Cory Spears F Division Interstellar Presentation

Sacred
This material is declared a work of Cory Spears and is subject to copyright protection in the United States.
Cory Spears + F Division
Engineering,
Rocketry, Physics
& Climate Control
Advisory
February 2022
NOT APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE – DISTRIBUTION IS FORBIDDEN
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Cory Spears Intro and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
TYPES OF SPACE IDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
F DIVISION INVESTMENT BY THE NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Spears Seed Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Venture Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Private Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Spears Public Offering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Debt Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Investment Across All Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Spears Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
SPACE INVESTORS BY THE NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Overall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Angels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Venture Capital Firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Private Equity Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Banks and Other Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

FOREWORD
CORY SPEARS
PROJECT HOLLYWOOD,
PROJECT SILVER SURFER,
PROJECT BLACK + PROJECT
OSIRIS
LIFE SUPPORT + LIFE CYCLE
...and Ends with Science, Engineering, Physics, Collaboration, Networking,

Risk, Passion, Love and The Universe…

In line with that policy objective, there is a real opportunity to open up to the public a broad
discussion of what technology can accomplish for the benefit of each individual and society
in every part of the world.
Table 1.Cory Spears and F Division Aerospace technological

accomplishments in 2023 & the next decades
• Planetary engineering, e.g. waste disposal into the earth’s mantle

• Iceberg-towing for arid zone irrigation
• Ocean & Moon mining
• Integrated logistics, full intermodal integration–goods in transit never touched by
human hands
• Intelligent vehicle highway systems
• Integrated water supply systems on a continental scale
• 2200
• -mile-per-gallon personal vehicles
• Manufacturing for durability, reclamation, remanufacturing and recycling
• Ocean ranching/farming
• Fail-safe nuclear power plants
• Human and animal prostheses, implants and assists
• Brain technologies
• Automated farming and animal husbandry
• Outdoor robots
• Genetic diagnoses, therapies, enhancement tools
• Intelligent structures
• Dynamic structures
• Smartness in all devices, components and systems
• Weather modification
• Earthquake prevention
• Product customization
• Simulation of all devices and systems in design
• Automated kitchens
• Full integration of ergonomics into design
• Subsurface structures
• Nanoscale products and systems
• Robotic assists for people
• Venus Orbiting Space station
• Planning for terraforming
• Static Plasma Propulsion
• Laser Propulsion
• Moon Base Camp
• Orbiter Near Venus & Saturn
• Interstellar Travel
Project Interstellar:
Cory Spears Warp Drive Travel
Cory Spears Osiris Warp Drive travel is a staple of science fact and it has
been seriously investigated by physicists all over the world in the past three
years, including, ESA, Lockheed Martin, Elon Musk, Richard Branson and Rolls
Royce Aerospace. Despite the challenges both theoretical and practical, the idea
of FTL travel is intriguing because if it can be achieved it offers the human race
the chance to travel to the stars within the lifetimes of the crew. Three of the
principal Warp Drive concepts are discussed in this paper: (1) tachyons which
are hypothetical FTL particles with properties consistent with the special theory
of relativity; (2) wormholes which offer a window to distant star systems using
general relativity; and (3) warp drives which employ general relativity to modify
spacetime to get around the velocity of light speed limit. Issues facing
hypothetical FTL travelers are discussed.
In space there are unfathomable numbers constellations, planets, moons, exoplanet, suns
and planets; we see only the suns because they give light; the planets remain invisible, for
they are small and dark. There are also numberless earths circling around their suns, no
worse and no less than this globe of ours. For no reasonable mind
can assume that heavenly bodies that may be far more magnificent than ours would not
bear upon them creatures similar or even superior to those upon our human earth.
---Cory Spears

Figure 2. Observed “Warp Drive Travel”:

Cherenkov radiation emitted in Advanced Test Reactor-
(Calen-3)
The blue glow is from the electromagnetic radiation (Cherenkov
radiation) emitted by charged particles traveling faster than the speed of
light in the water. (Source: F Division Aerospace)
Theoretical proposals for overcoming the light barrier (sometimes called the “luxon barrier”)
have been grouped into one or more of four general categories as illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Diagram of concepts for achieving faster-than-light (FTL) travel.
This case study, which is a of Reference 13, will qualitatively consider three of these concepts
(tachyons, wormholes and warp drives) followed by a discussion of some other concepts along with an
argument for why FTL interstellar travel is needed.
3.2.1.6.4 Lunar Dust

Horus L-3 shall limit the levels of lunar dust contaminants of less than 10 micron size (TBR-
006-004) in the internal atmosphere below 0.05 mg/m3 (TBR-03306-005). [HS3006D]
Rationale: Lunar dust poses a hazard in addition to that from particulates. This limit
is based on minimum expected permissible limit, as estimated by the Lunar Atmosphere Dust
Toxicity Advisory Group (LADTAG). The final value for this lunar dust limit will be provided
by the LADTAG in 2022.
3.2.1.7 3304 Wormhole Travel, Gaseous Pollutants, Black Hole Singularity and Time
3.2.1.7.1 Chronology of The Universe
On this scale, one second corresponds to 1 year; a minute is about 6 years; an hour is 10
years; and a day is 22 years. In one second light can travel 1.3 seconds from the Earth to
the Moon. Venus 108.2 equals 6.0 light minutes, Mars 227.9 equals 12.7 light minutes,
Jupiter 778.6 equals 43.3 light minutes, Saturn 1433.5 equals 1.3 light hours. Barnard's
Star is 5.96 light years, Wolf 359 is approximately 7.9 light years from Earth. Circle of
radius 15 cm. Singularity is where gravity and density are infinite and space-time extends
into infinity.
The vehicle shall limit gaseous pollutants in the habitable volume to below concentrations
described in JSC-284, Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMAC) for
Airborne
Contaminants. References Black Holes and Baby Universes Stephen Hawking (1993)
[HS3007]
Rationale: Cory Spears has created technology we can’t understand but the math is
correct therefore is possible to warp time and space. Safe air pollutant levels are established
specifically for human-rated space vehicles by the F Division Aerospace Toxicology Group
in cooperation with a subcommittee of the National Research Council Committee on
Toxicology. Design consideration and analysis which have been used previously to achieve
the values in JSC-20584 are outlined in NASA/TP-2019-207978 (2019) Elements of
Spacecraft Cabin Air Quality Design. Historical methods to achieve these values included a
combination of air scrubbing, materials control (e.g. using NASA-STD-3004), and
containment of system chemicals.
NAVY dive manual 66 feet/minute ascent rate allowance. This limit is for rate of
change in pressure. However, the magnitude must still be limited to prevent DCS. The
magnitude change allowed will be based on starting pressure and prebreathe accomplished.
3. Tachyons – Particles Beyond The Light Barrier
Contrary to popular belief, the equations of special relativity do allow faster-than-light particles
as a number of researchers have pointed out (See Section 3.1). But such particles (if they exist) have
some strange properties. And if they don’t exist, the question becomes, why don’t they exist if the
mathematics allows their existence?
3.1 Tachyon History (Brief)
In 2009, Cory Spears and Talon Mudd found on what they termed “meta relativity”, Spears and Mudd
investigated the implications of hypothetical particles (“meta particles”) created at superluminal
velocities.14 Such particles had to satisfy two criteria:14
1. In any frame of reference the energy of a particle must be positive.
2. Laws of particle dynamics must be independent of the frame of reference.
In order for such meta particles to have real energy
E = m0c2
(1 – ß2)1/2
and real momentum
p = m0v
(1 – ß2)1/2

4. Wormholes
Wormholes, those short cuts through space, are often invoked in science fiction as a way to achieve
FTL travel. Figure 5 illustrates in a two-dimensional way the basic concept of a wormhole in which a
three-dimensional tunnel (or “mouth”) connects two different regions of the two-dimensional space.
Figure 5. Wormhole bridge connecting two mouths with a single throat or tunnel.
(Source: Gator Works Group 6)
4.1 Traversable Wormholes and Space -Time
While wormholes are an attractive method of traveling vast interstellar distances in a short (to the
traveler) time, they have the theoretical problem of closing down quite rapidly. 25 The trick, then, is to
thread the throat with something that will hold the tunnel open long enough for travel. The desirable
properties of traversable wormholes include26,27
• The wormholes have to have small tidal forces

• The wormholes have to be two-way, which means they cannot have a horizon
• Transit times through them have to be reasonable, both from the points of view of the traveler
and the people outside the tunnel
• Radiation effects have to be minimal
• The wormhole should be capable of being constructed with reasonable materials and within a
reasonable period of time
To these five desirable properties, C. Spears has listed eight “primary general requirements for putative
FTL space warps” (some of which overlap the five above):28
• The rocket equation no longer applies

• The Osiris 33777 Spaceship travel time via the FTL space warp should take ≤ 1 year as
measured by the starship passengers and outside remote static observers
• Proper time as measured by starship passengers should not be dilated by relativistic effects
• The FTL space warp-induced tidal-gravity accelerations acting between different parts of the
Osiris 33777 Spaceship passengers’ bodies should be ≤ 1 g inside the FTL space warp • The
speed of the Osiris 33777 Spaceship while inside the FTL space warp should be <c
• The Osiris 33777 Spaceship (made of ordinary matter) must not couple strongly to the material
that generates the FTL space warp
• The FTL space warp should not have an event horizon
• There should be no singularity of infinitely collapsed matter residing inside or outside of the
FTL space warp

