Databases and Data

Warehousing (SQL)
Dr. Kalpit Sharma

Lecture 1
 Data Vs Information Vs Knowledge???

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 In this course, we would primarily deal
with database-management system
(DBMS).

They are a collection of interrelated

data and a set of programs to access
those data.

It contains information relevant to an

enterprise.

The primary goal of a DBMS is to

provide a way to store and retrieve
database information that is both
convenient and efficient.

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 What's a Database?

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 Database systems are designed to manage
large bodies of information.

Defining structures for storage of

information,

Providing mechanisms for the manipulation

of information.

Ensure the safety of the information stored,

despite system crashes or attempts at
unauthorized access.

If data are to be shared among several

users, the system must avoid possible
anomalous results.
Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma
Enterprise Information

Sales Accounting Human Resources

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 Manufacturing

Inventory Factory Logistics

Production

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

Banking and Finance

Banking Credit Card Finance

Services

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 Universities Airlines Telecommunications

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Web-based services

Social-media E-Commerce Online

Advertisements

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 Navigation

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 Purpose of 4 Integrity problems

Databases 5 Atomicity problems

6 Concurrent-access problems
1 Data redundancy &
inconsistency 7 Security problems

2 Difficulty in access
Compare the above
3 Data isolation issues as in file systems

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 When not to use a DBMS?
1 High initital investment in H/W, S/W, or training

2 Generality for defining and processing data

3 Overhead for providing

security, concurrency control,
recovery, and integrity functions

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma


View of Data
A database system is a collection of
interrelated data and a set of
programs that allow users to access
and modify these data.
Provides users with an abstract view
of the data.
System hides certain details of how
the data are stored and maintained.
Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma
Relational Model
Uses collection of tables
Entity-Relationship Model
Uses collection of basic objects -- entities and
relationships.
Semi-structured Data model
Permits the specification of data where individual
data items of the same type may have different sets
of attributes.
Object-oriented Data model
notions of encapsulation, methods, and object
identity.
 Data
Abstraction
Physical level
How the data are actually stored.

For the system to be usable, it must

retrieve data efficiently.
Developers hide the complexity from
users through several levels of data
abstraction, to simplify users’
interactions with the system
Logical level
What data are stored in the database, and what
relationships exist among those data
View level
Describes only part of the entire database.

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 Sub-schema

Logical Schema

Physical Schema

Instance & Schema??

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 1 Potential for enforcing standards
Additional
Implications 2 Reduced Application Dev time

3 Flexibility

4 Availability of up-to-date info.

5 Economies of scale

Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma

 Relational
Data Model

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Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma
 Binary Relationship
Ternary Relationship
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 Database System
Environment

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 Recursive Relationship

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Lecture 1 Dr. Kalpit Sharma
Thank you!