Non-Aligned Movement

Introduction:
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established at the height of the Cold War, with the
fall of the colonial order and the fights for the independence of the peoples of Africa, Asia,
Latin America, and other parts of the world. The Movement’s early history saw substantial
contributions from its actions to the decolonization process. A large number of peoples and
countries eventually gained freedom and independence attributable to the decolonization
process, which also resulted in the creation of numerous new sovereign States. These
economies desire to combat both food insecurity and poverty. Africa and Asia, which had
just gained their independence, were deeply infused with a sense of nationalism and were
unwilling to compromise their freedom at any point. Neither bloc communism nor anti-
communism was anything they wanted to combine. Jawahar Lal Nehru backed the “NON-
Alignment Policy” because of this. According to Nehru, developing nations should prioritize
growth and development over power politics. The Movement has constantly made a vital
contribution to upholding global security and stability.

The Non-Alignment movement was founded by India. Three crucial figures in these
movements were Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marshal Tito of the former Yugoslavia, and
Nasser of Egypt. In 1961, Belgrade hosted the inaugural Non-Alignment first summit. It
began with 25 participants and has grown to be the largest informal, autonomous
organisation with 120 members and 17 observers who reject bloc divides and sail ships of
neutrality. In 1976’s fifth summit, the phrase “non-aligned movement” first arose,
designating participating nations as “members of the movement.”

Phases of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM):

● Phase 1

From the year of independence in 1947 till the conclusion of the Indo-Pak War in 1965,
India’s first phase of foreign policy was in effect. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime
minister, was a crucial political player at this time.

● Phase 2

Indira Gandhi turned to the Soviet Union as a significant international ally after Nehru’s
death in 1964, significantly separating India from the United States in the process.

● Phase 3
India’s foreign policy climate underwent a significant transformation with the end of the
Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union.In terms of geopolitics, India came closer to
Washington’s position.

Historical background :
The historical background of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is closely tied to the
geopolitical dynamics of the mid-20th century, particularly during the Cold War. Here's a
brief overview of the historical context that led to the formation of the NAM:

1. **World War II and the Emergence of Superpowers (1945):** After the end of World
War II in 1945, the world was left with two superpowers: the United States and the Soviet
Union. These superpowers had conflicting ideologies and interests. The United States led
the Western bloc, which included NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), while the
Soviet Union led the Eastern bloc, which included the Warsaw Pact. This division led to the
onset of the Cold War, characterized by ideological rivalry and political tensions.

2. **Decolonization and the Rise of New Nations (1940s-1960s):** During this period,
many countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America were gaining their independence from
colonial powers. These newly independent nations were often caught in the crossfire of the
superpower rivalry. They faced pressure to align with either the Western bloc or the Eastern
bloc, which threatened their sovereignty.

3. **The Bandung Conference (1955):** One significant precursor to the NAM was the
Bandung Conference, held in Bandung, Indonesia, in 1955. This conference brought
together leaders from newly independent Asian and African countries. It emphasized the
principles of peace, cooperation, and non-alignment, and it laid the foundation for future
efforts to promote the interests of the Global South.

4. **Suez Crisis (1956):** The Suez Crisis, in which the United States and the Soviet Union
pressured the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw from Egypt, illustrated the
vulnerability of newly independent nations to the superpowers' influence. Many nations in
Asia and Africa sought to protect their sovereignty and avoid being drawn into Cold War
conflicts.

5. **The First Conference of Non-Aligned Nations (1961):** The NAM was officially
founded during the First Conference of Non-Aligned Nations held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in
1961. Leaders from countries such as India, Yugoslavia, and Egypt played key roles in its
establishment. The leaders at this conference sought to create a platform where newly
independent nations could assert their independence and promote their interests without
aligning with either of the superpower blocs.

6. **Cold War Dynamics and NAM's Role:** Throughout the Cold War, NAM member
states pursued a policy of neutrality, maintaining their independence and sovereignty while
advocating for peaceful coexistence, disarmament, and the resolution of conflicts through
diplomacy.