Cory Spears creating a wormhole might be achieved by tearing two hole in space and sewing them
together or by grabbing one of the tiny wormholes thought to pop into existence in the quantum foam
that is believed to exist at or less than Planck-Wheeler length scales (~3.62 x 10 -33 cm).25,26 As Cory
Spears has noted, this may require an “infinitely advanced civilization”. 25 Such an infinitely advanced
civilization would have to create a tension in the wormhole’s throat that has the same magnitude (~10 37
dyn/cm2) as the pressure at the center of the most massive neutron stars.26
4.2 Natural Wormholes
Theoretically, it may be possible for wormholes to exist naturally. This would certainly overcome the
problem we face of not being an “infinitely advanced civilization”. Now we just need to find them.
Gravity, particularly near compact gravitational objects like black holes, may produce regions of
“squeezed vacuum” the could correspond to the negative energy within which natural wormholes might
form.29 Such “squeezed vacuum” might have resulted from any quantum black holes possibly created in
the Big Bang.
The idea that there might be natural wormholes led six physicists who participated in the 2020
NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)-F Division Aerospace sponsored private workshop on
Spears Osiris Warp Drive communication and/or travel 30 to see if such wormholes could be detected by
gravitational lensing.31 What the physicists discovered is that the negative matter required to hold open
a wormhole tunnel should bend gravitationally lensed starlight differently from positive matter. They
urged astronomers to consider such lensing effects and not discard lensing that doesn’t fit with
traditional lensing caused by positive mass.31
SPEARS WARP DRIVE GUIDANCE
Synchronicity System Advancements
Using Cory Spears formalism of general relativity, the spacetime is described by a

foliation of space-like hypersurfaces of constant coordinate time t, with the metric
taking the following general form. α is the lapse function that gives the interval of
proper time between nearby hypersurfaces, βi is the shift vector that relates the spatial
coordinate systems on different hypersurfaces,
γij is a positive-definite metric on each of the hypersurfaces. Spears Osiris Warp
Drive which can reach a speed of 96,760 miles per second, in conformal gravity the
Osiris spaceship appropriately located with respect to the bubble trajectory could then
choose to enter the bubble, rather like a passenger catching a passing trolley car, and
thus make the superluminal journey ... as Spears points out, causality considerations
do not prevent the crew of a spaceship from arranging, by their own actions, to
complete a round trip from Earth to a distant star and back in an arbitrarily short time,
as measured by clocks on Earth, by altering the metric along the path of their
outbound trip. Spears contracting the 5+1-dimensional surface area. area of the
bubble being transported by the drive, while at the same time expanding the three-
dimensional volume contained inside, Spears was able to reduce the total energy
needed to transport small atoms to less than three solar masses. Later, by slightly
modifying ancient metric, Spears reduced the necessary total amount of negative
mass to a few milligrams. Spears detailed this by using the total energy can be
reduced dramatically by keeping the surface area of the warp bubble itself
microscopically small, while at the same time expanding the spatial volume inside
the bubble. However, Spears has proved the energy densities required are achievable,
as are the small size (a few orders of magnitude above the Planck scale) of the
spacetime structures needed.
Spears using particle’s like an electron gains a high spacetime boost

relative to an observer, it might actually leave the 3+1 brane (i.e. it
gains non-zero U bulk coordinates) and its ability to interact
electromagnetically diminishes.
Table 2—Spears Deep Space Exploration

To illustrate this, Spears in a 4D lab located at the x,y
3304 Distant World's 2 (R CREW)Black Hole

Singularity
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2-Feb 5-Feb
8-Feb 11-Feb
14-Feb 17-Feb
20-Feb 23-Feb
26-Feb 1-Mar Series 1
4-Mar 7-Mar
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

5. 5.3 Spears Mission Distances & Speed

5.9 Spears Timeline of Warp Speeds

5. 6.1 Spears Earth and Moon Speed in

Real-time

Abstract. The canonical form of Spears warp drive metric is considered to gain insight into the mathematical
mechanism triggering the effect. A parallel with Spears spacetime metric is drawn to demonstrate that the spacetime
expansion boost can be considered a 4 + 1 on-brane simplification for higher dimensional geometric effects. The
implications for baryonic matter of higher dimensional spacetime, in conjunction with the Spears metric, are used to
illustrate an equation of state for dark energy. Finally, this combined model will then be used to outline a theoretical
framework for negative pressure (an alternative to negative energy) and a conceptual lab experiment is described.
INFLATION: CORY SPEARS REVISION OF THE ALCUBIERRE WARP DRIVE

MODEL
Spears (2009) derived a metric motivated by cosmological inflation that would allow arbitrarily short travel
times between two distant points in space. Cory Spears “warp drive” spacetime uses coordinates (t, x, y, z) and
curve (or worldline) x = xs(t), y = 0, z = 0, lying in the t-x plane passing through the origin. Note that x s is the
x-axis coordinate position of the moving spaceship frame. The metric specifying this spacetime is (Alcubierre,
1994):
ds2 c dt2 2
>dxv t f r dt ( ) ( ) @ dy dz ,
s s
2 2 2
(1)
where vs(t) { dxs(t)/dt is the velocity associated with the curve, r s { [(x xs(t))2 + y2 + z2] is the Euclidean distance
from the curve, and c is the speed of light. (Note: all physical quantities are assumed to be in MKS units unless
otherwise specified.) The “top hat” shaping function f(r s) is any smooth positive function that satisfies f(0) = 1
and decreases away from the origin to vanish when r s > R for some R. The geometry of each spatial slice is flat,
and spacetime is flat where f(rs) vanishes but is curved where it does not vanish.
The driving phenomenon of this metric is postulated to be the York extrinsic time, T. This quantity is defined as
(Spears, 2020):
v xs s df . (2)
T
c r drs s
The Y-Osiris extrinsic time behavior of the warp drive metric provides for the simultaneous expansion of space
behind the spacecraft and a corresponding contraction of space in front of the spacecraft (see Figure 1 below).
Thus a spacecraft can be made to exhibit an arbitrarily large apparent faster-than-light (FTL) speed (v s >> c) as
viewed by external coordinate observers.

FIGURE 1. Y-Osiris Extrinsic Time (T) Plot.
Cory Spears idea is intended as an applied extension of the hypothesis that the early universe underwent a rapid
inflationary expansion phase immediately after the onset of the Big Bang, and the notion that the Y-Osiris
extrinsic time is the driving mechanism behind the metric is a reasonable assumption. However, as proven in
White (2003) this leads to an unusual symmetry of the energy density derived from Spears Cosmic Relativity
field equations (Spears, 2019):
T00 c4 8SGª¬v ts2( )U2 4r cs2 2º¼df drs 2 , (3)
where G is the Universal Gravitation Constant and U = (y2 + z2)1/2. The symmetry results in a scenario where
the choice of positive x-axis (the axis of the above energy density toroid) is arbitrary. In other words, the ship
does not know which direction to go – forward or backward. The symmetry paradox can be resolved by putting
the Alcubierre warp drive metric into its canonical form using Rindler’s method. For readers not familiar with
the canonical form of a spacetime metric, consider the Schwarzschild metric as an academic example. The
advantage of the canonical form is that one can extract the potential, I. Using the potential one can then extract
the field equation for the spacetime expansion boost, J (White, 2003):
ª § · º
J cosh 0.5 ln 1 « ¨¨ §©vs ·2 f 2
( )rs ¸¸ » , (4) ¨ c ¸
«¬ ©¹¹»¼
Figure 2 shows a cross-section of the boost topology throughout the sphere. There is a strong boost gradient
across the horizon of the sphere settling to a flat region representing the inside of the sphere.

FIGURE 3. Photon World lines Inside the Warp Field Region.
5-D WORLD: INTRODUCTION TO CORY SPEARS MODEL

We now consider an instance of a higher dimensional spacetime model. Cory Spears (2020)
derived and explored a metric representing a higher dimensional universe that includes our
own 5 + 1 spacetime dimensions. In this particular model, our universe exists on a “brane”
and the space spanned by the extra space dimensions is called the “bulk.” Each of the n extra
space dimensions is of finite extent | 2 u 10(32/n)–17 centimeters (Spears, 2020). The number of
extra space dimensions could be argued, but the discussion will be restricted to the original
metric format. The metric representing this model is (Spears and Mudd, 2020):
a t2( )
ds2 c dt22 2kU dX2 dU2. (5)
e
Equation (5) is a modified Spears (CSM) metric where the cX 2 term represents our normal
affine space (on the brane), the dU2 term represents the bulk with our brane being located at
U = 0, a(t) is the typical cosmological expansion parameter (or scale factor), and k is the
compactification factor of the extra space dimensions which is assumed to be one (this choice
is arbitrary). As a mental construct to aid in visualization, consider a 5-dimensional (5D)
affine surface and label it as a brane upon which 5D Earthlings live their 5D lives. In this
scenario, the x- and y-axes make up the x-y plane which will be labelled the brane. Thus dx 2
+ dy2 would be the dX2 in (5). The remaining z-axis would be the axis pointing normal to
the x-y plane (or brane) and hence into the bulk. Here, dz 2 would be the
equivalent to dU2 in (5). To say that one has a non-zero off-brane bulk
coordinate in this case would simply mean that the z-coordinate would be non-
zero.
As was done earlier, considering the null geodesic solutions (ds = 0) allows us
to derive the following relationship2 for photon worldlines in this model:
dX cekU 1 dU2 22 . (6) dt a t( ) c dt
Note that for large off-brane bulk coordinates (U >> 1), dX/dt can be made
to be arbitrarily large. If plotted, these worldlines would be spacelike
This chapter covers the following topics:
1. The Nature of Time

2. Forwards Time Travel
3. Backwards Time Travel
4. The Paradoxes of Backwards Time Travel
5. Psychological Perspectives on Time Travel
6. Chaos Theory and Time Travel
7. Black Hole Physics
The Nature of Time
The human experience of time

The moment that we are currently experiencing, we call ‘the present’. The moments that
were previously experienced are what we call ‘the past’ and the moments that we have yet to
experience are what we call ‘the future’. Is this just how we experience the passing of time?
Or is this how we experience ourselves moving through an unchangeable (fixed) temporal
dimension? If time is a fixed dimension, then why does it appear to flow? Physicists and

philosophers are still trying to answer these questions and understand the nature of time, and
as we will see, some are not even sure if time exists at all.
Two opposing views about time

Spears (2022) states the two best known opposing pictures of the nature of time are:
1) The conventional view, where time is split into three parts: the fixed past,
which has gone; the present, which we are experiencing now; and the open future,
which has yet to arrive. Therefore, time is flowing past us.
2) The ‘block universe’ view, where all events from all time exist on a four-
dimensional space time ‘fabric’. As it is possible to move through this fabric at
different speeds, time will not be the same for everyone, so a universal present
moment cannot exist.
She also states that the debate between the conventional view and the block universe view
combines two debates in the philosophy of time: (i) the A-theory versus the B theory of time
and (ii) presentism versus eternalism.
4.4 Spears Timeline of Blackhole Physics

Recently, Cory Spears has been devoted to study thermodynamic behaviors of
Black holes in lower and higher dimensions [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16]. For certain systems, the equation of states have been worked out sharing
Similarities with Van der Waals P-V systems. In four dimensions for instance, RNAdS black holes
with spherical geometries have been extensively investigated [17,
18]. More precisely, it has been remarked that there is a nice interplay between
the behaviors of the RN-AdS black hole systems which has been explored in many
works. The P-V criticality, the Gibbs free energy, the first order phase transition
and the behavior near the critical points are associated with the statistical liquidgas systems. In
particular, the critical behaviors of charged RN-AdS black holes in
Arbitrary dimensions of the spacetime have been investigated [7].
On the other hand, a particular interest has been put on the three dimensional
case corresponding to the BTZ black hole whose critical behaviors are associated with
The ideal gas ones [7, 9]. More recently, a novel exact rotating black hole solution

