Video Part 2

1. List problems of traditional file environment and explain TWO of them.

1) Data Redundancy: Data redundancy is a condition created within a database or data storage

technology in which the same piece of data is held in two separate places. This can mean two
different fields within a single database, or two different spots in multiple software
environments or platforms.

2) Data Inconsistency: Data inconsistency exists when different and conflicting versions of the
same data appear in different places. Data inconsistency creates unreliable information
because it will be difficult to determine which version of the information is correct. As a
result of the data inconsistency, these files duplicate some data compromising data integrity.

3) Program Data Dependence

4) Lack of Flexibility
5) Poor Security
6) Lack of Data Sharing and Availability

2. Define database

Database is collection of data organized to serves many applications by centralizing data and controlling
redundant data.

3. Define Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Management System (DBMS) is Software that permits an organization to centralize data,
manage them and provide access to the stored data by application programs. It has Interfaces between
applications and physical data files. DBMS also separates logical (coding) and physical views of data.

4. What is Relational DBMS?

A relational database refers to a database that stores data in a structured format, using rows and
columns. This makes it easy to locate and access specific values within the database. It is "relational"
because the values within each table are related to each other. Tables may also be related to other
tables.
Video Part 3

1. What are 3 capabilities of DBMS?

1) Data definition capability.

2) Data dictionary.
3) Data manipulation language.

2. What are approaches in database design?

1) Conceptual design vs. physical design

2) Normalization
- Streamlining complex groupings of data to minimize redundant data elements and awkward
many-to-many relationships
3) Referential integrity
- Rules used by R D B M S to ensure relationships between tables remain consistent

3. Why we need to perform normalization?

The purpose of normalization is to store each row of data only once, to avoid data anomalies. A data
anomaly happens when you try to store data in two places, and one copy changes without the other
copy changing in the same way. Without it, a company can collect all the data it wants, but most of it
will simply go unused, taking up space and not benefiting the organization in any meaningful way. 

4. What is the use of Entity Relationship Diagram?

1) Used by database designers to document the data model.

2) Illustrates relationships between entities.
Video Part 5

1. What are FOUR Important dimensions of knowledge? Explain TWO of them

1) A Firm Asset: Knowledge is an intangible asset requiring organizational resources and whose
value increases as it is shared.

2) Different Forms
3) A Location
4) Situational: Knowledge may be applicable only in certain contexts or situations.

2. Define knowledge management

Knowledge management is a collective and individual experience of applying knowledge to solve

problems.

3. What are the stages of knowledge management value chain? Explain TWO of them

1) Knowledge Acquisition
- Organizations acquire knowledge in a number of ways, depending on the type of knowledge
they seek. The first knowledge management systems sought to build corporate libraries of
documents, reports, presentations, and best practices and encouraged employees to create
documents based on their experiences. These efforts have been extended to include
unstructured documents (such as e-mail). In other cases organizations acquire knowledge by
developing online expert networks so that employees can find the expert in the company who
has the knowledge in his or her head.
2) Knowledge Storage
- Knowledge storage generally involves the creation of a database. Document management
systems that digitize, index, and tag documents according to a coherent framework are large
databases adept at storing collections of documents. Communities of expertise and expert
systems also help corporations preserve the knowledge that is acquired by incorporating that
knowledge into organizational processes and culture.

3) Knowledge Dissemination
4) Knowledge Application

4. What is the important of knowledge management value chain?

• It is necessary to determine knowledge activities which begin with data acquisition, transformed
into information, and finally access the knowledge.
• Useful in decision making by using another set of activities called primary activities.
• Commences with the acquisition of knowledge rather than raw materials or resources.