INFECTION BACTERIA CHARCTERISTICS DESEASE VIRULENCE FACTORS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT/

PROPHYLAXIS
SKIN -Proteobacteria:
Rickettsia (L.37) Damage the permeability of
Typhus: capillaries = rash
Epidemic: human Headache, chills, fever, confusion, Doxycycline- good
body lice (R. Gram –. rash (after 5 days of fever) and Can only grow in tissue Staining: Giemsa antibiotic, most
prowazekii). Higher Obligate intracellular photophobia cultures or embryos. stain. effective before the
mortality. parasitic or mutualistic. Grow in erythrocytes, More specific and 5th day of onset.
Endemic: R. typhi, Live in blood sucking macrophages, vascular sensitive tests:
fleas. Dirty places. arthropods. endothelial cells. immunological Use of repellents
techniques (IFA) Careful inspection
Spotted fever group: and quick removal
Fever, nausea, and severe rash 2-3
Rocket mountain: R. of ticks
days after fever.
rickettsii. Ticks. Most
lethal.
Botonous: R. conorii.
Dog ticks.
SKIN - proteobacteria: Gram - coccobacilli Transmission not human- human, Evasion of phagocytosis Blood agar or Streptomycin and
Francisella tularensis Small obligate aerobe. only zoonotic, vectors. by replicating inside the chocolate agar with aminoglycoside:
Type A: tularensis. Thick capsule. Routes of entry: inhalation of macrophage cysteine. gentamycin
More lethal Facultative intracell contaminated dust, ingestion, No PCR available Prevent by control
Type B: palaeartica bacterium incision, or abrasion. of infected animals.
In contact with wild Symptoms: ulcers, conjutivitis, Also vaccine for
dead animals. typhoidal when inhaling. Pneumonic military and
and septic are extreme. laboratory people.
SKIN AND GI Firmicutes: Gram + Rod shape Myonecrosis (necrosis of muscle Ability to form spores Penicillin or
Clostridium Anaerobic cells, through wounds) and (Bacillus and Clostridium) cephalosporin
C. perfringens Cat – clostridial gastroenteritis (by A toxin (RBC rupture)
ingestion). Diabetic ulcer B and ε toxins: increase No vaccine
Bacteria metabolize and produce vascular permeability available.
gas, and this produce tissue lysis. I toxin: necrosis.
SKIN, Firmicutes: Gram + rod shape. 3 types of anthrax: cutaneous (less Polypeptide to fight Samples from penicillin
RESPIRATORY Bacilli Spores (don’t deform dangerous) pulmonary (inhale large antibiotics or IS. wounds, lymph Antiserum to
GI Bacillus anthracis unlike clostridium). amounts of spores, most lethal, Capsule to inhibit phago. nodes, blood. neutralize the
(the only one w/o Saprophytic, aerobic. could get pneumonic or meningitis), Exotoxins (PA, ET, LT) PCR spores (to be fast).
flagella, and most Cat+ and GI (ingest spores, lethal too). Vaccines works
dangerous)
SKIN AND Firmicutes: Gram + cocci Most common is endogenous or Cell associated: cell wall Specimen collection. Vancomycin.
RESPIRATORY Bacilli Facultative aerobic. exogenous by inhalation of droplets w teichoic acids. Direct microscopy of Use antibiogram to
AND URINARY Staphylococcus Non motile. or direct contact. Cell surface proteins: A cocci in clusters. see the right
aerus Cat + INFECT: through skin: folliculitis (lots (where IgG binds, so not Grow in some antibiotic.
Coag+ (aerus) of boil), styles, impetigo; or recognized), coagulase (non)selective They are methicillin
Halotolerant. respiratory or even urinary. (only aerus), PBP, toxins media. resistant (MRSA).
INTOXIC: food poison, TSS (entero, hemolysins) blood agar - hemo.
SKIN and Firmicutes: Gram + cocci Epidermiditis is related with skin Saprophyticus are Distinguish by Apply novobiocin
URINARY Bacilli Facultative aerobic. infections, and saprophyticus with resistant to Novobiocin resistance to for epidermiditis.
Staphylococcus Non motile. urinary tract infections. novobiocin.
epdermiditis and Cat + To distinguish from
saprophyticus Coag – aerus, coagulase test
SKIN Mycobacterium: Armadillo is transmitter. AA- resistant rods in Diaminodifenilsulfo
M. leprae Acid- fast resistant There is benign leprosy lesions or nasal ne (Dapsona)
(inflammation of skin), and secretions. Rifampin
malignant (ulcerous granulomas) Lepromin injection
SKIN AND - streptococcus Gram + cocci Transmitted through respiratory Adhesion (lipoteichoic Agglutination test Penicillin
RESPIRATORY Group a Forms chains droplets or contact with wounds acid, M prot, capsule) Culture in blood agar
s. pyogenes Non motile (more in children). Invasion of epithelial cells () and bacitracin