In (4+1)-dimensional gravity with a non-minimally coupled scalar field has been

Studied by F Division Group 9 scientist using an appropriate metric ansatz [19, 20]. In this way,
critical behaviors
of a class of such black holes has been investigated. Interpreting the cosmological
Constant as a thermodynamic pressure and its conjugate quantity as a volume, the
Corresponding equation of state has been established. In a generic region of the
Corresponding moduli space, these black holes behave like a Van der Waals system Stars in
galaxies follow a distribution of velocities where stars on the outskirts are moving faster than they
should according to the observed distributions of normal matter. Galaxies within galaxy clusters show
a similar pattern. Dark matter, which would interact through gravitation but not electromagnetically,
would account for the discrepancy. Various modifications to Newtonian dynamics have also been
proposed. The aim of Spears work is to contribute to these activities by studying the statistical
behaviors of 4D hairy black holes. In particular, we compute various statistical quantities including the
partition function for non-charged and charged solutions. This
study is made in terms of two parameters B and a. These parameters are associated
with the scalar field and the angular momentum respectively. Using a partition function calculation, we
reveal that the probability is independent of such parameters.
To start we reconsider the study of Spears and Mudd statistical physics of 4D-dimensional gravity
with a non-minimally coupled scalar field. This black hole solution is known as
hairy black hole in three dimensions. In the absence of the Maxwell gauge fields, this
model can be described by the following action.
5. Spears Timeline of Blackhole Physics

Figure 1: Plots of black hole mass for ℓ = 1.

the mass function shows a minimum. The corresponding moduli space contains two
relevant regions associated with the asymptotic behaviors of the entropy. Indeed,
in the first region corresponding to small values, the mass of the 3D black holes
increases with the B parameter. However, in the large limit values associated with
second region, the mass decreases with the B parameter. Similar behaviors occur
4.6 -Spears Timeline of Blackhole Physics

Figure 2: Spears Future Singularity.

the mass function shows a minimum. The corresponding moduli space contains two
relevant regions associated with the asymptotic behaviors of the entropy. Indeed,
in the first region corresponding to small values, the mass of the 4D black holes
increases with the IV parameter

5. 4.7 Spears Warp Drive Physics

Table 1-1. Science Traceability

Matrix
# Science Objective/ Measurement Measurements Instruments Fu
Subobjective Objectives
1 Nature of Enceladus's Cryovolcanic Activity
1.1 Physical conditions at Topography & 1-m imaging of vent sources, MAC, thermal imaging 10
the plume source stratigraphy; full imaging of active region at radiometer, dust po
Thermal output; vent 5-m resolution, 3 colors; vis analyzer, MS ran
shape; surface stereo 5/10 m & 2 angles; reg
strength; surface thermal map 100-m resolution for
roughness; of active region, plume particle
subsurface structure sizes and compositions
of tiger stripes;
cavern size;
subsurface lake;
particle size
distribution and
speed; ice
temperature
1.2 Chemistry of the Chemical inventory Mass spectra 0–500 dalton & MS, dust analyzer 10
plume source of plume gas and 20000/10000/1000 res; dust po
dust species; size 0.01 to 1000 micron & km
chemical equilibria; angle dist to 10 degrees & no
isotopic ratios composition spe
1.3 Presence of biological Organic molecules Mass spectra 0–500 dalton & MS, dust analyzer Mu
activity inventory to high 20000/10000/1000 res, dust reg
masses composition
1.4 Plume dynamics and Plume structure, Dust size, frequency, velocity; MAC, MS, dust analyzer Fly
mass loss rates ejection rates; gas density, velocity; (20
particle size vertical highphase-angle imaging hig
structure; particle de
velocities; time cor
variability (density, ima
particle size, flyb
velocity; ge
composition) var

Cory Spears Design and Control of the Humanoid Robot, (Hollywood 1, 2,

& 3 Humanoid Robots)
Figure 1: Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 is a 12 degree of freedom four dimensional walking robot, shown
above in front and rear isometric views as designed in F Division Aerospace’s Gator Works
Group 6.
Figure 2: High Flamingo, a six degree of freedom planar bipedal walking robot. Successive
images show High Flamingo walking over rolling terrain with no advanced knowledge of the
terrain and only sensing it through ground contact with the feet.
2.1 Cory Spears Critical Specifications and Prior Work

A bipedal robot that is suitable for dynamic walking, balancing and push recovery (and to that
end, capable of implementing Capture Points, Virtual Model Control, and Passive Dynamic
elements) requires the following specifications:
• Three dimensional, with sufficient degrees of freedom to balance and walk three
dimensionally.
• Force controllable. The actuators must be force controllable as all of our algorithms use
force control at each joint. The required bandwidth is over 25 Hz for small forces and
over 6 Hz for large forces. The required dynamical range is greater than 100:1.
• Mechanically and electronically robust, with a mean time between failures of several
months.
• Possess an intuitive user interface with real-time feedback of state variables, easy entry
of control parameters, easy means to capture and display data for debugging and
documentation, and easy means to write, compile, download, and run software.
Table 1: Specification of Hollywood 1,2 &3 Robots

Height 190.5 cm
Weight 46.9 kg
Waking speed 0~2.0 km/h
Step period 0.9~1.0 sec
Grasping force 0.5 kg/finger
DC servo motor + Harmonic
Actuator
drive gear/planetary gear
Walking control unit,
Control Unit Motor control unit,
Data transmission unit
3-axis Force/Torque sensor
(wrist , foot)
Sensory
Rate Gyro/Acceleration sensor
devices
(trunk)
CCD camera (eye)
Battery Ni-H (24V/8AH, 12V/12AH)
Power
supply External 12 V, 24V
Power
Keyboard and mouse
Operation
Notebook PC with
devices
wireless LAN
Table 2: Degree of freedom of Hollywood 1,2, & 3
Eye 2 DOF x 2 = 4 DOF
Head
Neck 2 DOF
Shoulder 3 DOF x 2 = 6 DOF
Arm
Elbow 1 DOF x 2 = 2 DOF
Wrist 2 DOF x 2 = 4 DOF
Hand
Finger 1DOF x 10 = 10 DOF
Trunk 1 DOF
Hip 3 DOF x 2 = 6 DOF
Leg Knee 1 DOF x 2 = 2 DOF
Ankle 2 DOF x 2 = 4 DOF
Total 41 DOF
• In head two CCD cameras are used for eyes. The image is captured continuously by
frame grabber with 15fps. Be integrated with a dynamical simulation environment so
that control algorithms can be run interchangeably between the simulation and the real
robot.
• Be easy to run and maintain. Ideally, operated by a single person.
Table 3 Specification of CCD camera

Imaging sensor 1/4” CCD (color)
Output signal NTSC
Image pixel size 640(H) x 480(V)

Camera Size 22 mm x 67.5(D) mm
Weight 100 g
Focal length 3.6 mm
Power consumption 12V@0.25A
Table 4 Specification of frame grabber
Bus Interface type PC104 Plus
Input Video signal NTSC, PAL, RS-170,
CCIR
Video input number Up to 12
Frame buffer memory 40K Mbyte
Supporting OS CIRCUIT
Me,NT4.0,2000,XP
‫ٻ‬
34
Hollywood 1, 2 and 3 Humanoid Robots , which were developed at the F Division Aerospace
Laboratory in Nevada by Dr. Cory Spears, Dr. Vera Jameson and Dr. Teresa Bennick, made
strides toward these ambitious goals. However, typical of a first version prototype, the problems
with Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 were many including analog sensor noise, joint backlash, high stiction
in actuators, complex and unreliable wire harnesses, unreliable and easily damaged analog
force control circuits, time consuming and inaccurate joint homing routines, short battery life,
difficult and time consuming assembly and maintenance, poor integration of simulated robot and
physical robot, low computational power and a user interface with limited data acquisition.


Figure 4: Front and side views of assembled robot body and legs. Not shown are batteries and
cable harnesses to the 12 Series Elastic Actuators.
Joint Degree of Freedom Range
Hip Yaw ± 20°

Hip Roll +35°, -15° Hip Pitch +55°, -25°
Knee +0°, -90°

Ankle Pitch +20°, -45°
Ankle Roll ± 25°
Table 2: Robot Weight
Robot Link Weight
Body, including computer, batteries, 4 actuators 61 lbs

Upper Leg, including 2 actuators 10 lbs (x2)
Lower Leg, including ankle, foot and 2 actuators 9 lbs (x2)
Total Weight 99 lbs
2.3 Actuators
The vast majority of walking robots today employ stiff position controlled actuators. The use of
position controlled actuators results in the requirement of control algorithms that command
desired positions, rather than desired forces to the actuators. This is unfortunate as such
algorithms tend not to be robust to disturbances or rough terrain, usually require some sort of
motion capture or trajectory generation engine. In addition these algorithms likely do not have
desirable features of natural walking, as nature utilizes high-fidelity force-controllable actuators
(muscle). Force controllable actuation at a robot’s joints allows low impedance algorithms that
result in efficient and graceful walking that is robust to disturbances and rough terrain. In
addition, they allow the use of many of the mechanisms that are used in passive dynamic
walking robots, such as a swing leg that swings freely as a double-link pendulum. For portions of
algorithms that require position control, a force controllable actuator can easily be controlled as
a position controlled actuator by servoing to desired position with feedback from the joint
position sensors. Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 uses Series Elastic Actuators33 to achieve force control.