In summary, the historical background of the Non-Aligned Movement is rooted in the

complex geopolitical landscape of the Cold War era, where newly independent nations
sought to navigate the pressures and influences of the superpowers while asserting their
sovereignty and advocating for peace and cooperation. The NAM emerged as a significant
movement during this period and played a crucial role in shaping the diplomatic landscape
of the 20th century.

Formation and founding conference:

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded during the Cold War era as a group of
countries that sought to maintain their independence from the two major superpower blocs
of the time: the United States-led Western bloc (NATO) and the Soviet Union-led Eastern
bloc (Warsaw Pact). The movement aimed to promote peace, cooperation, and non-
alignment with any major power bloc. The formation and founding conference of the Non-
Aligned Movement occurred as follows:

1. Background:

- The idea of a non-aligned movement began to gain traction in the 1950s as post-colonial
nations sought to assert their independence and avoid being drawn into the Cold War
conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.

- The leaders of several newly independent countries, including India's Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru, Yugoslavia's President Josip Broz Tito, Egypt's President Gamal Abdel
Nasser, and Indonesia's President Sukarno, were instrumental in advocating for the
movement.

2. The First Conference (Belgrade Conference, 1961):

- The first conference of the Non-Aligned Movement took place in Belgrade, Yugoslavia,
from September 1 to 6, 1961.

- Leaders and representatives from 25 countries attended the conference.

- The key figures in organizing the conference were Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia,
Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.

- The primary goals of the conference were to promote peace, oppose colonialism and
imperialism, and advocate for the rights of newly independent nations to remain neutral in
the Cold War.
 - The participants adopted the "Declaration on the Promotion of World Peace and
Cooperation," which outlined the principles of non-alignment and the movement's
commitment to peaceful coexistence and global cooperation.

3. Expansion and Development:

- The Non-Aligned Movement continued to grow in subsequent years, with more countries
joining its ranks.

- Subsequent NAM summits and conferences served to further solidify its principles and
goals, including the Bandung Conference in 1955 and later summits in countries like Egypt,
India, and Indonesia.

The Non-Aligned Movement went on to become an important forum for countries that
wished to assert their independence and maintain neutrality during the Cold War. It
provided a platform for these nations to discuss global issues, promote peace, and advocate
for the rights of developing countries.

It's important to note that the Non-Aligned Movement has evolved since its founding, and
its relevance and activities have continued beyond the Cold War era, addressing various
global issues such as development, human rights, and disarmament. Its member countries
come from diverse regions and have different perspectives, but they share a commitment to
principles of non-alignment and cooperation.

Principles of Non-Aligned Movement:

● Respect for the goals and ideals outlined in the United Nations Charter as well as for
fundamental human rights.
● All nations’ territorial integrity and sovereignty must be respected.

● Not using collective defense agreements to advance the particular interests of any
one of the major states.
● Refraining from applying pressure to other nations.

● Refraining from engaging in, threatening to engage in, or employing force against
Aggression or the political independence of any nation.
● The peaceful resolution of all international disputes in accordance with the United
Nations Charter.
● Promotion of collaboration and shared interests.
 ● Honoring the law and international duties.

● Acknowledgement of the equality of all races and all countries, big and small.

● Avoiding interfering with or intervening in the internal affairs of another country.

● Adherence to the United Nations Charter and the respect for each country’s right to
self-defense, whether individually or collectively.

Objectives of Non-Aligned Movement:

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded with several key objectives in mind. While
the specific priorities and focus areas of NAM have evolved over the years, its core

objectives have generally remained consistent. The main objectives of the Non-Aligned
Movement include:

1. **Promotion of Peace:** One of the primary objectives of NAM is to promote peace and
stability in the world. NAM member states advocate for the peaceful resolution of conflicts
and oppose the use of force or aggression in international relations. They work to prevent
war and to mitigate the impact of conflicts on innocent civilians.

2. **Non-Alignment:** As the name suggests, non-alignment is a central objective of NAM.

Member countries are committed to not aligning themselves with any of the major power
blocs or superpowers, particularly during the Cold War. They seek to maintain their
sovereignty, independence, and the freedom to make their own foreign policy choices
without being drawn into military alliances.

3. **Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism:** NAM has historically opposed

colonialism and imperialism. Member states support the rights of nations to self-
determination and independence, and they have worked to eradicate colonialism and
support decolonization efforts.