Cat – Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and skin and dissemination sensitive
Not form spores lesions (toxic shock syndrome,
Facultative anaerobes rheumatic fever)
SEXUAL - proteobacteria: gram – diplococci. - in female: 20-80% asymptomatic, Adhere to host cell in Identification, bean If - lactamases
Neisseria aerobic symptoms are burning urination, sites of infection, it has shaped diplococci. don’t work, use
N. gonorrhoeae Oxidase and catalase + vaginal discharge, fever, and LPS; capsule to escape Direct gram-stain of cephalosporin.
Harmless in upper abdominal pain. phagocytosis and outer urethral discharge. Resistance to
respiratory but not in - male: 1-7 days incubating, 95% mb prots that work as Thayer-Martin agar penicillin:
urogenital tracts. acute symptoms. evasion of IgG (MTM) chocolate tetracycline,
- atypical infection: sepsis. Children agar w vancomycin aminoglycosides.
eye infection in candle extinct jar Single dose oral.
SEXUAL Spirochaetes: Gram – (too thin to see) Causative of syphilis. Transmitted by Ability adheres to mb of Serological:
Treponema pallidum Endoflagella. sexual or congenital. Long incubation host cells and infiltrate. Treponemal test and penicillin’s
pallidum (veneral Extremely thin. Tissue destruction and lesions are Antiphagocytic coating non-treponemal
treponemal disease) Intracellular pathogen consequence of patients IR. test. protection during
*1º symptoms: in man, ulcer in penis sexual intercourse
(chancre). 2º: mucocutaneous rash. Culture not
3º could disappear or get gummas available.
and late neurosyphilis (you go crazy)
RESPIRATORY - proteobacteria: Gram – coccobacilli Whooping cough (persistent Very strong adherence to Erythromycin (no
Family: Obligate aerobic. coughing). 3 stages: 1) catarrhal (1-2 upper respiratory tract Mainly PCR. newborns),
Alcaligenaceae Some motilities. weeks, fever, runny nose, sneeze) 2) (epithelium). To study bacteria: Azithromycin and
Bordetella pertussis Pathogenesis: paroxysmal (1-6 weeks) is the -Hemagglutinin (FHA) isolation and Clarithromycin
1.-Adhere to epithelial whooping cough 3) convalescent -Pertactin & fimbriae. antibiogram in the
cells (gradual recovery weeks-months) Also, toxins (PTX), (CYA), Regan- Lowe or Vaccine: tos ferina
2.- replicates Transmitted through coughing (TCT) charcoal agar. Administered with
3.- local tissue damage droplets. Most contagious during diphtheria, tetanus,
4.- systemic toxicity first few stages of infection. and pertussis (DTP)
Sometimes can go to lower at 2, 4, 6, 18 months
respiratory tract: pneumonia. and 6 years.
Complications in child (hypoxia,
apnea, pneumonia, seizures) and in
adults (pneumonia, hernias,
incontinence)
RESPIRATORY - proteobacteria: Gram – bacilli Risk factors that increase Bacteria is motile McC or blood agar Sensitive to co-
Strenotrophomonas Aerobic pathogenicity are HIV infections, 30ºC trimoxazole and
maltophilia Opportunistic pathogen immunocompromised, cystic Catalase +, oxidase -. ticarcillin
Nosocomial infections fibrosis, recent surgery, central Glucose and maltose Resistant to many
venous catheters. oxidizer. broad-spectrum
PCR and MALDI-TOFF antibiotics
RESPIRATORY - proteobacteria: Gram – by inhalation of aerosols. Usually,
Coxiella burnetti – obligate intracell. people in contact with goats, sheep, Very resistant to dryness, Asymptomatic most Acute Q fever
Q fever Grows in egg yolk sac of cow. In feces, urine, and milk. environment, and cases. Looks like a treated with:
chick embryos. 55-60% asymptomatic. Acute Q fever disinfectants. cold. Doxycycline and
(flu, fever, nausea, headache, vomit, pleomorphic Serology is the best chloramphenicol.
pneumonia…) and Chronic Q fever method.
(more than 6 months, fatigue, IFF, PCR and ELISA Vaccine for
subacute endocarditis) workers
- proteobacteria: Gram – flagellated. Incubation 2-10 days. It is Multiplication in alveolar
Legionella Non encapsulated. transmitted though breathing macrophages
pneumophilia Nosocomial infections droplets containing bacteria.
Early symptoms: muscle ache,
lethargy, high fever, cough, diarrhea.
Late symptoms: extreme lethargy,
comatose stage, impaired kidney,
and liver functioning.
- Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Bubonic plague: Transmitted by fleas Endotoxins (provokes Streptomycin or
 Enterobacteriaceae Non motile from infected rodent. Travels to many of the symptoms) tetracycline are