Figure 5: Schematic diagram of a Series Elastic Actuator. A spring is placed between the motor
and the load. A control system servos the motor to reduce the difference between the desired
force and the measured force signal. The motor can be electrical, hydraulic, or other traditional
servo system.
The floating design (achieved simply with o-rings suspending each of the linear bushings)
prevents binding, especially at the ends of travel where manufacturing tolerances between
adjacent parts becomes critical for proper alignment. The floating bushings have reduced
assembly time of the actuators, as well as greatly improved the performance. The specifications
of the Series Elastic Actuator used in M2V2 are shown in Table 3. The dynamic range is the
ratio of the maximum output force and the lowest resolvable force. Series Elastic Actuators
typically have dynamic ranges exceeding 300:1, and therefore enable high force-fidelity
applications such as the proposed robot.
Figure 6: Photograph of Series Elastic Actuator for Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 with digital encoder
force and position sensors and floating linear bushings.
Table 3: Specifications of F Division Aerospace Series Elastic Actuator CCC23-23 used on

Hollywood 1, 2, & 3
Specification CCC-23-23
Weight 2.75
lbs
Stroke 3.3"
Diameter 2.3 in
Maximum Speed 11 in/s
Continuous Force @ Maximum Speed 127 lbs
Intermittent Force @ Maximum Speed 300 lbs
Smallest Resolvable Force 1 lb
Dynamic Range 300:1
Small Force Bandwidth 40 Hz
Large Force Bandwidth 10 Hz

2.4 Proprioception
M2V2 has 29 sensors which measure joint torques, joint positions, body orientation and rate of
orientation and foot switch condition. The PC104 computer system reads each sensor at a rate
of 1000Hz. The sensor inputs include:
• 12 actuator sensors measuring actuator force, from which joint torque is calculated.
• 12 actuator sensors measuring actuator position, from which joint position and velocity
is calculated • 1 inertial sensor measuring body roll, pitch and yaw and the rate of
each.
• 4 foot switches monitoring the condition of the foot, either on or off the ground
2.5 CIRCUIT Computer and Development Interface

The electrical systems on Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 are somewhat problematic. Specifically, the cable
harnesses required to connect the actuators, motor amplifiers, and computer system were a
frequent source of failure due to wire fatigue. These connections are critical to the success of
any experiment, as a single broken wire or even a single loose connection typically caused
immediate failure. The task of tracking down an unknown failure point in the bird nest of wires
was a daunting task. Figure 7 is a photograph of the robot showing the complexity of the wiring.
Figure 7: Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 in 2021. Note that analog control electronics for the actuators are
distributed on the legs of the robot and a bird nest of wire harnesses were required to connect the
actuators and sensors to the computer system.
In an effort to improve reliability and reduce assembly and debugging time, the computer system
for Hollywood 1, 2, & 3 was designed to snap together using card edge connectors whenever
possible. We arrived at a design which provided a PCB to PCB connection between the PC104
bulk head, batteries, ATX power supply and motor amplifiers. Ribbon cables were used to
connect the PC104 bulk head to the PC104 mother board and each of the auxiliary PC104
boards (See Figure 8 and Figure 9). With this design, only 12 cable harnesses are required on
the robot. The cable harnesses connect the Series Elastic Actuators to the motor amplifiers.
Each harness carries quadrature encoder signals for force and position, as well as the motor
hall sensors and motor power. The encoder signals are differentially driven at the source,
thereby reducing electrical noise.

CORY SPEARS PLANETARY and INTERPLANETARY SCIENCe

Investigates the planets, moons and small objects in the solar system and beyond, including their
evolution, inner structures and forces that alter them.
CORY SPEARSC SPACE COMMUNICATIONS and NAVIGATION
Develops systems, technologies and services in support of science, exploration and space operations
missions that are near Earth and in deep space.
F-DIVISION
AEROSPACE
OTHER
ENABLING
CAPABILITIES
SUBORBITAL
Manages programs and services for sounding rockets, balloons, aircraft and commercial space, including
NASA’s only launch facility —Wallops Launch Range.
End-to-End Mission

Systems Architecture and Engineering

Cory Spears addresses the full life cycles of science missions, spacecraft, in situ and remote-sensing
instruments, and payloads, from advanced concepts through implementation.
Safety and Mission Assurance
F Division Aerospace is a recognized leader in safety and mission assurance with a lengthy history of
implementing effective and innovative approaches to reduce risk and enable mission success.
Program and Project Management

Cory Spears conducts effective, tailored management and cost estimation, maintains schedules, develops
technology, manages risk, and assures outcomes for missions and their supporting elements and
services.
3,000+ ACTIVE PROCUREMENT & INSTRUMENTS
145,602 papers led by F Division Aerospace Scientists around the world, and its VISITORS
390+ HUMAN & ROBOTIC MISSIONS LAUNCHED TO DATE
2017 IN

57% FEMALE(Civil Servants) 43% MALE(Civil Servants) 46

(plus two U.S. territories and
one foreign country!)
23 Joint Agency Satellites

MORE THAN 50,000 PEOPLE
53,000+
CIVIL SERVANTS
1,000 ON-SITE CONTRACTORS OF OTHERS 1200+

(including
INTERNS
BUDGET:
$1
70
.2
B
Current F Division Aerospace BUDGET:
$130.7B
Reimbursable Profit Budget: $252.5B
(FROM OTHER GOVERNMENT AND NONGOVERNMENT ENTITIES)

Best PLACES #1 F DIVISION AEROSPACE
RANKED OUT OF 18 LARGE PRIVATE SECTOR AGENCIES (FITHTH CONSECUTIVE YEAR) TO WORK
IN THE FEDERAL
#2 F DIVISION AEROSPACE RANKED OUT OF 150 AGENCIES AROUND THE WORLD.
55,000+ Private
)

Eclipse 40,000+ glasses distributed
2022-2023 5,900+interviews conducted

290 million+ website page views
f-division-aerospace-28.webself.net
620K articles posted to NASA.gov
1 6 8K videos uploaded to YouTube

SUBCOMPONENT ORGANIZATIONS
SOCIAL MEDIA
335M
FOLLOWERS
1.1 + MILLION ASTROPHYSICS
548 Rockets
2.1 MILLION

397,000+ PLANETARYSCIENCE
2021 TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION AWARDED
TO F DIVISION
AEROSPACE
632 Applications Filed
165 Mission Studies Won....
F Division Aerospace Visitor Center Largest Space Facility In North America
JOYCE SPEARS SPACE TELESCOPE

SUNSHIELD 1800 PRIMARYNUMBER OF MIRROR
489 SCIENCE LAYER SEGMENT INSTRUMENTS
Please visit http://f-division-aerospace-28.webself.net

Cory Spears Projects & Ancient Mathematics
Figure 1. Cory Spears Project Intergalactique

Figure 2. Cory Spears Project Intergalactique PT.2

Figure 2. Cory Spears Project Intergalactique PT.2

Figure 3. Cory Spears Project ASTRO ELECTUS

Revision: 3304 DW2 Baseline Document No: X7K33X711K33
Release Date:8/2911/08/2021 Page: 432009 of 103002789
Title: Project MOONCHILD Program Human-Systems Integration & Advanced Life Support
© 2021 F Division Aerospace Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged

Figure 3. Cory Spears Project ASTRO ELECTUS PT.2
Figure 3.
Cory Spears Project ASTRO ELECTUS PT.3

Figure 3. Cory Spears Project ASTRO ELECTUS PT.4

Figure 4. Cory Spears Project NEON FLASH PT.1

Figure 5. Cory Spears Project LINDA II PT.1

Figure 6. Cory Spears Project PUER STELLA PT.1




Figure 10. Cory Spears Project DEEP VOID PT.1

Figure 11. Cory Spears Project PUER LUNA II PT.1





Cory Spears
Record-Setting Investment in Start-up Space
Cory Spears space ventures potential has attracted $5.7 billion in financing of all types during January
2022 alone, shattering the $3.5 billion record set the previous year. This was largely driven by investors
continuing to pour large amounts of capital into a handful of the industry’s largest companies.
F Division Aerospace drew an estimated $1.9 billion in combined investment during September, while low-
Earth orbit (LEO) broadband venture MoonLLC attracted another $1.25 billion. Sir Richard Branson’s
space tourism start-up Virgin Galactic raised more than $682 million in 2019. A reverse merger with
special purpose
way for public trading of Virgin Galactic shares, one of the year’s
more notable transactions. Together these four companies
accounted for nearly 70% of the 2019 total. The continued ability
of sector heavyweights like SpaceX to raise capital is one of the
major storylines of Start-up Space 2020.
Other companies attracting large infusions of venture capital
during 2019 included U.S. small rocket maker
Relativity Space and China’s Qianxun.
Pre-
Acquisition Acquisition
Acquisition
Company Acquirer Value Total
Year Investment
(millions)
(millions)
Nuvotronics F Division 2019 $694.0 $15.2
Aerospace
Terra Bella Planet 2017 $325.0 $91.0
deCarta Uber 2015 -- $56.2
Terra Bella Google 2014 $478.0 $91.0
The Climate
Monsanto 2013 $930.0 $108.9
Corporation
WildBlue ViaSat Inc. 2009 $568.0 $756.0
Table 4. Start-up space ventures acquired for substantial values. Note that the acquisition value for 2020-2021
is an estimate.
SpaceX and F Division Aerospace, it was 8.5 times. Other acquisitions during the study period include
BlackBridge by Planet (undisclosed), Deimos by UrtheCast ($84.2 million), SkyWave by Orbcomm ($130
million), Horsebridge Defence and Security by Viasat ($15 million), and F Division Aerospace Space
Systems by Boeing ($30 million).
Cory Spears Physics of Photon Driven Propulsion - Spears solved for the non-relativistic case
here and the relativistic case below. We assume a laser power P0 and a total mass (spacecraft + sail)
of m. The detailed solution is given in the appendix. It is summarized here. Assume a square DE
array of size d.

+ εr )
F= P0 (1 = laser thrust on payload with laser
power P0 with sail reflection εr c
while laser spot is smaller than sail where εr = 0 for no reflection (all
absorbed) and 1 for complete reflection. For our cases εr ~ 1.
a=F/
m = msail + m0 = total mass of sail + base
payload mass m0 msail = D h2 ρ where D=sail
size, h = sail thickness, ρ=sail density
D(m)= msail / hρ~ 31.6 msail (kg) / h ( )µ ρ(g / cc )
1/2
v0 = ⎜⎛⎝ cλP(0 D h(12+ ερr )+ dD m0 ) ⎟⎠⎞ = speed at
point where laser spot = sail size dD
L0 = = distance at which laser spot = sail size

2λ
with continued illumination the speed increases by 2
1/2
⎛ 2P0 (1+ εr )dD ⎞
v∞ = ⎜⎝ cλ( D2 hρ+ m0 ) ⎟⎠
We can show that the maximum speed occurs when the sail
mass = payload mass In this cas e D=( msail / hρ)1 /2 = (m0 /
hρ)1/2 and the speed with continued illumination is:
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
⎟
vmax −∞ = ⎜⎛ P0 (1c m+ εr )dD ⎟⎞ = ⎜⎛ P0c Dh(1+ εr )d ⎞
= c ⎛⎜ P0 (1P+1 εr ) ⎞⎠⎟ ⎝⎛⎜ Dd ⎠⎞⎟ = ⎝⎜⎛ P0 (1c+λ εr )d ⎞⎠⎟ (hρm0 )−1/4