4. **Advocacy for the Rights of Developing Nations:** NAM member states have
consistently advocated for the rights and interests of developing countries. They seek to
address economic inequalities, promote development, and improve the living standards of
their populations. NAM has been a platform for developing nations to voice their concerns
on issues like trade, development aid, and debt relief.

5. **Human Rights:** NAM member states have expressed a commitment to human rights,
including the rights of individuals and the principles of justice and equality. They have called
for the protection of human rights and the elimination of discrimination, racism, and other
forms of oppression.
6. **Global Cooperation:** NAM promotes cooperation among its member states and with
other international organizations. It seeks to enhance dialogue and understanding between
nations and foster collaboration on issues of mutual interest, such as climate change,
disarmament, and public health.

7. **Disarmament:** NAM has consistently advocated for disarmament and the reduction
of nuclear weapons. Member states support efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear
weapons and work towards a world free of nuclear arms.

8. **Economic Cooperation:** NAM member countries aim to promote economic

cooperation, trade, and development among themselves and with the wider international
community. They advocate for fair and equitable trade practices and economic policies that
benefit all nations.

9. **Solidarity:** NAM emphasizes solidarity among member states and supports each
other in times of need, whether it be during conflicts, natural disasters, or economic crises.

10. **Respect for International Law:** NAM member states uphold the principles of
international law and seek to resolve disputes through diplomatic means and in accordance
with established legal norms.

It's important to note that the specific priorities and actions of the Non-Aligned Movement
may vary over time and depending on the global context. While these objectives provide a
general framework for NAM's activities, member states may place different degrees of
emphasis on various issues based on their individual circumstances and priorities.

Membership and structure:

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization comprising member
states that choose to remain neutral and not aligned with any major power bloc or
superpower. The membership and structure of NAM can be summarized as follows:

Membership:

● The list of NAM member countries are given in the table below:

● There are currently 120 member countries in the NAM. India is a founding member
of the organisation.
● Our neighbours Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and
Afghanistan are also members.
● China has observer status.

● All African countries except Western Sahara and South Sudan are members of NAM.
 ● In the Americas, many South and Central American nations are members.

● Among European countries, Azerbaijan and Belarus are members of NAM.

● There are many organisations and countries that are given observer status. Some of
them are the United Nations, African Union, Arab League, Commonwealth
Secretariat, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, etc.
● It is the largest inter-country organisation outside of the UN..

Structure:

1. **Summit Conference:** NAM's highest decision-making body is the Summit Conference,

which is typically held every few years. The summit brings together the heads of state or
government of member countries. During these summits, member states discuss important
global issues, set the organization's priorities, and make decisions on various matters. The
summit is where major policy decisions are made.

2. **Coordinating Bureau:** Between summit conferences, the day-to-day affairs of NAM

are managed by a Coordinating Bureau. The Coordinating Bureau consists of a rotating
group of member states that represent the movement. This bureau oversees NAM's
activities and coordinates its work.

3. **Ministerial Meetings:** NAM also holds ministerial meetings, typically on the sidelines
of the United Nations General Assembly. These meetings allow foreign ministers or high-
level representatives from member states to discuss and coordinate on various issues.

4. **Committees and Working Groups:** NAM has established various committees and
working groups to address specific topics and issues of interest to member states. These
committees focus on areas such as disarmament, human rights, economic cooperation, and
political coordination.

5. **Secretariat:** NAM has a Secretariat that serves as the administrative body of the
organization. The Secretariat is responsible for facilitating communication among member
states, organizing meetings, and supporting the implementation of decisions made by
member states.

6. **Specialized Agencies:** NAM collaborates with specialized United Nations agencies and
other international organizations on various issues. It often engages in partnerships and
cooperation with these agencies to address common challenges and achieve its goals.

7. **Chairmanship:** NAM operates on a rotating chairmanship system, where a member

country assumes the role of the movement's chair and represents NAM at various
international forums and meetings during its tenure. The chairmanship rotates among
different regions and member states.
It's important to note that NAM is a diverse organization, and member states may have
varying degrees of involvement and commitment to its activities. While the movement has
core principles and objectives, individual member states may prioritize different issues
based on their national interests and concerns.