Yersinia pestis Slow growth in ordinary lymph nodes, become enlarged and and murein toxins (causes affective
culture media causes fever. Septic shock edemas and necrosis in
Pneumonic plague: via aerosol. mice).
Disease progresses much rapidly and
mortality rate is almost 100%
- proteobacteria: Gram – diplococcus Mainly immunocompromised. Oropharyngeal Blood or chocolate Cephalosporins and
Moraxella aerobic. Pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis endogenous strains agar at 37ºC in macrolides.
catarrhalis Oxi + spread into normally aerobic. b-lactamase
Opportunistic pathogen sterile regions of the No hemolysis, no glu resistant.
tracheobronchial tree, ferment, sucrose, No vaccine
the middle ear, and maltose, and lactose.
sinuses.
- proteobacteria: Gram – coccobacilli. Pneumonia, urinary tract, High antibiotic resistance. Blood or McC agar, Polymyxins
Acinetobacter Oxi-, cat+. No bloodstream, secondary meningitis, Survive moist and dry. isolation, and Sterilization
baumanii fermentative. skin, wound infections Adhere to host cells. identification. procedure
Aerobic strict Resistant to skin and
mucosa inhibitors.
RESPIRATORY γ-proteobacteria: Bacilli Type B (H. influenzae, Hib) is the Capsule Enriched chocolate 30% penicillin
proteobacteria Facultative anaerobes. most virulent. Encapsulated IgA protease agar containing Must be treated
Haemophylus Cat+, oxi+ symptoms: meningitis, epiglottitis antibiotics like fast if not high
Non motile. (oropharyngeal), pneumonia. Non- vancomycin and mortality.
Require enrich media. encapsulated may cause secondary bacitracin. Ceftriaxone: good
Require growth factors: infections CFS penetration.
X (hematin), V (NAD) HIB vacc serotype B
RESPIRATORY Mollicutes: Absence of cell wall M. pneumoniae: Upper respiratory Adherence factors: PCR allow to Erythromycin and
AND SEXUAL Mycoplasma Require complex media. tract disease, Tracheobronchitis, proteins and adhesins discriminate. tetracycline
Grow slowly by binary primary atypical pneumonia. Toxic metabolic products Complement fixation M. hominis:
fission. U. urealyticum: nongonococcal that inhibits host cell cat test. resistant to both,
urethritis and oxidize host lipids ELISA use clindamycin.
RESPIRATOTY corynebacteria: Gram + rods. Only humans, by direct contact, Exotoxin codified by a Loeffler´s serum Rapid suppression
Corynebacterium Aerobic nocapsulated. droplets or secretions. Diphtheria phage. slope (blood agar of toxin with
diphteriae Metachromic granules toxin in early stages: Sore throat, Diphtheria toxin inhibits with tellurite) penicillin or
fever, swollen neck glands. protein synthesis Toxigenic test to see erythromycin
Late stages: Airway obstruction and if toxin is in blood. DTP vaccine active
breathing difficulty. Shock. immunization with
Toxin via blood: cardiac and neuro. toxoid to prevent.
RESPIRATORY Mycobacterium: Gram + bacilli creates granuloma but this can Cord factor, inhibits Tuberculin test. First line: isoniazide
 M. tuberculosis Do not form spores calcificate and create more bac and chemotaxis (crucial to In sputum the zhiel- pyrazinamide and
complex (MTC): No motility destroy tissues of lung. Air form granuloma), and Nielsen stain. PCR rifampicin
Tuberculosis, bovis Acid- fast resistant transmission. Can be pulmonary, phagolysosome. If it resist there are
and africanum Pathogenic or meningeal, genital-urinary, 2º line antibiotics.
opportunistic disseminated tuberculosis BCG vaccine.
SEXUAL AND Chlamydiae: Obligate Intracellular Trachoma (ocular infection, EB Resist harsh PCR is the best Tetracycline,
RESPIRATORY Chlamydia Pleomorphic conjunctivitis), urogenital infections conditions. sulfonamides
trachomatis EB (infectious form, (symptoms in male), infant Avoid phagocytosis as it is
extracell) and RB (non- pneumonia and LGV (lymph intracellular Vaccine not very
infectious, intracell). granuloma, buboes, ulcers, effective since
Cycle: cell ingests EB, elephantitis) are the most typical there is no
once inside transform symptoms. immunity.
into RB and grow. Chlamydophila is a genus that
provoke atypical pneumonias. Safe sexual practice
RESPIRATORY Chlamydiae: Atypical type of Psittacosis (Parrot fever) transmitted Tetracycline or
Chlamydophyla pneumonia by birds. erythromycin
psittaci and Hematogenous spread to spleen and
pneumoniae liver. Quarantine of
Lymphocytic inflammatory response. imported birds
Pneumoniae, it doesn’t have to be Control of bird
from birds, is human- human. infection