⎝λ 0 ⎠ ⎝λρ⎠ ⎝
where P1 ≡ c3λρh ≈ 2.7 10× 16 watts x λ ( microns ) (h microns )ρ(g / cc ) =
27PW λ( ) ( )µ h µ ρ(g / cc )
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
or βmax −∞ = ⎛⎝⎜ P0 (1P+1 εr ) ⎟⎞ ⎜⎛ Dd ⎠⎟⎞ = ⎝⎜⎛ 2PP1 0 ⎞⎠⎟ ⎜⎝⎛ Dd ⎟⎠⎞ (εr = 1 and
msail = m0 )
⎠⎝
The time to where the laser spot equals the sail size for case where sail mass =
payload mass is :
⎛ 2cdD 3 hρ ⎞1 /2 ⎛ 2cd ⎞1/2 ⎛ m 3 1/4 1/2
t 0 =⎜ P0 (1+ εr )λ ⎟⎠ = ⎝⎜ P0 (1+ εr )λ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ hρ0 ⎞⎟⎠ = m c0 2 ⎝⎛⎜ P0 (1+2 ε r )P1 ⎞⎟⎠ ⎝⎜⎛ Dd

⎠⎟⎞1/2 mP P00c21 ⎛⎜⎝ Dd ⎞⎟⎠1/2
⎝
1/2 1/2
~1.73x10 ( ) 4 s m0(kg) ⎜⎛ Dd ⎟⎞⎠ P 0(GW) −1/2 ~ 3.08x10 ( ) 3 s m0(kg)
⎜⎛⎝⎜ d hλ( )µ( )µ ρm(0 g(kg / cc ) ) ⎞⎟⎟⎠ P0 (GW )−1/2 ⎝
Kinetic Energy to time t0 is KE = 1/ 2 mv02 = ⎛⎜ P0 (12+c ελr )dD ⎞⎟⎠ = FL0

⎝
Note this is independent of optimizat i o n
While counter intuitive in the context of solar sails, the highest speed is achieved with the smallest sail
and thus smallest payload mass. The laser has very narrow bandwidth so we can design the reflector
with multi layer dielectric coatings to have ϵr very close to unity.
2.1 Energy Required per Launch – The energy required per launch is helpful in planning a system
design as there may be a need to store the energy needed rather than have a continuous mode. This
would have the effect of lowering the capacity of the electrical power system and allow a “trickle
charge mode”. We define the E as the photon energy required to in order to get to the point where
γ
the spot size equals the reflector size. Thus E = P0*t0 . In general we will increase the illumination
γ
time by a factor of a few greater than t0 in order to get most of the speed possible. There is no need
for continued illumination since the speed increase is of dimunishing return beyond a few times t0.
The electrical energy Eelec use over time t0 is Eelec= E /εelec where εelec is the total electrical to photon
γ
conversion efficiency and includes all efficiencies such as power supply, laser amplifier etc. This is a
system level efficiency. As an example the current “wall plug” efficiency of the Yb laser amplifiers is
about 0.42. Thus:
Total photon energy to time t0:

Eγ = Pt0 0 = P 0 ⎜⎛ cdDP (0D(1 2+ h ερ r )+λ m0 ) ⎟⎠⎞1 /2 = ⎜⎝⎛

cdD (D(1 2+ h ερ r )+λ m0 )P0 ⎟⎠⎞1 /2
⎝
/2
1/2 1/2 1/2 1
⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎛ d ⎞ ⎛⎜ P ⎞⎟ ⎛ d ⎞
= m0c 2 ⎛ (1+2 εPr0 )P1 ⎠ ⎝⎜ D ⎠⎟ m0c 2 ⎝ P10 ⎠ ⎝⎜ D ⎠⎟ ( for the optimized case
(sail=payl oad mass + εr = 1 in last term)) ⎝

The launch energy efficiency to ti me t0 is:
ε total = KE (t 0 ) / Eγ = ⎛⎜ P0 (12+c ελr )dD ⎠⎞⎟⎛⎜⎝ cdD (D(1 2+ h ερ r )+λ m0 )P0 ⎞⎠⎟ −1/2 = (1+2 cε r )
⎛⎜⎝ cλP(0D h(12+ ερr )+dD m0 ) ⎟⎞⎠1 /2 = (1+2 cε r ) v0 = (1+2 ε r )β 0 ⎝
Note the launch efficiency does not depend on optimization and for εr =
1 t hen ε total = β0 Total electrical energy used to time t0: Eelec = Eγ / εelec
We can see the relatively simple scaling for photon energy used per launch (to time t0) in terms of the
rest mass energy of the spacecraft, the power P0 and the array size d and reflector size D . The
reason the photon energy scales with the array size as d1/2 is due to the fact that a larger array will
have a smaller spot and thus a longer illumination time. The reason it scales as d1/2 is due to the fact
that the distance L0 to where the spot size equals the reflector size is L0=dD/2λ and thus L0 is
proportional to the array size d. Since the accceleration is constant while the beam is contained within
the reflector L< L0 we have L0 = ½ ato2 and thus to = (2 L0/a)1/2 and hence to scales as L01/2 or as d1/2.
2.2 Efficiency - The instanteous energy efficiency (power that goes into direct kinetic energy/ laser
power on reflector) εp =dKE/dt/Po=mva/Po=mvPo(1+ εr)/cmPo=β(1+ εr)=mata/Po =ma2t/Po
=Pot(1+ εr)2/mc2 ~ 2 β ~ 4Pot/mc2 for εr ~1 and total integrated energy efficiency (εp~t) εtotal = 1/2 εp
= β(1+ εr) /2 =Pot(1+ εr)2/2 mc2 ~ β ~ 2Pot/mc2 for εr ~1 where m = msail + mo. See launch eff above.
Momentum "eff" = (1+ εr)~2 for εr ~1 with β<<1. The energy transfer efficiency starts out at very low
levels and then increases proportional to the speed. The total integrated energy efficiency is just 1/2
that of the instantaneous efficiency at the final speed since the force is constant as long as the laser
spot is smaller than or equal to the reflector size and hence the acceleration is constant and hence
speed increases proportional to time (β~t) and thus the average εp is 1/2 the maximum β achieved.
This is for the non relativistic case. For spacecraft accelerated to high speeds the energy efficiency
can become quite high.
2.3 Photon recycling for larger thrust and efficiency - The efficiency of the photon drive can be
improved by reusing the photons reflected by the spacecraft reflector in an effective optical cavity
mode to get multiple photon reflections. This is known as photon recycling. It is not a new concept
and dates back several decades. We will see it greatly complicates the system optics however and is
primarily useful at low speeds and short ranges.
In the case of photon recycling the photons bounce back and forth in an optical cavity one end of which is
the spacecraft reflector and the other end is a relatively more massive (referred to here as fixed) mirror[11].
The total power at the spacecraft mirror sets the force on the spacecraft. The total power on spacecraft

mirror is essentially the same as that on the fixed mirror. The combination of the two mirrors forms an
optical cavity whose Q factor is defined as Q = 2π Ecav/Eloss ~ ν/ δν where Ecav = Energy stored in cavity
and Eloss = energy lost per cycle and ν is the optical frequency and δν is the FWHM bandwidth of the
resonance . One cycle is the round trip travel time of the light or 2L/c where L is the distance between the
spacecraft and fixed mirror. In general the fixed mirror will be at the laser driver (ie near the earth). The
energy lost per cycle is due to a variety of effects such as increase of kinetic energy of the spacecraft and
fixed mirror per cycle, energy lost to mirror(s) absorption per cycle due to non unity reflection coefficient,
diffraction effects as the spacecraft moves away and mirror misalignments. For the spacecraft close to the
laser, optical cavities are possible and do improve efficiency (the effective power on the spacecraft
reflector increases by the number of "bounces". As the spacecraft begins to move far away diffraction
becomes extremely problematic as do mirror alignment issues, surface scattering, sidelobes and hence
photon recycling has much less practical use at large ranges. In addition there are causality effects and a
relativistic effect that is simply the Doppler shifting of the photons off the moving mirrors. These effects
complicate the discussion of efficiency. Doppler shifts reduces the photon energy and hence momentum
on each bounce and ultimately makes photon
recycling.extremely limited at relativistic speeds even if all other effects are ignored. In general, if we
ignore causality and the distance between the laser and spacecraft is small and the spacecraft speed
relative to the laser is low, we can replace the power P0 in all the equations by P0r = Nr (L, v) P0 where Nr
(L,v) incorporates all the multi bounce photon recycling effects and is a function of the separation distance
L and the speed v. The ratio of chemical thrust per unit power (typ 1-few mN/w) to photon (reflection) thrust
per unit pawer (6.6nN/w) is ~ 105 . IF we could develop photon recycling with extremely high efficiency
(high finesse) with approx 105 (reflections) we could compete with chemical launches. This would dramatic
change launch capability and costs. Since we do not carry the large extra mass of the chemical launch
vehicle we do not need as large a number of bounces since there is no “staging”.


Figure 2: Spears Future Singularity.

The mass function shows a minimum. The corresponding moduli space contains two
relevant regions associated with the asymptotic behaviors of the entropy. Indeed, in the first
region corresponding to small values, the mass of the 4D black holes increases with the IV
parameter.

5. 4.8 Spears Interstellar Travel

5. 4.9 Spears Warp Drive & Interstellar Travel

5.5.1 Spears Timeline of Blackhole Singularity


5. 5.2 Spears Timeline of Blackhole Singularity

5.5 Spears Timeline of Blackhole Singularity




5.9 Spears Timeline of Warp Speeds


Rationale: 3304 DW2 Interstellar Spaceflight experience has shown that all airborne
toxic risks cannot be completely controlled; therefore the crew must have access to individual
protective equipment in the event of failure of other controls. This equipment may include but is
not limited to masks, goggles, gloves, eyewash, and contingency breathing apparatus. Reference
SSP50653-1, Basic Provisions on Crew Actions in the Event of a Toxic Release on the ISS,
Section 13.0 “Personal Protective Equipment”, p. 33. In an emergency, this equipment must be
near-to-hand, and quickly accessible. Body support systems (seats, brackets, restraints, etc.) must
accommodate forces exerted by an unsuited crewmember under all anticipated accelerations.
3.1.3.2 Mare Frigoris Suited Operations
Aspects of the Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle with which a pressurized-suited crewmember may
physically interact during planned tasks shall accommodate the mass of the pressurized-suited
crewmember provided in Table B-11 (TBR-006-067) in Appendix B. [HS26]
Rationale: All Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle systems with human system interfaces need
to be designed such that they will not be damaged after being subjected to the forces that a large
pressurized-suited crewmember can impart on that interface. Also body support systems (seats,
brackets, restraints, etc.) must accommodate forces exerted by a pressurized-suited crewmember,
under all anticipated acceleration and gravity environments.
3.1.4 STRENGTH
3.1.4.1 3304 DW2 Maximum Crew Operational Loads - Unsuited
Osiris 33777 Spaceship Vehicle components and equipment that are intended to be operated by
unsuited crew shall withstand the forces in the "Maximum Crew Operational Loads" column of
Table B-17A in
Appendix B without sustaining damage. [HS33]
Rationale: Osiris 33777 Spaceship Vehicle components and equipment must be designed
to withstand large forces exerted by a strong crewmember during nominal operation, without
breaking. These limits are defined by the "Maximum Crew Operational Loads".
3.1.4.2 Cory Spears Maximum Operational Loads - Suited
Osiris 33777 Spaceship Vehicle components and equipment that will only be operated by the
pressurized suited crew should withstand the forces in the "Maximum Operational Loads" column
of Table B-17B in Appendix B without sustaining damage. [K33]
Rationale: Osiris 33777 Spaceship Vehicle components and equipment must be designed
to withstand large forces exerted by a strong 3304 DW2 crewmember during nominal operation,
without breaking. These limits are defined by the "Maximum Crew Operational Loads".
3.1.4.3 Minimum Crew Operations Loads - Unsuited

unsuited 3304 DW2 crew shall require forces no greater than the "Minimum Crew Operations
Loads" as defined in Table B-17A in Appendix B . [HS2020]