Role in Decolonization:
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) played a significant role in the process of decolonization
during the mid-20th century. Decolonization refers to the process by which colonized
territories and nations achieved independence from colonial powers. NAM contributed to
decolonization in various ways:

1. **Advocacy for Self-Determination:** NAM member states consistently advocated for

the principle of self-determination, which was central to the decolonization process. They
argued that all peoples have the right to determine their political status and freely pursue
their economic, social, and cultural development. NAM supported the aspirations of
colonized peoples to achieve independence and end colonial rule.

2. **Diplomatic Pressure:** NAM member states used their collective diplomatic influence
to exert pressure on colonial powers to grant independence to their colonies. They raised
the issue of decolonization in international forums, including the United Nations, and
pushed for resolutions and declarations that supported the rights of colonized peoples.

3. **Moral and Political Support:** NAM provided moral and political support to national
liberation movements and leaders in colonized territories. Member states often recognized
and established diplomatic relations with emerging independent nations even before they
gained full international recognition.

4. **Solidarity with Colonized Peoples:** NAM countries expressed solidarity with the
struggles of colonized peoples against colonial oppression. This solidarity was often
demonstrated through statements, resolutions, and material support for anti-colonial
movements.

5. **Pressure through Sanctions:** In some cases, NAM countries imposed economic and
diplomatic sanctions on colonial powers to pressure them into granting independence to
their colonies.

6. **Advocacy for Colonial Powers to Relinquish Control:** NAM member states worked to
persuade colonial powers to relinquish control peacefully and negotiate the terms of
independence. They often called for the end of colonialism through dialogue and peaceful
means.

7. **Support for Decolonization Resolutions:** NAM member states were active

participants in the United Nations and other international forums where resolutions and
agreements related to decolonization were discussed and adopted. They often voted in
favor of decolonization resolutions and supported the work of the United Nations Special
Committee on Decolonization (also known as the Committee of 24).

8. **Recognition of Newly Independent States:** NAM member states were among the first
to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with newly independent states. They played
a role in helping these nations gain recognition on the international stage.

9. **Promotion of Anti-Colonial Values:** NAM promoted anti-colonial values and

principles, emphasizing the importance of equality, justice, and the end of racial and ethnic
discrimination. These values resonated with the aspirations of colonized peoples for
freedom and independence.

It's important to note that NAM's involvement in decolonization varied from country to
country and region to region, and its impact on specific decolonization processes depended
on the circumstances of each case. Nevertheless, NAM's collective voice and advocacy for
decolonization contributed to raising global awareness about the need to end colonial rule
and played a role in advancing the cause of self-determination for colonized nations.

Challenges and evolution:

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) has faced various challenges and has undergone
evolution since its inception in the early 1960s. These challenges and changes reflect the
shifting global landscape and the diverse interests and priorities of its member states. Here
are some of the key challenges and evolutionary phases of NAM:

Challenges:

1. **Cold War Tensions:** The initial challenge for NAM was navigating the intense Cold
War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. NAM was formed to maintain
non-alignment in this polarized world, but its members often found themselves under
pressure from both superpowers to align with one side or the other.

2 .Diversity of Member States: NAM comprises a wide range of countries with different
political systems, ideologies, and priorities. Managing this diversity and finding common
ground on international issues has been a continuous challenge.

3. **Economic Disparities:** Economic disparities among NAM member states have

sometimes hindered cooperation. While some members are economically advanced, others
are developing or least developed countries. Bridging these economic gaps and promoting
equitable development has been a persistent challenge.
4. **Changing Global Dynamics:** The end of the Cold War and the emergence of new
global challenges, such as terrorism, climate change, and economic globalization, have
forced NAM to adapt and address contemporary issues while maintaining its core principles.

5. **Member States' Changing Alliances:** Some NAM member states have shifted their
foreign policy alignments over time. For example, some countries that were once firmly
non-aligned during the Cold War have since aligned themselves with major powers or
regional blocs, altering the dynamics within NAM.

6. **Effectiveness and Relevance:** NAM has faced criticism at times for perceived
ineffectiveness in addressing global issues and for being less relevant in a post-Cold War
world. Member states have debated the organization's ability to influence international
affairs.