RESPIRATORY -streptococcus Gram + cocci Pneumonia in immunosuppressed Adhesins, IgA protease, Gram stain, culture Penicillin and
s. pneumonia Non motile patients, sinusitis, otitis media, tissue destruction in blood agar and vaccines and
pneumococcus Cat – meningitis, bacteremia. (attraction of optochin sensible prophylaxis
Not form spores inflammatory cells to the
Facultative anaerobes infections)
RESPIRATORY -streptococcus No polysaccharide C
s. viridans Streptococci (non
pathogenic)
URINARY - proteobacteria: Gram – bacilli. Opportunistic infections. -Adhesion thanks to Grow in cetrimide in Resistance to a lot
Pseudomonas aerobic More dangerous for people with flagella o fimbriae. aerobic conditions of antibiotics. Can
aeruginosa Flagella cystic fibrosis. -Invasion with extracell 37ºC 24-48h use cephalosporins
Do not form spores. Transmission person-person, enzymes or toxins Oxidase +, no
Can synthesize contaminated water. -Dissemination (LPS) ferment glucose.
pigments. Survive wide Infections: pulmonary, ocular, -Resistance to antibiotics Blue-green pigment
ranges of Tº urinary (S. Coli more typic) by mutations, porins…
- Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Transmitted through the food and O, H, K antigens varitation Fast growth in many Do sensitivity
 Enterobacteriaceae: Rod shape water. Deers, sheep, goats, horses, LPS endotoxins culture media. antibiotic test
Escherichia coli Cat+; oxi- birds, and flies. Also Capsule To detect virulence Not for
Ferment glucose Person-person. Flagela factors: EHEC enterohemorrhagic
Facultative anaerobes UPEC (urinary), NMEC (neonatal Toxins Detect genes: PCR, E. coli.
Reduce nitrate- nitrite meningitis), EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, EAEC, immune methods. Cook well the
A minority of E. coli EIEC (enteric/diarrheal disease). meat. Good higene.
strains can cause illness.
- Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Urinary or respiratory tract
Enterobacteriaceae: Rod shape infections; wound, skin wounds;
Klebsiella/ Cat+; oxi-, Ferment glu septicemia, endocarditis and could
Enterobacter/ Facultative anaerobes appear meningitis in neonatal
Serratia Reduce nitrate- nitrite
opportunistic
- Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Urinary. Formation of stones Produces urease enzyme CLED (with
Enterobacteriaceae: Cat +; oxi – (calculi). Septicemia and brain (facilitates survival raising swarming)
Proteus/ Facultative anaerobe abscesses pH)
morganella/ Nitrate reducer.
Providencia Swarming effect, which
covers the plate.
CNS -Proteobacteria: Gram – coccobacilli. Transmission through IG tract survive phagocytosis: Blood test but has Doxycycline and
Brucella (L.37) Non encapsulated. (ingestion), respiration of droplets, escapes by inhibiting slow growth. rifampin used in
B melitensis: goats Non motile. skin wounds. fusion with phagosome Bengal rose is better combo for 6 weeks
and sheep. mostly Intracellular parasite. Initially flu-like symptoms. test, molec that to prevent
humans Replicates in lymph Undulating form (fever, arthritis, binds to recurrent infection.
B. abortus: cows. nodes. testis inflammat) or chronic form polysaccharide and
Few human (depression, arthritis, chronic agglutinates Vaccine only for
fatigue) animals
Severe CNS infection or lining of the
heart
CNS - proteobacteria: Gram – diplococci. Bacterial meningitis transmitted by Can inhibit phagocytosis -Identification of Rifampin,
Neisseria human parasite only. respiratory droplets. thanks to antigenic direct smear from ciprofloxacin, and
N. meningitidis Oxi + Symptoms: fever, headache, stiff structure (capsular CSF. ceftriaxone.
neck, nausea and purulent mening. polysaccharide) -Cultures of blood Vaccines: mono, bi
Bacteremia (meningococcemia): and chocolate agar. and tetravalent