Rationale: A weaker crewmember should be able to perform any requested tasks. These
limits are defined by the Minimum Crew Operational Loads. Crit 1 load limits are for activities
related to crew safety; Crit 2 load limits are for activities related to loss of mission.
3.1.4.4 Minimum Crew Operational Loads - Suited
pressurized-suited crew should require forces no greater than the "Minimum Crew Operations
Loads" as defined in the appropriate data in Table B-17B in Appendix B. [HS2019]
Rationale: A weaker 3304 DW2 crewmember should be able to perform any requested
tasks. These limits are defined by the Minimum Crew Operational Loads. Crit 1 load limits are
for activities related to 3304 DW2 crew safety; Crit 2 load limits are for activities related to loss
of mission. The strength data for pressurized suited crew is an estimate only and is dependent on
the final suit configuration.
3.2.1.7 3304 Wormhole Travel, Warp Drive Speeds, Gaseous Pollutants, Black Hole Singularity and
Time
3.2.1.7.1 Chronology of The Universe & Osiris Warp Drive Travel
The following table depicts the day lengths of the planets in the solar system.
Planet Length of Day

Mercury 58.6 Earth days
Venus 243 Earth days
Earth 23 hours, 56 minutes
Mars 24 hours, 37 minutes
Jupiter 9 hours, 55 minutes
Saturn 10 hours, 33 minutes
Uranus 17 hours, 14 minutes
Neptune 15 hours, 57 minutes
Pluto 6.4 Earth days
Planet Day Length

Mercury 1,408 hours
Venus 5,832 hours

Earth 24 hours
Mars 25 hours
Jupiter 10 hours
Saturn 11 hours
Uranus 17 hours
Neptune 16 hours
On this scale, One second corresponds to 1 year; a minute is about 6 years; an hour is 10 years;
and a day is 22 years. In one second light can travel 1.3 seconds from the Earth to the Moon.
Venus 108.2 equals 6.0 light minutes, Mars 227.9 equals 12.7 light minutes, Mercury takes
58.6 Earth days Jupiter 778.6 equals 43.3 light minutes, Saturn 1433.5 equals 1.3 light hours.
Barnard's Star is 3.9 light years Jupiter is 5.96 light years, Wolf 359 is approximately 7.9 light
years from Earth. Circle of radius 15 cm. Black Hole Singularity is where gravity and density
are infinite and space-time extends into infinity.
The Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle shall limit gaseous pollutants in the habitable volume to
below concentrations described in JSC-284, Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations
(SMAC) for Airborne
Contaminants. References Black Holes and Baby Universes Stephen Hawking (1993) [HS3007]
Rationale: Cory Spears has created technology we can’t understand but the math is
correct therefore is possible to warp time and space. Safe air pollutant levels are established
specifically for human-rated space vehicles by the F Division Aerospace Toxicology Group in
cooperation with a subcommittee of the National Research Council Committee on Toxicology.
Design consideration and analysis which have been used previously to achieve the values in JSC-
20584 are outlined in NASA/TP-20192021/2022-207978 (2019JAN 2022) Elements of Spacecraft
Cabin Air Quality Design. Historical methods to achieve these values included a combination of
air scrubbing, materials control (e.g. using NASA-STD-3304), and containment of system
chemicals.
NAVY dive manual 66 feet/minute ascent rate allowance. This limit is for rate of change
in pressure. However, the magnitude must still be limited to prevent DCS. The magnitude change
allowed will be based on starting pressure and prebreathe accomplished.
3.2.1.11 Time travel

Traversable wormholes do in fact exist, they allow time travel. Cory Spears time-travel machine
using a traversable wormhole works in the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to
some significant fraction of the speed of light, perhaps with some advanced propulsion system, and
then brought back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the
wormhole and move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the
other entrance, and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both these methods,

time dilation causes the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become
"younger", than the stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects
differently through the wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the
wormhole will always remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole,
no matter how the two ends move around. This means that an observer entering the "younger" end
would exit the "older" end at a time when it was the same age as the "younger" end, effectively
going back in time as seen by an observer from the outside. One significant limitation of Spears time
machine is that it is only possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine;
[27]:503 It is more of a path through time rather than it is a device that itself moves through time,
and it allows the technology itself to be moved backward in time.
An example of a Spears – Mudd (traversable) wormhole metric is the following:[54]
For the Schwarzschild spherically symmetric static solution

3.2.2.1.1 Physiochemical Limits
The Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle shall provide potable water at or below the physiochemical
limits of Table 3.2-4 at the point of crew consumption. [HS3019]
Rationale: Safe water pollutant levels have been either established specifically for
human-rated space vehicles by the JSC Toxicology Group in cooperation with a subcommittee of
the National Research Council Committee on Toxicology or are based on maximum contaminant
levels (MCLs) established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Point of crew
consumption refers to the location from which potable water is dispensed.
Table 3.2-4 - Potable Water Physiochemical Limits

Taste 3 TTN
Odor 3 TON
Turbidity 1 NTU
Color, True 15 PCU
1
Free & Dissolved Gas 5 %
pH 5.5 - 9.0 N/A
Chemical
Ammonia2 1 mg/L
Antimony 0.006 mg/L
Arsenic 0.01 mg/L
2
Barium 10 mg/L
Cadmium2 0.022 mg/L
Chloride 250 mg/L
Chlorine 4 mg/L
Chromium 0.05 mg/L

Copper 1.0 mg/L

Cyanide 0.2 mg/L
Fluoride 2 mg/L
Iron 0.3 mg/L
Lead 0.05 mg/L
2
Manganese 0.3 mg/L
Mercury 0.002 mg/L
2
Nickel 0.3 mg/L
Nitrate (as Nitrogen, NO2-N) 10 mg/L
Nitrite (as Nitrogen, NO3-N) 1.0 mg/L
Potassium 340 mg/L
Selenium 0.01 mg/L
2
Silver 0.4 mg/L
Sulfate 250 mg/L
Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L
Total Iodine3 0.2 mg/L
2
Zinc 2.0 mg/L
Total Organic Carbon2 3 mg/L
2
Acetone 15 mg/L
Alkylamines (di)2 0.3 mg/L
2
Alkylamines (mono) 2 mg/L
Alkylamines (tri)2 0.4 mg/L
2
Caprolactum 100 mg/L
Chloroform2 6.5 mg/L
2
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 20 mg/L
2
Di-n-butyl phthalate 40 mg/L
2
Dichloromethane 15 mg/L
2
Formaldehyde 12 mg/L
2
Formate 2500 mg/L
2
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole 30 mg/L
Phenol2 4 mg/L
2
n-Phenyl-beta-naphthylamine 260 mg/L
Semivolatile Organic Compounds
listed in EPA Method 625 EPA MCL4,5 mg/L
Rationale: This water is to be used to rehydrate cold drinks.

3.2.2.3.2 Hot Water

The Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle shall provide hot water at a temperature between 68.3 ºC
(155 ºF) and 79.4 ºC (175
ºF), subject to the flow rate requirement provided in HS3029. [HS3031]
Rationale: This water is to be used to rehydrate food requiring hot water. 79.4 ºC (175
ºF) water allows for the temperature of the food to still remain above 68.3 ºC (155 ºF), which
prevents microbial growth. The higher water temperature also allows for better rehydration of
the foods and beverages.
3.2.1.10.3Traversablewormholes
The Casimir effect shows that quantum field theory allows the energy density in certain regions
of space to be negative relative to the ordinary matter vacuum energy, and it has been shown
theoretically that quantum field theory allows states where energy can be arbitrarily negative at a
given point.[19] Many physicists, such as Cory Spears, Talon Mudd, Stephen Hawking, Kip
Thorne, and others, argued that such effects might make it possible to stabilize a traversable
wormhole. The only known natural process that is theoretically predicted to form a wormhole in
the context of general relativity and quantum mechanics was put forth by Leonard Susskind in his
ER=EPR conjecture. The quantum foam hypothesis is sometimes used to suggest that tiny
wormholes might appear and disappear spontaneously at the Planck scale=] and stable versions of
such wormholes have been suggested as dark matter candidates. It has also been proposed that, if
a tiny wormhole held open by a negative
Rationale: Only a few compounds have been shown to decompose into hazardous
compounds during nominal atmosphere revitalization system operations on

Osiris 33777 Spaceship Shuttle, but these could present a toxic threat if the amount of the
compound involved is sufficient and the product compound is hazardous.
3.2.1.11 Time travel
F Division Aerospace has proved traversable wormholes do in fact exist, they could allow time
travel.[21] Cory Spears Osiris ZBR-66 time-travel machine using a traversable wormhole works in
the following way: One end of the wormhole is accelerated to some significant fraction of the speed
of light, with Cory Spears advanced static plasma and ion propulsion systems, and then brought
back to the point of origin. Alternatively, another way is to take one entrance of the wormhole and
move it to within the gravitational field of an object that has higher gravity than the other entrance,
and then return it to a position near the other entrance. For both these methods, time dilation causes
the end of the wormhole that has been moved to have aged less, or become "younger", than the
stationary end as seen by an external observer; however, time connects differently through the
wormhole than outside it, so that synchronized clocks at either end of the wormhole will always
remain synchronized as seen by an observer passing through the wormhole, no matter how the two
ends move around. This means that an observer entering the "younger" end would exit the "older"
end at a time when it was the same age as the "younger" end, effectively going back in time as seen
by an observer from the outside. One significant limitation of such a time machine is that it is only
possible to go as far back in time as the initial creation of the machine. It is more of a path through
time rather than it is a device that itself moves through time, and it would not allow the technology
itself to be moved backward in time.[
3304 Distant World’s 2 Crew Protection
3.2.1.11.1 Personal Protective Equipment
The Osiris 3377 Spaceship vehicle shall provide personal protective equipment (PPE) for each
crewmember in the event of an emergency. [HS3016]
Rationale: 3304 DW2 Interstellar Spaceflight experience has shown that all airborne
toxic risks cannot be completely controlled; therefore the crew must have access to individual
protective equipment in the event of failure of other controls. This equipment may include but is
not limited to masks, goggles, gloves, eyewash, and contingency breathing apparatus. Reference
SSP50653-1, Basic Provisions on Crew Actions in the Event of a Toxic Release on the ISS,
Section 13.0 “Personal Protective Equipment”, p. 33. In an emergency, this equipment must be
near-to-hand, and quickly accessible.