Evolution:

1. **Expansion of Membership:** NAM has expanded its membership since its inception,
growing from the original group of 25 countries to include over 120 member states as of my
last knowledge update in September 2021. This expansion reflects the movement's
continued appeal to countries seeking to assert their independence.

2. **Adaptation to Post-Cold War Era:** NAM has adapted to the changing global dynamics
by addressing contemporary issues such as terrorism, poverty alleviation, climate change,
and health crises. It has broadened its agenda to encompass a wider range of global
challenges.

3. **Promotion of South-South Cooperation:** NAM has increasingly emphasized South-

South cooperation, which involves collaboration and exchange of resources, technology,
and knowledge among developing countries. This approach has become a central part of
NAM's agenda, promoting self-reliance and solidarity among member states.

4. **Institutional Development:** NAM has developed a more structured approach to its

work, with the establishment of committees and working groups focused on specific issues
such as disarmament, human rights, and economic cooperation.

5. **Participation in Multilateral Forums:** NAM member states actively participate in

various multilateral forums, including the United Nations, where they collectively advocate
for the interests of developing nations and non-aligned states.

6. **South-South Solidarity:** NAM has continued to emphasize the importance of

solidarity among developing nations and has provided humanitarian and development
assistance to countries facing crises, conflicts, or natural disasters.

The evolution of NAM reflects its member states' efforts to remain relevant in a changing
world while upholding the principles of non-alignment, independence, and cooperation
among developing countries. As the global landscape continues to evolve, NAM faces the
ongoing challenge of adapting to new realities while maintaining its core values and
principles.

Case studies:
Case studies that illustrate the role and actions of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in
specific historical contexts:

● The NAM and the End of Apartheid in South Africa:

Context: Apartheid, a system of racial segregation and discrimination, was in place in South
Africa for decades, causing immense suffering and inequality for the majority Black
population. The international community, including NAM, played a significant role in
pressuring the South African government to dismantle apartheid and transition to a
multiracial democracy.

NAM's Role: NAM was instrumental in condemning apartheid and supporting the struggle
for freedom and equality in South Africa. Several NAM member states provided political,
diplomatic, and material support to the anti-apartheid movement.

Diplomatic Pressure: NAM, through its members and as a collective entity, used diplomatic
channels to condemn apartheid and urge the international community to impose sanctions
against South Africa. NAM's resolutions and statements at various summits and conferences
raised awareness about the injustice of apartheid.

Boycotts and Sanctions: NAM member states, in solidarity with the struggle against
apartheid, implemented economic sanctions and boycotted South Africa. These actions had
a significant impact on South Africa's economy and contributed to the eventual dismantling
of apartheid.

Recognition of the ANC: NAM member states recognized the African National Congress
(ANC) as the legitimate representative of the South African people. This recognition
provided legitimacy to the anti-apartheid movement and bolstered the efforts of ANC
leaders like Nelson Mandela.

Post-Apartheid Era: NAM continued to support South Africa during its transition to a
multiracial democracy and in its efforts to rebuild the nation. South Africa became a
member of NAM after the end of apartheid.

Present Scenario of Non-Aligned Movement:

The cold war came to an end in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union. Consequently, the
NAM’s applicability has given rise to a lot of discussion in international affairs. NAM is no
longer relevant, claim detractors, because of the shift from a bipolar to a unipolar
international environment. But whether the globe is bipolar, multipolar, or unipolar, third-
world countries will continue to pursue non-alignment as a foreign policy. As a result, many
people still think that NAM is highly relevant in today’s society. Several of them are as
follows:

The core values of NAM can serve as a unifying force against the conventional foreign policy
of great powers and impose strict restrictions on imperialism, nationalism, and universalism.
They are still applicable as a strict measure to prevent colonization and imperialism of small
and developing countries.

It can act as a venue for developing country political coordination to advance and defend
their shared interests in international relations as well as to advance unity, solidarity, and
collaboration based on common principles and priorities that have been unanimously
agreed upon.