acute inflammation of lymph nodes -Oxi + test. (A+B+C+W)
(skin petechiae). -Direct agglutination vaccine
test meningitidis
CNS Spirochaetes: Relapsing fever Blood sample penicillin
 Borrelia spp.
Borrelia recurrentes
CNS Spirochaetes: Lyme disease. 3 stages: erythema Found in blood Penicillin or
Borrelia spp. chronicum migrans (ECM); cardiac or tetracycline.
Borrelia burgdorferi neurological involvement; arthritis
CNS Firmicutes: Tetanus (neuromuscular disease) spores Penicillin or
Clostridium Tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin that cephalosporins
C. tetani provokes muscle contraction Vaccine available
uncontrollably).
CNS AND GI Actinomyces: Gram + bacilli, Normal human flora.
Nocardia Not form spores. Some of them could be pathogenic Co-trimoxazole
In organic matter and 4 main forms: Lymphocutaneous
water. syndrome, Pneumonia, Brain
No motility abscess, Disseminated disease
GI and CNS Firmicutes: Spore forming anaerobe Botulism- intoxication through bad Toxin is released in Antitoxin with
Clostridium preservation of food (canned food). the blood, serum cardiac and
C. botulinum Also affect neuronal transmission and feces so can use respiratory
causing flaccid paralysis immunogenic support.
Infant and wound botulism techniques (ELISA) Infant: penicillin
GI -Proteobacteria: Gram – The asymptomatic carries bac. Resist changes in T and TCBS agar (selective Tetracycline,
Aeromonas sp: Facultative anaerobes. Transmitted through ingestion of are halotolerant. for vibrios, yellow azithromycin, or
Vibrio cholerae Fermentative bacilli. contaminated food or water. Fecal- Toxins: LPS, CTX (the cholera, green ciprofloxacin
(Most dangerous) Oxi +. oral. acquisition comes from parahaemolyticus) Water and
Found in water sources Symptoms: dehydration and bacteriophage) PCR to differentiate electrolyte
Shellfish as reservoir. hypovolemia (watery diarrhea, 20L Mucinase, adhesion… between vibrios. replacement.
O-Ag (O1, O139 are the may be lost per day). Can test the watery
3 vaccines but not
most lethal) V. parahaemolyticus: gives diarrhea since there
long-lasting
gastroenteritis from eating raw are lots of vibrio.
seafood. Is self-limited String test + Washing hands,
Serological to cook food
confirm
-Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Acquired by ingestion or exposure to Endotoxins, hemolysins, Differentiate with Penicillin
Aeromonas sp: Facultative anaerobes contaminated water or food. proteases, or adhesions vibrios For chronic
Aeromonas Motile flagellum Chronic diarrhea, wound infections diarrhea use
hydrophila and Ubiquitous in fresh quinolones and
caviae water. aminoglycosides
Opportunistic
- Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Fecal-oral and not well-cooked food. O, H and Vi (K in other Biochemical+ Typhoidal:
 Enterobacteriaceae: Facultative anaerobes Gastroenteritis (nontyphoidal enterobac) antigens. serological 3rd gen
Salmonella Rod-shape salmonella) or enteric fever Type III secretion system Stool or blood cephalosporins or
enterica (humans) (Salmonella typhi). (transfer toxins to host specimens cultured quinolones
bongori (not affect) It causes membrane alteration and cell) in agar. Non typhoidal:
passes through mucosa of intestine Triple sugar iron/ no antibiotics,
to epithelial cells lysine agar. supporting
Confirmed by treatment
antigenic analysis of
O and H-Ag.
GI - Proteobacteria Gram – bacilli Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. Antigenic structure is Sulfonamides as
Enterobacteriaceae Rod shape Fecal-oral. differentiate based on O well as
Shigella Cat+; oxi- Watery diarrhea, bloody stools, and K antigen. streptomycin,
Ferment glucose mucous. Severity of disease depends Shiga toxin, inactivates tetracycline,
Facultative anaerobes on species infecting. the eukaryotic 60S chloramphenicol
Reduce nitrate- nitrite ribosome