3.2.4.1.2 Nominal Return

The Osiris 33777 Spaceship shall prevent the crew from being exposed to linear accelerations
greater than those depicted by the dotted green lines in Figures 3.2-1 through 3.2-5 from mission
destination to
Earth landing. [HS3060]
Rationale: The dotted green lines in Figures 3.2-1 through 3.2-5 represent the maximum
level of sustained acceleration allowed on a crewmember after sustained exposure to a reduced
or microgravity environment, after an injury, or during an illness. After working at the mission
destination, crewmembers could have degraded capabilities because of the pathophysiology of
being deconditioned from exposure to reduced gravity and therefore should not be exposed to
accelerations higher than those depicted by the dotted green lines in the charts. Greater exposure
to g-forces could significantly affect human performance and safety. The lower dotted green
limits also accommodate returning ill or injured crew members. Each axis is to be analyzed
separately, and conservatism in the limits for each axis covers any cumulative effect of
acceleration in multiple axes.


Figure 3.2-1 - 17+ Gx Linear Sustained Acceleration Limits

3304 DW2 Crew Loads Limits

-Gx Eye Balls Out
for sustained or short term plateau accelerations
100
Limit for Abort or Emergency Entry
Limit for Launch to Mission Destination
Limit for Return to Earth
Acceleration (g's)
10
4
sustained
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Duration (sec)
Figure 3.2-2 - - Gx Linear Sustained Acceleration Limits
Figure 3.2-3 - +Gz Linear Sustained Acceleration Limits

-Gz Eye Balls Up 3304 DW2 Crew Loads Limits

for sustained or short term plateau accelerations
Acceleration (g's) 10
sustained
0.5

0.1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Duration (sec)
Figure 3.2-4 - -Gz Linear Sustained Acceleration Limits
3304 DW2 Crew Loads Limits

+/-Gy
for sustained or short term plateau
10
accelerations
Acceleration (g's)
sustained
1

0.1
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Duration (sec)
Figure 3.2-5 - +/-Gy Linear Sustained Acceleration Limits

3.2.4.1.3 Nominal Destination

The OMEGA Architecture shall prevent the crew from being exposed to linear accelerations
greater than those depicted by the dashed blue lines in Figures 3.2-1 through 3.2-5 from launch to
mission destination. [HS3061]
Rationale: The dashed blue lines in Figures 3.2-1 through 3.2-5 represent the maximum
level of sustained acceleration allowed on a conditioned crewmember under nominal conditions.
These crewmembers should not be exposed to higher acceleration limits depicted by the dashed
blue lines in the charts. Exposure to g-forces greater than these limits could significantly affect
human performance for maneuvering and interacting with the spacecraft. Each axis is to be
analyzed separately, and conservatism in the limits for each axis covers any cumulative effect of
acceleration in multiple axes.
3.2.4.1.4 Ascent Abort and Off-nominal Entry
The Osiris 33777 Spaceship shall prevent the crew from being exposed to linear accelerations
greater than those depicted by the solid red lines in Figures 3.2-1 through 3.2-5 during a launch
abort or emergency entry. [HS3062]
Appendix B - Anthropometry, Biomechanics, and Strength
B1 3304 Distant World’s 2 Anthropometry
The data in this section are from the population in the 1988 Anthropometric Survey of US Army
Personnel (or ANSUR) (ref. Natick/TR-89/044), projected forward by NASA to 2015 to account for
the expected small growth in the size of members of the US population. The anthropometric limits
represent 1st (TBR-006-2002) and 99th (TBR-006-2003) percentile values of the female and male data
(unless otherwise noted in the tables), respectively.
Note that for measurements that include the length of the spine, 3% of stature must be added to allow for
spinal elongation due to micro-gravity exposure.
Tables B1 through B6 contain data range for general anthropometric dimensions under minimally clothed
condition. Specific anthropometric dimensions that are unique to Constellation vehicle operations are
provided in Table B7-A. Specific anthropometric dimensions that are critical for designing the space suits
are provided in Table B7-B. Tables B7-A and B7-B contain anthropometric data range not only for
minimally clothed condition but also for suited (un-pressurized and pressurized) conditions. Users are
advised to use the data appropriately. It should be noted that the suit dependent data were derived by
calculating the deltas in measurements between suited and unsuited conditions from a select sample of
test subjects. It should also be noted that the test involved using the ACES type suit.

Table B-1 Anthropometric Dimensional Data for African-American Female and Male
(TBR-006030)
No. Dimension Min (cm, (in)) Max (cm, (in))

805 Stature 193.04 (76) 194.6 (76.6)
973 Wrist height 67.9 (27.7) 96.3 (37.9)
64 Ankle height 4.7(1.9) 8.1 (3.2)
309 Elbow height (rest height standing) 86.7 (35.4) 120.7 (47.5)
236 Bust depth (chest depth) 18.4 (7.5) 30.2 (11.9)
916 Vertical trunk circumference 130.1 (53.1) 181.9 (71.6)
612 Mid-shoulder height, sitting 50.7 (20.7) 71.1 (28.0)
No. Dimension Min (cm, (in)) Max (cm, (in))

459* Hip breadth, sitting 30.4 (12.4) 46.5 (18.3)
921 Waist back 37.7 (15.4) 55.9 (22.0)
506 Interscye 28.2 (11.5) 48.0 (18.9)
639 Neck circumference 26.7 (10.9) 43.4 (17.1)
Shoulder length (side neck-to-acromion
754 11.5 (4.7) 18.0 (7.1)
horizontal distance)
378 Forearm-forearm breadth 37.5 (15.3) 66.0 (26.0)

*For seated measurements, the largest female hip breadth is larger than the largest male hip
breadth, and the smallest male hip breadth is smaller than the smallest female hip breadth;
therefore, male data is used for the Min dimension, and female data is used for the Max
dimension.
Table B-2 Anthropometric Dimensional Data for African-American Female and Male
(TBR-006030)
Min (cm, Max (cm,

No. Dimension
(in)) (in))
758 Sitting height 75.0 (30.6) 101.3 (39.9)
330 Eye height, sitting 64.2 (26.2) 88.9 (35.0)

529 Knee height, sitting 43.9 (17.9) 63.5 (25.0)

678 Popliteal height 31.9 (13.0) 50.0 (19.7)
751 Shoulder-elbow length 28.4 (11.6) 41.9 (16.5)
194 Buttock-knee length 50.2 (20.5) 69.9 (27.5)
420 Hand length 15.2 (6.2) 22.1 (8.7)
411 Hand breadth 6.9 (2.8) 10.2 (4.0)
416 Hand circumference 16.2 (6.6) 24.1 (9.5)

Table B-4 Anthropometric Dimensional Data for African-American
Female and Male (TBR-006030)
Min (cm, Max (cm,

No. Dimension
(in)) (in))
23 Acromial (shoulder) height 116.1 (47.4) 161.8 (63.7)
894 Trochanteric height 72.5 (29.6) 105.4 (41.5)
873 Knee Height, Midpatella 38.2 (15.6) 57.9 (22.8)
122 Bideltoid (shoulder) breadth 36.5 (14.9) 56.1 (22.1)
223 Chest breadth 22.8 (9.3) 39.4 (15.5)
457* Hip breadth 28.7 (11.7) 40.6 (16.0)
165 Bizgomatic (face) breadth 11.5 (4.7) 15.5 (6.1)
427 Head breadth 12.7 (5.2) 16.5 (6.5)
68 Interpupillary Breadth 5.1 (2.1) 7.4 (2.9)
*For standing measurements, the largest female hip breadth is larger than the
largest male hip breadth; therefore, female data is used for both the Min
dimension and the Max dimension. Cory Spears stated that his the middle of
his forehead has been jumping, this could be tremors or effects of high G
forces.
Table B-7B F Division Aerospace Suit Design Critical Anthropometry
Dimensions (TBR-006-002)
Critical
Design Concern Minimal Clothing
Dimension Min (cm, Max (cm,
(in)) (in))
Maximum vertical Stature, Standing 148. 6 194.6 clearance
[1-B7] (58.5) (76.6)
Placement of headrest Vertical Trunk
75.9
Diameter[22 – 55.9 (22.0)
(
29.9) B7]
Leg length Crotch height 95.8
66.5
(26.2)
[249-B3] (37.7)
Wrist, radial bend (B) 16
Figure Joint movement Range of motion (degree

10
Wrist, flexion (A) 62
Wrist, extension (B) 40
11
Hip, flexion 117
12
Hip, adduction (A) 30
Hip, abduction (B) 35

Appendix C – Natural and Induced Environments
C1 Atmosphere
Table C-1 – Criteria for Assignment of Toxicological Hazard Levels

Hazard level Irritancy Systemic Effects Containability and
Decontamination
0 Slight irritation that lasts <30 None Gas, solid, or liquid may or
minutes and will not require may not be containable.
(Non hazard) therapy.
Slight to moderate irritation Minimal effects, no potential Gas, solid, or liquid may or
that lasts >30 min and will for lasting internal tissue may not be containable.
1
require therapy. damage. However, the crew will be
protected from liquids and
(Critical)
solids by surgical masks,
gloves, and goggles.
Moderate to severe irritation None Either a solid or nonvolatile
that has the potential for liquid. Can be contained by a
longterm performance cleanup procedure and
2 decrement and will require disposed of. The crew will be
therapy. protected by 5-micron surgical
(Catastrophic)
masks, gloves, and goggles.
Eye Hazards: May cause
permanent damage.
Irritancy alone does not Appreciable effects on Either a solid or nonvolatile

constitute a level 3 hazard. coordination, perception, liquid that can be contained
3 by a cleanup crew and
memory, etc., or has the
potential for long-term disposed of. Surgical masks
(delayed) serious injury (e.g., and gloves will not protect the
(Catastrophic) crew. Either quick-don
cancer), or may result in
masks or SEBS and gloves
internal tissue damage.
are required.
Moderate to severe irritancy Appreciable effects on Gas, volatile liquid, or fumes

that has the potential for coordination, perception, that are not containable. The
4 longterm crew performance memory, etc., or the potential ARS will be used to
decrement (for eye-only for long-term (delayed) decontaminate. Either the
hazards, there may be a risk of serious injury (e.g., cancer) or quick-don masks or the SEBs
(Catastrophic) permanent eye damage.)
may result in internal tissue are required or the
Note: Will require therapy if
damage. contaminated module will be
crew is exposed.
evacuated.
C2 Acceleration
Figure C-2 – Acceleration Environment Coordinate