The Non-Alignment Movement currently has over 120 member countries and 17 observer
nation states, all of which are also members of the UN. As a result, the NAM can have a
significant impact on how the UN functions and can play a significant role in the UN’s
decision-making process.

In order to emphasize the importance of South-South cooperation, NAM might try to

cooperate with the G-77 nations. It can also “work closely with the G-77 on problems like
overcoming obstacles in pursuing sustainable development.”

In order to secure increased participation of small and developing countries worldwide,

NAM can “focus upon the reform of and democratization of UNO” according to the
significant influence it has over the United Nations due to the huge number of its members.

In accordance with the principles of the UN charter and international law, members of NAM
can work together to protect global peace and security, settle international disputes, and
promote friendly and cooperative relations among all states.

After the end of the cold war, the NAM’s political relevance suffered a sharp decline, but it is
still a potent tool for pursuing economic justice; as a result, until the demand for a new
global economic order is granted, the movement is likely to continue serving as the voice of
economic grievances.

The imminent threat of environmental change and its catastrophic effects on the very
survival of the human race are the most important problems facing humanity today. In the
name of industrialization and development, careless loss of forest cover for trivial human
needs has resulted in severe soil degradation and, ultimately, a food crisis. The
industrialized economies’ practise of discharging their industrial waste in emerging or
underdeveloped nations has made the problem worse for those nations. In order to protect
the environment, “NAM in this regard can contribute by ensuring proper enforcement of
the Montreal Protocol.”

Achievements of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM):

The NAM movement’s most significant accomplishment was to kick-start an active
worldwide peace effort during the height of the cold war and militarism. It contributed
significantly to the averting of some local confrontations and worked to bring the Cold War
to an end.

NAM has succeeded in breaking western agencies’ stranglehold on news distribution

services. The portrayal of a false picture of non-aligned third world countries was a result of
Western hegemony over the media. However, these distortions have been significantly
reduced when a non-aligned New-spool was established. This was a really impressive
accomplishment.

The NAM’s persistent support for the UN Organization’s improvement was one of its most
notable contributions. The non-aligned nations had a significant impact on the General
Assembly’s choices based on their numerical dominance. These nations have aided the UN
in all of its endeavors to maintain peace around the world.

A New International Economic Order (NIEO) based on political and economic equality was
promoted by the countries.

As a result of NAM’s stronger acceptance among newly independent countries, the globe
was significantly kept from becoming bipolar.

Issues with Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) today:

The PM Modi administration views the NAM as a remnant of the Nehruvian era and now
refers to its objectives using the term “strategic autonomy.” He has also skipped all but one
NAM meeting, making him the first Indian prime minister to do so during their entirety.

India has joined a number of organisations created around world powers in recent years,
including the Quad around the United States and the SCO around Russia and China.

Other NAM members like Iran, Cuba, and Venezuela are subject to strict Western sanctions,
and India’s relations with them are also no longer as strong. The most obvious threat to
NAM principles is terrorism.

India’s issues with Pakistan, as well as Malaysia and other nations who have criticized India
for its treatment of minorities, human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir, and other
issues.

Only two conference participants—Cyprus and Ethiopia—supported India in the conflict

with China, confirming Nehru’s concerns.
Other failures included the absence of collective self-reliance and action, as well as the
failure to construct an egalitarian global informational or economic system. The current
global order was too strong for the Movement to even ding it.

When Nehru passed away, his idealistic outlook began to wane, and non-alignment under
his successors evolved from pragmatism under Indira Gandhi to opportunism following the
breakup of the Soviet Union to the semi-alignment of today.

By philosophy, inclination, and threat perception, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s party
tends to be more aligned with the United States, whether under the hazy heading of the
Indo-Pacific or otherwise.

Conclusion:
The NAM is still a significant and potent entity that works to promote world peace,
disarmament, and economic growth. Non-Alignment has endured the test of time rather
than losing its importance. But numerous local, regional, and notably territorial concerns
between NAM’s member nations have not been resolved. It grew into a big lobbying
organisation with grand, frequently idealistic speeches that had no effect. Therefore, this
movement should focus more on addressing technology advancements, trade, economic
cooperation, and climate change. NAM may serve as a global forum for emerging and
smaller countries to voice their complaints and urge international reform .