GI ε -Proteobacteria: Gram – Enters through ingestion of LPS Spiral shape bac Gastroenteritis:
Campylobacteriacea Spiral/vibrioid shape contaminated food (uncooked Entero/endotoxins Isolate in 42ºC. electrolytes.
e: Oxi+ Adhesins Brucella agar base Erythromycin,
Campylobacter Microaerophilic chicken). The organism invades the Intracellular survival with sheep blood tetracycline o
Motile by polar flagella epithelium of the lower small Can penetrate cells and antibiotics to quinolones.
intestine and multiplies. zoonosis inhibit other bac Severe infections
Usual symptoms: cramps, fever, and (CampyBAP) and septicemia:
diarrhea with blood (not bloody Aminoglycosides,
diarrhea). gastroenteritis chloramphenicol,
Fecal-oral transmission imipenem.
GI ε -Proteobacteria: Gram- bacilli small Gastric ulcer. And if not treated can VacA cytotoxin, NAP, Breath test given
Helicobacter They ferment aa get gastric cancer- nausea, vomiting, endotoxin, urease urea and critics and Metronidazole +
Helicobacter pylori motility anorexia, epigastric pain. Collagenase/mucinase: measuring CO2 omeoprazol
Urease + Can get stomach carcinoma degrades mucous
exposing epithelium to
gastric acid
GI Firmicutes: Resident of the colon. Hospital diarrhea Diagnose through Vancomycin or
Clostridium Usually, noninvasive. enterotoxin metronidazole
C. diffiile Produces enterotoxins detection orally.
that damage intestine Electrolytes.
GI Firmicutes: Spores survive long Diarrhea, vomiting Emetic toxin (usually
Bacilli time. This occurs when the food is cooked rice), diarrheal toxins
 bacillus and then left for long time in fridge (meat and vegetables)
Bacillus cereus or outside.
GI and CNS Firmicutes: Gram + Contaminated food. Infect dendritic Ability to replicate in CAMP test + Ampicillin and
bacilli No spores. cells and go to bloodstream then to cytoplasm after favoring trimethoprim-
listeria Facultative intracell. liver or spleen then to brain or fetus. phagocytosis. sulfamethoxazole.
Listeria For neonates sepsis. The intracell Resist harsh conditions.
monocytogenes pathogens gives fever, muscle ache, Act A pasteurization and
diarrhea, GI symptoms… cooking
URINARY AND Enterococcus: Gamma hemolysis Can produce urinary and Resistant to sodium azide Ampicillin and
ENDOCARDITIS E. faecalis and endocarditis infections vancomycin
faecium
ENDOCARDITIS Lactobacillus Gram+ bacilli normal flora: mouth, GI, and vaginal
Lactic acid bac tract. Rarely pathogenic:
Microaerophilic endocarditis and meningitis
GENITAL Gardenella Gram + coccobacilli Alteration in vaginal equilibrium:
overgrowth and vaginosis
NEONATAL - streptococcus Very similar to Neonatal infections: meningitis, Polysaccharides capsule CAMP test to Penicillin G IV.
Group B pyogenes but less - pneumonia, bacteremia, postpartum interferes in phagocytosis pregnant woman Penicillin +
s. agalactiae hemolysis sepsis aminoglycoside
HEPATITIS Spirochaetes: Obligate aerobes Anicteric and icteric leptospirosis Blood Penicillin
(Not likely to Leptospira Hooked ends Zoonotic. Through wounds when you Urine
ask) interrogans 2 flagella been in contact with wild animals. Cerebrospinal fluid