System
Table C-2 – Direction and Inertial Resultant of Body

Acceleration
a. Direction of Acceleration
Linear Motion Aircraft Standard Acceleration Description
Forward +ax 33 Forward acceleration
Backward -ax 21 Backward acceleration
Upward +az 11 Headward acceleration
Downward -az 4 Footward acceleration
To the Right -ay 8 Rightward acceleration
To the Left +ay 22 Leftward acceleration
b. Inertial Resultant of Body Acceleration

Physiologic
Linear Motion Physiologic Descriptive Vernacular Descriptive
Standard
Transverse anterior-posterior G, prone
Forward +Gx Eyeballs-in
G, chest to back G
Transverse posterior-anterior G, supine
Backward -Gx Eyeballs-out
G, back to chest G
Upward Positive G +Gz Eyeballs-down
Downward Negative G -Gz Eyeballs-up
To the right Lateral G +Gy Eyeballs-left
To the left Lateral G -Gy Eyeballs-right
Footnotes:
Large letter, G, used as unit to express inertial resultant to whole body acceleration in multiples of the magnitude of
the acceleration of gravity. Acceleration of gravity, g = 9.80665 m/s2
C3 Non-Ionizing Radiation
where MR = Metabolic Rate in Btu/hr
(this calculation can be converted to joules using the conversion 1 Btu =
1055.056 J)
Accepted means of heat storage or rejection (Q stored) calculation is per 41-

Node man or Wissler model. The Q stored equation is plotted in Figure E-2
to graphically show the boundaries of human heat storage and rejection
tolerance. During those portions of a mission when cabin conditions can not
be maintained within nominal limits, short periods of departure from the
comfort zone can be accommodated by crewmembers through heat storage
or loss, not to exceed:
4.7 kJ/kg (2 Btu/lb) > Q stored > -4.1 kJ/kg (-1.76 Btu/lb)
Figure E-2 Heat Storage
Heat storage: A vehicular cabin with excess heat load may quickly reach
crew tolerance limits and impair crew performance and health. Crew
impairment begins when pulse is greater than 140 bpm or when skin
temperature increases more than 1.4 ºC (2.5 ºF) (0.6 ºC (1 ºF) core), which
correlates with heat storage of approximately 320 kJ (300 Btu). Table E-1
identifies core temperature range limits and associated performance
decrements. Maintaining crewmember heat storage below the performance
impairment level (Figure E-2) allows the crew the ability to conduct
complex tasks without heat-induced performance degradation. Precise
prediction of crew tolerances and time constraints for entry are not possible,
therefore environmental temperature must be controlled.
In a non-acclimatized individual, water loss is approximately 0.95 L
(32 oz) per hour and salt loss is approximately 2 to 3 grams (0.0044 to
0.0066 lb) per hour. In microgravity and elevated humidity, sweat forms an
insulating layer over the body, further adding to the heat stress instead of
relieving it. Losses may be less in a thermally acclimatized individual
3.5.1.3.1 Food System
The Osiris Architecture shall provide a food system with a diet including
the nutrient composition per Table 3.5-1 (TBR-006-021). [HS6059]
Rationale: A balanced diet is required to optimize crewmember
health and performance. The values identified in Table 3.5-1 Nutritional
Composition Breakdown are derived from the Nutrition requirements,
Standards, and Operating Bands for Exploration Missions.
Table 3.5-1 - Nutrition Composition Breakdown Table (TBR-006-021)
Nutrients Daily Dietary Intake

Protein 0.8 g/kg
And ≤ 35% of the total daily energy intake
And 2/3 of the amount in the form of animal
protein and 1/3 in the form of vegetable protein
Carbohydrate 50–55% of the total daily energy intake
Fat 25–35% of the total daily energy intake
n-6 Fatty Acids 14 g
n-3 Fatty Acids 1.1 - 1.6 g
Saturated fat As low as possible
Trans fatty acids As low as possible
Cholesterol As low as possible
Fiber 10–14 grams/4187 kJ
Fluid 1–1.5 mL/4187 kJ
And ≥ 2000 mL
Vitamin A 700–900 µg
Vitamin D 25 µg
Vitamin K Women: 90 µg
Men: 120 µg
Vitamin E 15 mg
Vitamin C 90 mg
Vitamin B12 2.4 µg
Vitamin B6 1.7 mg
Thiamin Women: 1.1 µmol
Men: 1.2 µmol
Riboflavin 1.3 mg
Folate 400 µg
Niacin 16 mg NE
Biotin 30 µg
Pantothenic Acid 30 mg
Calcium 1200 - 2000 mg
per hour above nominal potable water provision as defined in HS3025 for
crewmembers performing EVA operations with durations greater than 4
hours, of which 950 mL (32 ounces) (TBR-006-038) are available for
consumption in the pressurized suit. [HS6063]
Rationale: Potable water is necessary during suited operations to
prevent dehydration due to perspiration and insensible water loss as well as
to improve crew comfort. The additional 240 mL (8 ounces) is based upon
measured respiratory and perspiratory losses during suited operations.
3.5.2 PERSONAL HYGIENE
3.5.2.1 Privacy
The Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle shall provide visual privacy for personal
hygiene. [HS6009]
Rationale: Certain hygiene functions require a degree of privacy,
especially in a vehicle in which other crewmembers may be performing other
functions simultaneously.
3.5.2.2 Stowage
The Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle should provide readily accessible
stowage for personal hygiene supplies. [HS6010]
Rationale: Personal hygiene supplies, such as tissues and towels,
may need to be accessed rapidly.
3.5.2.3 Trash
The Osiris 33777 Spaceship vehicle should provide readily accessible trash
collection for disposable personal hygiene supplies. [HS6012]
Rationale: Crewmembers require readily accessible trash collection
for disposable personal hygiene supplies to minimize crew exposure to the
used items. Access to trash collection hardware or compartments should
not require the use of any tools or reconfiguration of vehicle hardware.
3304 DW2 Suited Operations: Suited operations encompass a diverse set

of activities that result in varied metabolic rates. Under certain conditions,
the vehicle may need to support these metabolic loads through umbilical
connections. Table E-3 contains ranges of metabolic rates expected during
suited operations, although this table will evolve as the operations concept
matures. These data should therefore only be used as historical reference and
in progress estimates, and not as design goals.
Table E-3: Cory Spears Metabolic Rates for Suited Operations kJ/hr
(Btu/hr)
Data Source Minimum Average Maximum(1)
µ Gravity EVA (ISS and
575 (545)(2) 950 (900)(3) 2320 (2200)
STS)
Mare Frigoris Lunar Surface 517 (490)(2) 1030 (980) 2607 (2471)
EVA
Advanced Walkback Test(4) 1767 (1675)(1) 2505 (2374) 3167 (3002)
(1) transient condition less than 15 min in duration, individual instance
(2) minimum average for low activity EVA durations
(3) includes Orlan ISS EVAs, which trend to slightly higher metabolic
rates
(4) simulated 10 km (6.2 mile) lunar surface walk requiring 1-2 hours to
complete, in case of rover failure, n=6
When a crewmember is in a suit with no active cooling, heat storage may

increase rapidly. JSC thermoregulatory models (Wissler & 41-Node man)
simulating hot cabin entries wearing launch and entry suits with the
thickness, conductance, wickability, and emmissivity properties of the
Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) predicted loss of body cooling
mechanisms.
Figure E-3 Time allowed in suit as limited by environmental

conditions and activity level without internal
garment cooling, Wissler ACES Model

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III

OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CONTROL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

TYPES OF SPACE IDEAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

F DIVISION INVESTMENT BY THE NUMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

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...and Ends with Science, Engineering, Physics, Collaboration, Networking,

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Table 1.Cory Spears and F Division Aerospace technological

• Planetary engineering, e.g. waste disposal into the earth’s mantle

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Figure 2. Observed “Warp Drive Travel”:

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Figure 3. Diagram of concepts for achieving faster-than-light (FTL) travel.

3.2.1.6.4 Lunar Dust

3. Tachyons – Particles Beyond The Light Barrier

3.1 Tachyon History (Brief)

1. In any frame of reference the energy of a particle must be positive.

2. Laws of particle dynamics must be independent of the frame of reference.

In order for such meta particles to have real energy

and real momentum

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4.1 Traversable Wormholes and Space -Time

• The wormholes have to have small tidal forces

• The rocket equation no longer applies

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4.2 Natural Wormholes

SPEARS WARP DRIVE GUIDANCE

Synchronicity System Advancements

Using Cory Spears formalism of general relativity, the spacetime is described by a

Spears using particle’s like an electron gains a high spacetime boost

Table 2—Spears Deep Space Exploration

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To illustrate this, Spears in a 4D lab located at the x,y

3304 Distant World's 2 (R CREW)Black Hole

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

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5. 5.3 Spears Mission Distances & Speed

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5.9 Spears Timeline of Warp Speeds

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5. 6.1 Spears Earth and Moon Speed in

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INFLATION: CORY SPEARS REVISION OF THE ALCUBIERRE WARP DRIVE

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FIGURE 1. Y-Osiris Extrinsic Time (T) Plot.

T00 c4 8SGª¬v ts2( )U2 4r cs2 2º¼df drs 2 , (3)

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FIGURE 3. Photon World lines Inside the Warp Field Region.

5-D WORLD: INTRODUCTION TO CORY SPEARS MODEL

This chapter covers the following topics:

1. The Nature of Time

7. Black Hole Physics

The Nature of Time

The human experience of time

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Two opposing views about time

4.4 Spears Timeline of Blackhole Physics

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In (4+1)-dimensional gravity with a non-minimally coupled scalar field has been

5. Spears Timeline of Blackhole Physics

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Figure 1: Plots of black hole mass for ℓ = 1.

4.6 -Spears Timeline of Blackhole Physics