II.28

All species Exudative diathesis, encephalomalacia and muscular dystrophy Se-deficiency diseases IV.71

Depression, weight loss, diarrhea, diffuse or nodular lymphomas in Marekʼs disease

Nodules or

Chickens
visceral organs (liver, spleen, ovary, kidney, proventriculus, heart, bursa) Acute form II.33
tumors

(turkeys)
Chapter 101

and sometimes in the skin (feathers follicules) and skeletal muscles (Very virulent Mardivirus)

Chickens, Anorexia; prostration; droopy wings; diarrhea; mortality (up to 100%); Pullorum disease I.3
I.3
turkeys, etc. dyspnea; blindness; arthritis; nodules (heart, gizzard, pancreas, lung, etc.) (S. Gallinarum-pullorum) III.42

Tabl.101.5: Differential diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas.

Manual of poultry diseases

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