Bifidobacterial Usually in normal flora

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE:
Characteristics:
- Gram – bacilli
- Rod shape
- Cat+; oxi-
- Ferment glucose
- Facultative anaerobes
- Reduce nitrate- nitrite
Infections
- Enteric
 - Urinary 70%
- Respiratory
- Septicemias 30%

Differential based on whether the organisms ferment lactose and/or produce H2S
Antigenic structure: K-Ag (in salmonella), O-Ag (LPS), H-Ag (flagella)

Virulence factors:
- Endotoxins: lipid A is released during cellular lysis (systemic infections)
- Capsule: evade phagocytosis
- Ag variation: K, H, O antigens
- Growth factors sequestrations (Fe)
- Resistant to bactericidal effect and antimicrobial resistance

BACTEROIDES: Anaerobic bacteria of the intestine with big capsule

SYPHILLIS – Treponema pallidum pallidum

Act A
Evade phagolysosome, can produce protein actin A, and form actin filaments that work as a rocket, so bacteria move from one cell to another so that’s how
they scape humoral IR

PBP: antibiotic resistance as they scape the penicillin.

TSS: toxic shock syndrome

Optochin to distinguish between alfa-hemolytic

STREPTOCOCCUS
Gram + cocci
Forms chains
Non motile
Cat –
Not form spores
Facultative anaerobes
CELL WALL STRUCTURE:
- Thick peptidoglycan layer
- Teichoic acid
- Polysaccharide C (viridans do not have)
- C=carbohydrate layer presents the capsule except in Streptococcus viridans group
- Capsule in S. pneumoniae and in young cultures of most species.

They divide according to production of hemolysis in blood agar:

- hemolytic: pneumoniae and viridans
- hemolytic: Lancefield classification: group A (pyogenes) and B (agalactiae)